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21 KiB
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<title>ADODB Data Dictionary Manual</title>
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<body style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">
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<h2>ADOdb Data Dictionary Library for PHP</h2>
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<p>V4.50 6 July 2004 (c) 2000-2004 John Lim (<a
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href="mailto:jlim#natsoft.com.my">jlim#natsoft.com.my</a>).<br>
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AXMLS (c) 2004 ars Cognita, Inc</p>
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<p><font size="1">This software is dual licensed using BSD-Style and
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LGPL. This means you can use it in compiled proprietary and commercial
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products.</font></p>
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<table border="1">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><font color="red">Kindly note that the ADOdb home page has
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moved to <a href="http://adodb.sourceforge.net/">http://adodb.sourceforge.net/</a>
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because of the persistent unreliability of http://php.weblogs.com. <b>Please
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change your links</b>!</font></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>Useful ADOdb links: <a href="http://adodb.sourceforge.net/#download">Download</a>
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<a href="http://adodb.sourceforge.net/#docs">Other Docs</a>
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</p>
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<p>This documentation describes a PHP class library to automate the
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creation of tables, indexes and foreign key constraints portably for
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multiple databases. Richard Tango-Lowy and Dan Cech have been kind
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enough to contribute <a href="#xmlschema">AXMLS</a>, an XML schema
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system for defining databases. You can contact them at
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dcech#phpwerx.net and richtl#arscognita.com.</p>
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<p>Currently the following databases are supported:</p>
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<p> <b>Well-tested:</b> PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, MSSQL.<br>
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<b>Beta-quality:</b> DB2, Informix, Sybase, Interbase, Firebird.<br>
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<b>Alpha-quality:</b> MS Access (does not support DEFAULT values) and
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generic ODBC.
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</p>
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<h3>Example Usage</h3>
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<pre> include_once('adodb.inc.php');<br> <font color="#006600"># First create a normal connection</font><br> $db->NewADOConnection('mysql');<br> $db->Connect(...);<br><br> <font
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color="#006600"># Then create a data dictionary object, using this connection</font><br> $dict = <strong>NewDataDictionary</strong>($db);<br><br> <font
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color="#006600"># We have a portable declarative data dictionary format in ADOdb, similar to SQL.<br> # Field types use 1 character codes, and fields are separated by commas.<br> # The following example creates three fields: "col1", "col2" and "col3":</font><br> $flds = " <br> <font
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color="#663300"><strong> col1 C(32) NOTNULL DEFAULT 'abc',<br> col2 I DEFAULT 0,<br> col3 N(12.2)</strong></font><br> ";<br><br> <font
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color="#006600"># We demonstrate creating tables and indexes</font><br> $sqlarray = $dict-><strong>CreateTableSQL</strong>($tabname, $flds, $taboptarray);<br> $dict-><strong>ExecuteSQLArray</strong>($sqlarray);<br><br> $idxflds = 'co11, col2';<br> $sqlarray = $dict-><strong>CreateIndexSQL</strong>($idxname, $tabname, $idxflds);<br> $dict-><strong>ExecuteSQLArray</strong>($sqlarray);<br></pre>
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<h3>Functions</h3>
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<h4>function CreateDatabase($dbname, $optionsarray=false)</h4>
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<p>Create a database with the name $dbname;</p>
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<h4>function CreateTableSQL($tabname, $fldarray, $taboptarray=false)</h4>
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<pre> RETURNS: an array of strings, the sql to be executed, or false<br> $tabname: name of table<br> $fldarray: string (or array) containing field info<br> $taboptarray: array containing table options<br></pre>
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<p>The new format of $fldarray uses a free text format, where each
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field is comma-delimited.
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The first token for each field is the field name, followed by the type
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and optional
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field size. Then optional keywords in $otheroptions:</p>
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<pre> "$fieldname $type $colsize $otheroptions"</pre>
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<p>The older (and still supported) format of $fldarray is a
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2-dimensional array, where each row in the 1st dimension represents one
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field. Each row has this format:</p>
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<pre> array($fieldname, $type, [,$colsize] [,$otheroptions]*)</pre>
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<p>The first 2 fields must be the field name and the field type. The
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field type can be a portable type codes or the actual type for that
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database.</p>
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<p>Legal portable type codes include:</p>
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<pre> C: varchar<br> X: Largest varchar size <br> XL: For Oracle, returns CLOB, otherwise same as 'X' above<br><br> C2: Multibyte varchar<br> X2: Multibyte varchar (largest size)<br><br> B: BLOB (binary large object)<br><br> D: Date (some databases do not support this, and we return a datetime type)<br> T: Datetime or Timestamp<br> L: Integer field suitable for storing booleans (0 or 1)<br> I: Integer (mapped to I4)<br> I1: 1-byte integer<br> I2: 2-byte integer<br> I4: 4-byte integer<br> I8: 8-byte integer<br> F: Floating point number<br> N: Numeric or decimal number<br></pre>
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<p>The $colsize field represents the size of the field. If a decimal
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number is used, then it is assumed that the number following the dot is
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the precision, so 6.2 means a number of size 6 digits and 2 decimal
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places. It is recommended that the default for number types be
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represented as a string to avoid any rounding errors.</p>
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<p>The $otheroptions include the following keywords (case-insensitive):</p>
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<pre> AUTO For autoincrement number. Emulated with triggers if not available.<br> Sets NOTNULL also.<br> AUTOINCREMENT Same as auto.<br> KEY Primary key field. Sets NOTNULL also. Compound keys are supported.<br> PRIMARY Same as KEY.<br> DEF Synonym for DEFAULT for lazy typists.<br> DEFAULT The default value. Character strings are auto-quoted unless<br> the string begins and ends with spaces, eg ' SYSDATE '.<br> NOTNULL If field is not null.<br> DEFDATE Set default value to call function to get today's date.<br> DEFTIMESTAMP Set default to call function to get today's datetime.<br> NOQUOTE Prevents autoquoting of default string values.<br> CONSTRAINTS Additional constraints defined at the end of the field<br> definition.<br></pre>
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<p>The Data Dictonary accepts two formats, the older array
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specification:</p>
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<pre> $flds = array(<br> array('COLNAME', 'DECIMAL', '8.4', 'DEFAULT' => 0, 'NOTNULL'),<br> array('id', 'I' , 'AUTO'),<br> array('`MY DATE`', 'D' , 'DEFDATE'),<br> array('NAME', 'C' , '32', 'CONSTRAINTS' => 'FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES reftable')<br> );<br></pre>
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<p>Or the simpler declarative format:</p>
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<pre> $flds = "<font color="#660000"><strong><br> COLNAME DECIMAL(8.4) DEFAULT 0 NOTNULL,<br> id I AUTO,<br> `MY DATE` D DEFDATE,<br> NAME C(32) CONSTRAINTS 'FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES reftable'</strong></font><br> ";<br></pre>
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<p>Note that if you have special characters in the field name (e.g. My
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Date), you should enclose it in back-quotes. Normally field names are
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not case-sensitive, but if you enclose it in back-quotes, some
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databases will treat the names as case-sensitive (eg. Oracle) , and
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others won't. So be careful.</p>
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<p>The $taboptarray is the 3rd parameter of the CreateTableSQL
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function. This contains table specific settings. Legal keywords include:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><b>REPLACE</b><br>
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Indicates that the previous table definition should be removed
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(dropped)together with ALL data. See first example below. </li>
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<li><b>DROP</b><br>
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Drop table. Useful for removing unused tables. </li>
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<li><b>CONSTRAINTS</b><br>
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Define this as the key, with the constraint as the value. See the
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postgresql example below. Additional constraints defined for the whole
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table. You will probably need to prefix this with a comma. </li>
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</ul>
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<p>Database specific table options can be defined also using the name
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of the database type as the array key. In the following example, <em>create
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the table as ISAM with MySQL, and store the table in the "users"
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tablespace if using Oracle</em>. And because we specified REPLACE, drop
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the table first.</p>
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<pre> $taboptarray = array('mysql' => 'TYPE=ISAM', 'oci8' => 'tablespace users', 'REPLACE');</pre>
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<p>You can also define foreignkey constraints. The following is syntax
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for postgresql:
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</p>
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<pre> $taboptarray = array('constraints' => ', FOREIGN KEY (col1) REFERENCES reftable (refcol)');</pre>
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<h4>function DropTableSQL($tabname)</h4>
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<p>Returns the SQL to drop the specified table.</p>
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<h4>function ChangeTableSQL($tabname, $flds)</h4>
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<p>Checks to see if table exists, if table does not exist, behaves like
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CreateTableSQL. If table exists, generates appropriate ALTER TABLE
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MODIFY COLUMN commands if field already exists, or ALTER TABLE ADD
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$column if field does not exist.</p>
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<p>The class must be connected to the database for ChangeTableSQL to
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detect the existence of the table. Idea and code contributed by Florian
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Buzin.</p>
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<h4>function CreateIndexSQL($idxname, $tabname, $flds,
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$idxoptarray=false)</h4>
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<pre> RETURNS: an array of strings, the sql to be executed, or false<br> $idxname: name of index<br> $tabname: name of table<br> $flds: list of fields as a comma delimited string or an array of strings<br> $idxoptarray: array of index creation options<br></pre>
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<p>$idxoptarray is similar to $taboptarray in that index specific
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information can be embedded in the array. Other options include:</p>
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<pre> CLUSTERED Create clustered index (only mssql)<br> BITMAP Create bitmap index (only oci8)<br> UNIQUE Make unique index<br> FULLTEXT Make fulltext index (only mysql)<br> HASH Create hash index (only postgres)<br> DROP Drop legacy index<br></pre>
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<h4>function DropIndexSQL ($idxname, $tabname = NULL)</h4>
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<p>Returns the SQL to drop the specified index.</p>
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<h4>function AddColumnSQL($tabname, $flds)</h4>
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<p>Add one or more columns. Not guaranteed to work under all situations.</p>
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<h4>function AlterColumnSQL($tabname, $flds)</h4>
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<p>Warning, not all databases support this feature.</p>
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<h4>function DropColumnSQL($tabname, $flds)</h4>
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<p>Drop 1 or more columns.</p>
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<h4>function SetSchema($schema)</h4>
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<p>Set the schema.</p>
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<h4>function &MetaTables()</h4>
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<h4>function &MetaColumns($tab, $upper=true, $schema=false)</h4>
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<h4>function &MetaPrimaryKeys($tab,$owner=false,$intkey=false)</h4>
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<h4>function &MetaIndexes($table, $primary = false, $owner = false)</h4>
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<p>These functions are wrappers for the corresponding functions in the
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connection object. However, the table names will be autoquoted by the
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TableName function (see below) before being passed to the connection
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object.</p>
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<h4>function NameQuote($name = NULL)</h4>
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<p>If the provided name is quoted with backquotes (`) or contains
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special characters, returns the name quoted with the appropriate quote
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character, otherwise the name is returned unchanged.</p>
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<h4>function TableName($name)</h4>
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<p>The same as NameQuote, but will prepend the current schema if
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specified</p>
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<h4>function MetaType($t,$len=-1,$fieldobj=false)</h4>
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<h4>function ActualType($meta)</h4>
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<p>Convert between database-independent 'Meta' and database-specific
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'Actual' type codes.</p>
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<h4>function ExecuteSQLArray($sqlarray, $contOnError = true)</h4>
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<pre> RETURNS: 0 if failed, 1 if executed all but with errors, 2 if executed successfully<br> $sqlarray: an array of strings with sql code (no semicolon at the end of string)<br> $contOnError: if true, then continue executing even if error occurs<br></pre>
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<p>Executes an array of SQL strings returned by CreateTableSQL or
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CreateIndexSQL.</p>
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<hr>
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<a name="xmlschema"></a>
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<h2>ADOdb XML Schema (AXMLS)</h2>
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<p>This is a class contributed by Richard Tango-Lowy and Dan Cech that
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allows the user to quickly
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and easily build a database using the excellent ADODB database library
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and a simple XML formatted file.
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You can <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/adodb-xmlschema/">download
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the latest version of AXMLS here</a>.</p>
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<h3>Quick Start</h3>
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<p>Adodb-xmlschema, or AXMLS, is a set of classes that allow the user
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to quickly and easily build or upgrade a database on almost any RDBMS
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using the excellent ADOdb database library and a simple XML formatted
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schema file. Our goal is to give developers a tool that's simple to
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use, but that will allow them to create a single file that can build,
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upgrade, and manipulate databases on most RDBMS platforms.</p>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"> Installing axmls</span>
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<p>The easiest way to install AXMLS to download and install any recent
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version of the ADOdb database abstraction library. To install AXMLS
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manually, simply copy the adodb-xmlschema.inc.php file and the xsl
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directory into your adodb directory.</p>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"> Using AXMLS in Your Application</span>
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<p>There are two steps involved in using AXMLS in your application:
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first, you must create a schema, or XML representation of your
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database, and second, you must create the PHP code that will parse and
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execute the schema.</p>
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<p>Let's begin with a schema that describes a typical, if simplistic
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user management table for an application.</p>
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<pre class="listing"><pre><?xml version="1.0"?><br><schema version="0.2"><br><br> <table name="users"><br> <desc>A typical users table for our application.</desc><br> <field name="userId" type="I"><br> <descr>A unique ID assigned to each user.</descr><br><br> <KEY/><br> <AUTOINCREMENT/><br> </field><br> <br> <field name="userName" type="C" size="16"><NOTNULL/></field><br><br> <br> <index name="userName"><br> <descr>Put a unique index on the user name</descr><br> <col>userName</col><br> <UNIQUE/><br><br> </index><br> </table><br> <br> <sql><br> <descr>Insert some data into the users table.</descr><br> <query>insert into users (userName) values ( 'admin' )</query><br><br> <query>insert into users (userName) values ( 'Joe' )</query><br> </sql><br></schema> <br></pre></pre>
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<p>Let's take a detailed look at this schema.</p>
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<p>The opening <?xml version="1.0"?> tag is required by XML. The
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<schema> tag tells the parser that the enclosed markup defines an
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XML schema. The version="0.2" attribute sets <em>the version of the
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AXMLS DTD used by the XML schema.</em> </p>
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<p>All versions of AXMLS prior to version 1.0 have a schema version of
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"0.1". The current schema version is "0.2".</p>
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<pre class="listing"><pre><?xml version="1.0"?><br><schema version="0.2"><br> ...<br></schema><br></pre></pre>
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<p>Next we define one or more tables. A table consists of a fields (and
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other objects) enclosed by <table> tags. The name="" attribute
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specifies the name of the table that will be created in the database.</p>
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<pre class="listing"><pre><table name="users"><br><br> <desc>A typical users table for our application.</desc><br> <field name="userId" type="I"><br><br> <descr>A unique ID assigned to each user.</descr><br> <KEY/><br> <AUTOINCREMENT/><br> </field><br> <br> <field name="userName" type="C" size="16"><NOTNULL/></field><br><br> <br></table><br></pre></pre>
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<p>This table is called "users" and has a description and two fields.
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The description is optional, and is currently only for your own
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information; it is not applied to the database.</p>
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<p>The first <field> tag will create a field named "userId" of
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type "I", or integer. (See the ADOdb Data Dictionary documentation for
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a list of valid types.) This <field> tag encloses two special
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field options: <KEY/>, which specifies this field as a primary
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key, and <AUTOINCREMENT/>, which specifies that the database
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engine should automatically fill this field with the next available
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value when a new row is inserted.</p>
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<p>The second <field> tag will create a field named "userName" of
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type "C", or character, and of length 16 characters. The
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<NOTNULL/> option specifies that this field does not allow NULLs.</p>
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<p>There are two ways to add indexes to a table. The simplest is to
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mark a field with the <KEY/> option as described above; a primary
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key is a unique index. The second and more powerful method uses the
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<index> tags.</p>
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<pre class="listing"><pre><table name="users"><br> ...<br> <br> <index name="userName"><br> <descr>Put a unique index on the user name</descr><br> <col>userName</col><br><br> <UNIQUE/><br> </index><br> <br></table><br></pre></pre>
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<p>The <index> tag specifies that an index should be created on
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the enclosing table. The name="" attribute provides the name of the
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index that will be created in the database. The description, as above,
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is for your information only. The <col> tags list each column
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that will be included in the index. Finally, the <UNIQUE/> tag
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specifies that this will be created as a unique index.</p>
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<p>Finally, AXMLS allows you to include arbitrary SQL that will be
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applied to the database when the schema is executed.</p>
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<pre class="listing"><pre><sql><br> <descr>Insert some data into the users table.</descr><br> <query>insert into users (userName) values ( 'admin' )</query><br><br> <query>insert into users (userName) values ( 'Joe' )</query><br></sql><br></pre></pre>
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<p>The <sql> tag encloses any number of SQL queries that you
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define for your own use.</p>
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<p>Now that we've defined an XML schema, you need to know how to apply
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it to your database. Here's a simple PHP script that shows how to load
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the schema.</p>
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<pre class="listing"><pre><?PHP<br>/* You must tell the script where to find the ADOdb and<br> * the AXMLS libraries.<br> */<br>require( "path_to_adodb/adodb.inc.php");<br>require( "path_to_adodb/adodb-xmlschema.inc.php" );<br><br>/* Configuration information. Define the schema filename,<br> * RDBMS platform (see the ADODB documentation for valid<br> * platform names), and database connection information here.<br> */<br>$schemaFile = 'example.xml';<br>$platform = 'mysql';<br>$dbHost = 'localhost';<br>$dbName = 'database';<br>$dbUser = 'username';<br>$dbPassword = 'password';<br><br>/* Start by creating a normal ADODB connection.<br> */<br>$db = ADONewConnection( $platform );<br>$db->Connect( $dbHost, $dbUser, $dbPassword, $dbName );<br><br>/* Use the database connection to create a new adoSchema object.<br> */<br>$schema = new adoSchema( $db );<br><br>/* Call ParseSchema() to build SQL from the XML schema file.<br> * Then call ExecuteSchema() to apply the resulting SQL to <br> * the database.<br> */<br>$sql = $schema->ParseSchema( $schemaFile );<br>$result = $schema->ExecuteSchema();<br>?><br></pre></pre>
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<p>Let's look at each part of the example in turn. After you manually
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create the database, there are three steps required to load (or
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upgrade) your schema.</p>
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<p>First, create a normal ADOdb connection. The variables and values
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here should be those required to connect to your database.</p>
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<pre class="listing"><pre>$db = ADONewConnection( 'mysql' );<br>$db->Connect( 'host', 'user', 'password', 'database' );<br></pre></pre>
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<p>Second, create the adoSchema object that load and manipulate your
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schema. You must pass an ADOdb database connection object in order to
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create the adoSchema object.</p>
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<pre class="listing"><pre>$schema = new adoSchema( $db );<br></pre></pre>
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<p>Third, call ParseSchema() to parse the schema and then
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ExecuteSchema() to apply it to the database. You must pass
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ParseSchema() the path and filename of your schema file.</p>
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<pre class="listing"><pre><br>$schema->ParseSchema( $schemaFile ); <br>$schema->ExecuteSchema(); <br></pre></pre>
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<p>Execute the above code and then log into your database. If you've
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done all this right, you should see your tables, indexes, and SQL.</p>
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<p>You can find the source files for this tutorial in the examples
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directory as tutorial_shema.xml and tutorial.php. See the class
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documentation for a more detailed description of the adoSchema methods,
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including methods and schema elements that are not described in this
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tutorial.</p>
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<h3>Upgrading</h3>
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If your schema version is older, than XSLT is used to transform the
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schema to the newest version. This means that if you are using an older
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XML schema format, you need to have the XSLT extension installed.
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If you do not want to require your users to have the XSLT extension
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installed, make sure you modify your XML schema to conform to the
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latest version.
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<hr>
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<address>If you have any questions or comments, please email them to
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Richard at richtl#arscognita.com.
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</address>
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</body>
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</html>
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