PowerShell/Data/Abbr/astronomy.csv

1	ABBR	MEANING
2	21CSLC	21st Century Space Launch Complex
3	4LGSF	Four-Laser Guide Star Facility
4	4MOST	4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (Proposed new spectroscopic instrument for VISTA)
5	4T	Four Telescope (VLTI mode)
6	A&A	Journal, Astronomy & Astrophysics
7	A&ARv	Journal, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
8	AAA	Amateur Astronomers Association of New York
9	ACD	Amplitude Calibration Device (ALMA)
10	ACM	Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors
11	ACe	Astaldi Cimolai EIE (Consortium)
12	ADA	ALMA Department of Administration
13	ADO	ALMA Director’s Office
14	ADS	International Italian optics company working on the DSM for the VLT
15	AEM	ALMA construction consortium
16	AFNOR	Association Française de Normalisation
17	AFTA	Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets
18	AGN	Active Galactic Nucleus
19	AIDA	Astronomical Infrastructure for Data Access
20	AIP	Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam
21	AIT	Assembly, Integration and Test
22	AIV	Assembly, Integration and Verification
23	AJ	The Astronomical Journal
24	ALMA	Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
25	AMBER	Astronomical Multi-BEam combineR (VLTI Instrument)
26	AN	Journal, Astronomische Nachrichten
27	Antu	VLT Unit Telescope 1
28	AO	Adaptive Optics
29	AOF	Adaptive Optics Facility
30	AOS	Array Operations Site (ALMA)
31	APE	Active Phasing Experiment
32	APEX	Atacama Pathfinder Experiment
33	ApJ	Astrophysical Journal
34	ApJS	Journal, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
35	AQUARIUS	Mid-infrared detector array (VISIR)
36	ARAL	Alignment facility for the VLTI
37	ARC	ALMA Regional Centre, or Ames Research Center
38	ArTeMiS	Bolometric camera for APEX
39	ASAC	ALMA Science Advisory Committee
40	ASIAA	East Asia FEIC (ALMA)
41	ASIC	Application Specific Integrated Circuit
42	ASSIST	Adaptive Secondary Setup and Instrument Simulator (AOF test bench)
43	AstraLux	Lucky Imaging camera for the Calar Alto 2.2-metre telescope
44	AT	Auxiliary Telescope for the VLTI
45	ATC	Astronomy Technology Centre (United Kingdom)
46	ATILO	Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation
47	AU	Astronomical Unit, the distance between the Earth and the Sun
48	AUI	Associated Universities Inc.
49	AVM	Astronomical Visualisation Metadata
50	AXP	Anomalous X-Ray Pulsar
51	BAM	Construction company for the Headquarters extension
52	BE	Back-End (ALMA)
53	BELLA	Building Europe Link to Latin America
54	BFL	Budget and Forward Look
55	BH	Black hole
56	BLAST	Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope
57	BlackGEM	(La Silla) Telescope array searching for optical counterparts of gravitational wave sources
58	BLIP	Background photon noise limited
59	C2PAP	Computational Center for Particle and Astrophysics, Universe Cluster, Garching
60	CAD	Computer Aided Design
61	CADC	Canadian Astronomy Data Centre
62	CAPj	Communicating Astronomy with the Public Journal
63	CARLA	Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN (Spitzer)
64	CASA	Common Astronomy Software Applications (ALMA)
65	CBR	cosmic background radiation
66	CCD	Charge Coupled Device
67	CDR	Critical Design Review
68	CDS	Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (Strasbourg astronomical Data Center)
69	CEA	Commissariat à L’Energie Atomique, France
70	CELAC_EU	Summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States–European Union
71	CES	Coude Echelle Spectrometer
72	CfP	Call for Proposal
73	CfT	Call for tender
74	CGM	Circumgalactic medium
75	CHAMP+	Dual channel heterodyne receiver array (APEX)
76	CLIF	Convolution with Linearized Inverse Filter algorithm for wavefront sensing
77	CLP	Chilean Peso
78	CM	center of mass
79	CMB	Cosmic Microwave Background
80	CMBR	Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
81	CME	Coronal Mass Ejection (usually Sun)
82	CNAM	Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
83	CNRS	Centre national de la recherche scientifique
84	CO	Carbon monoxide
85	CO	Carried Over budget
86	COFUND	EU fellowship funding programme
87	CONDOR	1.5 THz heterodyne receiver (APEX)
88	CONICA	COudé Near-Infrared CAmera (VLT)
89	CORALIE	Echelle Spectrograph on the 1.2-metre Leonard Euler Swiss telescope
90	CoRoT	COnvection ROtation and planetary Transits (French Satellite)
91	COSMOS	HST survey programme
92	Cou-	Council Document
93	CP	Calibration Programme
94	CPI	Consumer Price Index
95	CRIRES+	Planned upgrade to CRIRES
96	CRIRES	Cryogenic InfraRed Echelle Spectrometer (VLT)
97	CSV	Commissioning and Science Verification
98	CTA	Cherenkov Telescope Array
99	CTA-S	Cherenkov Telescope Array South
100	CTAO	Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory
101	CUBES	Cassegrain U-band Brazilian ESO Spectrograph
102	CuRe	Fast wavefront reconstruction algorithms for XAO with pyramid WFS
103	CuReD	Fast wavefront reconstruction algorithms for XAO with pyramid WFS with pre-processing
104	DC	Direct Current
105	DDS	Data DistributIOn middleware for SPARTA
106	DDT	Director’s Discretionary Time
107	DFG	Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
108	DFS	(VLT) Data Flow System
109	DG	Director General
110	DIG	Deep Imaging Group (Vitacura)
111	DL	Delay Line (VLTI)
112	DMO	Data Management and Operations Division
113	DMS	Dome and Main Structure
114	DRS	DRS, formerly Boeing, detector manufacturer
115	DSC	Directorate for Science
116	DSM	Deformable Secondary Mirror
117	DSO	Department of Science Operations (ALMA)
118	eAPD	electron Avalanche Photodiode Detector
119	EASC	European ALMA Support Centre
120	EC	European Commission
121	ECRI	European Conference on Research Infrastructures
122	EFOSC2	ESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (v.2)
123	EIB	European Investment Bank
124	EIROforum	Organisation consisting of the seven largest scientific European international organisations devoted to fostering mutual activities
125	ELT	Extremely Large Telescope
126	EM&P	Journal, Earth, Moon, and Planets
127	EMAC	ELT Management Advisory Committee
128	EMBL	European Molecular Biology Laboratory (Germany)
129	EMMI	ESO Multi-Mode Instrument (NTT)
130	ePOD	education and Public Outreach Department
131	ERC	European Research Council
132	ERIS	Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph
133	ERP	Enterprise Resource Planning (Administration software)
134	ESAC	European Science Advisory Committee (for ALMA)
135	ESAC	European Space Astronomy Centre (ESA, Spain)
136	ESC	ELT Subcommittee
137	ESE	ELT Science and Engineering
138	ESM	European School Munich
139	ESO	European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere
140	ESOF	Euroscience Open Forum
141	ESON	ESO Science Outreach Network
142	ESPRESSO	Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet- and Stable Spectroscopic Observations
143	ESRC	ELT Standing Review Committee
144	ETF	ELT Technical Facility
145	EVALSO	Enabling Virtual Access to Latin-american Southern Observatories
146	EWASS	European Week of Astronomy and Space Science
147	ExA	Journal, Experimental Astronomy
148	ExTrA	(La Silla) Exoplanets in Transit and their Atmospheres
149	FC	Finance Committee
150	FDR	Final Design Review
151	FE IPT	Front-End Integrated Project Team (ALMA)
152	FE	Front End
153	FEA	Finite Element Analysis
154	FEED	Front-End Engineering Design (ELT)
155	FEIC	Front End Integration Centre (ALMA)
156	FEROS	Fibre-fed, Extended Range, Échelle Spectrograph (MPG/ESO 2.2-metre)
157	FIAT	Facility (for) Infrared Arrays Testing
158	FITS	Flexible Image Transport System
159	FLAMES	Fibre Large Array Multi Element Spectrograph (VLT)
160	FORS1	FOcal Reducer/low dispersion Spectrograph (VLT)-1
161	FORS2	FOcal Reducer/low dispersion Spectrograph (VLT)-2
162	FOS	Faint Object Spectrograph (HST)
163	FP	Fabry-Perot
164	FP6	Sixth EC Framework Programme
165	FP7	Seventh EC Framework Programme
166	FWHM	Full Width at Half Maximum
167	GALACSI	Ground Atmospheric Layer Adaptive Optics for Spectroscopic Imaging (AOF)
168	GIRAFFE	Fibre-fed multi-object spectrograph and part of the VLT FLAMES facility
169	GLAO	Ground Layer Adaptive Optics
170	gNLT	Garching Night Log Tool
171	GRAAL	GRound-layer Adaptive optics Assisted by Lasers (AOF)
172	GRAVITY	AO assisted, two-object, multiple-beam-combiner (VLTI)
173	GROND	Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector (MPG/ESO 2.2-metre)
174	GTC	Gran Telescopio Canarias
175	GTO	Guaranteed Time for Observation
176	GWh	Gigawatt hours
177	GÉANT	European multi-gigabit computer network for research and education purposes
178	H-LTAO	HARMONI Laser Tomography Adaptive Optics
179	H2020	(EU) Horizon 2020 Programme
180	HARMONI	Proposed first light integral field spectrograph for the ELT
181	HARPS	High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planetary Searcher (3.6-metre)
182	HAWK-I	High Acuity Wide field K-band Imager
183	HCI	Human Computer Interface
184	HIA	Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (Canada)
185	HIRES	(ELT) HIgh REsolution Spectrograph
186	HODM	High Order Deformable Mirror
187	HST	Hubble Space Telescope
188	HVAC	Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
189	IAG	Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences (Brazil)
190	IAU	International Astronomical Union
191	Icar	Icarus, Planetary science journal, Planetary science journal
192	IFS	Integral Field Spectrograph (SPHERE, ELT)
193	IFU	Integral Field Unit
194	INAF	Italian National Institute for Astrophysics
195	INRIA	Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique
196	IPAG	Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble
197	IPC	(Chilean) Índice de Precios al Consumidor
198	IPP	Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (Germany)
199	IPSAS	International Public Sector Accounting Standards
200	IPT	Integrated Product Team (ALMA)
201	IR	Infrared
202	IRAM	Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
203	IRDIS	InfraRed Dual-beam Imager and Spectrograph (SPHERE, ELT)
204	IRIS	VLTI Infrared Image Sensor
205	IRLOS	InfraRed Low Order Sensor
206	IRO	International Relations Office
207	ISAAC	Infrared Spectrometer And Array Camera (VLT)
208	ISERD	Israeli inter-ministerial agency for R&D cooperation with Europe
209	ISM	International Staff Member
210	ISS	International Space Station
211	IT	Information Technology
212	ITAR	International Traffic in Arms Regulations
213	ITER	International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
214	IVOA	International Virtual Observatory Alliance
215	IVSLA	Istituto Veneto di Scienze ed Arti
216	IYA2009	International Year of Astronomy 2009
217	JAO	Joint ALMA Observatory
218	JENAM	Joint European and National Astronomy Meeting
219	JPL	Jet Propulsion Laboratory
220	JUICE	JUpiter ICy moons Explorer
221	JWST	James Webb Space Telescope
222	k	kilo/1,000
223	KIDS	(VST) Kilo-Degree Survey
224	KMOS	K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (VLT)
225	KTS	Klaus Tschira Stiftung
226	Kueyan	VLT Unit Telescope 2
227	LABOCA	Large APEX Bolometer CAmera
228	LAOG	Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de l'Observatoire de Grenoble
229	LCS	Local Control System
230	LEO	Low Earth Orbit
231	LFC	Laser Frequency Comb
232	LGS	Laser Guide Star
233	LGSF	Laser Guide Star Facility
234	LMC	Large Magellanic Cloud
235	LMU	Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
236	LN2	Liquid nitrogen
237	LOFAR	Low Frequency Array
238	LOPS	Local Optical Phasing Sensor
239	LP	Large Programme
240	LPG	Liquefied Petroleum Gas
241	LPO	La Silla ­Paranal Observatory
242	LSM	Local Staff Members
243	LSP	La Silla ­Paranal Subcommittee
244	LTAO	Laser Tomography Adaptive Optics
245	LVSM	Large Visible Sensor Module
246	M#	Mirror #
247	M	million/1,000,000
248	MACAO	Multiple Application Curvature Adaptive Optic
249	MACCON	Motion controller manufacturer
250	MAD	Multi-conjugate Adaptive optics Demonstrator
251	MAORY	(ELT) Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY
252	mas	milliarcseconds
253	MASCOT	Mini All-Sky Cloud Observation Tool (Paranal)
254	MATISSE	Multi AperTure mid-Infrared SpectroScopic Experiment (VLTI)
255	MCAO	Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics
256	Melipal	VLT Unit Telescope 3
257	MELT	Minuscule ELT
258	MENLO systems	Optical equipment manufacturer
259	MERAC	Mobilising European Research in Astrophysics and Cosmology
260	MERIL	Mapping the European Research Infrastructure Landscape
261	METIS	Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph
262	MICADO	Adaptive optics imaging camera (ELT)
263	MIDI	Mid-infrared Interferometric Instrument (VLTI)
264	MIM	Museo Interactivo Mirador, Santiago
265	MIT	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
266	mmVLBI	Millimeter Very Long Baseline Interferometry
267	Mn	Mirror #n
268	MNRAS	Journal, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
269	MOAO	Multiple-Object Adaptive Optics
270	MOONS	Multi Object Optical and Near-infrared Spectrograph (VLT third generation)
271	MOS	(ELT) Multi-Object Spectroscopy
272	MOSAIC	(ELT) Multi-Object Spectrograph (Multi-Object Spectrograph for Astrophysics, Intergalactic medium studies and Cosmology)
273	MOSFIRE	Near-infrared multi-object spectrograph (Keck)
274	MPA	Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
275	MPE	Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
276	MPG	Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
277	MPIA	Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
278	MPIfR	Max-Planck Institute for Radioastronomy (Germany)
279	MS	Member State(s)
280	MTM	MT Mechatronics (European company of high technology, engineering and maintenance services)
281	MUSE	Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (VLT)
282	NACO	NAOS-CONICA (VLT)
283	NAOJ	National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
284	NAOMI	Adaptive optics system for the ATs (VLTI)
285	NAOS	Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System (VLT)
286	NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration
287	NAV	Navision
288	NDF	Non-Deliverable Forward Agreement
289	NEAR	New Earths in the Alpha Cen Region experiment
290	NEO	Near-Earth Object
291	NewA	Journal, New Astronomy
292	NewAR	Journal, New Astronomy Reviews
293	NFM	Narrow Field Mode
294	NGC	New General Catalogue
295	NGC	New General detector Controller
296	NGSD	Proposed large natural/laser guide star WFS detector (ELT)
297	NGTS	Next Generation Transit Survey
298	NINS	National Institutes of Natural Sciences
299	NIRPS	(NNT) Near Infra Red Planet Searcher
300	NOVA	The Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie)
301	NRAO	National Radio Astronomy Observatory
302	NSF	National Science Foundation
303	NTT	New Technology Telescope
304	NUVA	Network for UltraViolet Astrophysics
305	OAA	Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
306	OBAMA	Optical Bidule for Aberration Measurement on the ATs
307	OCA-NICE	Cote d’Azur Observatory (Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur)
308	ODG	Office of the Director General
309	OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
310	OmegaCAM	Optical Camera for the VST
311	OPC	Observing Programmes Committee
312	OPO	Observing Programmes Office
313	OPTICON	Optical Infrared Coordination Network for Astronomy
314	OSF	ALMA Operations Support Facilities
315	OSO	Onsala Space Observatory
316	OT	Observing Tool
317	OTS	Operations Technical Support
318	P&SS	Journal, Planetary and Space Science
319	P2PP	Peer to Peer Protocol
320	P86	Observing Period 86
321	P87	Observing Period 87
322	PA	Product Assurance
323	PAC	Provisional Acceptance Chile
324	PACMAN	Fringe tracker for PRIMA (VLTI)
325	PAE	Provisional Acceptance Europe
326	PARLA	PAranal Raman Laser, replacement for PARSEC (VLTI)
327	PARSEC	Sodium line laser for VLT AO
328	PASJ	Journal, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
329	PASP	Journal, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
330	PDR	Preliminary Design Review
331	PESSTO	Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey of Transient Objects
332	PFS	(ELT) Pre-Focal Station
333	PFS-A	(ELT) Pre-Focal Station for Nasmyth A
334	PhD	Doctor of Philosophy
335	PI	Principal Investigator
336	PIO	Public Information Officer
337	PIONIER	VLTI visitor instrument
338	PIP	Paranal Instrumentation Programme
339	PLC	Programmable Logic Controllers (ELT)
340	PMD	Project Management Department
341	PMPD	Performance Management and Professional Development
342	PRIMA	Phase-Referenced Imaging and Micro-arcsecond Astrometry facility (VLTI)
343	PSF	Point Spread Function
344	PTP	Precision Time Protocol
345	Q	Quarter
346	QSO	Quasi Stellar Object, quasar
347	QUEST	QUasar Equatorial Survey Team
348	R&D	Research and Development
349	RAB	Reflector Assembly Building
350	RAL	Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot (UK)
351	RCL	Radioastronomy Chajnantor Limitada
352	RedCLARA	Latin American Advanced Networks Cooperation (Academic data network in Latin America)
353	REM	Rapid Eye Mount Telescope (La Silla)
354	REUNA	Red Universitaria Nacional (Academic data network in Chile)
355	RM	Rossiter-McClaughlin (effect)
356	RMN	Reflective Memory Network (VLTI)
357	rms	Root Mean Square
358	SABOCA	Shortwave Apex BOlometer Camera
359	SAC	EURO-VO Science Advisory Committee
360	SAF	Science Archive Facility
361	SAFRAN-REOSC	High performance optics company
362	SAPHIRA	Detector for the GRAVITY wavefront sensor
363	SAXO	SPHERE’S AO system (VLT)
364	SCAO	Single-conjugate adaptive optics
365	SCO	Santiago Central Office (ALMA/ESO Vitacura)
366	SDD	Software Development Division
367	SDSS	Sloan Digital Sky Survey
368	SEPIA	Swedish ESO PI receiver for APEX
369	SHFI	Swedish Heterodyne Facility Instrument
370	SiC	(ELT) SiliconCarbide-mirrorsubstrate
371	SINFONI	Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared (VLT)
372	SKA	Square Kilometer Array
373	SM	Service Mode (observing)
374	SM4	Servicing Mission 4 (HST)
375	SMBH	Supermassive black hole
376	SOFI	SOn oF Isaac (NTT)
377	SOPHIE	Spectrographe pour l’Observation des Phénomènes des Intérieurs stellaires et des Exoplanètes
378	SOXS	(NTT) Son Of X-Shooter
379	SPARTA	Real-time computer for the AOF
380	SPC	Scientific Personnel Committee
381	SPECULOOS	(Paranal) Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
382	SPHERE	Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet Research instrument (VLT)
383	SPIFFI	SPectrometer for Infrared Faint Field Imaging
384	SPT	South Pole Telescope
385	SSDF	Science Support Discretionary Fund
386	SSED	Software System Engineering Department
387	SSWG	Science Strategy Working Group
388	ST-ECF	Space Telescope European Coordination Facility
389	STC	Scientific Technical Committee
390	STFC	Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK)
391	STRAP	Tip-tilt sensors (VLTI)
392	STScI	Space Telescope Science Institute (USA)
393	sub-mm	submillimetre
394	SUSI2	Superb Seeing Imager 2 (NTT)
395	TAROT	Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires
396	TAROT-S	Télescopes à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires South
397	TBT	Test-Bed Telescope
398	TEC	Technology Division
399	telbib	ESO library telescope bibliography database
400	TFB	Tunable Filter Bank (ALMA)
401	TIMMI	TIMMI far-infrared camera (ESO 3.6-metre telescope)
402	ToO	Target of Opportunity
403	TRAPPIST	TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope
404	TRR	Test Readiness Review
405	TUM	Technische Universität München
406	UC	Users Committee
407	UK ATC	UK Astronomy Technology Centre
408	Ultracam	High-speed camera (VLT)
409	UltraVISTA	Ultra-deep near-infrared survey in the COSMOS field
410	UNCOPUOS	United Nations Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
411	USM	University Observatory Munich
412	UT	Unit Telescope of the VLT
413	UT1–4	VLT Unit Telescopes 1–4: Antu, Kueyen, Melipal and Yepun
414	UV	UltraViolet
415	UVES	UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph (VLT)
416	VERTEX	(APEX) VERTEX Antennentechnik GmbH, Duisburg (Germany)
417	VHS	VISTA Hemisphere Survey
418	VIDEO	VISTA Deep Extragalactic Observations Survey
419	VIKING	VISTA Kilo-degree Infrared Galaxy survey
420	VIMOS	VIsible MultiObject Spectrograph (VLT)
421	VINCI	VLT INterferometer Commissioning Instrument (VLTI)
422	VIPERS	VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey
423	VIRCAM	VISTA Infrared Camera
424	VISA	VLTI Sub-Array
425	VISIR	VLT Mid-Infrared Imager Spectrometer
426	VISTA	Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy
427	VLT	Very Large Telescope
428	VLT/I	Very Large Telescope and its Interferometer
429	VLTI	Very Large Telescope Interferometer
430	VLTI-PR#	VLTI projects
431	VM	Visitor Mode (observing)
432	VMC	VISTA survey of the Magellanic Cloud system
433	VO	Virtual Observatory
434	VOP	Virtual Observatory Project Office
435	VPHAS+	VST Photometric Hα Survey
436	VSS	Variability Sky Survey
437	VST	VLT Survey Telescope
438	VVDS	VIMOS VLT Deep Survey
439	VVV	ESO public survey VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea
440	WASP	Wide Angle Search for Planets survey
441	WFCAM	Infrared wide field camera for the UK Infrared Telescope on Mauna Kea
442	WFI	Wide Field Imager (MPG/ESO 2.2-metre)
443	WiFi	Wireless Fidelity
444	WVR	Water Vapour Radiometer (ALMA)
445	X-shooter	Wideband ultraviolet-infrared single target spectrograph (VLT)
446	XAO	Extreme adaptive optics
447	XMM-Newton	X-ray Multi-Mirror satellite (ESA)
448	Yepun	VLT Unit Telescope 4
449	Z-Spec	Millimetre-wave spectrograph (APEX visitor instrument)
450	zCOSMOS	Large Programme to measure 30 000 galaxies in the HST Cosmic Origins field
451	ZIMPOL	Zurich Imaging Polarimeter (SPHERE, ELT)
452	ΛCDM	Lambda Cold Dark Matter
453	μm	Micrometre