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# Ignore CI build directory
build/

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# Build matrix / environment variable are explained on:
# http://about.travis-ci.org/docs/user/build-configuration/
# This file can be validated on:
# http://lint.travis-ci.org/
install:
# /usr/bin/gcc is 4.6 always, but gcc-X.Y is available.
- if [ "$CXX" = "g++" ]; then export CXX="g++-4.9" CC="gcc-4.9"; fi
# /usr/bin/clang is 3.4, lets override with modern one.
- if [ "$CXX" = "clang++" ] && [ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" = "linux" ]; then export CXX="clang++-3.7" CC="clang-3.7"; fi
- echo ${PATH}
- echo ${CXX}
- ${CXX} --version
- ${CXX} -v
addons:
apt:
# List of whitelisted in travis packages for ubuntu-precise can be found here:
# https://github.com/travis-ci/apt-package-whitelist/blob/master/ubuntu-precise
# List of whitelisted in travis apt-sources:
# https://github.com/travis-ci/apt-source-whitelist/blob/master/ubuntu.json
sources:
- ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
- llvm-toolchain-precise-3.7
packages:
- gcc-4.9
- g++-4.9
- clang-3.7
- valgrind
os:
- linux
- osx
language: cpp
compiler:
- gcc
- clang
script: ./travis.sh
env:
matrix:
- GTEST_TARGET=googletest SHARED_LIB=OFF STATIC_LIB=ON CMAKE_PKG=OFF BUILD_TYPE=debug VERBOSE_MAKE=true VERBOSE
- GTEST_TARGET=googlemock SHARED_LIB=OFF STATIC_LIB=ON CMAKE_PKG=OFF BUILD_TYPE=debug VERBOSE_MAKE=true VERBOSE
- GTEST_TARGET=googlemock SHARED_LIB=OFF STATIC_LIB=ON CMAKE_PKG=OFF BUILD_TYPE=debug CXX_FLAGS=-std=c++11 VERBOSE_MAKE=true VERBOSE
# - GTEST_TARGET=googletest SHARED_LIB=ON STATIC_LIB=ON CMAKE_PKG=ON BUILD_TYPE=release VERBOSE_MAKE=false
# - GTEST_TARGET=googlemock SHARED_LIB=ON STATIC_LIB=ON CMAKE_PKG=ON BUILD_TYPE=release VERBOSE_MAKE=false
notifications:
email: false
sudo: false

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cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.6.2)
project( googletest-distribution )
enable_testing()
option(BUILD_GTEST "Builds the googletest subproject" OFF)
#Note that googlemock target already builds googletest
option(BUILD_GMOCK "Builds the googlemock subproject" ON)
if(BUILD_GMOCK)
add_subdirectory( googlemock )
elseif(BUILD_GTEST)
add_subdirectory( googletest )
endif()

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# Google Test #
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/google/googletest.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/google/googletest)
[![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/4o38plt0xbo1ubc8/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/BillyDonahue/googletest/branch/master)
Welcome to **Google Test**, Google's C++ test framework!
This repository is a merger of the formerly separate GoogleTest and
GoogleMock projects. These were so closely related that it makes sense to
maintain and release them together.
Please see the project page above for more information as well as the
mailing list for questions, discussions, and development. There is
also an IRC channel on OFTC (irc.oftc.net) #gtest available. Please
join us!
Getting started information for **Google Test** is available in the
[Google Test Primer](googletest/docs/Primer.md) documentation.
**Google Mock** is an extension to Google Test for writing and using C++ mock
classes. See the separate [Google Mock documentation](googlemock/README.md).
More detailed documentation for googletest (including build instructions) are
in its interior [googletest/README.md](googletest/README.md) file.
## Features ##
* An [XUnit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XUnit) test framework.
* Test discovery.
* A rich set of assertions.
* User-defined assertions.
* Death tests.
* Fatal and non-fatal failures.
* Value-parameterized tests.
* Type-parameterized tests.
* Various options for running the tests.
* XML test report generation.
## Platforms ##
Google test has been used on a variety of platforms:
* Linux
* Mac OS X
* Windows
* Cygwin
* MinGW
* Windows Mobile
* Symbian
## Who Is Using Google Test? ##
In addition to many internal projects at Google, Google Test is also used by
the following notable projects:
* The [Chromium projects](http://www.chromium.org/) (behind the Chrome
browser and Chrome OS).
* The [LLVM](http://llvm.org/) compiler.
* [Protocol Buffers](https://github.com/google/protobuf), Google's data
interchange format.
* The [OpenCV](http://opencv.org/) computer vision library.
## Related Open Source Projects ##
[Google Test UI](https://github.com/ospector/gtest-gbar) is test runner that runs
your test binary, allows you to track its progress via a progress bar, and
displays a list of test failures. Clicking on one shows failure text. Google
Test UI is written in C#.
[GTest TAP Listener](https://github.com/kinow/gtest-tap-listener) is an event
listener for Google Test that implements the
[TAP protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Anything_Protocol) for test
result output. If your test runner understands TAP, you may find it useful.
## Requirements ##
Google Test is designed to have fairly minimal requirements to build
and use with your projects, but there are some. Currently, we support
Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, and Cygwin. We will also make our best
effort to support other platforms (e.g. Solaris, AIX, and z/OS).
However, since core members of the Google Test project have no access
to these platforms, Google Test may have outstanding issues there. If
you notice any problems on your platform, please notify
<googletestframework@googlegroups.com>. Patches for fixing them are
even more welcome!
### Linux Requirements ###
These are the base requirements to build and use Google Test from a source
package (as described below):
* GNU-compatible Make or gmake
* POSIX-standard shell
* POSIX(-2) Regular Expressions (regex.h)
* A C++98-standard-compliant compiler
### Windows Requirements ###
* Microsoft Visual C++ v7.1 or newer
### Cygwin Requirements ###
* Cygwin v1.5.25-14 or newer
### Mac OS X Requirements ###
* Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger or newer
* Xcode Developer Tools
### Requirements for Contributors ###
We welcome patches. If you plan to contribute a patch, you need to
build Google Test and its own tests from a git checkout (described
below), which has further requirements:
* [Python](https://www.python.org/) v2.3 or newer (for running some of
the tests and re-generating certain source files from templates)
* [CMake](https://cmake.org/) v2.6.4 or newer
## Regenerating Source Files ##
Some of Google Test's source files are generated from templates (not
in the C++ sense) using a script.
For example, the
file include/gtest/internal/gtest-type-util.h.pump is used to generate
gtest-type-util.h in the same directory.
You don't need to worry about regenerating the source files
unless you need to modify them. You would then modify the
corresponding `.pump` files and run the '[pump.py](googletest/scripts/pump.py)'
generator script. See the [Pump Manual](googletest/docs/PumpManual.md).
### Contributing Code ###
We welcome patches. Please read the
[Developer's Guide](googletest/docs/DevGuide.md)
for how you can contribute. In particular, make sure you have signed
the Contributor License Agreement, or we won't be able to accept the
patch.
Happy testing!

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version: '{build}'
os: Visual Studio 2015
environment:
matrix:
- Toolset: v140
- Toolset: v120
- Toolset: v110
- Toolset: v100
platform:
- Win32
- x64
configuration:
# - Release
- Debug
build:
verbosity: minimal
artifacts:
- path: '_build/Testing/Temporary/*'
name: test_results
before_build:
- ps: |
Write-Output "Configuration: $env:CONFIGURATION"
Write-Output "Platform: $env:PLATFORM"
$generator = switch ($env:TOOLSET)
{
"v140" {"Visual Studio 14 2015"}
"v120" {"Visual Studio 12 2013"}
"v110" {"Visual Studio 11 2012"}
"v100" {"Visual Studio 10 2010"}
}
if ($env:PLATFORM -eq "x64")
{
$generator = "$generator Win64"
}
build_script:
- ps: |
if (($env:TOOLSET -eq "v100") -and ($env:PLATFORM -eq "x64"))
{
return
}
md _build -Force | Out-Null
cd _build
& cmake -G "$generator" -DCMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES="Debug;Release" -Dgtest_build_tests=ON -Dgtest_build_samples=ON -Dgmock_build_tests=ON ..
if ($LastExitCode -ne 0) {
throw "Exec: $ErrorMessage"
}
& cmake --build . --config $env:CONFIGURATION
if ($LastExitCode -ne 0) {
throw "Exec: $ErrorMessage"
}
test_script:
- ps: |
if (($env:Toolset -eq "v100") -and ($env:PLATFORM -eq "x64"))
{
return
}
& ctest -C $env:CONFIGURATION --output-on-failure
if ($LastExitCode -ne 0) {
throw "Exec: $ErrorMessage"
}

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Changes for 1.7.0:
* All new improvements in Google Test 1.7.0.
* New feature: matchers DoubleNear(), FloatNear(),
NanSensitiveDoubleNear(), NanSensitiveFloatNear(),
UnorderedElementsAre(), UnorderedElementsAreArray(), WhenSorted(),
WhenSortedBy(), IsEmpty(), and SizeIs().
* Improvement: Google Mock can now be built as a DLL.
* Improvement: when compiled by a C++11 compiler, matchers AllOf()
and AnyOf() can accept an arbitrary number of matchers.
* Improvement: when compiled by a C++11 compiler, matchers
ElementsAreArray() can accept an initializer list.
* Improvement: when exceptions are enabled, a mock method with no
default action now throws instead crashing the test.
* Improvement: added class testing::StringMatchResultListener to aid
definition of composite matchers.
* Improvement: function return types used in MOCK_METHOD*() macros can
now contain unprotected commas.
* Improvement (potentially breaking): EXPECT_THAT() and ASSERT_THAT()
are now more strict in ensuring that the value type and the matcher
type are compatible, catching potential bugs in tests.
* Improvement: Pointee() now works on an optional<T>.
* Improvement: the ElementsAreArray() matcher can now take a vector or
iterator range as input, and makes a copy of its input elements
before the conversion to a Matcher.
* Improvement: the Google Mock Generator can now generate mocks for
some class templates.
* Bug fix: mock object destruction triggerred by another mock object's
destruction no longer hangs.
* Improvement: Google Mock Doctor works better with newer Clang and
GCC now.
* Compatibility fixes.
* Bug/warning fixes.
Changes for 1.6.0:
* Compilation is much faster and uses much less memory, especially
when the constructor and destructor of a mock class are moved out of
the class body.
* New matchers: Pointwise(), Each().
* New actions: ReturnPointee() and ReturnRefOfCopy().
* CMake support.
* Project files for Visual Studio 2010.
* AllOf() and AnyOf() can handle up-to 10 arguments now.
* Google Mock doctor understands Clang error messages now.
* SetArgPointee<> now accepts string literals.
* gmock_gen.py handles storage specifier macros and template return
types now.
* Compatibility fixes.
* Bug fixes and implementation clean-ups.
* Potentially incompatible changes: disables the harmful 'make install'
command in autotools.
Potentially breaking changes:
* The description string for MATCHER*() changes from Python-style
interpolation to an ordinary C++ string expression.
* SetArgumentPointee is deprecated in favor of SetArgPointee.
* Some non-essential project files for Visual Studio 2005 are removed.
Changes for 1.5.0:
* New feature: Google Mock can be safely used in multi-threaded tests
on platforms having pthreads.
* New feature: function for printing a value of arbitrary type.
* New feature: function ExplainMatchResult() for easy definition of
composite matchers.
* The new matcher API lets user-defined matchers generate custom
explanations more directly and efficiently.
* Better failure messages all around.
* NotNull() and IsNull() now work with smart pointers.
* Field() and Property() now work when the matcher argument is a pointer
passed by reference.
* Regular expression matchers on all platforms.
* Added GCC 4.0 support for Google Mock Doctor.
* Added gmock_all_test.cc for compiling most Google Mock tests
in a single file.
* Significantly cleaned up compiler warnings.
* Bug fixes, better test coverage, and implementation clean-ups.
Potentially breaking changes:
* Custom matchers defined using MatcherInterface or MakePolymorphicMatcher()
need to be updated after upgrading to Google Mock 1.5.0; matchers defined
using MATCHER or MATCHER_P* aren't affected.
* Dropped support for 'make install'.
Changes for 1.4.0 (we skipped 1.2.* and 1.3.* to match the version of
Google Test):
* Works in more environments: Symbian and minGW, Visual C++ 7.1.
* Lighter weight: comes with our own implementation of TR1 tuple (no
more dependency on Boost!).
* New feature: --gmock_catch_leaked_mocks for detecting leaked mocks.
* New feature: ACTION_TEMPLATE for defining templatized actions.
* New feature: the .After() clause for specifying expectation order.
* New feature: the .With() clause for for specifying inter-argument
constraints.
* New feature: actions ReturnArg<k>(), ReturnNew<T>(...), and
DeleteArg<k>().
* New feature: matchers Key(), Pair(), Args<...>(), AllArgs(), IsNull(),
and Contains().
* New feature: utility class MockFunction<F>, useful for checkpoints, etc.
* New feature: functions Value(x, m) and SafeMatcherCast<T>(m).
* New feature: copying a mock object is rejected at compile time.
* New feature: a script for fusing all Google Mock and Google Test
source files for easy deployment.
* Improved the Google Mock doctor to diagnose more diseases.
* Improved the Google Mock generator script.
* Compatibility fixes for Mac OS X and gcc.
* Bug fixes and implementation clean-ups.
Changes for 1.1.0:
* New feature: ability to use Google Mock with any testing framework.
* New feature: macros for easily defining new matchers
* New feature: macros for easily defining new actions.
* New feature: more container matchers.
* New feature: actions for accessing function arguments and throwing
exceptions.
* Improved the Google Mock doctor script for diagnosing compiler errors.
* Bug fixes and implementation clean-ups.
Changes for 1.0.0:
* Initial Open Source release of Google Mock

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########################################################################
# CMake build script for Google Mock.
#
# To run the tests for Google Mock itself on Linux, use 'make test' or
# ctest. You can select which tests to run using 'ctest -R regex'.
# For more options, run 'ctest --help'.
# BUILD_SHARED_LIBS is a standard CMake variable, but we declare it here to
# make it prominent in the GUI.
option(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS "Build shared libraries (DLLs)." OFF)
option(gmock_build_tests "Build all of Google Mock's own tests." OFF)
# A directory to find Google Test sources.
if (EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/gtest/CMakeLists.txt")
set(gtest_dir gtest)
else()
set(gtest_dir ../googletest)
endif()
# Defines pre_project_set_up_hermetic_build() and set_up_hermetic_build().
include("${gtest_dir}/cmake/hermetic_build.cmake" OPTIONAL)
if (COMMAND pre_project_set_up_hermetic_build)
# Google Test also calls hermetic setup functions from add_subdirectory,
# although its changes will not affect things at the current scope.
pre_project_set_up_hermetic_build()
endif()
########################################################################
#
# Project-wide settings
# Name of the project.
#
# CMake files in this project can refer to the root source directory
# as ${gmock_SOURCE_DIR} and to the root binary directory as
# ${gmock_BINARY_DIR}.
# Language "C" is required for find_package(Threads).
project(gmock CXX C)
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.6.2)
if (COMMAND set_up_hermetic_build)
set_up_hermetic_build()
endif()
# Instructs CMake to process Google Test's CMakeLists.txt and add its
# targets to the current scope. We are placing Google Test's binary
# directory in a subdirectory of our own as VC compilation may break
# if they are the same (the default).
add_subdirectory("${gtest_dir}" "${gmock_BINARY_DIR}/gtest")
# Although Google Test's CMakeLists.txt calls this function, the
# changes there don't affect the current scope. Therefore we have to
# call it again here.
config_compiler_and_linker() # from ${gtest_dir}/cmake/internal_utils.cmake
# Adds Google Mock's and Google Test's header directories to the search path.
include_directories("${gmock_SOURCE_DIR}/include"
"${gmock_SOURCE_DIR}"
"${gtest_SOURCE_DIR}/include"
# This directory is needed to build directly from Google
# Test sources.
"${gtest_SOURCE_DIR}")
# Summary of tuple support for Microsoft Visual Studio:
# Compiler version(MS) version(cmake) Support
# ---------- ----------- -------------- -----------------------------
# <= VS 2010 <= 10 <= 1600 Use Google Tests's own tuple.
# VS 2012 11 1700 std::tr1::tuple + _VARIADIC_MAX=10
# VS 2013 12 1800 std::tr1::tuple
if (MSVC AND MSVC_VERSION EQUAL 1700)
add_definitions(/D _VARIADIC_MAX=10)
endif()
########################################################################
#
# Defines the gmock & gmock_main libraries. User tests should link
# with one of them.
# Google Mock libraries. We build them using more strict warnings than what
# are used for other targets, to ensure that Google Mock can be compiled by
# a user aggressive about warnings.
cxx_library(gmock
"${cxx_strict}"
"${gtest_dir}/src/gtest-all.cc"
src/gmock-all.cc)
cxx_library(gmock_main
"${cxx_strict}"
"${gtest_dir}/src/gtest-all.cc"
src/gmock-all.cc
src/gmock_main.cc)
# If the CMake version supports it, attach header directory information
# to the targets for when we are part of a parent build (ie being pulled
# in via add_subdirectory() rather than being a standalone build).
if (DEFINED CMAKE_VERSION AND NOT "${CMAKE_VERSION}" VERSION_LESS "2.8.11")
target_include_directories(gmock INTERFACE "${gmock_SOURCE_DIR}/include")
target_include_directories(gmock_main INTERFACE "${gmock_SOURCE_DIR}/include")
endif()
########################################################################
#
# Install rules
install(TARGETS gmock gmock_main
DESTINATION lib)
install(DIRECTORY ${gmock_SOURCE_DIR}/include/gmock
DESTINATION include)
########################################################################
#
# Google Mock's own tests.
#
# You can skip this section if you aren't interested in testing
# Google Mock itself.
#
# The tests are not built by default. To build them, set the
# gmock_build_tests option to ON. You can do it by running ccmake
# or specifying the -Dgmock_build_tests=ON flag when running cmake.
if (gmock_build_tests)
# This must be set in the root directory for the tests to be run by
# 'make test' or ctest.
enable_testing()
############################################################
# C++ tests built with standard compiler flags.
cxx_test(gmock-actions_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-cardinalities_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock_ex_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-generated-actions_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-generated-function-mockers_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-generated-internal-utils_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-generated-matchers_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-internal-utils_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-matchers_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-more-actions_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-nice-strict_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-port_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock-spec-builders_test gmock_main)
cxx_test(gmock_link_test gmock_main test/gmock_link2_test.cc)
cxx_test(gmock_test gmock_main)
if (CMAKE_USE_PTHREADS_INIT)
cxx_test(gmock_stress_test gmock)
endif()
# gmock_all_test is commented to save time building and running tests.
# Uncomment if necessary.
# cxx_test(gmock_all_test gmock_main)
############################################################
# C++ tests built with non-standard compiler flags.
cxx_library(gmock_main_no_exception "${cxx_no_exception}"
"${gtest_dir}/src/gtest-all.cc" src/gmock-all.cc src/gmock_main.cc)
cxx_library(gmock_main_no_rtti "${cxx_no_rtti}"
"${gtest_dir}/src/gtest-all.cc" src/gmock-all.cc src/gmock_main.cc)
if (NOT MSVC OR MSVC_VERSION LESS 1600) # 1600 is Visual Studio 2010.
# Visual Studio 2010, 2012, and 2013 define symbols in std::tr1 that
# conflict with our own definitions. Therefore using our own tuple does not
# work on those compilers.
cxx_library(gmock_main_use_own_tuple "${cxx_use_own_tuple}"
"${gtest_dir}/src/gtest-all.cc" src/gmock-all.cc src/gmock_main.cc)
cxx_test_with_flags(gmock_use_own_tuple_test "${cxx_use_own_tuple}"
gmock_main_use_own_tuple test/gmock-spec-builders_test.cc)
endif()
cxx_test_with_flags(gmock-more-actions_no_exception_test "${cxx_no_exception}"
gmock_main_no_exception test/gmock-more-actions_test.cc)
cxx_test_with_flags(gmock_no_rtti_test "${cxx_no_rtti}"
gmock_main_no_rtti test/gmock-spec-builders_test.cc)
cxx_shared_library(shared_gmock_main "${cxx_default}"
"${gtest_dir}/src/gtest-all.cc" src/gmock-all.cc src/gmock_main.cc)
# Tests that a binary can be built with Google Mock as a shared library. On
# some system configurations, it may not possible to run the binary without
# knowing more details about the system configurations. We do not try to run
# this binary. To get a more robust shared library coverage, configure with
# -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON.
cxx_executable_with_flags(shared_gmock_test_ "${cxx_default}"
shared_gmock_main test/gmock-spec-builders_test.cc)
set_target_properties(shared_gmock_test_
PROPERTIES
COMPILE_DEFINITIONS "GTEST_LINKED_AS_SHARED_LIBRARY=1")
############################################################
# Python tests.
cxx_executable(gmock_leak_test_ test gmock_main)
py_test(gmock_leak_test)
cxx_executable(gmock_output_test_ test gmock)
py_test(gmock_output_test)
endif()

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# This file contains a list of people who've made non-trivial
# contribution to the Google C++ Mocking Framework project. People
# who commit code to the project are encouraged to add their names
# here. Please keep the list sorted by first names.
Benoit Sigoure <tsuna@google.com>
Bogdan Piloca <boo@google.com>
Chandler Carruth <chandlerc@google.com>
Dave MacLachlan <dmaclach@gmail.com>
David Anderson <danderson@google.com>
Dean Sturtevant
Gene Volovich <gv@cite.com>
Hal Burch <gmock@hburch.com>
Jeffrey Yasskin <jyasskin@google.com>
Jim Keller <jimkeller@google.com>
Joe Walnes <joe@truemesh.com>
Jon Wray <jwray@google.com>
Keir Mierle <mierle@gmail.com>
Keith Ray <keith.ray@gmail.com>
Kostya Serebryany <kcc@google.com>
Lev Makhlis
Manuel Klimek <klimek@google.com>
Mario Tanev <radix@google.com>
Mark Paskin
Markus Heule <markus.heule@gmail.com>
Matthew Simmons <simmonmt@acm.org>
Mike Bland <mbland@google.com>
Neal Norwitz <nnorwitz@gmail.com>
Nermin Ozkiranartli <nermin@google.com>
Owen Carlsen <ocarlsen@google.com>
Paneendra Ba <paneendra@google.com>
Paul Menage <menage@google.com>
Piotr Kaminski <piotrk@google.com>
Russ Rufer <russ@pentad.com>
Sverre Sundsdal <sundsdal@gmail.com>
Takeshi Yoshino <tyoshino@google.com>
Vadim Berman <vadimb@google.com>
Vlad Losev <vladl@google.com>
Wolfgang Klier <wklier@google.com>
Zhanyong Wan <wan@google.com>

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Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
distribution.
* Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

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# Automake file
# Nonstandard package files for distribution.
EXTRA_DIST = LICENSE
# We may need to build our internally packaged gtest. If so, it will be
# included in the 'subdirs' variable.
SUBDIRS = $(subdirs)
# This is generated by the configure script, so clean it for distribution.
DISTCLEANFILES = scripts/gmock-config
# We define the global AM_CPPFLAGS as everything we compile includes from these
# directories.
AM_CPPFLAGS = $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I$(srcdir)/include
# Modifies compiler and linker flags for pthreads compatibility.
if HAVE_PTHREADS
AM_CXXFLAGS = @PTHREAD_CFLAGS@ -DGTEST_HAS_PTHREAD=1
AM_LIBS = @PTHREAD_LIBS@
endif
# Build rules for libraries.
lib_LTLIBRARIES = lib/libgmock.la lib/libgmock_main.la
lib_libgmock_la_SOURCES = src/gmock-all.cc
pkginclude_HEADERS = \
include/gmock/gmock-actions.h \
include/gmock/gmock-cardinalities.h \
include/gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h \
include/gmock/gmock-generated-function-mockers.h \
include/gmock/gmock-generated-matchers.h \
include/gmock/gmock-generated-nice-strict.h \
include/gmock/gmock-matchers.h \
include/gmock/gmock-more-actions.h \
include/gmock/gmock-more-matchers.h \
include/gmock/gmock-spec-builders.h \
include/gmock/gmock.h
pkginclude_internaldir = $(pkgincludedir)/internal
pkginclude_internal_HEADERS = \
include/gmock/internal/gmock-generated-internal-utils.h \
include/gmock/internal/gmock-internal-utils.h \
include/gmock/internal/gmock-port.h \
include/gmock/internal/custom/gmock-generated-actions.h \
include/gmock/internal/custom/gmock-matchers.h \
include/gmock/internal/custom/gmock-port.h
lib_libgmock_main_la_SOURCES = src/gmock_main.cc
lib_libgmock_main_la_LIBADD = lib/libgmock.la
# Build rules for tests. Automake's naming for some of these variables isn't
# terribly obvious, so this is a brief reference:
#
# TESTS -- Programs run automatically by "make check"
# check_PROGRAMS -- Programs built by "make check" but not necessarily run
TESTS=
check_PROGRAMS=
AM_LDFLAGS = $(GTEST_LDFLAGS)
# This exercises all major components of Google Mock. It also
# verifies that libgmock works.
TESTS += test/gmock-spec-builders_test
check_PROGRAMS += test/gmock-spec-builders_test
test_gmock_spec_builders_test_SOURCES = test/gmock-spec-builders_test.cc
test_gmock_spec_builders_test_LDADD = $(GTEST_LIBS) lib/libgmock.la
# This tests using Google Mock in multiple translation units. It also
# verifies that libgmock_main and libgmock work.
TESTS += test/gmock_link_test
check_PROGRAMS += test/gmock_link_test
test_gmock_link_test_SOURCES = \
test/gmock_link2_test.cc \
test/gmock_link_test.cc \
test/gmock_link_test.h
test_gmock_link_test_LDADD = $(GTEST_LIBS) lib/libgmock_main.la lib/libgmock.la
if HAVE_PYTHON
# Tests that fused gmock files compile and work.
TESTS += test/gmock_fused_test
check_PROGRAMS += test/gmock_fused_test
test_gmock_fused_test_SOURCES = \
fused-src/gmock-gtest-all.cc \
fused-src/gmock/gmock.h \
fused-src/gmock_main.cc \
fused-src/gtest/gtest.h \
test/gmock_test.cc
test_gmock_fused_test_CPPFLAGS = -I"$(srcdir)/fused-src"
endif
# Google Mock source files that we don't compile directly.
GMOCK_SOURCE_INGLUDES = \
src/gmock-cardinalities.cc \
src/gmock-internal-utils.cc \
src/gmock-matchers.cc \
src/gmock-spec-builders.cc \
src/gmock.cc
EXTRA_DIST += $(GMOCK_SOURCE_INGLUDES)
# C++ tests that we don't compile using autotools.
EXTRA_DIST += \
test/gmock-actions_test.cc \
test/gmock_all_test.cc \
test/gmock-cardinalities_test.cc \
test/gmock_ex_test.cc \
test/gmock-generated-actions_test.cc \
test/gmock-generated-function-mockers_test.cc \
test/gmock-generated-internal-utils_test.cc \
test/gmock-generated-matchers_test.cc \
test/gmock-internal-utils_test.cc \
test/gmock-matchers_test.cc \
test/gmock-more-actions_test.cc \
test/gmock-nice-strict_test.cc \
test/gmock-port_test.cc \
test/gmock_stress_test.cc
# Python tests, which we don't run using autotools.
EXTRA_DIST += \
test/gmock_leak_test.py \
test/gmock_leak_test_.cc \
test/gmock_output_test.py \
test/gmock_output_test_.cc \
test/gmock_output_test_golden.txt \
test/gmock_test_utils.py
# Nonstandard package files for distribution.
EXTRA_DIST += \
CHANGES \
CONTRIBUTORS \
make/Makefile
# Pump scripts for generating Google Mock headers.
# TODO(chandlerc@google.com): automate the generation of *.h from *.h.pump.
EXTRA_DIST += \
include/gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h.pump \
include/gmock/gmock-generated-function-mockers.h.pump \
include/gmock/gmock-generated-matchers.h.pump \
include/gmock/gmock-generated-nice-strict.h.pump \
include/gmock/internal/gmock-generated-internal-utils.h.pump \
include/gmock/internal/custom/gmock-generated-actions.h.pump
# Script for fusing Google Mock and Google Test source files.
EXTRA_DIST += scripts/fuse_gmock_files.py
# The Google Mock Generator tool from the cppclean project.
EXTRA_DIST += \
scripts/generator/LICENSE \
scripts/generator/README \
scripts/generator/README.cppclean \
scripts/generator/cpp/__init__.py \
scripts/generator/cpp/ast.py \
scripts/generator/cpp/gmock_class.py \
scripts/generator/cpp/keywords.py \
scripts/generator/cpp/tokenize.py \
scripts/generator/cpp/utils.py \
scripts/generator/gmock_gen.py
# Script for diagnosing compiler errors in programs that use Google
# Mock.
EXTRA_DIST += scripts/gmock_doctor.py
# CMake scripts.
EXTRA_DIST += \
CMakeLists.txt
# Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 projects.
EXTRA_DIST += \
msvc/2005/gmock.sln \
msvc/2005/gmock.vcproj \
msvc/2005/gmock_config.vsprops \
msvc/2005/gmock_main.vcproj \
msvc/2005/gmock_test.vcproj
# Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 projects.
EXTRA_DIST += \
msvc/2010/gmock.sln \
msvc/2010/gmock.vcxproj \
msvc/2010/gmock_config.props \
msvc/2010/gmock_main.vcxproj \
msvc/2010/gmock_test.vcxproj
if HAVE_PYTHON
# gmock_test.cc does not really depend on files generated by the
# fused-gmock-internal rule. However, gmock_test.o does, and it is
# important to include test/gmock_test.cc as part of this rule in order to
# prevent compiling gmock_test.o until all dependent files have been
# generated.
$(test_gmock_fused_test_SOURCES): fused-gmock-internal
# TODO(vladl@google.com): Find a way to add Google Tests's sources here.
fused-gmock-internal: $(pkginclude_HEADERS) $(pkginclude_internal_HEADERS) \
$(lib_libgmock_la_SOURCES) $(GMOCK_SOURCE_INGLUDES) \
$(lib_libgmock_main_la_SOURCES) \
scripts/fuse_gmock_files.py
mkdir -p "$(srcdir)/fused-src"
chmod -R u+w "$(srcdir)/fused-src"
rm -f "$(srcdir)/fused-src/gtest/gtest.h"
rm -f "$(srcdir)/fused-src/gmock/gmock.h"
rm -f "$(srcdir)/fused-src/gmock-gtest-all.cc"
"$(srcdir)/scripts/fuse_gmock_files.py" "$(srcdir)/fused-src"
cp -f "$(srcdir)/src/gmock_main.cc" "$(srcdir)/fused-src"
maintainer-clean-local:
rm -rf "$(srcdir)/fused-src"
endif
# Death tests may produce core dumps in the build directory. In case
# this happens, clean them to keep distcleancheck happy.
CLEANFILES = core
# Disables 'make install' as installing a compiled version of Google
# Mock can lead to undefined behavior due to violation of the
# One-Definition Rule.
install-exec-local:
echo "'make install' is dangerous and not supported. Instead, see README for how to integrate Google Mock into your build system."
false
install-data-local:
echo "'make install' is dangerous and not supported. Instead, see README for how to integrate Google Mock into your build system."
false

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## Google Mock ##
The Google C++ mocking framework.
### Overview ###
Google's framework for writing and using C++ mock classes.
It can help you derive better designs of your system and write better tests.
It is inspired by:
* [jMock](http://www.jmock.org/),
* [EasyMock](http://www.easymock.org/), and
* [Hamcrest](http://code.google.com/p/hamcrest/),
and designed with C++'s specifics in mind.
Google mock:
* lets you create mock classes trivially using simple macros.
* supports a rich set of matchers and actions.
* handles unordered, partially ordered, or completely ordered expectations.
* is extensible by users.
We hope you find it useful!
### Features ###
* Provides a declarative syntax for defining mocks.
* Can easily define partial (hybrid) mocks, which are a cross of real
and mock objects.
* Handles functions of arbitrary types and overloaded functions.
* Comes with a rich set of matchers for validating function arguments.
* Uses an intuitive syntax for controlling the behavior of a mock.
* Does automatic verification of expectations (no record-and-replay needed).
* Allows arbitrary (partial) ordering constraints on
function calls to be expressed,.
* Lets a user extend it by defining new matchers and actions.
* Does not use exceptions.
* Is easy to learn and use.
Please see the project page above for more information as well as the
mailing list for questions, discussions, and development. There is
also an IRC channel on OFTC (irc.oftc.net) #gtest available. Please
join us!
Please note that code under [scripts/generator](scripts/generator/) is
from [cppclean](http://code.google.com/p/cppclean/) and released under
the Apache License, which is different from Google Mock's license.
## Getting Started ##
If you are new to the project, we suggest that you read the user
documentation in the following order:
* Learn the [basics](../googletest/docs/Primer.md) of
Google Test, if you choose to use Google Mock with it (recommended).
* Read [Google Mock for Dummies](docs/ForDummies.md).
* Read the instructions below on how to build Google Mock.
You can also watch Zhanyong's [talk](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYpCyLI47rM) on Google Mock's usage and implementation.
Once you understand the basics, check out the rest of the docs:
* [CheatSheet](docs/CheatSheet.md) - all the commonly used stuff
at a glance.
* [CookBook](docs/CookBook.md) - recipes for getting things done,
including advanced techniques.
If you need help, please check the
[KnownIssues](docs/KnownIssues.md) and
[FrequentlyAskedQuestions](docs/FrequentlyAskedQuestions.md) before
posting a question on the
[discussion group](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock).
### Using Google Mock Without Google Test ###
Google Mock is not a testing framework itself. Instead, it needs a
testing framework for writing tests. Google Mock works seamlessly
with [Google Test](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/), but
you can also use it with [any C++ testing framework](googlemock/ForDummies.md#Using_Google_Mock_with_Any_Testing_Framework).
### Requirements for End Users ###
Google Mock is implemented on top of [Google Test](
http://github.com/google/googletest/), and depends on it.
You must use the bundled version of Google Test when using Google Mock.
You can also easily configure Google Mock to work with another testing
framework, although it will still need Google Test. Please read
["Using_Google_Mock_with_Any_Testing_Framework"](
docs/ForDummies.md#Using_Google_Mock_with_Any_Testing_Framework)
for instructions.
Google Mock depends on advanced C++ features and thus requires a more
modern compiler. The following are needed to use Google Mock:
#### Linux Requirements ####
* GNU-compatible Make or "gmake"
* POSIX-standard shell
* POSIX(-2) Regular Expressions (regex.h)
* C++98-standard-compliant compiler (e.g. GCC 3.4 or newer)
#### Windows Requirements ####
* Microsoft Visual C++ 8.0 SP1 or newer
#### Mac OS X Requirements ####
* Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger or newer
* Developer Tools Installed
### Requirements for Contributors ###
We welcome patches. If you plan to contribute a patch, you need to
build Google Mock and its tests, which has further requirements:
* Automake version 1.9 or newer
* Autoconf version 2.59 or newer
* Libtool / Libtoolize
* Python version 2.3 or newer (for running some of the tests and
re-generating certain source files from templates)
### Building Google Mock ###
#### Preparing to Build (Unix only) ####
If you are using a Unix system and plan to use the GNU Autotools build
system to build Google Mock (described below), you'll need to
configure it now.
To prepare the Autotools build system:
cd googlemock
autoreconf -fvi
To build Google Mock and your tests that use it, you need to tell your
build system where to find its headers and source files. The exact
way to do it depends on which build system you use, and is usually
straightforward.
This section shows how you can integrate Google Mock into your
existing build system.
Suppose you put Google Mock in directory `${GMOCK_DIR}` and Google Test
in `${GTEST_DIR}` (the latter is `${GMOCK_DIR}/gtest` by default). To
build Google Mock, create a library build target (or a project as
called by Visual Studio and Xcode) to compile
${GTEST_DIR}/src/gtest-all.cc and ${GMOCK_DIR}/src/gmock-all.cc
with
${GTEST_DIR}/include and ${GMOCK_DIR}/include
in the system header search path, and
${GTEST_DIR} and ${GMOCK_DIR}
in the normal header search path. Assuming a Linux-like system and gcc,
something like the following will do:
g++ -isystem ${GTEST_DIR}/include -I${GTEST_DIR} \
-isystem ${GMOCK_DIR}/include -I${GMOCK_DIR} \
-pthread -c ${GTEST_DIR}/src/gtest-all.cc
g++ -isystem ${GTEST_DIR}/include -I${GTEST_DIR} \
-isystem ${GMOCK_DIR}/include -I${GMOCK_DIR} \
-pthread -c ${GMOCK_DIR}/src/gmock-all.cc
ar -rv libgmock.a gtest-all.o gmock-all.o
(We need -pthread as Google Test and Google Mock use threads.)
Next, you should compile your test source file with
${GTEST\_DIR}/include and ${GMOCK\_DIR}/include in the header search
path, and link it with gmock and any other necessary libraries:
g++ -isystem ${GTEST_DIR}/include -isystem ${GMOCK_DIR}/include \
-pthread path/to/your_test.cc libgmock.a -o your_test
As an example, the make/ directory contains a Makefile that you can
use to build Google Mock on systems where GNU make is available
(e.g. Linux, Mac OS X, and Cygwin). It doesn't try to build Google
Mock's own tests. Instead, it just builds the Google Mock library and
a sample test. You can use it as a starting point for your own build
script.
If the default settings are correct for your environment, the
following commands should succeed:
cd ${GMOCK_DIR}/make
make
./gmock_test
If you see errors, try to tweak the contents of
[make/Makefile](make/Makefile) to make them go away.
### Windows ###
The msvc/2005 directory contains VC++ 2005 projects and the msvc/2010
directory contains VC++ 2010 projects for building Google Mock and
selected tests.
Change to the appropriate directory and run "msbuild gmock.sln" to
build the library and tests (or open the gmock.sln in the MSVC IDE).
If you want to create your own project to use with Google Mock, you'll
have to configure it to use the `gmock_config` propety sheet. For that:
* Open the Property Manager window (View | Other Windows | Property Manager)
* Right-click on your project and select "Add Existing Property Sheet..."
* Navigate to `gmock_config.vsprops` or `gmock_config.props` and select it.
* In Project Properties | Configuration Properties | General | Additional
Include Directories, type <path to Google Mock>/include.
### Tweaking Google Mock ###
Google Mock can be used in diverse environments. The default
configuration may not work (or may not work well) out of the box in
some environments. However, you can easily tweak Google Mock by
defining control macros on the compiler command line. Generally,
these macros are named like `GTEST_XYZ` and you define them to either 1
or 0 to enable or disable a certain feature.
We list the most frequently used macros below. For a complete list,
see file [${GTEST\_DIR}/include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h](
../googletest/include/gtest/internal/gtest-port.h).
### Choosing a TR1 Tuple Library ###
Google Mock uses the C++ Technical Report 1 (TR1) tuple library
heavily. Unfortunately TR1 tuple is not yet widely available with all
compilers. The good news is that Google Test 1.4.0+ implements a
subset of TR1 tuple that's enough for Google Mock's need. Google Mock
will automatically use that implementation when the compiler doesn't
provide TR1 tuple.
Usually you don't need to care about which tuple library Google Test
and Google Mock use. However, if your project already uses TR1 tuple,
you need to tell Google Test and Google Mock to use the same TR1 tuple
library the rest of your project uses, or the two tuple
implementations will clash. To do that, add
-DGTEST_USE_OWN_TR1_TUPLE=0
to the compiler flags while compiling Google Test, Google Mock, and
your tests. If you want to force Google Test and Google Mock to use
their own tuple library, just add
-DGTEST_USE_OWN_TR1_TUPLE=1
to the compiler flags instead.
If you want to use Boost's TR1 tuple library with Google Mock, please
refer to the Boost website (http://www.boost.org/) for how to obtain
it and set it up.
### As a Shared Library (DLL) ###
Google Mock is compact, so most users can build and link it as a static
library for the simplicity. Google Mock can be used as a DLL, but the
same DLL must contain Google Test as well. See
[Google Test's README][gtest_readme]
for instructions on how to set up necessary compiler settings.
### Tweaking Google Mock ###
Most of Google Test's control macros apply to Google Mock as well.
Please see [Google Test's README][gtest_readme] for how to tweak them.
### Upgrading from an Earlier Version ###
We strive to keep Google Mock releases backward compatible.
Sometimes, though, we have to make some breaking changes for the
users' long-term benefits. This section describes what you'll need to
do if you are upgrading from an earlier version of Google Mock.
#### Upgrading from 1.1.0 or Earlier ####
You may need to explicitly enable or disable Google Test's own TR1
tuple library. See the instructions in section "[Choosing a TR1 Tuple
Library](../googletest/#choosing-a-tr1-tuple-library)".
#### Upgrading from 1.4.0 or Earlier ####
On platforms where the pthread library is available, Google Test and
Google Mock use it in order to be thread-safe. For this to work, you
may need to tweak your compiler and/or linker flags. Please see the
"[Multi-threaded Tests](../googletest#multi-threaded-tests
)" section in file Google Test's README for what you may need to do.
If you have custom matchers defined using `MatcherInterface` or
`MakePolymorphicMatcher()`, you'll need to update their definitions to
use the new matcher API (
[monomorphic](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CookBook#Writing_New_Monomorphic_Matchers),
[polymorphic](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CookBook#Writing_New_Polymorphic_Matchers)).
Matchers defined using `MATCHER()` or `MATCHER_P*()` aren't affected.
### Developing Google Mock ###
This section discusses how to make your own changes to Google Mock.
#### Testing Google Mock Itself ####
To make sure your changes work as intended and don't break existing
functionality, you'll want to compile and run Google Test's own tests.
For that you'll need Autotools. First, make sure you have followed
the instructions above to configure Google Mock.
Then, create a build output directory and enter it. Next,
${GMOCK_DIR}/configure # try --help for more info
Once you have successfully configured Google Mock, the build steps are
standard for GNU-style OSS packages.
make # Standard makefile following GNU conventions
make check # Builds and runs all tests - all should pass.
Note that when building your project against Google Mock, you are building
against Google Test as well. There is no need to configure Google Test
separately.
#### Contributing a Patch ####
We welcome patches.
Please read the [Developer's Guide](docs/DevGuide.md)
for how you can contribute. In particular, make sure you have signed
the Contributor License Agreement, or we won't be able to accept the
patch.
Happy testing!
[gtest_readme]: ../googletest/README.md "googletest"

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m4_include(../googletest/m4/acx_pthread.m4)
AC_INIT([Google C++ Mocking Framework],
[1.7.0],
[googlemock@googlegroups.com],
[gmock])
# Provide various options to initialize the Autoconf and configure processes.
AC_PREREQ([2.59])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([./LICENSE])
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])
AC_CONFIG_HEADERS([build-aux/config.h])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([scripts/gmock-config], [chmod +x scripts/gmock-config])
# Initialize Automake with various options. We require at least v1.9, prevent
# pedantic complaints about package files, and enable various distribution
# targets.
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE([1.9 dist-bzip2 dist-zip foreign subdir-objects])
# Check for programs used in building Google Test.
AC_PROG_CC
AC_PROG_CXX
AC_LANG([C++])
AC_PROG_LIBTOOL
# TODO(chandlerc@google.com): Currently we aren't running the Python tests
# against the interpreter detected by AM_PATH_PYTHON, and so we condition
# HAVE_PYTHON by requiring "python" to be in the PATH, and that interpreter's
# version to be >= 2.3. This will allow the scripts to use a "/usr/bin/env"
# hashbang.
PYTHON= # We *do not* allow the user to specify a python interpreter
AC_PATH_PROG([PYTHON],[python],[:])
AS_IF([test "$PYTHON" != ":"],
[AM_PYTHON_CHECK_VERSION([$PYTHON],[2.3],[:],[PYTHON=":"])])
AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_PYTHON],[test "$PYTHON" != ":"])
# TODO(chandlerc@google.com) Check for the necessary system headers.
# Configure pthreads.
AC_ARG_WITH([pthreads],
[AS_HELP_STRING([--with-pthreads],
[use pthreads (default is yes)])],
[with_pthreads=$withval],
[with_pthreads=check])
have_pthreads=no
AS_IF([test "x$with_pthreads" != "xno"],
[ACX_PTHREAD(
[],
[AS_IF([test "x$with_pthreads" != "xcheck"],
[AC_MSG_FAILURE(
[--with-pthreads was specified, but unable to be used])])])
have_pthreads="$acx_pthread_ok"])
AM_CONDITIONAL([HAVE_PTHREADS],[test "x$have_pthreads" == "xyes"])
AC_SUBST(PTHREAD_CFLAGS)
AC_SUBST(PTHREAD_LIBS)
# GoogleMock currently has hard dependencies upon GoogleTest above and beyond
# running its own test suite, so we both provide our own version in
# a subdirectory and provide some logic to use a custom version or a system
# installed version.
AC_ARG_WITH([gtest],
[AS_HELP_STRING([--with-gtest],
[Specifies how to find the gtest package. If no
arguments are given, the default behavior, a
system installed gtest will be used if present,
and an internal version built otherwise. If a
path is provided, the gtest built or installed at
that prefix will be used.])],
[],
[with_gtest=yes])
AC_ARG_ENABLE([external-gtest],
[AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-external-gtest],
[Disables any detection or use of a system
installed or user provided gtest. Any option to
'--with-gtest' is ignored. (Default is enabled.)])
], [], [enable_external_gtest=yes])
AS_IF([test "x$with_gtest" == "xno"],
[AC_MSG_ERROR([dnl
Support for GoogleTest was explicitly disabled. Currently GoogleMock has a hard
dependency upon GoogleTest to build, please provide a version, or allow
GoogleMock to use any installed version and fall back upon its internal
version.])])
# Setup various GTEST variables. TODO(chandlerc@google.com): When these are
# used below, they should be used such that any pre-existing values always
# trump values we set them to, so that they can be used to selectively override
# details of the detection process.
AC_ARG_VAR([GTEST_CONFIG],
[The exact path of Google Test's 'gtest-config' script.])
AC_ARG_VAR([GTEST_CPPFLAGS],
[C-like preprocessor flags for Google Test.])
AC_ARG_VAR([GTEST_CXXFLAGS],
[C++ compile flags for Google Test.])
AC_ARG_VAR([GTEST_LDFLAGS],
[Linker path and option flags for Google Test.])
AC_ARG_VAR([GTEST_LIBS],
[Library linking flags for Google Test.])
AC_ARG_VAR([GTEST_VERSION],
[The version of Google Test available.])
HAVE_BUILT_GTEST="no"
GTEST_MIN_VERSION="1.7.0"
AS_IF([test "x${enable_external_gtest}" = "xyes"],
[# Begin filling in variables as we are able.
AS_IF([test "x${with_gtest}" != "xyes"],
[AS_IF([test -x "${with_gtest}/scripts/gtest-config"],
[GTEST_CONFIG="${with_gtest}/scripts/gtest-config"],
[GTEST_CONFIG="${with_gtest}/bin/gtest-config"])
AS_IF([test -x "${GTEST_CONFIG}"], [],
[AC_MSG_ERROR([dnl
Unable to locate either a built or installed Google Test at '${with_gtest}'.])
])])
AS_IF([test -x "${GTEST_CONFIG}"], [],
[AC_PATH_PROG([GTEST_CONFIG], [gtest-config])])
AS_IF([test -x "${GTEST_CONFIG}"],
[AC_MSG_CHECKING([for Google Test version >= ${GTEST_MIN_VERSION}])
AS_IF([${GTEST_CONFIG} --min-version=${GTEST_MIN_VERSION}],
[AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
HAVE_BUILT_GTEST="yes"],
[AC_MSG_RESULT([no])])])])
AS_IF([test "x${HAVE_BUILT_GTEST}" = "xyes"],
[GTEST_CPPFLAGS=`${GTEST_CONFIG} --cppflags`
GTEST_CXXFLAGS=`${GTEST_CONFIG} --cxxflags`
GTEST_LDFLAGS=`${GTEST_CONFIG} --ldflags`
GTEST_LIBS=`${GTEST_CONFIG} --libs`
GTEST_VERSION=`${GTEST_CONFIG} --version`],
[AC_CONFIG_SUBDIRS([../googletest])
# GTEST_CONFIG needs to be executable both in a Makefile environmont and
# in a shell script environment, so resolve an absolute path for it here.
GTEST_CONFIG="`pwd -P`/../googletest/scripts/gtest-config"
GTEST_CPPFLAGS='-I$(top_srcdir)/../googletest/include'
GTEST_CXXFLAGS='-g'
GTEST_LDFLAGS=''
GTEST_LIBS='$(top_builddir)/../googletest/lib/libgtest.la'
GTEST_VERSION="${GTEST_MIN_VERSION}"])
# TODO(chandlerc@google.com) Check the types, structures, and other compiler
# and architecture characteristics.
# Output the generated files. No further autoconf macros may be used.
AC_OUTPUT

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googlemock/docs/CheatSheet.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
# Defining a Mock Class #
## Mocking a Normal Class ##
Given
```
class Foo {
...
virtual ~Foo();
virtual int GetSize() const = 0;
virtual string Describe(const char* name) = 0;
virtual string Describe(int type) = 0;
virtual bool Process(Bar elem, int count) = 0;
};
```
(note that `~Foo()` **must** be virtual) we can define its mock as
```
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
class MockFoo : public Foo {
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetSize, int());
MOCK_METHOD1(Describe, string(const char* name));
MOCK_METHOD1(Describe, string(int type));
MOCK_METHOD2(Process, bool(Bar elem, int count));
};
```
To create a "nice" mock object which ignores all uninteresting calls,
or a "strict" mock object, which treats them as failures:
```
NiceMock<MockFoo> nice_foo; // The type is a subclass of MockFoo.
StrictMock<MockFoo> strict_foo; // The type is a subclass of MockFoo.
```
## Mocking a Class Template ##
To mock
```
template <typename Elem>
class StackInterface {
public:
...
virtual ~StackInterface();
virtual int GetSize() const = 0;
virtual void Push(const Elem& x) = 0;
};
```
(note that `~StackInterface()` **must** be virtual) just append `_T` to the `MOCK_*` macros:
```
template <typename Elem>
class MockStack : public StackInterface<Elem> {
public:
...
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0_T(GetSize, int());
MOCK_METHOD1_T(Push, void(const Elem& x));
};
```
## Specifying Calling Conventions for Mock Functions ##
If your mock function doesn't use the default calling convention, you
can specify it by appending `_WITH_CALLTYPE` to any of the macros
described in the previous two sections and supplying the calling
convention as the first argument to the macro. For example,
```
MOCK_METHOD_1_WITH_CALLTYPE(STDMETHODCALLTYPE, Foo, bool(int n));
MOCK_CONST_METHOD2_WITH_CALLTYPE(STDMETHODCALLTYPE, Bar, int(double x, double y));
```
where `STDMETHODCALLTYPE` is defined by `<objbase.h>` on Windows.
# Using Mocks in Tests #
The typical flow is:
1. Import the Google Mock names you need to use. All Google Mock names are in the `testing` namespace unless they are macros or otherwise noted.
1. Create the mock objects.
1. Optionally, set the default actions of the mock objects.
1. Set your expectations on the mock objects (How will they be called? What wil they do?).
1. Exercise code that uses the mock objects; if necessary, check the result using [Google Test](../../googletest/) assertions.
1. When a mock objects is destructed, Google Mock automatically verifies that all expectations on it have been satisfied.
Here is an example:
```
using ::testing::Return; // #1
TEST(BarTest, DoesThis) {
MockFoo foo; // #2
ON_CALL(foo, GetSize()) // #3
.WillByDefault(Return(1));
// ... other default actions ...
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Describe(5)) // #4
.Times(3)
.WillRepeatedly(Return("Category 5"));
// ... other expectations ...
EXPECT_EQ("good", MyProductionFunction(&foo)); // #5
} // #6
```
# Setting Default Actions #
Google Mock has a **built-in default action** for any function that
returns `void`, `bool`, a numeric value, or a pointer.
To customize the default action for functions with return type `T` globally:
```
using ::testing::DefaultValue;
// Sets the default value to be returned. T must be CopyConstructible.
DefaultValue<T>::Set(value);
// Sets a factory. Will be invoked on demand. T must be MoveConstructible.
// T MakeT();
DefaultValue<T>::SetFactory(&MakeT);
// ... use the mocks ...
// Resets the default value.
DefaultValue<T>::Clear();
```
To customize the default action for a particular method, use `ON_CALL()`:
```
ON_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.With(multi_argument_matcher) ?
.WillByDefault(action);
```
# Setting Expectations #
`EXPECT_CALL()` sets **expectations** on a mock method (How will it be
called? What will it do?):
```
EXPECT_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.With(multi_argument_matcher) ?
.Times(cardinality) ?
.InSequence(sequences) *
.After(expectations) *
.WillOnce(action) *
.WillRepeatedly(action) ?
.RetiresOnSaturation(); ?
```
If `Times()` is omitted, the cardinality is assumed to be:
* `Times(1)` when there is neither `WillOnce()` nor `WillRepeatedly()`;
* `Times(n)` when there are `n WillOnce()`s but no `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 1; or
* `Times(AtLeast(n))` when there are `n WillOnce()`s and a `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 0.
A method with no `EXPECT_CALL()` is free to be invoked _any number of times_, and the default action will be taken each time.
# Matchers #
A **matcher** matches a _single_ argument. You can use it inside
`ON_CALL()` or `EXPECT_CALL()`, or use it to validate a value
directly:
| `EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher)` | Asserts that `value` matches `matcher`. |
|:------------------------------|:----------------------------------------|
| `ASSERT_THAT(value, matcher)` | The same as `EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher)`, except that it generates a **fatal** failure. |
Built-in matchers (where `argument` is the function argument) are
divided into several categories:
## Wildcard ##
|`_`|`argument` can be any value of the correct type.|
|:--|:-----------------------------------------------|
|`A<type>()` or `An<type>()`|`argument` can be any value of type `type`. |
## Generic Comparison ##
|`Eq(value)` or `value`|`argument == value`|
|:---------------------|:------------------|
|`Ge(value)` |`argument >= value`|
|`Gt(value)` |`argument > value` |
|`Le(value)` |`argument <= value`|
|`Lt(value)` |`argument < value` |
|`Ne(value)` |`argument != value`|
|`IsNull()` |`argument` is a `NULL` pointer (raw or smart).|
|`NotNull()` |`argument` is a non-null pointer (raw or smart).|
|`Ref(variable)` |`argument` is a reference to `variable`.|
|`TypedEq<type>(value)`|`argument` has type `type` and is equal to `value`. You may need to use this instead of `Eq(value)` when the mock function is overloaded.|
Except `Ref()`, these matchers make a _copy_ of `value` in case it's
modified or destructed later. If the compiler complains that `value`
doesn't have a public copy constructor, try wrap it in `ByRef()`,
e.g. `Eq(ByRef(non_copyable_value))`. If you do that, make sure
`non_copyable_value` is not changed afterwards, or the meaning of your
matcher will be changed.
## Floating-Point Matchers ##
|`DoubleEq(a_double)`|`argument` is a `double` value approximately equal to `a_double`, treating two NaNs as unequal.|
|:-------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`FloatEq(a_float)` |`argument` is a `float` value approximately equal to `a_float`, treating two NaNs as unequal. |
|`NanSensitiveDoubleEq(a_double)`|`argument` is a `double` value approximately equal to `a_double`, treating two NaNs as equal. |
|`NanSensitiveFloatEq(a_float)`|`argument` is a `float` value approximately equal to `a_float`, treating two NaNs as equal. |
The above matchers use ULP-based comparison (the same as used in
[Google Test](../../googletest/)). They
automatically pick a reasonable error bound based on the absolute
value of the expected value. `DoubleEq()` and `FloatEq()` conform to
the IEEE standard, which requires comparing two NaNs for equality to
return false. The `NanSensitive*` version instead treats two NaNs as
equal, which is often what a user wants.
|`DoubleNear(a_double, max_abs_error)`|`argument` is a `double` value close to `a_double` (absolute error <= `max_abs_error`), treating two NaNs as unequal.|
|:------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`FloatNear(a_float, max_abs_error)` |`argument` is a `float` value close to `a_float` (absolute error <= `max_abs_error`), treating two NaNs as unequal. |
|`NanSensitiveDoubleNear(a_double, max_abs_error)`|`argument` is a `double` value close to `a_double` (absolute error <= `max_abs_error`), treating two NaNs as equal. |
|`NanSensitiveFloatNear(a_float, max_abs_error)`|`argument` is a `float` value close to `a_float` (absolute error <= `max_abs_error`), treating two NaNs as equal. |
## String Matchers ##
The `argument` can be either a C string or a C++ string object:
|`ContainsRegex(string)`|`argument` matches the given regular expression.|
|:----------------------|:-----------------------------------------------|
|`EndsWith(suffix)` |`argument` ends with string `suffix`. |
|`HasSubstr(string)` |`argument` contains `string` as a sub-string. |
|`MatchesRegex(string)` |`argument` matches the given regular expression with the match starting at the first character and ending at the last character.|
|`StartsWith(prefix)` |`argument` starts with string `prefix`. |
|`StrCaseEq(string)` |`argument` is equal to `string`, ignoring case. |
|`StrCaseNe(string)` |`argument` is not equal to `string`, ignoring case.|
|`StrEq(string)` |`argument` is equal to `string`. |
|`StrNe(string)` |`argument` is not equal to `string`. |
`ContainsRegex()` and `MatchesRegex()` use the regular expression
syntax defined
[here](../../googletest/docs/AdvancedGuide.md#regular-expression-syntax).
`StrCaseEq()`, `StrCaseNe()`, `StrEq()`, and `StrNe()` work for wide
strings as well.
## Container Matchers ##
Most STL-style containers support `==`, so you can use
`Eq(expected_container)` or simply `expected_container` to match a
container exactly. If you want to write the elements in-line,
match them more flexibly, or get more informative messages, you can use:
| `ContainerEq(container)` | The same as `Eq(container)` except that the failure message also includes which elements are in one container but not the other. |
|:-------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `Contains(e)` | `argument` contains an element that matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. |
| `Each(e)` | `argument` is a container where _every_ element matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. |
| `ElementsAre(e0, e1, ..., en)` | `argument` has `n + 1` elements, where the i-th element matches `ei`, which can be a value or a matcher. 0 to 10 arguments are allowed. |
| `ElementsAreArray({ e0, e1, ..., en })`, `ElementsAreArray(array)`, or `ElementsAreArray(array, count)` | The same as `ElementsAre()` except that the expected element values/matchers come from an initializer list, STL-style container, or C-style array. |
| `IsEmpty()` | `argument` is an empty container (`container.empty()`). |
| `Pointwise(m, container)` | `argument` contains the same number of elements as in `container`, and for all i, (the i-th element in `argument`, the i-th element in `container`) match `m`, which is a matcher on 2-tuples. E.g. `Pointwise(Le(), upper_bounds)` verifies that each element in `argument` doesn't exceed the corresponding element in `upper_bounds`. See more detail below. |
| `SizeIs(m)` | `argument` is a container whose size matches `m`. E.g. `SizeIs(2)` or `SizeIs(Lt(2))`. |
| `UnorderedElementsAre(e0, e1, ..., en)` | `argument` has `n + 1` elements, and under some permutation each element matches an `ei` (for a different `i`), which can be a value or a matcher. 0 to 10 arguments are allowed. |
| `UnorderedElementsAreArray({ e0, e1, ..., en })`, `UnorderedElementsAreArray(array)`, or `UnorderedElementsAreArray(array, count)` | The same as `UnorderedElementsAre()` except that the expected element values/matchers come from an initializer list, STL-style container, or C-style array. |
| `WhenSorted(m)` | When `argument` is sorted using the `<` operator, it matches container matcher `m`. E.g. `WhenSorted(UnorderedElementsAre(1, 2, 3))` verifies that `argument` contains elements `1`, `2`, and `3`, ignoring order. |
| `WhenSortedBy(comparator, m)` | The same as `WhenSorted(m)`, except that the given comparator instead of `<` is used to sort `argument`. E.g. `WhenSortedBy(std::greater<int>(), ElementsAre(3, 2, 1))`. |
Notes:
* These matchers can also match:
1. a native array passed by reference (e.g. in `Foo(const int (&a)[5])`), and
1. an array passed as a pointer and a count (e.g. in `Bar(const T* buffer, int len)` -- see [Multi-argument Matchers](#Multiargument_Matchers.md)).
* The array being matched may be multi-dimensional (i.e. its elements can be arrays).
* `m` in `Pointwise(m, ...)` should be a matcher for `::testing::tuple<T, U>` where `T` and `U` are the element type of the actual container and the expected container, respectively. For example, to compare two `Foo` containers where `Foo` doesn't support `operator==` but has an `Equals()` method, one might write:
```
using ::testing::get;
MATCHER(FooEq, "") {
return get<0>(arg).Equals(get<1>(arg));
}
...
EXPECT_THAT(actual_foos, Pointwise(FooEq(), expected_foos));
```
## Member Matchers ##
|`Field(&class::field, m)`|`argument.field` (or `argument->field` when `argument` is a plain pointer) matches matcher `m`, where `argument` is an object of type _class_.|
|:------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Key(e)` |`argument.first` matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. E.g. `Contains(Key(Le(5)))` can verify that a `map` contains a key `<= 5`.|
|`Pair(m1, m2)` |`argument` is an `std::pair` whose `first` field matches `m1` and `second` field matches `m2`. |
|`Property(&class::property, m)`|`argument.property()` (or `argument->property()` when `argument` is a plain pointer) matches matcher `m`, where `argument` is an object of type _class_.|
## Matching the Result of a Function or Functor ##
|`ResultOf(f, m)`|`f(argument)` matches matcher `m`, where `f` is a function or functor.|
|:---------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------|
## Pointer Matchers ##
|`Pointee(m)`|`argument` (either a smart pointer or a raw pointer) points to a value that matches matcher `m`.|
|:-----------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`WhenDynamicCastTo<T>(m)`| when `argument` is passed through `dynamic_cast<T>()`, it matches matcher `m`. |
## Multiargument Matchers ##
Technically, all matchers match a _single_ value. A "multi-argument"
matcher is just one that matches a _tuple_. The following matchers can
be used to match a tuple `(x, y)`:
|`Eq()`|`x == y`|
|:-----|:-------|
|`Ge()`|`x >= y`|
|`Gt()`|`x > y` |
|`Le()`|`x <= y`|
|`Lt()`|`x < y` |
|`Ne()`|`x != y`|
You can use the following selectors to pick a subset of the arguments
(or reorder them) to participate in the matching:
|`AllArgs(m)`|Equivalent to `m`. Useful as syntactic sugar in `.With(AllArgs(m))`.|
|:-----------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Args<N1, N2, ..., Nk>(m)`|The tuple of the `k` selected (using 0-based indices) arguments matches `m`, e.g. `Args<1, 2>(Eq())`.|
## Composite Matchers ##
You can make a matcher from one or more other matchers:
|`AllOf(m1, m2, ..., mn)`|`argument` matches all of the matchers `m1` to `mn`.|
|:-----------------------|:---------------------------------------------------|
|`AnyOf(m1, m2, ..., mn)`|`argument` matches at least one of the matchers `m1` to `mn`.|
|`Not(m)` |`argument` doesn't match matcher `m`. |
## Adapters for Matchers ##
|`MatcherCast<T>(m)`|casts matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`.|
|:------------------|:--------------------------------------|
|`SafeMatcherCast<T>(m)`| [safely casts](CookBook.md#casting-matchers) matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`. |
|`Truly(predicate)` |`predicate(argument)` returns something considered by C++ to be true, where `predicate` is a function or functor.|
## Matchers as Predicates ##
|`Matches(m)(value)`|evaluates to `true` if `value` matches `m`. You can use `Matches(m)` alone as a unary functor.|
|:------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`ExplainMatchResult(m, value, result_listener)`|evaluates to `true` if `value` matches `m`, explaining the result to `result_listener`. |
|`Value(value, m)` |evaluates to `true` if `value` matches `m`. |
## Defining Matchers ##
| `MATCHER(IsEven, "") { return (arg % 2) == 0; }` | Defines a matcher `IsEven()` to match an even number. |
|:-------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------|
| `MATCHER_P(IsDivisibleBy, n, "") { *result_listener << "where the remainder is " << (arg % n); return (arg % n) == 0; }` | Defines a macher `IsDivisibleBy(n)` to match a number divisible by `n`. |
| `MATCHER_P2(IsBetween, a, b, std::string(negation ? "isn't" : "is") + " between " + PrintToString(a) + " and " + PrintToString(b)) { return a <= arg && arg <= b; }` | Defines a matcher `IsBetween(a, b)` to match a value in the range [`a`, `b`]. |
**Notes:**
1. The `MATCHER*` macros cannot be used inside a function or class.
1. The matcher body must be _purely functional_ (i.e. it cannot have any side effect, and the result must not depend on anything other than the value being matched and the matcher parameters).
1. You can use `PrintToString(x)` to convert a value `x` of any type to a string.
## Matchers as Test Assertions ##
|`ASSERT_THAT(expression, m)`|Generates a [fatal failure](../../googletest/docs/Primer.md#assertions) if the value of `expression` doesn't match matcher `m`.|
|:---------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`EXPECT_THAT(expression, m)`|Generates a non-fatal failure if the value of `expression` doesn't match matcher `m`. |
# Actions #
**Actions** specify what a mock function should do when invoked.
## Returning a Value ##
|`Return()`|Return from a `void` mock function.|
|:---------|:----------------------------------|
|`Return(value)`|Return `value`. If the type of `value` is different to the mock function's return type, `value` is converted to the latter type <i>at the time the expectation is set</i>, not when the action is executed.|
|`ReturnArg<N>()`|Return the `N`-th (0-based) argument.|
|`ReturnNew<T>(a1, ..., ak)`|Return `new T(a1, ..., ak)`; a different object is created each time.|
|`ReturnNull()`|Return a null pointer. |
|`ReturnPointee(ptr)`|Return the value pointed to by `ptr`.|
|`ReturnRef(variable)`|Return a reference to `variable`. |
|`ReturnRefOfCopy(value)`|Return a reference to a copy of `value`; the copy lives as long as the action.|
## Side Effects ##
|`Assign(&variable, value)`|Assign `value` to variable.|
|:-------------------------|:--------------------------|
| `DeleteArg<N>()` | Delete the `N`-th (0-based) argument, which must be a pointer. |
| `SaveArg<N>(pointer)` | Save the `N`-th (0-based) argument to `*pointer`. |
| `SaveArgPointee<N>(pointer)` | Save the value pointed to by the `N`-th (0-based) argument to `*pointer`. |
| `SetArgReferee<N>(value)` | Assign value to the variable referenced by the `N`-th (0-based) argument. |
|`SetArgPointee<N>(value)` |Assign `value` to the variable pointed by the `N`-th (0-based) argument.|
|`SetArgumentPointee<N>(value)`|Same as `SetArgPointee<N>(value)`. Deprecated. Will be removed in v1.7.0.|
|`SetArrayArgument<N>(first, last)`|Copies the elements in source range [`first`, `last`) to the array pointed to by the `N`-th (0-based) argument, which can be either a pointer or an iterator. The action does not take ownership of the elements in the source range.|
|`SetErrnoAndReturn(error, value)`|Set `errno` to `error` and return `value`.|
|`Throw(exception)` |Throws the given exception, which can be any copyable value. Available since v1.1.0.|
## Using a Function or a Functor as an Action ##
|`Invoke(f)`|Invoke `f` with the arguments passed to the mock function, where `f` can be a global/static function or a functor.|
|:----------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Invoke(object_pointer, &class::method)`|Invoke the {method on the object with the arguments passed to the mock function. |
|`InvokeWithoutArgs(f)`|Invoke `f`, which can be a global/static function or a functor. `f` must take no arguments. |
|`InvokeWithoutArgs(object_pointer, &class::method)`|Invoke the method on the object, which takes no arguments. |
|`InvokeArgument<N>(arg1, arg2, ..., argk)`|Invoke the mock function's `N`-th (0-based) argument, which must be a function or a functor, with the `k` arguments.|
The return value of the invoked function is used as the return value
of the action.
When defining a function or functor to be used with `Invoke*()`, you can declare any unused parameters as `Unused`:
```
double Distance(Unused, double x, double y) { return sqrt(x*x + y*y); }
...
EXPECT_CALL(mock, Foo("Hi", _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(Distance));
```
In `InvokeArgument<N>(...)`, if an argument needs to be passed by reference, wrap it inside `ByRef()`. For example,
```
InvokeArgument<2>(5, string("Hi"), ByRef(foo))
```
calls the mock function's #2 argument, passing to it `5` and `string("Hi")` by value, and `foo` by reference.
## Default Action ##
|`DoDefault()`|Do the default action (specified by `ON_CALL()` or the built-in one).|
|:------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------|
**Note:** due to technical reasons, `DoDefault()` cannot be used inside a composite action - trying to do so will result in a run-time error.
## Composite Actions ##
|`DoAll(a1, a2, ..., an)`|Do all actions `a1` to `an` and return the result of `an` in each invocation. The first `n - 1` sub-actions must return void. |
|:-----------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`IgnoreResult(a)` |Perform action `a` and ignore its result. `a` must not return void. |
|`WithArg<N>(a)` |Pass the `N`-th (0-based) argument of the mock function to action `a` and perform it. |
|`WithArgs<N1, N2, ..., Nk>(a)`|Pass the selected (0-based) arguments of the mock function to action `a` and perform it. |
|`WithoutArgs(a)` |Perform action `a` without any arguments. |
## Defining Actions ##
| `ACTION(Sum) { return arg0 + arg1; }` | Defines an action `Sum()` to return the sum of the mock function's argument #0 and #1. |
|:--------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `ACTION_P(Plus, n) { return arg0 + n; }` | Defines an action `Plus(n)` to return the sum of the mock function's argument #0 and `n`. |
| `ACTION_Pk(Foo, p1, ..., pk) { statements; }` | Defines a parameterized action `Foo(p1, ..., pk)` to execute the given `statements`. |
The `ACTION*` macros cannot be used inside a function or class.
# Cardinalities #
These are used in `Times()` to specify how many times a mock function will be called:
|`AnyNumber()`|The function can be called any number of times.|
|:------------|:----------------------------------------------|
|`AtLeast(n)` |The call is expected at least `n` times. |
|`AtMost(n)` |The call is expected at most `n` times. |
|`Between(m, n)`|The call is expected between `m` and `n` (inclusive) times.|
|`Exactly(n) or n`|The call is expected exactly `n` times. In particular, the call should never happen when `n` is 0.|
# Expectation Order #
By default, the expectations can be matched in _any_ order. If some
or all expectations must be matched in a given order, there are two
ways to specify it. They can be used either independently or
together.
## The After Clause ##
```
using ::testing::Expectation;
...
Expectation init_x = EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitX());
Expectation init_y = EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitY());
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.After(init_x, init_y);
```
says that `Bar()` can be called only after both `InitX()` and
`InitY()` have been called.
If you don't know how many pre-requisites an expectation has when you
write it, you can use an `ExpectationSet` to collect them:
```
using ::testing::ExpectationSet;
...
ExpectationSet all_inits;
for (int i = 0; i < element_count; i++) {
all_inits += EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitElement(i));
}
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.After(all_inits);
```
says that `Bar()` can be called only after all elements have been
initialized (but we don't care about which elements get initialized
before the others).
Modifying an `ExpectationSet` after using it in an `.After()` doesn't
affect the meaning of the `.After()`.
## Sequences ##
When you have a long chain of sequential expectations, it's easier to
specify the order using **sequences**, which don't require you to given
each expectation in the chain a different name. <i>All expected<br>
calls</i> in the same sequence must occur in the order they are
specified.
```
using ::testing::Sequence;
Sequence s1, s2;
...
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Reset())
.InSequence(s1, s2)
.WillOnce(Return(true));
EXPECT_CALL(foo, GetSize())
.InSequence(s1)
.WillOnce(Return(1));
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Describe(A<const char*>()))
.InSequence(s2)
.WillOnce(Return("dummy"));
```
says that `Reset()` must be called before _both_ `GetSize()` _and_
`Describe()`, and the latter two can occur in any order.
To put many expectations in a sequence conveniently:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;
{
InSequence dummy;
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
...
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
}
```
says that all expected calls in the scope of `dummy` must occur in
strict order. The name `dummy` is irrelevant.)
# Verifying and Resetting a Mock #
Google Mock will verify the expectations on a mock object when it is destructed, or you can do it earlier:
```
using ::testing::Mock;
...
// Verifies and removes the expectations on mock_obj;
// returns true iff successful.
Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&mock_obj);
...
// Verifies and removes the expectations on mock_obj;
// also removes the default actions set by ON_CALL();
// returns true iff successful.
Mock::VerifyAndClear(&mock_obj);
```
You can also tell Google Mock that a mock object can be leaked and doesn't
need to be verified:
```
Mock::AllowLeak(&mock_obj);
```
# Mock Classes #
Google Mock defines a convenient mock class template
```
class MockFunction<R(A1, ..., An)> {
public:
MOCK_METHODn(Call, R(A1, ..., An));
};
```
See this [recipe](CookBook.md#using-check-points) for one application of it.
# Flags #
| `--gmock_catch_leaked_mocks=0` | Don't report leaked mock objects as failures. |
|:-------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------|
| `--gmock_verbose=LEVEL` | Sets the default verbosity level (`info`, `warning`, or `error`) of Google Mock messages. |

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This page discusses the design of new Google Mock features.
# Macros for Defining Actions #
## Problem ##
Due to the lack of closures in C++, it currently requires some
non-trivial effort to define a custom action in Google Mock. For
example, suppose you want to "increment the value pointed to by the
second argument of the mock function and return it", you could write:
```
int IncrementArg1(Unused, int* p, Unused) {
return ++(*p);
}
... WillOnce(Invoke(IncrementArg1));
```
There are several things unsatisfactory about this approach:
* Even though the action only cares about the second argument of the mock function, its definition needs to list other arguments as dummies. This is tedious.
* The defined action is usable only in mock functions that takes exactly 3 arguments - an unnecessary restriction.
* To use the action, one has to say `Invoke(IncrementArg1)`, which isn't as nice as `IncrementArg1()`.
The latter two problems can be overcome using `MakePolymorphicAction()`,
but it requires much more boilerplate code:
```
class IncrementArg1Action {
public:
template <typename Result, typename ArgumentTuple>
Result Perform(const ArgumentTuple& args) const {
return ++(*tr1::get<1>(args));
}
};
PolymorphicAction<IncrementArg1Action> IncrementArg1() {
return MakePolymorphicAction(IncrementArg1Action());
}
... WillOnce(IncrementArg1());
```
Our goal is to allow defining custom actions with the least amount of
boiler-plate C++ requires.
## Solution ##
We propose to introduce a new macro:
```
ACTION(name) { statements; }
```
Using this in a namespace scope will define an action with the given
name that executes the statements. Inside the statements, you can
refer to the K-th (0-based) argument of the mock function as `argK`.
For example:
```
ACTION(IncrementArg1) { return ++(*arg1); }
```
allows you to write
```
... WillOnce(IncrementArg1());
```
Note that you don't need to specify the types of the mock function
arguments, as brevity is a top design goal here. Rest assured that
your code is still type-safe though: you'll get a compiler error if
`*arg1` doesn't support the `++` operator, or if the type of
`++(*arg1)` isn't compatible with the mock function's return type.
Another example:
```
ACTION(Foo) {
(*arg2)(5);
Blah();
*arg1 = 0;
return arg0;
}
```
defines an action `Foo()` that invokes argument #2 (a function pointer)
with 5, calls function `Blah()`, sets the value pointed to by argument
#1 to 0, and returns argument #0.
For more convenience and flexibility, you can also use the following
pre-defined symbols in the body of `ACTION`:
| `argK_type` | The type of the K-th (0-based) argument of the mock function |
|:------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------|
| `args` | All arguments of the mock function as a tuple |
| `args_type` | The type of all arguments of the mock function as a tuple |
| `return_type` | The return type of the mock function |
| `function_type` | The type of the mock function |
For example, when using an `ACTION` as a stub action for mock function:
```
int DoSomething(bool flag, int* ptr);
```
we have:
| **Pre-defined Symbol** | **Is Bound To** |
|:-----------------------|:----------------|
| `arg0` | the value of `flag` |
| `arg0_type` | the type `bool` |
| `arg1` | the value of `ptr` |
| `arg1_type` | the type `int*` |
| `args` | the tuple `(flag, ptr)` |
| `args_type` | the type `std::tr1::tuple<bool, int*>` |
| `return_type` | the type `int` |
| `function_type` | the type `int(bool, int*)` |
## Parameterized actions ##
Sometimes you'll want to parameterize the action. For that we propose
another macro
```
ACTION_P(name, param) { statements; }
```
For example,
```
ACTION_P(Add, n) { return arg0 + n; }
```
will allow you to write
```
// Returns argument #0 + 5.
... WillOnce(Add(5));
```
For convenience, we use the term _arguments_ for the values used to
invoke the mock function, and the term _parameters_ for the values
used to instantiate an action.
Note that you don't need to provide the type of the parameter either.
Suppose the parameter is named `param`, you can also use the
Google-Mock-defined symbol `param_type` to refer to the type of the
parameter as inferred by the compiler.
We will also provide `ACTION_P2`, `ACTION_P3`, and etc to support
multi-parameter actions. For example,
```
ACTION_P2(ReturnDistanceTo, x, y) {
double dx = arg0 - x;
double dy = arg1 - y;
return sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy);
}
```
lets you write
```
... WillOnce(ReturnDistanceTo(5.0, 26.5));
```
You can view `ACTION` as a degenerated parameterized action where the
number of parameters is 0.
## Advanced Usages ##
### Overloading Actions ###
You can easily define actions overloaded on the number of parameters:
```
ACTION_P(Plus, a) { ... }
ACTION_P2(Plus, a, b) { ... }
```
### Restricting the Type of an Argument or Parameter ###
For maximum brevity and reusability, the `ACTION*` macros don't let
you specify the types of the mock function arguments and the action
parameters. Instead, we let the compiler infer the types for us.
Sometimes, however, we may want to be more explicit about the types.
There are several tricks to do that. For example:
```
ACTION(Foo) {
// Makes sure arg0 can be converted to int.
int n = arg0;
... use n instead of arg0 here ...
}
ACTION_P(Bar, param) {
// Makes sure the type of arg1 is const char*.
::testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<const char*, arg1_type>();
// Makes sure param can be converted to bool.
bool flag = param;
}
```
where `StaticAssertTypeEq` is a compile-time assertion we plan to add to
Google Test (the name is chosen to match `static_assert` in C++0x).
### Using the ACTION Object's Type ###
If you are writing a function that returns an `ACTION` object, you'll
need to know its type. The type depends on the macro used to define
the action and the parameter types. The rule is relatively simple:
| **Given Definition** | **Expression** | **Has Type** |
|:---------------------|:---------------|:-------------|
| `ACTION(Foo)` | `Foo()` | `FooAction` |
| `ACTION_P(Bar, param)` | `Bar(int_value)` | `BarActionP<int>` |
| `ACTION_P2(Baz, p1, p2)` | `Baz(bool_value, int_value)` | `BazActionP2<bool, int>` |
| ... | ... | ... |
Note that we have to pick different suffixes (`Action`, `ActionP`,
`ActionP2`, and etc) for actions with different numbers of parameters,
or the action definitions cannot be overloaded on the number of
parameters.
## When to Use ##
While the new macros are very convenient, please also consider other
means of implementing actions (e.g. via `ActionInterface` or
`MakePolymorphicAction()`), especially if you need to use the defined
action a lot. While the other approaches require more work, they give
you more control on the types of the mock function arguments and the
action parameters, which in general leads to better compiler error
messages that pay off in the long run. They also allow overloading
actions based on parameter types, as opposed to just the number of
parameters.
## Related Work ##
As you may have realized, the `ACTION*` macros resemble closures (also
known as lambda expressions or anonymous functions). Indeed, both of
them seek to lower the syntactic overhead for defining a function.
C++0x will support lambdas, but they are not part of C++ right now.
Some non-standard libraries (most notably BLL or Boost Lambda Library)
try to alleviate this problem. However, they are not a good choice
for defining actions as:
* They are non-standard and not widely installed. Google Mock only depends on standard libraries and `tr1::tuple`, which is part of the new C++ standard and comes with gcc 4+. We want to keep it that way.
* They are not trivial to learn.
* They will become obsolete when C++0x's lambda feature is widely supported. We don't want to make our users use a dying library.
* Since they are based on operators, they are rather ad hoc: you cannot use statements, and you cannot pass the lambda arguments to a function, for example.
* They have subtle semantics that easily confuses new users. For example, in expression `_1++ + foo++`, `foo` will be incremented only once where the expression is evaluated, while `_1` will be incremented every time the unnamed function is invoked. This is far from intuitive.
`ACTION*` avoid all these problems.
## Future Improvements ##
There may be a need for composing `ACTION*` definitions (i.e. invoking
another `ACTION` inside the definition of one `ACTION*`). We are not
sure we want it yet, as one can get a similar effect by putting
`ACTION` definitions in function templates and composing the function
templates. We'll revisit this based on user feedback.
The reason we don't allow `ACTION*()` inside a function body is that
the current C++ standard doesn't allow function-local types to be used
to instantiate templates. The upcoming C++0x standard will lift this
restriction. Once this feature is widely supported by compilers, we
can revisit the implementation and add support for using `ACTION*()`
inside a function.
C++0x will also support lambda expressions. When they become
available, we may want to support using lambdas as actions.
# Macros for Defining Matchers #
Once the macros for defining actions are implemented, we plan to do
the same for matchers:
```
MATCHER(name) { statements; }
```
where you can refer to the value being matched as `arg`. For example,
given:
```
MATCHER(IsPositive) { return arg > 0; }
```
you can use `IsPositive()` as a matcher that matches a value iff it is
greater than 0.
We will also add `MATCHER_P`, `MATCHER_P2`, and etc for parameterized
matchers.

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If you are interested in understanding the internals of Google Mock,
building from source, or contributing ideas or modifications to the
project, then this document is for you.
# Introduction #
First, let's give you some background of the project.
## Licensing ##
All Google Mock source and pre-built packages are provided under the [New BSD License](http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php).
## The Google Mock Community ##
The Google Mock community exists primarily through the [discussion group](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock), the
[issue tracker](https://github.com/google/googletest/issues) and, to a lesser extent, the [source control repository](../). You are definitely encouraged to contribute to the
discussion and you can also help us to keep the effectiveness of the
group high by following and promoting the guidelines listed here.
### Please Be Friendly ###
Showing courtesy and respect to others is a vital part of the Google
culture, and we strongly encourage everyone participating in Google
Mock development to join us in accepting nothing less. Of course,
being courteous is not the same as failing to constructively disagree
with each other, but it does mean that we should be respectful of each
other when enumerating the 42 technical reasons that a particular
proposal may not be the best choice. There's never a reason to be
antagonistic or dismissive toward anyone who is sincerely trying to
contribute to a discussion.
Sure, C++ testing is serious business and all that, but it's also
a lot of fun. Let's keep it that way. Let's strive to be one of the
friendliest communities in all of open source.
### Where to Discuss Google Mock ###
As always, discuss Google Mock in the official [Google C++ Mocking Framework discussion group](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock). You don't have to actually submit
code in order to sign up. Your participation itself is a valuable
contribution.
# Working with the Code #
If you want to get your hands dirty with the code inside Google Mock,
this is the section for you.
## Checking Out the Source from Subversion ##
Checking out the Google Mock source is most useful if you plan to
tweak it yourself. You check out the source for Google Mock using a
[Subversion](http://subversion.tigris.org/) client as you would for any
other project hosted on Google Code. Please see the instruction on
the [source code access page](../) for how to do it.
## Compiling from Source ##
Once you check out the code, you can find instructions on how to
compile it in the [README](../README.md) file.
## Testing ##
A mocking framework is of no good if itself is not thoroughly tested.
Tests should be written for any new code, and changes should be
verified to not break existing tests before they are submitted for
review. To perform the tests, follow the instructions in [README](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/source/browse/trunk/README) and
verify that there are no failures.
# Contributing Code #
We are excited that Google Mock is now open source, and hope to get
great patches from the community. Before you fire up your favorite IDE
and begin hammering away at that new feature, though, please take the
time to read this section and understand the process. While it seems
rigorous, we want to keep a high standard of quality in the code
base.
## Contributor License Agreements ##
You must sign a Contributor License Agreement (CLA) before we can
accept any code. The CLA protects you and us.
* If you are an individual writing original source code and you're sure you own the intellectual property, then you'll need to sign an [individual CLA](http://code.google.com/legal/individual-cla-v1.0.html).
* If you work for a company that wants to allow you to contribute your work to Google Mock, then you'll need to sign a [corporate CLA](http://code.google.com/legal/corporate-cla-v1.0.html).
Follow either of the two links above to access the appropriate CLA and
instructions for how to sign and return it.
## Coding Style ##
To keep the source consistent, readable, diffable and easy to merge,
we use a fairly rigid coding style, as defined by the [google-styleguide](https://github.com/google/styleguide) project. All patches will be expected
to conform to the style outlined [here](https://github.com/google/styleguide/blob/gh-pages/cppguide.xml).
## Submitting Patches ##
Please do submit code. Here's what you need to do:
1. Normally you should make your change against the SVN trunk instead of a branch or a tag, as the latter two are for release control and should be treated mostly as read-only.
1. Decide which code you want to submit. A submission should be a set of changes that addresses one issue in the [Google Mock issue tracker](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/issues/list). Please don't mix more than one logical change per submittal, because it makes the history hard to follow. If you want to make a change that doesn't have a corresponding issue in the issue tracker, please create one.
1. Also, coordinate with team members that are listed on the issue in question. This ensures that work isn't being duplicated and communicating your plan early also generally leads to better patches.
1. Ensure that your code adheres to the [Google Mock source code style](#Coding_Style.md).
1. Ensure that there are unit tests for your code.
1. Sign a Contributor License Agreement.
1. Create a patch file using `svn diff`.
1. We use [Rietveld](http://codereview.appspot.com/) to do web-based code reviews. You can read about the tool [here](https://github.com/rietveld-codereview/rietveld/wiki). When you are ready, upload your patch via Rietveld and notify `googlemock@googlegroups.com` to review it. There are several ways to upload the patch. We recommend using the [upload\_gmock.py](../scripts/upload_gmock.py) script, which you can find in the `scripts/` folder in the SVN trunk.
## Google Mock Committers ##
The current members of the Google Mock engineering team are the only
committers at present. In the great tradition of eating one's own
dogfood, we will be requiring each new Google Mock engineering team
member to earn the right to become a committer by following the
procedures in this document, writing consistently great code, and
demonstrating repeatedly that he or she truly gets the zen of Google
Mock.
# Release Process #
We follow the typical release process for Subversion-based projects:
1. A release branch named `release-X.Y` is created.
1. Bugs are fixed and features are added in trunk; those individual patches are merged into the release branch until it's stable.
1. An individual point release (the `Z` in `X.Y.Z`) is made by creating a tag from the branch.
1. Repeat steps 2 and 3 throughout one release cycle (as determined by features or time).
1. Go back to step 1 to create another release branch and so on.
---
This page is based on the [Making GWT Better](http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/makinggwtbetter.html) guide from the [Google Web Toolkit](http://code.google.com/webtoolkit/) project. Except as otherwise [noted](http://code.google.com/policies.html#restrictions), the content of this page is licensed under the [Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/).

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This page lists all documentation wiki pages for Google Mock **(the SVN trunk version)**
- **if you use a released version of Google Mock, please read the documentation for that specific version instead.**
* [ForDummies](ForDummies.md) -- start here if you are new to Google Mock.
* [CheatSheet](CheatSheet.md) -- a quick reference.
* [CookBook](CookBook.md) -- recipes for doing various tasks using Google Mock.
* [FrequentlyAskedQuestions](FrequentlyAskedQuestions.md) -- check here before asking a question on the mailing list.
To contribute code to Google Mock, read:
* [DevGuide](DevGuide.md) -- read this _before_ writing your first patch.
* [Pump Manual](../googletest/docs/PumpManual.md) -- how we generate some of Google Mock's source files.

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(**Note:** If you get compiler errors that you don't understand, be sure to consult [Google Mock Doctor](FrequentlyAskedQuestions.md#how-am-i-supposed-to-make-sense-of-these-horrible-template-errors).)
# What Is Google C++ Mocking Framework? #
When you write a prototype or test, often it's not feasible or wise to rely on real objects entirely. A **mock object** implements the same interface as a real object (so it can be used as one), but lets you specify at run time how it will be used and what it should do (which methods will be called? in which order? how many times? with what arguments? what will they return? etc).
**Note:** It is easy to confuse the term _fake objects_ with mock objects. Fakes and mocks actually mean very different things in the Test-Driven Development (TDD) community:
* **Fake** objects have working implementations, but usually take some shortcut (perhaps to make the operations less expensive), which makes them not suitable for production. An in-memory file system would be an example of a fake.
* **Mocks** are objects pre-programmed with _expectations_, which form a specification of the calls they are expected to receive.
If all this seems too abstract for you, don't worry - the most important thing to remember is that a mock allows you to check the _interaction_ between itself and code that uses it. The difference between fakes and mocks will become much clearer once you start to use mocks.
**Google C++ Mocking Framework** (or **Google Mock** for short) is a library (sometimes we also call it a "framework" to make it sound cool) for creating mock classes and using them. It does to C++ what [jMock](http://www.jmock.org/) and [EasyMock](http://www.easymock.org/) do to Java.
Using Google Mock involves three basic steps:
1. Use some simple macros to describe the interface you want to mock, and they will expand to the implementation of your mock class;
1. Create some mock objects and specify its expectations and behavior using an intuitive syntax;
1. Exercise code that uses the mock objects. Google Mock will catch any violation of the expectations as soon as it arises.
# Why Google Mock? #
While mock objects help you remove unnecessary dependencies in tests and make them fast and reliable, using mocks manually in C++ is _hard_:
* Someone has to implement the mocks. The job is usually tedious and error-prone. No wonder people go great distance to avoid it.
* The quality of those manually written mocks is a bit, uh, unpredictable. You may see some really polished ones, but you may also see some that were hacked up in a hurry and have all sorts of ad hoc restrictions.
* The knowledge you gained from using one mock doesn't transfer to the next.
In contrast, Java and Python programmers have some fine mock frameworks, which automate the creation of mocks. As a result, mocking is a proven effective technique and widely adopted practice in those communities. Having the right tool absolutely makes the difference.
Google Mock was built to help C++ programmers. It was inspired by [jMock](http://www.jmock.org/) and [EasyMock](http://www.easymock.org/), but designed with C++'s specifics in mind. It is your friend if any of the following problems is bothering you:
* You are stuck with a sub-optimal design and wish you had done more prototyping before it was too late, but prototyping in C++ is by no means "rapid".
* Your tests are slow as they depend on too many libraries or use expensive resources (e.g. a database).
* Your tests are brittle as some resources they use are unreliable (e.g. the network).
* You want to test how your code handles a failure (e.g. a file checksum error), but it's not easy to cause one.
* You need to make sure that your module interacts with other modules in the right way, but it's hard to observe the interaction; therefore you resort to observing the side effects at the end of the action, which is awkward at best.
* You want to "mock out" your dependencies, except that they don't have mock implementations yet; and, frankly, you aren't thrilled by some of those hand-written mocks.
We encourage you to use Google Mock as:
* a _design_ tool, for it lets you experiment with your interface design early and often. More iterations lead to better designs!
* a _testing_ tool to cut your tests' outbound dependencies and probe the interaction between your module and its collaborators.
# Getting Started #
Using Google Mock is easy! Inside your C++ source file, just `#include` `"gtest/gtest.h"` and `"gmock/gmock.h"`, and you are ready to go.
# A Case for Mock Turtles #
Let's look at an example. Suppose you are developing a graphics program that relies on a LOGO-like API for drawing. How would you test that it does the right thing? Well, you can run it and compare the screen with a golden screen snapshot, but let's admit it: tests like this are expensive to run and fragile (What if you just upgraded to a shiny new graphics card that has better anti-aliasing? Suddenly you have to update all your golden images.). It would be too painful if all your tests are like this. Fortunately, you learned about Dependency Injection and know the right thing to do: instead of having your application talk to the drawing API directly, wrap the API in an interface (say, `Turtle`) and code to that interface:
```
class Turtle {
...
virtual ~Turtle() {}
virtual void PenUp() = 0;
virtual void PenDown() = 0;
virtual void Forward(int distance) = 0;
virtual void Turn(int degrees) = 0;
virtual void GoTo(int x, int y) = 0;
virtual int GetX() const = 0;
virtual int GetY() const = 0;
};
```
(Note that the destructor of `Turtle` **must** be virtual, as is the case for **all** classes you intend to inherit from - otherwise the destructor of the derived class will not be called when you delete an object through a base pointer, and you'll get corrupted program states like memory leaks.)
You can control whether the turtle's movement will leave a trace using `PenUp()` and `PenDown()`, and control its movement using `Forward()`, `Turn()`, and `GoTo()`. Finally, `GetX()` and `GetY()` tell you the current position of the turtle.
Your program will normally use a real implementation of this interface. In tests, you can use a mock implementation instead. This allows you to easily check what drawing primitives your program is calling, with what arguments, and in which order. Tests written this way are much more robust (they won't break because your new machine does anti-aliasing differently), easier to read and maintain (the intent of a test is expressed in the code, not in some binary images), and run _much, much faster_.
# Writing the Mock Class #
If you are lucky, the mocks you need to use have already been implemented by some nice people. If, however, you find yourself in the position to write a mock class, relax - Google Mock turns this task into a fun game! (Well, almost.)
## How to Define It ##
Using the `Turtle` interface as example, here are the simple steps you need to follow:
1. Derive a class `MockTurtle` from `Turtle`.
1. Take a _virtual_ function of `Turtle` (while it's possible to [mock non-virtual methods using templates](CookBook.md#mocking-nonvirtual-methods), it's much more involved). Count how many arguments it has.
1. In the `public:` section of the child class, write `MOCK_METHODn();` (or `MOCK_CONST_METHODn();` if you are mocking a `const` method), where `n` is the number of the arguments; if you counted wrong, shame on you, and a compiler error will tell you so.
1. Now comes the fun part: you take the function signature, cut-and-paste the _function name_ as the _first_ argument to the macro, and leave what's left as the _second_ argument (in case you're curious, this is the _type of the function_).
1. Repeat until all virtual functions you want to mock are done.
After the process, you should have something like:
```
#include "gmock/gmock.h" // Brings in Google Mock.
class MockTurtle : public Turtle {
public:
...
MOCK_METHOD0(PenUp, void());
MOCK_METHOD0(PenDown, void());
MOCK_METHOD1(Forward, void(int distance));
MOCK_METHOD1(Turn, void(int degrees));
MOCK_METHOD2(GoTo, void(int x, int y));
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetX, int());
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetY, int());
};
```
You don't need to define these mock methods somewhere else - the `MOCK_METHOD*` macros will generate the definitions for you. It's that simple! Once you get the hang of it, you can pump out mock classes faster than your source-control system can handle your check-ins.
**Tip:** If even this is too much work for you, you'll find the
`gmock_gen.py` tool in Google Mock's `scripts/generator/` directory (courtesy of the [cppclean](http://code.google.com/p/cppclean/) project) useful. This command-line
tool requires that you have Python 2.4 installed. You give it a C++ file and the name of an abstract class defined in it,
and it will print the definition of the mock class for you. Due to the
complexity of the C++ language, this script may not always work, but
it can be quite handy when it does. For more details, read the [user documentation](../scripts/generator/README).
## Where to Put It ##
When you define a mock class, you need to decide where to put its definition. Some people put it in a `*_test.cc`. This is fine when the interface being mocked (say, `Foo`) is owned by the same person or team. Otherwise, when the owner of `Foo` changes it, your test could break. (You can't really expect `Foo`'s maintainer to fix every test that uses `Foo`, can you?)
So, the rule of thumb is: if you need to mock `Foo` and it's owned by others, define the mock class in `Foo`'s package (better, in a `testing` sub-package such that you can clearly separate production code and testing utilities), and put it in a `mock_foo.h`. Then everyone can reference `mock_foo.h` from their tests. If `Foo` ever changes, there is only one copy of `MockFoo` to change, and only tests that depend on the changed methods need to be fixed.
Another way to do it: you can introduce a thin layer `FooAdaptor` on top of `Foo` and code to this new interface. Since you own `FooAdaptor`, you can absorb changes in `Foo` much more easily. While this is more work initially, carefully choosing the adaptor interface can make your code easier to write and more readable (a net win in the long run), as you can choose `FooAdaptor` to fit your specific domain much better than `Foo` does.
# Using Mocks in Tests #
Once you have a mock class, using it is easy. The typical work flow is:
1. Import the Google Mock names from the `testing` namespace such that you can use them unqualified (You only have to do it once per file. Remember that namespaces are a good idea and good for your health.).
1. Create some mock objects.
1. Specify your expectations on them (How many times will a method be called? With what arguments? What should it do? etc.).
1. Exercise some code that uses the mocks; optionally, check the result using Google Test assertions. If a mock method is called more than expected or with wrong arguments, you'll get an error immediately.
1. When a mock is destructed, Google Mock will automatically check whether all expectations on it have been satisfied.
Here's an example:
```
#include "path/to/mock-turtle.h"
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
using ::testing::AtLeast; // #1
TEST(PainterTest, CanDrawSomething) {
MockTurtle turtle; // #2
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenDown()) // #3
.Times(AtLeast(1));
Painter painter(&turtle); // #4
EXPECT_TRUE(painter.DrawCircle(0, 0, 10));
} // #5
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// The following line must be executed to initialize Google Mock
// (and Google Test) before running the tests.
::testing::InitGoogleMock(&argc, argv);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}
```
As you might have guessed, this test checks that `PenDown()` is called at least once. If the `painter` object didn't call this method, your test will fail with a message like this:
```
path/to/my_test.cc:119: Failure
Actual function call count doesn't match this expectation:
Actually: never called;
Expected: called at least once.
```
**Tip 1:** If you run the test from an Emacs buffer, you can hit `<Enter>` on the line number displayed in the error message to jump right to the failed expectation.
**Tip 2:** If your mock objects are never deleted, the final verification won't happen. Therefore it's a good idea to use a heap leak checker in your tests when you allocate mocks on the heap.
**Important note:** Google Mock requires expectations to be set **before** the mock functions are called, otherwise the behavior is **undefined**. In particular, you mustn't interleave `EXPECT_CALL()`s and calls to the mock functions.
This means `EXPECT_CALL()` should be read as expecting that a call will occur _in the future_, not that a call has occurred. Why does Google Mock work like that? Well, specifying the expectation beforehand allows Google Mock to report a violation as soon as it arises, when the context (stack trace, etc) is still available. This makes debugging much easier.
Admittedly, this test is contrived and doesn't do much. You can easily achieve the same effect without using Google Mock. However, as we shall reveal soon, Google Mock allows you to do _much more_ with the mocks.
## Using Google Mock with Any Testing Framework ##
If you want to use something other than Google Test (e.g. [CppUnit](http://sourceforge.net/projects/cppunit/) or
[CxxTest](http://cxxtest.tigris.org/)) as your testing framework, just change the `main()` function in the previous section to:
```
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// The following line causes Google Mock to throw an exception on failure,
// which will be interpreted by your testing framework as a test failure.
::testing::GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure) = true;
::testing::InitGoogleMock(&argc, argv);
... whatever your testing framework requires ...
}
```
This approach has a catch: it makes Google Mock throw an exception
from a mock object's destructor sometimes. With some compilers, this
sometimes causes the test program to crash. You'll still be able to
notice that the test has failed, but it's not a graceful failure.
A better solution is to use Google Test's
[event listener API](../../googletest/docs/AdvancedGuide.md#extending-google-test-by-handling-test-events)
to report a test failure to your testing framework properly. You'll need to
implement the `OnTestPartResult()` method of the event listener interface, but it
should be straightforward.
If this turns out to be too much work, we suggest that you stick with
Google Test, which works with Google Mock seamlessly (in fact, it is
technically part of Google Mock.). If there is a reason that you
cannot use Google Test, please let us know.
# Setting Expectations #
The key to using a mock object successfully is to set the _right expectations_ on it. If you set the expectations too strict, your test will fail as the result of unrelated changes. If you set them too loose, bugs can slip through. You want to do it just right such that your test can catch exactly the kind of bugs you intend it to catch. Google Mock provides the necessary means for you to do it "just right."
## General Syntax ##
In Google Mock we use the `EXPECT_CALL()` macro to set an expectation on a mock method. The general syntax is:
```
EXPECT_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.Times(cardinality)
.WillOnce(action)
.WillRepeatedly(action);
```
The macro has two arguments: first the mock object, and then the method and its arguments. Note that the two are separated by a comma (`,`), not a period (`.`). (Why using a comma? The answer is that it was necessary for technical reasons.)
The macro can be followed by some optional _clauses_ that provide more information about the expectation. We'll discuss how each clause works in the coming sections.
This syntax is designed to make an expectation read like English. For example, you can probably guess that
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.Times(5)
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(150))
.WillRepeatedly(Return(200));
```
says that the `turtle` object's `GetX()` method will be called five times, it will return 100 the first time, 150 the second time, and then 200 every time. Some people like to call this style of syntax a Domain-Specific Language (DSL).
**Note:** Why do we use a macro to do this? It serves two purposes: first it makes expectations easily identifiable (either by `grep` or by a human reader), and second it allows Google Mock to include the source file location of a failed expectation in messages, making debugging easier.
## Matchers: What Arguments Do We Expect? ##
When a mock function takes arguments, we must specify what arguments we are expecting; for example:
```
// Expects the turtle to move forward by 100 units.
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(100));
```
Sometimes you may not want to be too specific (Remember that talk about tests being too rigid? Over specification leads to brittle tests and obscures the intent of tests. Therefore we encourage you to specify only what's necessary - no more, no less.). If you care to check that `Forward()` will be called but aren't interested in its actual argument, write `_` as the argument, which means "anything goes":
```
using ::testing::_;
...
// Expects the turtle to move forward.
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(_));
```
`_` is an instance of what we call **matchers**. A matcher is like a predicate and can test whether an argument is what we'd expect. You can use a matcher inside `EXPECT_CALL()` wherever a function argument is expected.
A list of built-in matchers can be found in the [CheatSheet](CheatSheet.md). For example, here's the `Ge` (greater than or equal) matcher:
```
using ::testing::Ge;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(Ge(100)));
```
This checks that the turtle will be told to go forward by at least 100 units.
## Cardinalities: How Many Times Will It Be Called? ##
The first clause we can specify following an `EXPECT_CALL()` is `Times()`. We call its argument a **cardinality** as it tells _how many times_ the call should occur. It allows us to repeat an expectation many times without actually writing it as many times. More importantly, a cardinality can be "fuzzy", just like a matcher can be. This allows a user to express the intent of a test exactly.
An interesting special case is when we say `Times(0)`. You may have guessed - it means that the function shouldn't be called with the given arguments at all, and Google Mock will report a Google Test failure whenever the function is (wrongfully) called.
We've seen `AtLeast(n)` as an example of fuzzy cardinalities earlier. For the list of built-in cardinalities you can use, see the [CheatSheet](CheatSheet.md).
The `Times()` clause can be omitted. **If you omit `Times()`, Google Mock will infer the cardinality for you.** The rules are easy to remember:
* If **neither** `WillOnce()` **nor** `WillRepeatedly()` is in the `EXPECT_CALL()`, the inferred cardinality is `Times(1)`.
* If there are `n WillOnce()`'s but **no** `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 1, the cardinality is `Times(n)`.
* If there are `n WillOnce()`'s and **one** `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 0, the cardinality is `Times(AtLeast(n))`.
**Quick quiz:** what do you think will happen if a function is expected to be called twice but actually called four times?
## Actions: What Should It Do? ##
Remember that a mock object doesn't really have a working implementation? We as users have to tell it what to do when a method is invoked. This is easy in Google Mock.
First, if the return type of a mock function is a built-in type or a pointer, the function has a **default action** (a `void` function will just return, a `bool` function will return `false`, and other functions will return 0). In addition, in C++ 11 and above, a mock function whose return type is default-constructible (i.e. has a default constructor) has a default action of returning a default-constructed value. If you don't say anything, this behavior will be used.
Second, if a mock function doesn't have a default action, or the default action doesn't suit you, you can specify the action to be taken each time the expectation matches using a series of `WillOnce()` clauses followed by an optional `WillRepeatedly()`. For example,
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(200))
.WillOnce(Return(300));
```
This says that `turtle.GetX()` will be called _exactly three times_ (Google Mock inferred this from how many `WillOnce()` clauses we've written, since we didn't explicitly write `Times()`), and will return 100, 200, and 300 respectively.
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetY())
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(200))
.WillRepeatedly(Return(300));
```
says that `turtle.GetY()` will be called _at least twice_ (Google Mock knows this as we've written two `WillOnce()` clauses and a `WillRepeatedly()` while having no explicit `Times()`), will return 100 the first time, 200 the second time, and 300 from the third time on.
Of course, if you explicitly write a `Times()`, Google Mock will not try to infer the cardinality itself. What if the number you specified is larger than there are `WillOnce()` clauses? Well, after all `WillOnce()`s are used up, Google Mock will do the _default_ action for the function every time (unless, of course, you have a `WillRepeatedly()`.).
What can we do inside `WillOnce()` besides `Return()`? You can return a reference using `ReturnRef(variable)`, or invoke a pre-defined function, among [others](CheatSheet.md#actions).
**Important note:** The `EXPECT_CALL()` statement evaluates the action clause only once, even though the action may be performed many times. Therefore you must be careful about side effects. The following may not do what you want:
```
int n = 100;
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.Times(4)
.WillRepeatedly(Return(n++));
```
Instead of returning 100, 101, 102, ..., consecutively, this mock function will always return 100 as `n++` is only evaluated once. Similarly, `Return(new Foo)` will create a new `Foo` object when the `EXPECT_CALL()` is executed, and will return the same pointer every time. If you want the side effect to happen every time, you need to define a custom action, which we'll teach in the [CookBook](CookBook.md).
Time for another quiz! What do you think the following means?
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetY())
.Times(4)
.WillOnce(Return(100));
```
Obviously `turtle.GetY()` is expected to be called four times. But if you think it will return 100 every time, think twice! Remember that one `WillOnce()` clause will be consumed each time the function is invoked and the default action will be taken afterwards. So the right answer is that `turtle.GetY()` will return 100 the first time, but **return 0 from the second time on**, as returning 0 is the default action for `int` functions.
## Using Multiple Expectations ##
So far we've only shown examples where you have a single expectation. More realistically, you're going to specify expectations on multiple mock methods, which may be from multiple mock objects.
By default, when a mock method is invoked, Google Mock will search the expectations in the **reverse order** they are defined, and stop when an active expectation that matches the arguments is found (you can think of it as "newer rules override older ones."). If the matching expectation cannot take any more calls, you will get an upper-bound-violated failure. Here's an example:
```
using ::testing::_;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(_)); // #1
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(10)) // #2
.Times(2);
```
If `Forward(10)` is called three times in a row, the third time it will be an error, as the last matching expectation (#2) has been saturated. If, however, the third `Forward(10)` call is replaced by `Forward(20)`, then it would be OK, as now #1 will be the matching expectation.
**Side note:** Why does Google Mock search for a match in the _reverse_ order of the expectations? The reason is that this allows a user to set up the default expectations in a mock object's constructor or the test fixture's set-up phase and then customize the mock by writing more specific expectations in the test body. So, if you have two expectations on the same method, you want to put the one with more specific matchers **after** the other, or the more specific rule would be shadowed by the more general one that comes after it.
## Ordered vs Unordered Calls ##
By default, an expectation can match a call even though an earlier expectation hasn't been satisfied. In other words, the calls don't have to occur in the order the expectations are specified.
Sometimes, you may want all the expected calls to occur in a strict order. To say this in Google Mock is easy:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;...
TEST(FooTest, DrawsLineSegment) {
...
{
InSequence dummy;
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenDown());
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(100));
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenUp());
}
Foo();
}
```
By creating an object of type `InSequence`, all expectations in its scope are put into a _sequence_ and have to occur _sequentially_. Since we are just relying on the constructor and destructor of this object to do the actual work, its name is really irrelevant.
In this example, we test that `Foo()` calls the three expected functions in the order as written. If a call is made out-of-order, it will be an error.
(What if you care about the relative order of some of the calls, but not all of them? Can you specify an arbitrary partial order? The answer is ... yes! If you are impatient, the details can be found in the [CookBook](CookBook#Expecting_Partially_Ordered_Calls.md).)
## All Expectations Are Sticky (Unless Said Otherwise) ##
Now let's do a quick quiz to see how well you can use this mock stuff already. How would you test that the turtle is asked to go to the origin _exactly twice_ (you want to ignore any other instructions it receives)?
After you've come up with your answer, take a look at ours and compare notes (solve it yourself first - don't cheat!):
```
using ::testing::_;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GoTo(_, _)) // #1
.Times(AnyNumber());
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GoTo(0, 0)) // #2
.Times(2);
```
Suppose `turtle.GoTo(0, 0)` is called three times. In the third time, Google Mock will see that the arguments match expectation #2 (remember that we always pick the last matching expectation). Now, since we said that there should be only two such calls, Google Mock will report an error immediately. This is basically what we've told you in the "Using Multiple Expectations" section above.
This example shows that **expectations in Google Mock are "sticky" by default**, in the sense that they remain active even after we have reached their invocation upper bounds. This is an important rule to remember, as it affects the meaning of the spec, and is **different** to how it's done in many other mocking frameworks (Why'd we do that? Because we think our rule makes the common cases easier to express and understand.).
Simple? Let's see if you've really understood it: what does the following code say?
```
using ::testing::Return;
...
for (int i = n; i > 0; i--) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i));
}
```
If you think it says that `turtle.GetX()` will be called `n` times and will return 10, 20, 30, ..., consecutively, think twice! The problem is that, as we said, expectations are sticky. So, the second time `turtle.GetX()` is called, the last (latest) `EXPECT_CALL()` statement will match, and will immediately lead to an "upper bound exceeded" error - this piece of code is not very useful!
One correct way of saying that `turtle.GetX()` will return 10, 20, 30, ..., is to explicitly say that the expectations are _not_ sticky. In other words, they should _retire_ as soon as they are saturated:
```
using ::testing::Return;
...
for (int i = n; i > 0; i--) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
```
And, there's a better way to do it: in this case, we expect the calls to occur in a specific order, and we line up the actions to match the order. Since the order is important here, we should make it explicit using a sequence:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;
using ::testing::Return;
...
{
InSequence s;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
}
```
By the way, the other situation where an expectation may _not_ be sticky is when it's in a sequence - as soon as another expectation that comes after it in the sequence has been used, it automatically retires (and will never be used to match any call).
## Uninteresting Calls ##
A mock object may have many methods, and not all of them are that interesting. For example, in some tests we may not care about how many times `GetX()` and `GetY()` get called.
In Google Mock, if you are not interested in a method, just don't say anything about it. If a call to this method occurs, you'll see a warning in the test output, but it won't be a failure.
# What Now? #
Congratulations! You've learned enough about Google Mock to start using it. Now, you might want to join the [googlemock](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) discussion group and actually write some tests using Google Mock - it will be fun. Hey, it may even be addictive - you've been warned.
Then, if you feel like increasing your mock quotient, you should move on to the [CookBook](CookBook.md). You can learn many advanced features of Google Mock there -- and advance your level of enjoyment and testing bliss.

628
googlemock/docs/FrequentlyAskedQuestions.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
Please send your questions to the
[googlemock](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) discussion
group. If you need help with compiler errors, make sure you have
tried [Google Mock Doctor](#How_am_I_supposed_to_make_sense_of_these_horrible_template_error.md) first.
## When I call a method on my mock object, the method for the real object is invoked instead. What's the problem? ##
In order for a method to be mocked, it must be _virtual_, unless you use the [high-perf dependency injection technique](CookBook.md#mocking-nonvirtual-methods).
## I wrote some matchers. After I upgraded to a new version of Google Mock, they no longer compile. What's going on? ##
After version 1.4.0 of Google Mock was released, we had an idea on how
to make it easier to write matchers that can generate informative
messages efficiently. We experimented with this idea and liked what
we saw. Therefore we decided to implement it.
Unfortunately, this means that if you have defined your own matchers
by implementing `MatcherInterface` or using `MakePolymorphicMatcher()`,
your definitions will no longer compile. Matchers defined using the
`MATCHER*` family of macros are not affected.
Sorry for the hassle if your matchers are affected. We believe it's
in everyone's long-term interest to make this change sooner than
later. Fortunately, it's usually not hard to migrate an existing
matcher to the new API. Here's what you need to do:
If you wrote your matcher like this:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
you'll need to change it to:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
(i.e. rename `Matches()` to `MatchAndExplain()` and give it a second
argument of type `MatchResultListener*`.)
If you were also using `ExplainMatchResultTo()` to improve the matcher
message:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the lastest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(MyType value,
::std::ostream* os) const {
// Prints some helpful information to os to help
// a user understand why value matches (or doesn't match).
*os << "the Foo property is " << value.GetFoo();
}
...
};
```
you should move the logic of `ExplainMatchResultTo()` into
`MatchAndExplain()`, using the `MatchResultListener` argument where
the `::std::ostream` was used:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
*listener << "the Foo property is " << value.GetFoo();
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
If your matcher is defined using `MakePolymorphicMatcher()`:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
you should rename the `Matches()` method to `MatchAndExplain()` and
add a `MatchResultListener*` argument (the same as what you need to do
for matchers defined by implementing `MatcherInterface`):
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
If your polymorphic matcher uses `ExplainMatchResultTo()` for better
failure messages:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
void ExplainMatchResultTo(const MyGreatMatcher& matcher,
MyType value,
::std::ostream* os) {
// Prints some helpful information to os to help
// a user understand why value matches (or doesn't match).
*os << "the Bar property is " << value.GetBar();
}
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
you'll need to move the logic inside `ExplainMatchResultTo()` to
`MatchAndExplain()`:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
*listener << "the Bar property is " << value.GetBar();
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
For more information, you can read these
[two](CookBook.md#writing-new-monomorphic-matchers)
[recipes](CookBook.md#writing-new-polymorphic-matchers)
from the cookbook. As always, you
are welcome to post questions on `googlemock@googlegroups.com` if you
need any help.
## When using Google Mock, do I have to use Google Test as the testing framework? I have my favorite testing framework and don't want to switch. ##
Google Mock works out of the box with Google Test. However, it's easy
to configure it to work with any testing framework of your choice.
[Here](ForDummies.md#using-google-mock-with-any-testing-framework) is how.
## How am I supposed to make sense of these horrible template errors? ##
If you are confused by the compiler errors gcc threw at you,
try consulting the _Google Mock Doctor_ tool first. What it does is to
scan stdin for gcc error messages, and spit out diagnoses on the
problems (we call them diseases) your code has.
To "install", run command:
```
alias gmd='<path to googlemock>/scripts/gmock_doctor.py'
```
To use it, do:
```
<your-favorite-build-command> <your-test> 2>&1 | gmd
```
For example:
```
make my_test 2>&1 | gmd
```
Or you can run `gmd` and copy-n-paste gcc's error messages to it.
## Can I mock a variadic function? ##
You cannot mock a variadic function (i.e. a function taking ellipsis
(`...`) arguments) directly in Google Mock.
The problem is that in general, there is _no way_ for a mock object to
know how many arguments are passed to the variadic method, and what
the arguments' types are. Only the _author of the base class_ knows
the protocol, and we cannot look into his head.
Therefore, to mock such a function, the _user_ must teach the mock
object how to figure out the number of arguments and their types. One
way to do it is to provide overloaded versions of the function.
Ellipsis arguments are inherited from C and not really a C++ feature.
They are unsafe to use and don't work with arguments that have
constructors or destructors. Therefore we recommend to avoid them in
C++ as much as possible.
## MSVC gives me warning C4301 or C4373 when I define a mock method with a const parameter. Why? ##
If you compile this using Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 SP1:
```
class Foo {
...
virtual void Bar(const int i) = 0;
};
class MockFoo : public Foo {
...
MOCK_METHOD1(Bar, void(const int i));
};
```
You may get the following warning:
```
warning C4301: 'MockFoo::Bar': overriding virtual function only differs from 'Foo::Bar' by const/volatile qualifier
```
This is a MSVC bug. The same code compiles fine with gcc ,for
example. If you use Visual C++ 2008 SP1, you would get the warning:
```
warning C4373: 'MockFoo::Bar': virtual function overrides 'Foo::Bar', previous versions of the compiler did not override when parameters only differed by const/volatile qualifiers
```
In C++, if you _declare_ a function with a `const` parameter, the
`const` modifier is _ignored_. Therefore, the `Foo` base class above
is equivalent to:
```
class Foo {
...
virtual void Bar(int i) = 0; // int or const int? Makes no difference.
};
```
In fact, you can _declare_ Bar() with an `int` parameter, and _define_
it with a `const int` parameter. The compiler will still match them
up.
Since making a parameter `const` is meaningless in the method
_declaration_, we recommend to remove it in both `Foo` and `MockFoo`.
That should workaround the VC bug.
Note that we are talking about the _top-level_ `const` modifier here.
If the function parameter is passed by pointer or reference, declaring
the _pointee_ or _referee_ as `const` is still meaningful. For
example, the following two declarations are _not_ equivalent:
```
void Bar(int* p); // Neither p nor *p is const.
void Bar(const int* p); // p is not const, but *p is.
```
## I have a huge mock class, and Microsoft Visual C++ runs out of memory when compiling it. What can I do? ##
We've noticed that when the `/clr` compiler flag is used, Visual C++
uses 5~6 times as much memory when compiling a mock class. We suggest
to avoid `/clr` when compiling native C++ mocks.
## I can't figure out why Google Mock thinks my expectations are not satisfied. What should I do? ##
You might want to run your test with
`--gmock_verbose=info`. This flag lets Google Mock print a trace
of every mock function call it receives. By studying the trace,
you'll gain insights on why the expectations you set are not met.
## How can I assert that a function is NEVER called? ##
```
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.Times(0);
```
## I have a failed test where Google Mock tells me TWICE that a particular expectation is not satisfied. Isn't this redundant? ##
When Google Mock detects a failure, it prints relevant information
(the mock function arguments, the state of relevant expectations, and
etc) to help the user debug. If another failure is detected, Google
Mock will do the same, including printing the state of relevant
expectations.
Sometimes an expectation's state didn't change between two failures,
and you'll see the same description of the state twice. They are
however _not_ redundant, as they refer to _different points in time_.
The fact they are the same _is_ interesting information.
## I get a heap check failure when using a mock object, but using a real object is fine. What can be wrong? ##
Does the class (hopefully a pure interface) you are mocking have a
virtual destructor?
Whenever you derive from a base class, make sure its destructor is
virtual. Otherwise Bad Things will happen. Consider the following
code:
```
class Base {
public:
// Not virtual, but should be.
~Base() { ... }
...
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
...
private:
std::string value_;
};
...
Base* p = new Derived;
...
delete p; // Surprise! ~Base() will be called, but ~Derived() will not
// - value_ is leaked.
```
By changing `~Base()` to virtual, `~Derived()` will be correctly
called when `delete p` is executed, and the heap checker
will be happy.
## The "newer expectations override older ones" rule makes writing expectations awkward. Why does Google Mock do that? ##
When people complain about this, often they are referring to code like:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time. However, I have to write the expectations in the
// reverse order. This sucks big time!!!
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
```
The problem is that they didn't pick the **best** way to express the test's
intent.
By default, expectations don't have to be matched in _any_ particular
order. If you want them to match in a certain order, you need to be
explicit. This is Google Mock's (and jMock's) fundamental philosophy: it's
easy to accidentally over-specify your tests, and we want to make it
harder to do so.
There are two better ways to write the test spec. You could either
put the expectations in sequence:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time. Using a sequence, we can write the expectations
// in their natural order.
{
InSequence s;
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
```
or you can put the sequence of actions in the same expectation:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time.
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
```
Back to the original questions: why does Google Mock search the
expectations (and `ON_CALL`s) from back to front? Because this
allows a user to set up a mock's behavior for the common case early
(e.g. in the mock's constructor or the test fixture's set-up phase)
and customize it with more specific rules later. If Google Mock
searches from front to back, this very useful pattern won't be
possible.
## Google Mock prints a warning when a function without EXPECT\_CALL is called, even if I have set its behavior using ON\_CALL. Would it be reasonable not to show the warning in this case? ##
When choosing between being neat and being safe, we lean toward the
latter. So the answer is that we think it's better to show the
warning.
Often people write `ON_CALL`s in the mock object's
constructor or `SetUp()`, as the default behavior rarely changes from
test to test. Then in the test body they set the expectations, which
are often different for each test. Having an `ON_CALL` in the set-up
part of a test doesn't mean that the calls are expected. If there's
no `EXPECT_CALL` and the method is called, it's possibly an error. If
we quietly let the call go through without notifying the user, bugs
may creep in unnoticed.
If, however, you are sure that the calls are OK, you can write
```
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.WillRepeatedly(...);
```
instead of
```
ON_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.WillByDefault(...);
```
This tells Google Mock that you do expect the calls and no warning should be
printed.
Also, you can control the verbosity using the `--gmock_verbose` flag.
If you find the output too noisy when debugging, just choose a less
verbose level.
## How can I delete the mock function's argument in an action? ##
If you find yourself needing to perform some action that's not
supported by Google Mock directly, remember that you can define your own
actions using
[MakeAction()](CookBook.md#writing-new-actions) or
[MakePolymorphicAction()](CookBook.md#writing_new_polymorphic_actions),
or you can write a stub function and invoke it using
[Invoke()](CookBook.md#using-functions_methods_functors).
## MOCK\_METHODn()'s second argument looks funny. Why don't you use the MOCK\_METHODn(Method, return\_type, arg\_1, ..., arg\_n) syntax? ##
What?! I think it's beautiful. :-)
While which syntax looks more natural is a subjective matter to some
extent, Google Mock's syntax was chosen for several practical advantages it
has.
Try to mock a function that takes a map as an argument:
```
virtual int GetSize(const map<int, std::string>& m);
```
Using the proposed syntax, it would be:
```
MOCK_METHOD1(GetSize, int, const map<int, std::string>& m);
```
Guess what? You'll get a compiler error as the compiler thinks that
`const map<int, std::string>& m` are **two**, not one, arguments. To work
around this you can use `typedef` to give the map type a name, but
that gets in the way of your work. Google Mock's syntax avoids this
problem as the function's argument types are protected inside a pair
of parentheses:
```
// This compiles fine.
MOCK_METHOD1(GetSize, int(const map<int, std::string>& m));
```
You still need a `typedef` if the return type contains an unprotected
comma, but that's much rarer.
Other advantages include:
1. `MOCK_METHOD1(Foo, int, bool)` can leave a reader wonder whether the method returns `int` or `bool`, while there won't be such confusion using Google Mock's syntax.
1. The way Google Mock describes a function type is nothing new, although many people may not be familiar with it. The same syntax was used in C, and the `function` library in `tr1` uses this syntax extensively. Since `tr1` will become a part of the new version of STL, we feel very comfortable to be consistent with it.
1. The function type syntax is also used in other parts of Google Mock's API (e.g. the action interface) in order to make the implementation tractable. A user needs to learn it anyway in order to utilize Google Mock's more advanced features. We'd as well stick to the same syntax in `MOCK_METHOD*`!
## My code calls a static/global function. Can I mock it? ##
You can, but you need to make some changes.
In general, if you find yourself needing to mock a static function,
it's a sign that your modules are too tightly coupled (and less
flexible, less reusable, less testable, etc). You are probably better
off defining a small interface and call the function through that
interface, which then can be easily mocked. It's a bit of work
initially, but usually pays for itself quickly.
This Google Testing Blog
[post](http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2008/06/defeat-static-cling.html)
says it excellently. Check it out.
## My mock object needs to do complex stuff. It's a lot of pain to specify the actions. Google Mock sucks! ##
I know it's not a question, but you get an answer for free any way. :-)
With Google Mock, you can create mocks in C++ easily. And people might be
tempted to use them everywhere. Sometimes they work great, and
sometimes you may find them, well, a pain to use. So, what's wrong in
the latter case?
When you write a test without using mocks, you exercise the code and
assert that it returns the correct value or that the system is in an
expected state. This is sometimes called "state-based testing".
Mocks are great for what some call "interaction-based" testing:
instead of checking the system state at the very end, mock objects
verify that they are invoked the right way and report an error as soon
as it arises, giving you a handle on the precise context in which the
error was triggered. This is often more effective and economical to
do than state-based testing.
If you are doing state-based testing and using a test double just to
simulate the real object, you are probably better off using a fake.
Using a mock in this case causes pain, as it's not a strong point for
mocks to perform complex actions. If you experience this and think
that mocks suck, you are just not using the right tool for your
problem. Or, you might be trying to solve the wrong problem. :-)
## I got a warning "Uninteresting function call encountered - default action taken.." Should I panic? ##
By all means, NO! It's just an FYI.
What it means is that you have a mock function, you haven't set any
expectations on it (by Google Mock's rule this means that you are not
interested in calls to this function and therefore it can be called
any number of times), and it is called. That's OK - you didn't say
it's not OK to call the function!
What if you actually meant to disallow this function to be called, but
forgot to write `EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar()).Times(0)`? While
one can argue that it's the user's fault, Google Mock tries to be nice and
prints you a note.
So, when you see the message and believe that there shouldn't be any
uninteresting calls, you should investigate what's going on. To make
your life easier, Google Mock prints the function name and arguments
when an uninteresting call is encountered.
## I want to define a custom action. Should I use Invoke() or implement the action interface? ##
Either way is fine - you want to choose the one that's more convenient
for your circumstance.
Usually, if your action is for a particular function type, defining it
using `Invoke()` should be easier; if your action can be used in
functions of different types (e.g. if you are defining
`Return(value)`), `MakePolymorphicAction()` is
easiest. Sometimes you want precise control on what types of
functions the action can be used in, and implementing
`ActionInterface` is the way to go here. See the implementation of
`Return()` in `include/gmock/gmock-actions.h` for an example.
## I'm using the set-argument-pointee action, and the compiler complains about "conflicting return type specified". What does it mean? ##
You got this error as Google Mock has no idea what value it should return
when the mock method is called. `SetArgPointee()` says what the
side effect is, but doesn't say what the return value should be. You
need `DoAll()` to chain a `SetArgPointee()` with a `Return()`.
See this [recipe](CookBook.md#mocking_side_effects) for more details and an example.
## My question is not in your FAQ! ##
If you cannot find the answer to your question in this FAQ, there are
some other resources you can use:
1. read other [documentation](Documentation.md),
1. search the mailing list [archive](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock/topics),
1. ask it on [googlemock@googlegroups.com](mailto:googlemock@googlegroups.com) and someone will answer it (to prevent spam, we require you to join the [discussion group](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) before you can post.).
Please note that creating an issue in the
[issue tracker](https://github.com/google/googletest/issues) is _not_
a good way to get your answer, as it is monitored infrequently by a
very small number of people.
When asking a question, it's helpful to provide as much of the
following information as possible (people cannot help you if there's
not enough information in your question):
* the version (or the revision number if you check out from SVN directly) of Google Mock you use (Google Mock is under active development, so it's possible that your problem has been solved in a later version),
* your operating system,
* the name and version of your compiler,
* the complete command line flags you give to your compiler,
* the complete compiler error messages (if the question is about compilation),
* the _actual_ code (ideally, a minimal but complete program) that has the problem you encounter.

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As any non-trivial software system, Google Mock has some known limitations and problems. We are working on improving it, and welcome your help! The follow is a list of issues we know about.
## README contains outdated information on Google Mock's compatibility with other testing frameworks ##
The `README` file in release 1.1.0 still says that Google Mock only works with Google Test. Actually, you can configure Google Mock to work with any testing framework you choose.
## Tests failing on machines using Power PC CPUs (e.g. some Macs) ##
`gmock_output_test` and `gmock-printers_test` are known to fail with Power PC CPUs. This is due to portability issues with these tests, and is not an indication of problems in Google Mock itself. You can safely ignore them.
## Failed to resolve libgtest.so.0 in tests when built against installed Google Test ##
This only applies if you manually built and installed Google Test, and then built a Google Mock against it (either explicitly, or because gtest-config was in your path post-install). In this situation, Libtool has a known issue with certain systems' ldconfig setup:
http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.sysutils.automake.general/9025
This requires a manual run of "sudo ldconfig" after the "sudo make install" for Google Test before any binaries which link against it can be executed. This isn't a bug in our install, but we should at least have documented it or hacked a work-around into our install. We should have one of these solutions in our next release.

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# Defining a Mock Class #
## Mocking a Normal Class ##
Given
```
class Foo {
...
virtual ~Foo();
virtual int GetSize() const = 0;
virtual string Describe(const char* name) = 0;
virtual string Describe(int type) = 0;
virtual bool Process(Bar elem, int count) = 0;
};
```
(note that `~Foo()` **must** be virtual) we can define its mock as
```
#include <gmock/gmock.h>
class MockFoo : public Foo {
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetSize, int());
MOCK_METHOD1(Describe, string(const char* name));
MOCK_METHOD1(Describe, string(int type));
MOCK_METHOD2(Process, bool(Bar elem, int count));
};
```
To create a "nice" mock object which ignores all uninteresting calls,
or a "strict" mock object, which treats them as failures:
```
NiceMock<MockFoo> nice_foo; // The type is a subclass of MockFoo.
StrictMock<MockFoo> strict_foo; // The type is a subclass of MockFoo.
```
## Mocking a Class Template ##
To mock
```
template <typename Elem>
class StackInterface {
public:
...
virtual ~StackInterface();
virtual int GetSize() const = 0;
virtual void Push(const Elem& x) = 0;
};
```
(note that `~StackInterface()` **must** be virtual) just append `_T` to the `MOCK_*` macros:
```
template <typename Elem>
class MockStack : public StackInterface<Elem> {
public:
...
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0_T(GetSize, int());
MOCK_METHOD1_T(Push, void(const Elem& x));
};
```
## Specifying Calling Conventions for Mock Functions ##
If your mock function doesn't use the default calling convention, you
can specify it by appending `_WITH_CALLTYPE` to any of the macros
described in the previous two sections and supplying the calling
convention as the first argument to the macro. For example,
```
MOCK_METHOD_1_WITH_CALLTYPE(STDMETHODCALLTYPE, Foo, bool(int n));
MOCK_CONST_METHOD2_WITH_CALLTYPE(STDMETHODCALLTYPE, Bar, int(double x, double y));
```
where `STDMETHODCALLTYPE` is defined by `<objbase.h>` on Windows.
# Using Mocks in Tests #
The typical flow is:
1. Import the Google Mock names you need to use. All Google Mock names are in the `testing` namespace unless they are macros or otherwise noted.
1. Create the mock objects.
1. Optionally, set the default actions of the mock objects.
1. Set your expectations on the mock objects (How will they be called? What wil they do?).
1. Exercise code that uses the mock objects; if necessary, check the result using [Google Test](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/) assertions.
1. When a mock objects is destructed, Google Mock automatically verifies that all expectations on it have been satisfied.
Here is an example:
```
using ::testing::Return; // #1
TEST(BarTest, DoesThis) {
MockFoo foo; // #2
ON_CALL(foo, GetSize()) // #3
.WillByDefault(Return(1));
// ... other default actions ...
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Describe(5)) // #4
.Times(3)
.WillRepeatedly(Return("Category 5"));
// ... other expectations ...
EXPECT_EQ("good", MyProductionFunction(&foo)); // #5
} // #6
```
# Setting Default Actions #
Google Mock has a **built-in default action** for any function that
returns `void`, `bool`, a numeric value, or a pointer.
To customize the default action for functions with return type `T` globally:
```
using ::testing::DefaultValue;
DefaultValue<T>::Set(value); // Sets the default value to be returned.
// ... use the mocks ...
DefaultValue<T>::Clear(); // Resets the default value.
```
To customize the default action for a particular method, use `ON_CALL()`:
```
ON_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.With(multi_argument_matcher) ?
.WillByDefault(action);
```
# Setting Expectations #
`EXPECT_CALL()` sets **expectations** on a mock method (How will it be
called? What will it do?):
```
EXPECT_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.With(multi_argument_matcher) ?
.Times(cardinality) ?
.InSequence(sequences) *
.After(expectations) *
.WillOnce(action) *
.WillRepeatedly(action) ?
.RetiresOnSaturation(); ?
```
If `Times()` is omitted, the cardinality is assumed to be:
* `Times(1)` when there is neither `WillOnce()` nor `WillRepeatedly()`;
* `Times(n)` when there are `n WillOnce()`s but no `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 1; or
* `Times(AtLeast(n))` when there are `n WillOnce()`s and a `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 0.
A method with no `EXPECT_CALL()` is free to be invoked _any number of times_, and the default action will be taken each time.
# Matchers #
A **matcher** matches a _single_ argument. You can use it inside
`ON_CALL()` or `EXPECT_CALL()`, or use it to validate a value
directly:
| `EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher)` | Asserts that `value` matches `matcher`. |
|:------------------------------|:----------------------------------------|
| `ASSERT_THAT(value, matcher)` | The same as `EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher)`, except that it generates a **fatal** failure. |
Built-in matchers (where `argument` is the function argument) are
divided into several categories:
## Wildcard ##
|`_`|`argument` can be any value of the correct type.|
|:--|:-----------------------------------------------|
|`A<type>()` or `An<type>()`|`argument` can be any value of type `type`. |
## Generic Comparison ##
|`Eq(value)` or `value`|`argument == value`|
|:---------------------|:------------------|
|`Ge(value)` |`argument >= value`|
|`Gt(value)` |`argument > value` |
|`Le(value)` |`argument <= value`|
|`Lt(value)` |`argument < value` |
|`Ne(value)` |`argument != value`|
|`IsNull()` |`argument` is a `NULL` pointer (raw or smart).|
|`NotNull()` |`argument` is a non-null pointer (raw or smart).|
|`Ref(variable)` |`argument` is a reference to `variable`.|
|`TypedEq<type>(value)`|`argument` has type `type` and is equal to `value`. You may need to use this instead of `Eq(value)` when the mock function is overloaded.|
Except `Ref()`, these matchers make a _copy_ of `value` in case it's
modified or destructed later. If the compiler complains that `value`
doesn't have a public copy constructor, try wrap it in `ByRef()`,
e.g. `Eq(ByRef(non_copyable_value))`. If you do that, make sure
`non_copyable_value` is not changed afterwards, or the meaning of your
matcher will be changed.
## Floating-Point Matchers ##
|`DoubleEq(a_double)`|`argument` is a `double` value approximately equal to `a_double`, treating two NaNs as unequal.|
|:-------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`FloatEq(a_float)` |`argument` is a `float` value approximately equal to `a_float`, treating two NaNs as unequal. |
|`NanSensitiveDoubleEq(a_double)`|`argument` is a `double` value approximately equal to `a_double`, treating two NaNs as equal. |
|`NanSensitiveFloatEq(a_float)`|`argument` is a `float` value approximately equal to `a_float`, treating two NaNs as equal. |
The above matchers use ULP-based comparison (the same as used in
[Google Test](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/)). They
automatically pick a reasonable error bound based on the absolute
value of the expected value. `DoubleEq()` and `FloatEq()` conform to
the IEEE standard, which requires comparing two NaNs for equality to
return false. The `NanSensitive*` version instead treats two NaNs as
equal, which is often what a user wants.
## String Matchers ##
The `argument` can be either a C string or a C++ string object:
|`ContainsRegex(string)`|`argument` matches the given regular expression.|
|:----------------------|:-----------------------------------------------|
|`EndsWith(suffix)` |`argument` ends with string `suffix`. |
|`HasSubstr(string)` |`argument` contains `string` as a sub-string. |
|`MatchesRegex(string)` |`argument` matches the given regular expression with the match starting at the first character and ending at the last character.|
|`StartsWith(prefix)` |`argument` starts with string `prefix`. |
|`StrCaseEq(string)` |`argument` is equal to `string`, ignoring case. |
|`StrCaseNe(string)` |`argument` is not equal to `string`, ignoring case.|
|`StrEq(string)` |`argument` is equal to `string`. |
|`StrNe(string)` |`argument` is not equal to `string`. |
`StrCaseEq()`, `StrCaseNe()`, `StrEq()`, and `StrNe()` work for wide
strings as well.
## Container Matchers ##
Most STL-style containers support `==`, so you can use
`Eq(expected_container)` or simply `expected_container` to match a
container exactly. If you want to write the elements in-line,
match them more flexibly, or get more informative messages, you can use:
| `Contains(e)` | `argument` contains an element that matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. |
|:--------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`ElementsAre(e0, e1, ..., en)`|`argument` has `n + 1` elements, where the i-th element matches `ei`, which can be a value or a matcher. 0 to 10 arguments are allowed.|
|`ElementsAreArray(array)` or `ElementsAreArray(array, count)`|The same as `ElementsAre()` except that the expected element values/matchers come from a C-style array.|
| `ContainerEq(container)` | The same as `Eq(container)` except that the failure message also includes which elements are in one container but not the other. |
These matchers can also match:
1. a native array passed by reference (e.g. in `Foo(const int (&a)[5])`), and
1. an array passed as a pointer and a count (e.g. in `Bar(const T* buffer, int len)` -- see [Multi-argument Matchers](#Multiargument_Matchers.md)).
where the array may be multi-dimensional (i.e. its elements can be arrays).
## Member Matchers ##
|`Field(&class::field, m)`|`argument.field` (or `argument->field` when `argument` is a plain pointer) matches matcher `m`, where `argument` is an object of type _class_.|
|:------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Key(e)` |`argument.first` matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. E.g. `Contains(Key(Le(5)))` can verify that a `map` contains a key `<= 5`.|
|`Pair(m1, m2)` |`argument` is an `std::pair` whose `first` field matches `m1` and `second` field matches `m2`. |
|`Property(&class::property, m)`|`argument.property()` (or `argument->property()` when `argument` is a plain pointer) matches matcher `m`, where `argument` is an object of type _class_.|
## Matching the Result of a Function or Functor ##
|`ResultOf(f, m)`|`f(argument)` matches matcher `m`, where `f` is a function or functor.|
|:---------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------|
## Pointer Matchers ##
|`Pointee(m)`|`argument` (either a smart pointer or a raw pointer) points to a value that matches matcher `m`.|
|:-----------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
## Multiargument Matchers ##
These are matchers on tuple types. They can be used in
`.With()`. The following can be used on functions with <i>two<br>
arguments</i> `x` and `y`:
|`Eq()`|`x == y`|
|:-----|:-------|
|`Ge()`|`x >= y`|
|`Gt()`|`x > y` |
|`Le()`|`x <= y`|
|`Lt()`|`x < y` |
|`Ne()`|`x != y`|
You can use the following selectors to pick a subset of the arguments
(or reorder them) to participate in the matching:
|`AllArgs(m)`|Equivalent to `m`. Useful as syntactic sugar in `.With(AllArgs(m))`.|
|:-----------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Args<N1, N2, ..., Nk>(m)`|The `k` selected (using 0-based indices) arguments match `m`, e.g. `Args<1, 2>(Contains(5))`.|
## Composite Matchers ##
You can make a matcher from one or more other matchers:
|`AllOf(m1, m2, ..., mn)`|`argument` matches all of the matchers `m1` to `mn`.|
|:-----------------------|:---------------------------------------------------|
|`AnyOf(m1, m2, ..., mn)`|`argument` matches at least one of the matchers `m1` to `mn`.|
|`Not(m)` |`argument` doesn't match matcher `m`. |
## Adapters for Matchers ##
|`MatcherCast<T>(m)`|casts matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`.|
|:------------------|:--------------------------------------|
|`SafeMatcherCast<T>(m)`| [safely casts](V1_5_CookBook#Casting_Matchers.md) matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`. |
|`Truly(predicate)` |`predicate(argument)` returns something considered by C++ to be true, where `predicate` is a function or functor.|
## Matchers as Predicates ##
|`Matches(m)`|a unary functor that returns `true` if the argument matches `m`.|
|:-----------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
|`ExplainMatchResult(m, value, result_listener)`|returns `true` if `value` matches `m`, explaining the result to `result_listener`.|
|`Value(x, m)`|returns `true` if the value of `x` matches `m`. |
## Defining Matchers ##
| `MATCHER(IsEven, "") { return (arg % 2) == 0; }` | Defines a matcher `IsEven()` to match an even number. |
|:-------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------|
| `MATCHER_P(IsDivisibleBy, n, "") { *result_listener << "where the remainder is " << (arg % n); return (arg % n) == 0; }` | Defines a macher `IsDivisibleBy(n)` to match a number divisible by `n`. |
| `MATCHER_P2(IsBetween, a, b, "is between %(a)s and %(b)s") { return a <= arg && arg <= b; }` | Defines a matcher `IsBetween(a, b)` to match a value in the range [`a`, `b`]. |
**Notes:**
1. The `MATCHER*` macros cannot be used inside a function or class.
1. The matcher body must be _purely functional_ (i.e. it cannot have any side effect, and the result must not depend on anything other than the value being matched and the matcher parameters).
1. You can use `PrintToString(x)` to convert a value `x` of any type to a string.
## Matchers as Test Assertions ##
|`ASSERT_THAT(expression, m)`|Generates a [fatal failure](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestPrimer#Assertions) if the value of `expression` doesn't match matcher `m`.|
|:---------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`EXPECT_THAT(expression, m)`|Generates a non-fatal failure if the value of `expression` doesn't match matcher `m`. |
# Actions #
**Actions** specify what a mock function should do when invoked.
## Returning a Value ##
|`Return()`|Return from a `void` mock function.|
|:---------|:----------------------------------|
|`Return(value)`|Return `value`. |
|`ReturnArg<N>()`|Return the `N`-th (0-based) argument.|
|`ReturnNew<T>(a1, ..., ak)`|Return `new T(a1, ..., ak)`; a different object is created each time.|
|`ReturnNull()`|Return a null pointer. |
|`ReturnRef(variable)`|Return a reference to `variable`. |
## Side Effects ##
|`Assign(&variable, value)`|Assign `value` to variable.|
|:-------------------------|:--------------------------|
| `DeleteArg<N>()` | Delete the `N`-th (0-based) argument, which must be a pointer. |
| `SaveArg<N>(pointer)` | Save the `N`-th (0-based) argument to `*pointer`. |
| `SetArgReferee<N>(value)` | Assign value to the variable referenced by the `N`-th (0-based) argument. |
|`SetArgumentPointee<N>(value)`|Assign `value` to the variable pointed by the `N`-th (0-based) argument.|
|`SetArrayArgument<N>(first, last)`|Copies the elements in source range [`first`, `last`) to the array pointed to by the `N`-th (0-based) argument, which can be either a pointer or an iterator. The action does not take ownership of the elements in the source range.|
|`SetErrnoAndReturn(error, value)`|Set `errno` to `error` and return `value`.|
|`Throw(exception)` |Throws the given exception, which can be any copyable value. Available since v1.1.0.|
## Using a Function or a Functor as an Action ##
|`Invoke(f)`|Invoke `f` with the arguments passed to the mock function, where `f` can be a global/static function or a functor.|
|:----------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Invoke(object_pointer, &class::method)`|Invoke the {method on the object with the arguments passed to the mock function. |
|`InvokeWithoutArgs(f)`|Invoke `f`, which can be a global/static function or a functor. `f` must take no arguments. |
|`InvokeWithoutArgs(object_pointer, &class::method)`|Invoke the method on the object, which takes no arguments. |
|`InvokeArgument<N>(arg1, arg2, ..., argk)`|Invoke the mock function's `N`-th (0-based) argument, which must be a function or a functor, with the `k` arguments.|
The return value of the invoked function is used as the return value
of the action.
When defining a function or functor to be used with `Invoke*()`, you can declare any unused parameters as `Unused`:
```
double Distance(Unused, double x, double y) { return sqrt(x*x + y*y); }
...
EXPECT_CALL(mock, Foo("Hi", _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(Distance));
```
In `InvokeArgument<N>(...)`, if an argument needs to be passed by reference, wrap it inside `ByRef()`. For example,
```
InvokeArgument<2>(5, string("Hi"), ByRef(foo))
```
calls the mock function's #2 argument, passing to it `5` and `string("Hi")` by value, and `foo` by reference.
## Default Action ##
|`DoDefault()`|Do the default action (specified by `ON_CALL()` or the built-in one).|
|:------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------|
**Note:** due to technical reasons, `DoDefault()` cannot be used inside a composite action - trying to do so will result in a run-time error.
## Composite Actions ##
|`DoAll(a1, a2, ..., an)`|Do all actions `a1` to `an` and return the result of `an` in each invocation. The first `n - 1` sub-actions must return void. |
|:-----------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`IgnoreResult(a)` |Perform action `a` and ignore its result. `a` must not return void. |
|`WithArg<N>(a)` |Pass the `N`-th (0-based) argument of the mock function to action `a` and perform it. |
|`WithArgs<N1, N2, ..., Nk>(a)`|Pass the selected (0-based) arguments of the mock function to action `a` and perform it. |
|`WithoutArgs(a)` |Perform action `a` without any arguments. |
## Defining Actions ##
| `ACTION(Sum) { return arg0 + arg1; }` | Defines an action `Sum()` to return the sum of the mock function's argument #0 and #1. |
|:--------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `ACTION_P(Plus, n) { return arg0 + n; }` | Defines an action `Plus(n)` to return the sum of the mock function's argument #0 and `n`. |
| `ACTION_Pk(Foo, p1, ..., pk) { statements; }` | Defines a parameterized action `Foo(p1, ..., pk)` to execute the given `statements`. |
The `ACTION*` macros cannot be used inside a function or class.
# Cardinalities #
These are used in `Times()` to specify how many times a mock function will be called:
|`AnyNumber()`|The function can be called any number of times.|
|:------------|:----------------------------------------------|
|`AtLeast(n)` |The call is expected at least `n` times. |
|`AtMost(n)` |The call is expected at most `n` times. |
|`Between(m, n)`|The call is expected between `m` and `n` (inclusive) times.|
|`Exactly(n) or n`|The call is expected exactly `n` times. In particular, the call should never happen when `n` is 0.|
# Expectation Order #
By default, the expectations can be matched in _any_ order. If some
or all expectations must be matched in a given order, there are two
ways to specify it. They can be used either independently or
together.
## The After Clause ##
```
using ::testing::Expectation;
...
Expectation init_x = EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitX());
Expectation init_y = EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitY());
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.After(init_x, init_y);
```
says that `Bar()` can be called only after both `InitX()` and
`InitY()` have been called.
If you don't know how many pre-requisites an expectation has when you
write it, you can use an `ExpectationSet` to collect them:
```
using ::testing::ExpectationSet;
...
ExpectationSet all_inits;
for (int i = 0; i < element_count; i++) {
all_inits += EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitElement(i));
}
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.After(all_inits);
```
says that `Bar()` can be called only after all elements have been
initialized (but we don't care about which elements get initialized
before the others).
Modifying an `ExpectationSet` after using it in an `.After()` doesn't
affect the meaning of the `.After()`.
## Sequences ##
When you have a long chain of sequential expectations, it's easier to
specify the order using **sequences**, which don't require you to given
each expectation in the chain a different name. <i>All expected<br>
calls</i> in the same sequence must occur in the order they are
specified.
```
using ::testing::Sequence;
Sequence s1, s2;
...
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Reset())
.InSequence(s1, s2)
.WillOnce(Return(true));
EXPECT_CALL(foo, GetSize())
.InSequence(s1)
.WillOnce(Return(1));
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Describe(A<const char*>()))
.InSequence(s2)
.WillOnce(Return("dummy"));
```
says that `Reset()` must be called before _both_ `GetSize()` _and_
`Describe()`, and the latter two can occur in any order.
To put many expectations in a sequence conveniently:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;
{
InSequence dummy;
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
...
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
}
```
says that all expected calls in the scope of `dummy` must occur in
strict order. The name `dummy` is irrelevant.)
# Verifying and Resetting a Mock #
Google Mock will verify the expectations on a mock object when it is destructed, or you can do it earlier:
```
using ::testing::Mock;
...
// Verifies and removes the expectations on mock_obj;
// returns true iff successful.
Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&mock_obj);
...
// Verifies and removes the expectations on mock_obj;
// also removes the default actions set by ON_CALL();
// returns true iff successful.
Mock::VerifyAndClear(&mock_obj);
```
You can also tell Google Mock that a mock object can be leaked and doesn't
need to be verified:
```
Mock::AllowLeak(&mock_obj);
```
# Mock Classes #
Google Mock defines a convenient mock class template
```
class MockFunction<R(A1, ..., An)> {
public:
MOCK_METHODn(Call, R(A1, ..., An));
};
```
See this [recipe](V1_5_CookBook#Using_Check_Points.md) for one application of it.
# Flags #
| `--gmock_catch_leaked_mocks=0` | Don't report leaked mock objects as failures. |
|:-------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------|
| `--gmock_verbose=LEVEL` | Sets the default verbosity level (`info`, `warning`, or `error`) of Google Mock messages. |

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This page lists all documentation wiki pages for Google Mock **version 1.5.0** -- **if you use a different version of Google Mock, please read the documentation for that specific version instead.**
* [ForDummies](V1_5_ForDummies.md) -- start here if you are new to Google Mock.
* [CheatSheet](V1_5_CheatSheet.md) -- a quick reference.
* [CookBook](V1_5_CookBook.md) -- recipes for doing various tasks using Google Mock.
* [FrequentlyAskedQuestions](V1_5_FrequentlyAskedQuestions.md) -- check here before asking a question on the mailing list.
To contribute code to Google Mock, read:
* DevGuide -- read this _before_ writing your first patch.
* [Pump Manual](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/PumpManual) -- how we generate some of Google Mock's source files.

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(**Note:** If you get compiler errors that you don't understand, be sure to consult [Google Mock Doctor](V1_5_FrequentlyAskedQuestions#How_am_I_supposed_to_make_sense_of_these_horrible_template_error.md).)
# What Is Google C++ Mocking Framework? #
When you write a prototype or test, often it's not feasible or wise to rely on real objects entirely. A **mock object** implements the same interface as a real object (so it can be used as one), but lets you specify at run time how it will be used and what it should do (which methods will be called? in which order? how many times? with what arguments? what will they return? etc).
**Note:** It is easy to confuse the term _fake objects_ with mock objects. Fakes and mocks actually mean very different things in the Test-Driven Development (TDD) community:
* **Fake** objects have working implementations, but usually take some shortcut (perhaps to make the operations less expensive), which makes them not suitable for production. An in-memory file system would be an example of a fake.
* **Mocks** are objects pre-programmed with _expectations_, which form a specification of the calls they are expected to receive.
If all this seems too abstract for you, don't worry - the most important thing to remember is that a mock allows you to check the _interaction_ between itself and code that uses it. The difference between fakes and mocks will become much clearer once you start to use mocks.
**Google C++ Mocking Framework** (or **Google Mock** for short) is a library (sometimes we also call it a "framework" to make it sound cool) for creating mock classes and using them. It does to C++ what [jMock](http://www.jmock.org/) and [EasyMock](http://www.easymock.org/) do to Java.
Using Google Mock involves three basic steps:
1. Use some simple macros to describe the interface you want to mock, and they will expand to the implementation of your mock class;
1. Create some mock objects and specify its expectations and behavior using an intuitive syntax;
1. Exercise code that uses the mock objects. Google Mock will catch any violation of the expectations as soon as it arises.
# Why Google Mock? #
While mock objects help you remove unnecessary dependencies in tests and make them fast and reliable, using mocks manually in C++ is _hard_:
* Someone has to implement the mocks. The job is usually tedious and error-prone. No wonder people go great distance to avoid it.
* The quality of those manually written mocks is a bit, uh, unpredictable. You may see some really polished ones, but you may also see some that were hacked up in a hurry and have all sorts of ad hoc restrictions.
* The knowledge you gained from using one mock doesn't transfer to the next.
In contrast, Java and Python programmers have some fine mock frameworks, which automate the creation of mocks. As a result, mocking is a proven effective technique and widely adopted practice in those communities. Having the right tool absolutely makes the difference.
Google Mock was built to help C++ programmers. It was inspired by [jMock](http://www.jmock.org/) and [EasyMock](http://www.easymock.org/), but designed with C++'s specifics in mind. It is your friend if any of the following problems is bothering you:
* You are stuck with a sub-optimal design and wish you had done more prototyping before it was too late, but prototyping in C++ is by no means "rapid".
* Your tests are slow as they depend on too many libraries or use expensive resources (e.g. a database).
* Your tests are brittle as some resources they use are unreliable (e.g. the network).
* You want to test how your code handles a failure (e.g. a file checksum error), but it's not easy to cause one.
* You need to make sure that your module interacts with other modules in the right way, but it's hard to observe the interaction; therefore you resort to observing the side effects at the end of the action, which is awkward at best.
* You want to "mock out" your dependencies, except that they don't have mock implementations yet; and, frankly, you aren't thrilled by some of those hand-written mocks.
We encourage you to use Google Mock as:
* a _design_ tool, for it lets you experiment with your interface design early and often. More iterations lead to better designs!
* a _testing_ tool to cut your tests' outbound dependencies and probe the interaction between your module and its collaborators.
# Getting Started #
Using Google Mock is easy! Inside your C++ source file, just `#include` `<gtest/gtest.h>` and `<gmock/gmock.h>`, and you are ready to go.
# A Case for Mock Turtles #
Let's look at an example. Suppose you are developing a graphics program that relies on a LOGO-like API for drawing. How would you test that it does the right thing? Well, you can run it and compare the screen with a golden screen snapshot, but let's admit it: tests like this are expensive to run and fragile (What if you just upgraded to a shiny new graphics card that has better anti-aliasing? Suddenly you have to update all your golden images.). It would be too painful if all your tests are like this. Fortunately, you learned about Dependency Injection and know the right thing to do: instead of having your application talk to the drawing API directly, wrap the API in an interface (say, `Turtle`) and code to that interface:
```
class Turtle {
...
virtual ~Turtle() {}
virtual void PenUp() = 0;
virtual void PenDown() = 0;
virtual void Forward(int distance) = 0;
virtual void Turn(int degrees) = 0;
virtual void GoTo(int x, int y) = 0;
virtual int GetX() const = 0;
virtual int GetY() const = 0;
};
```
(Note that the destructor of `Turtle` **must** be virtual, as is the case for **all** classes you intend to inherit from - otherwise the destructor of the derived class will not be called when you delete an object through a base pointer, and you'll get corrupted program states like memory leaks.)
You can control whether the turtle's movement will leave a trace using `PenUp()` and `PenDown()`, and control its movement using `Forward()`, `Turn()`, and `GoTo()`. Finally, `GetX()` and `GetY()` tell you the current position of the turtle.
Your program will normally use a real implementation of this interface. In tests, you can use a mock implementation instead. This allows you to easily check what drawing primitives your program is calling, with what arguments, and in which order. Tests written this way are much more robust (they won't break because your new machine does anti-aliasing differently), easier to read and maintain (the intent of a test is expressed in the code, not in some binary images), and run _much, much faster_.
# Writing the Mock Class #
If you are lucky, the mocks you need to use have already been implemented by some nice people. If, however, you find yourself in the position to write a mock class, relax - Google Mock turns this task into a fun game! (Well, almost.)
## How to Define It ##
Using the `Turtle` interface as example, here are the simple steps you need to follow:
1. Derive a class `MockTurtle` from `Turtle`.
1. Take a virtual function of `Turtle`. Count how many arguments it has.
1. In the `public:` section of the child class, write `MOCK_METHODn();` (or `MOCK_CONST_METHODn();` if you are mocking a `const` method), where `n` is the number of the arguments; if you counted wrong, shame on you, and a compiler error will tell you so.
1. Now comes the fun part: you take the function signature, cut-and-paste the _function name_ as the _first_ argument to the macro, and leave what's left as the _second_ argument (in case you're curious, this is the _type of the function_).
1. Repeat until all virtual functions you want to mock are done.
After the process, you should have something like:
```
#include <gmock/gmock.h> // Brings in Google Mock.
class MockTurtle : public Turtle {
public:
...
MOCK_METHOD0(PenUp, void());
MOCK_METHOD0(PenDown, void());
MOCK_METHOD1(Forward, void(int distance));
MOCK_METHOD1(Turn, void(int degrees));
MOCK_METHOD2(GoTo, void(int x, int y));
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetX, int());
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetY, int());
};
```
You don't need to define these mock methods somewhere else - the `MOCK_METHOD*` macros will generate the definitions for you. It's that simple! Once you get the hang of it, you can pump out mock classes faster than your source-control system can handle your check-ins.
**Tip:** If even this is too much work for you, you'll find the
`gmock_gen.py` tool in Google Mock's `scripts/generator/` directory (courtesy of the [cppclean](http://code.google.com/p/cppclean/) project) useful. This command-line
tool requires that you have Python 2.4 installed. You give it a C++ file and the name of an abstract class defined in it,
and it will print the definition of the mock class for you. Due to the
complexity of the C++ language, this script may not always work, but
it can be quite handy when it does. For more details, read the [user documentation](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/source/browse/trunk/scripts/generator/README).
## Where to Put It ##
When you define a mock class, you need to decide where to put its definition. Some people put it in a `*_test.cc`. This is fine when the interface being mocked (say, `Foo`) is owned by the same person or team. Otherwise, when the owner of `Foo` changes it, your test could break. (You can't really expect `Foo`'s maintainer to fix every test that uses `Foo`, can you?)
So, the rule of thumb is: if you need to mock `Foo` and it's owned by others, define the mock class in `Foo`'s package (better, in a `testing` sub-package such that you can clearly separate production code and testing utilities), and put it in a `mock_foo.h`. Then everyone can reference `mock_foo.h` from their tests. If `Foo` ever changes, there is only one copy of `MockFoo` to change, and only tests that depend on the changed methods need to be fixed.
Another way to do it: you can introduce a thin layer `FooAdaptor` on top of `Foo` and code to this new interface. Since you own `FooAdaptor`, you can absorb changes in `Foo` much more easily. While this is more work initially, carefully choosing the adaptor interface can make your code easier to write and more readable (a net win in the long run), as you can choose `FooAdaptor` to fit your specific domain much better than `Foo` does.
# Using Mocks in Tests #
Once you have a mock class, using it is easy. The typical work flow is:
1. Import the Google Mock names from the `testing` namespace such that you can use them unqualified (You only have to do it once per file. Remember that namespaces are a good idea and good for your health.).
1. Create some mock objects.
1. Specify your expectations on them (How many times will a method be called? With what arguments? What should it do? etc.).
1. Exercise some code that uses the mocks; optionally, check the result using Google Test assertions. If a mock method is called more than expected or with wrong arguments, you'll get an error immediately.
1. When a mock is destructed, Google Mock will automatically check whether all expectations on it have been satisfied.
Here's an example:
```
#include "path/to/mock-turtle.h"
#include <gmock/gmock.h>
#include <gtest/gtest.h>
using ::testing::AtLeast; // #1
TEST(PainterTest, CanDrawSomething) {
MockTurtle turtle; // #2
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenDown()) // #3
.Times(AtLeast(1));
Painter painter(&turtle); // #4
EXPECT_TRUE(painter.DrawCircle(0, 0, 10));
} // #5
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// The following line must be executed to initialize Google Mock
// (and Google Test) before running the tests.
::testing::InitGoogleMock(&argc, argv);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}
```
As you might have guessed, this test checks that `PenDown()` is called at least once. If the `painter` object didn't call this method, your test will fail with a message like this:
```
path/to/my_test.cc:119: Failure
Actual function call count doesn't match this expectation:
Actually: never called;
Expected: called at least once.
```
**Tip 1:** If you run the test from an Emacs buffer, you can hit `<Enter>` on the line number displayed in the error message to jump right to the failed expectation.
**Tip 2:** If your mock objects are never deleted, the final verification won't happen. Therefore it's a good idea to use a heap leak checker in your tests when you allocate mocks on the heap.
**Important note:** Google Mock requires expectations to be set **before** the mock functions are called, otherwise the behavior is **undefined**. In particular, you mustn't interleave `EXPECT_CALL()`s and calls to the mock functions.
This means `EXPECT_CALL()` should be read as expecting that a call will occur _in the future_, not that a call has occurred. Why does Google Mock work like that? Well, specifying the expectation beforehand allows Google Mock to report a violation as soon as it arises, when the context (stack trace, etc) is still available. This makes debugging much easier.
Admittedly, this test is contrived and doesn't do much. You can easily achieve the same effect without using Google Mock. However, as we shall reveal soon, Google Mock allows you to do _much more_ with the mocks.
## Using Google Mock with Any Testing Framework ##
If you want to use something other than Google Test (e.g. [CppUnit](http://apps.sourceforge.net/mediawiki/cppunit/index.php?title=Main_Page) or
[CxxTest](http://cxxtest.tigris.org/)) as your testing framework, just change the `main()` function in the previous section to:
```
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// The following line causes Google Mock to throw an exception on failure,
// which will be interpreted by your testing framework as a test failure.
::testing::GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure) = true;
::testing::InitGoogleMock(&argc, argv);
... whatever your testing framework requires ...
}
```
This approach has a catch: it makes Google Mock throw an exception
from a mock object's destructor sometimes. With some compilers, this
sometimes causes the test program to crash. You'll still be able to
notice that the test has failed, but it's not a graceful failure.
A better solution is to use Google Test's
[event listener API](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/GoogleTestAdvancedGuide#Extending_Google_Test_by_Handling_Test_Events)
to report a test failure to your testing framework properly. You'll need to
implement the `OnTestPartResult()` method of the event listener interface, but it
should be straightforward.
If this turns out to be too much work, we suggest that you stick with
Google Test, which works with Google Mock seamlessly (in fact, it is
technically part of Google Mock.). If there is a reason that you
cannot use Google Test, please let us know.
# Setting Expectations #
The key to using a mock object successfully is to set the _right expectations_ on it. If you set the expectations too strict, your test will fail as the result of unrelated changes. If you set them too loose, bugs can slip through. You want to do it just right such that your test can catch exactly the kind of bugs you intend it to catch. Google Mock provides the necessary means for you to do it "just right."
## General Syntax ##
In Google Mock we use the `EXPECT_CALL()` macro to set an expectation on a mock method. The general syntax is:
```
EXPECT_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.Times(cardinality)
.WillOnce(action)
.WillRepeatedly(action);
```
The macro has two arguments: first the mock object, and then the method and its arguments. Note that the two are separated by a comma (`,`), not a period (`.`). (Why using a comma? The answer is that it was necessary for technical reasons.)
The macro can be followed by some optional _clauses_ that provide more information about the expectation. We'll discuss how each clause works in the coming sections.
This syntax is designed to make an expectation read like English. For example, you can probably guess that
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.Times(5)
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(150))
.WillRepeatedly(Return(200));
```
says that the `turtle` object's `GetX()` method will be called five times, it will return 100 the first time, 150 the second time, and then 200 every time. Some people like to call this style of syntax a Domain-Specific Language (DSL).
**Note:** Why do we use a macro to do this? It serves two purposes: first it makes expectations easily identifiable (either by `grep` or by a human reader), and second it allows Google Mock to include the source file location of a failed expectation in messages, making debugging easier.
## Matchers: What Arguments Do We Expect? ##
When a mock function takes arguments, we must specify what arguments we are expecting; for example:
```
// Expects the turtle to move forward by 100 units.
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(100));
```
Sometimes you may not want to be too specific (Remember that talk about tests being too rigid? Over specification leads to brittle tests and obscures the intent of tests. Therefore we encourage you to specify only what's necessary - no more, no less.). If you care to check that `Forward()` will be called but aren't interested in its actual argument, write `_` as the argument, which means "anything goes":
```
using ::testing::_;
...
// Expects the turtle to move forward.
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(_));
```
`_` is an instance of what we call **matchers**. A matcher is like a predicate and can test whether an argument is what we'd expect. You can use a matcher inside `EXPECT_CALL()` wherever a function argument is expected.
A list of built-in matchers can be found in the [CheatSheet](V1_5_CheatSheet.md). For example, here's the `Ge` (greater than or equal) matcher:
```
using ::testing::Ge;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(Ge(100)));
```
This checks that the turtle will be told to go forward by at least 100 units.
## Cardinalities: How Many Times Will It Be Called? ##
The first clause we can specify following an `EXPECT_CALL()` is `Times()`. We call its argument a **cardinality** as it tells _how many times_ the call should occur. It allows us to repeat an expectation many times without actually writing it as many times. More importantly, a cardinality can be "fuzzy", just like a matcher can be. This allows a user to express the intent of a test exactly.
An interesting special case is when we say `Times(0)`. You may have guessed - it means that the function shouldn't be called with the given arguments at all, and Google Mock will report a Google Test failure whenever the function is (wrongfully) called.
We've seen `AtLeast(n)` as an example of fuzzy cardinalities earlier. For the list of built-in cardinalities you can use, see the [CheatSheet](V1_5_CheatSheet.md).
The `Times()` clause can be omitted. **If you omit `Times()`, Google Mock will infer the cardinality for you.** The rules are easy to remember:
* If **neither** `WillOnce()` **nor** `WillRepeatedly()` is in the `EXPECT_CALL()`, the inferred cardinality is `Times(1)`.
* If there are `n WillOnce()`'s but **no** `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 1, the cardinality is `Times(n)`.
* If there are `n WillOnce()`'s and **one** `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 0, the cardinality is `Times(AtLeast(n))`.
**Quick quiz:** what do you think will happen if a function is expected to be called twice but actually called four times?
## Actions: What Should It Do? ##
Remember that a mock object doesn't really have a working implementation? We as users have to tell it what to do when a method is invoked. This is easy in Google Mock.
First, if the return type of a mock function is a built-in type or a pointer, the function has a **default action** (a `void` function will just return, a `bool` function will return `false`, and other functions will return 0). If you don't say anything, this behavior will be used.
Second, if a mock function doesn't have a default action, or the default action doesn't suit you, you can specify the action to be taken each time the expectation matches using a series of `WillOnce()` clauses followed by an optional `WillRepeatedly()`. For example,
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(200))
.WillOnce(Return(300));
```
This says that `turtle.GetX()` will be called _exactly three times_ (Google Mock inferred this from how many `WillOnce()` clauses we've written, since we didn't explicitly write `Times()`), and will return 100, 200, and 300 respectively.
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetY())
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(200))
.WillRepeatedly(Return(300));
```
says that `turtle.GetY()` will be called _at least twice_ (Google Mock knows this as we've written two `WillOnce()` clauses and a `WillRepeatedly()` while having no explicit `Times()`), will return 100 the first time, 200 the second time, and 300 from the third time on.
Of course, if you explicitly write a `Times()`, Google Mock will not try to infer the cardinality itself. What if the number you specified is larger than there are `WillOnce()` clauses? Well, after all `WillOnce()`s are used up, Google Mock will do the _default_ action for the function every time (unless, of course, you have a `WillRepeatedly()`.).
What can we do inside `WillOnce()` besides `Return()`? You can return a reference using `ReturnRef(variable)`, or invoke a pre-defined function, among [others](V1_5_CheatSheet#Actions.md).
**Important note:** The `EXPECT_CALL()` statement evaluates the action clause only once, even though the action may be performed many times. Therefore you must be careful about side effects. The following may not do what you want:
```
int n = 100;
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.Times(4)
.WillOnce(Return(n++));
```
Instead of returning 100, 101, 102, ..., consecutively, this mock function will always return 100 as `n++` is only evaluated once. Similarly, `Return(new Foo)` will create a new `Foo` object when the `EXPECT_CALL()` is executed, and will return the same pointer every time. If you want the side effect to happen every time, you need to define a custom action, which we'll teach in the [CookBook](V1_5_CookBook.md).
Time for another quiz! What do you think the following means?
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetY())
.Times(4)
.WillOnce(Return(100));
```
Obviously `turtle.GetY()` is expected to be called four times. But if you think it will return 100 every time, think twice! Remember that one `WillOnce()` clause will be consumed each time the function is invoked and the default action will be taken afterwards. So the right answer is that `turtle.GetY()` will return 100 the first time, but **return 0 from the second time on**, as returning 0 is the default action for `int` functions.
## Using Multiple Expectations ##
So far we've only shown examples where you have a single expectation. More realistically, you're going to specify expectations on multiple mock methods, which may be from multiple mock objects.
By default, when a mock method is invoked, Google Mock will search the expectations in the **reverse order** they are defined, and stop when an active expectation that matches the arguments is found (you can think of it as "newer rules override older ones."). If the matching expectation cannot take any more calls, you will get an upper-bound-violated failure. Here's an example:
```
using ::testing::_;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(_)); // #1
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(10)) // #2
.Times(2);
```
If `Forward(10)` is called three times in a row, the third time it will be an error, as the last matching expectation (#2) has been saturated. If, however, the third `Forward(10)` call is replaced by `Forward(20)`, then it would be OK, as now #1 will be the matching expectation.
**Side note:** Why does Google Mock search for a match in the _reverse_ order of the expectations? The reason is that this allows a user to set up the default expectations in a mock object's constructor or the test fixture's set-up phase and then customize the mock by writing more specific expectations in the test body. So, if you have two expectations on the same method, you want to put the one with more specific matchers **after** the other, or the more specific rule would be shadowed by the more general one that comes after it.
## Ordered vs Unordered Calls ##
By default, an expectation can match a call even though an earlier expectation hasn't been satisfied. In other words, the calls don't have to occur in the order the expectations are specified.
Sometimes, you may want all the expected calls to occur in a strict order. To say this in Google Mock is easy:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;...
TEST(FooTest, DrawsLineSegment) {
...
{
InSequence dummy;
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenDown());
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(100));
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenUp());
}
Foo();
}
```
By creating an object of type `InSequence`, all expectations in its scope are put into a _sequence_ and have to occur _sequentially_. Since we are just relying on the constructor and destructor of this object to do the actual work, its name is really irrelevant.
In this example, we test that `Foo()` calls the three expected functions in the order as written. If a call is made out-of-order, it will be an error.
(What if you care about the relative order of some of the calls, but not all of them? Can you specify an arbitrary partial order? The answer is ... yes! If you are impatient, the details can be found in the [CookBook](V1_5_CookBook.md).)
## All Expectations Are Sticky (Unless Said Otherwise) ##
Now let's do a quick quiz to see how well you can use this mock stuff already. How would you test that the turtle is asked to go to the origin _exactly twice_ (you want to ignore any other instructions it receives)?
After you've come up with your answer, take a look at ours and compare notes (solve it yourself first - don't cheat!):
```
using ::testing::_;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GoTo(_, _)) // #1
.Times(AnyNumber());
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GoTo(0, 0)) // #2
.Times(2);
```
Suppose `turtle.GoTo(0, 0)` is called three times. In the third time, Google Mock will see that the arguments match expectation #2 (remember that we always pick the last matching expectation). Now, since we said that there should be only two such calls, Google Mock will report an error immediately. This is basically what we've told you in the "Using Multiple Expectations" section above.
This example shows that **expectations in Google Mock are "sticky" by default**, in the sense that they remain active even after we have reached their invocation upper bounds. This is an important rule to remember, as it affects the meaning of the spec, and is **different** to how it's done in many other mocking frameworks (Why'd we do that? Because we think our rule makes the common cases easier to express and understand.).
Simple? Let's see if you've really understood it: what does the following code say?
```
using ::testing::Return;
...
for (int i = n; i > 0; i--) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i));
}
```
If you think it says that `turtle.GetX()` will be called `n` times and will return 10, 20, 30, ..., consecutively, think twice! The problem is that, as we said, expectations are sticky. So, the second time `turtle.GetX()` is called, the last (latest) `EXPECT_CALL()` statement will match, and will immediately lead to an "upper bound exceeded" error - this piece of code is not very useful!
One correct way of saying that `turtle.GetX()` will return 10, 20, 30, ..., is to explicitly say that the expectations are _not_ sticky. In other words, they should _retire_ as soon as they are saturated:
```
using ::testing::Return;
...
for (int i = n; i > 0; i--) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
```
And, there's a better way to do it: in this case, we expect the calls to occur in a specific order, and we line up the actions to match the order. Since the order is important here, we should make it explicit using a sequence:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;
using ::testing::Return;
...
{
InSequence s;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
}
```
By the way, the other situation where an expectation may _not_ be sticky is when it's in a sequence - as soon as another expectation that comes after it in the sequence has been used, it automatically retires (and will never be used to match any call).
## Uninteresting Calls ##
A mock object may have many methods, and not all of them are that interesting. For example, in some tests we may not care about how many times `GetX()` and `GetY()` get called.
In Google Mock, if you are not interested in a method, just don't say anything about it. If a call to this method occurs, you'll see a warning in the test output, but it won't be a failure.
# What Now? #
Congratulations! You've learned enough about Google Mock to start using it. Now, you might want to join the [googlemock](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) discussion group and actually write some tests using Google Mock - it will be fun. Hey, it may even be addictive - you've been warned.
Then, if you feel like increasing your mock quotient, you should move on to the [CookBook](V1_5_CookBook.md). You can learn many advanced features of Google Mock there -- and advance your level of enjoyment and testing bliss.

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@ -0,0 +1,624 @@
Please send your questions to the
[googlemock](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) discussion
group. If you need help with compiler errors, make sure you have
tried [Google Mock Doctor](#How_am_I_supposed_to_make_sense_of_these_horrible_template_error.md) first.
## I wrote some matchers. After I upgraded to a new version of Google Mock, they no longer compile. What's going on? ##
After version 1.4.0 of Google Mock was released, we had an idea on how
to make it easier to write matchers that can generate informative
messages efficiently. We experimented with this idea and liked what
we saw. Therefore we decided to implement it.
Unfortunately, this means that if you have defined your own matchers
by implementing `MatcherInterface` or using `MakePolymorphicMatcher()`,
your definitions will no longer compile. Matchers defined using the
`MATCHER*` family of macros are not affected.
Sorry for the hassle if your matchers are affected. We believe it's
in everyone's long-term interest to make this change sooner than
later. Fortunately, it's usually not hard to migrate an existing
matcher to the new API. Here's what you need to do:
If you wrote your matcher like this:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
you'll need to change it to:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
(i.e. rename `Matches()` to `MatchAndExplain()` and give it a second
argument of type `MatchResultListener*`.)
If you were also using `ExplainMatchResultTo()` to improve the matcher
message:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the lastest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(MyType value,
::std::ostream* os) const {
// Prints some helpful information to os to help
// a user understand why value matches (or doesn't match).
*os << "the Foo property is " << value.GetFoo();
}
...
};
```
you should move the logic of `ExplainMatchResultTo()` into
`MatchAndExplain()`, using the `MatchResultListener` argument where
the `::std::ostream` was used:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
*listener << "the Foo property is " << value.GetFoo();
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
If your matcher is defined using `MakePolymorphicMatcher()`:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
you should rename the `Matches()` method to `MatchAndExplain()` and
add a `MatchResultListener*` argument (the same as what you need to do
for matchers defined by implementing `MatcherInterface`):
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
If your polymorphic matcher uses `ExplainMatchResultTo()` for better
failure messages:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
void ExplainMatchResultTo(const MyGreatMatcher& matcher,
MyType value,
::std::ostream* os) {
// Prints some helpful information to os to help
// a user understand why value matches (or doesn't match).
*os << "the Bar property is " << value.GetBar();
}
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
you'll need to move the logic inside `ExplainMatchResultTo()` to
`MatchAndExplain()`:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
*listener << "the Bar property is " << value.GetBar();
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
For more information, you can read these
[two](V1_5_CookBook#Writing_New_Monomorphic_Matchers.md)
[recipes](V1_5_CookBook#Writing_New_Polymorphic_Matchers.md)
from the cookbook. As always, you
are welcome to post questions on `googlemock@googlegroups.com` if you
need any help.
## When using Google Mock, do I have to use Google Test as the testing framework? I have my favorite testing framework and don't want to switch. ##
Google Mock works out of the box with Google Test. However, it's easy
to configure it to work with any testing framework of your choice.
[Here](V1_5_ForDummies#Using_Google_Mock_with_Any_Testing_Framework.md) is how.
## How am I supposed to make sense of these horrible template errors? ##
If you are confused by the compiler errors gcc threw at you,
try consulting the _Google Mock Doctor_ tool first. What it does is to
scan stdin for gcc error messages, and spit out diagnoses on the
problems (we call them diseases) your code has.
To "install", run command:
```
alias gmd='<path to googlemock>/scripts/gmock_doctor.py'
```
To use it, do:
```
<your-favorite-build-command> <your-test> 2>&1 | gmd
```
For example:
```
make my_test 2>&1 | gmd
```
Or you can run `gmd` and copy-n-paste gcc's error messages to it.
## Can I mock a variadic function? ##
You cannot mock a variadic function (i.e. a function taking ellipsis
(`...`) arguments) directly in Google Mock.
The problem is that in general, there is _no way_ for a mock object to
know how many arguments are passed to the variadic method, and what
the arguments' types are. Only the _author of the base class_ knows
the protocol, and we cannot look into his head.
Therefore, to mock such a function, the _user_ must teach the mock
object how to figure out the number of arguments and their types. One
way to do it is to provide overloaded versions of the function.
Ellipsis arguments are inherited from C and not really a C++ feature.
They are unsafe to use and don't work with arguments that have
constructors or destructors. Therefore we recommend to avoid them in
C++ as much as possible.
## MSVC gives me warning C4301 or C4373 when I define a mock method with a const parameter. Why? ##
If you compile this using Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 SP1:
```
class Foo {
...
virtual void Bar(const int i) = 0;
};
class MockFoo : public Foo {
...
MOCK_METHOD1(Bar, void(const int i));
};
```
You may get the following warning:
```
warning C4301: 'MockFoo::Bar': overriding virtual function only differs from 'Foo::Bar' by const/volatile qualifier
```
This is a MSVC bug. The same code compiles fine with gcc ,for
example. If you use Visual C++ 2008 SP1, you would get the warning:
```
warning C4373: 'MockFoo::Bar': virtual function overrides 'Foo::Bar', previous versions of the compiler did not override when parameters only differed by const/volatile qualifiers
```
In C++, if you _declare_ a function with a `const` parameter, the
`const` modifier is _ignored_. Therefore, the `Foo` base class above
is equivalent to:
```
class Foo {
...
virtual void Bar(int i) = 0; // int or const int? Makes no difference.
};
```
In fact, you can _declare_ Bar() with an `int` parameter, and _define_
it with a `const int` parameter. The compiler will still match them
up.
Since making a parameter `const` is meaningless in the method
_declaration_, we recommend to remove it in both `Foo` and `MockFoo`.
That should workaround the VC bug.
Note that we are talking about the _top-level_ `const` modifier here.
If the function parameter is passed by pointer or reference, declaring
the _pointee_ or _referee_ as `const` is still meaningful. For
example, the following two declarations are _not_ equivalent:
```
void Bar(int* p); // Neither p nor *p is const.
void Bar(const int* p); // p is not const, but *p is.
```
## I have a huge mock class, and Microsoft Visual C++ runs out of memory when compiling it. What can I do? ##
We've noticed that when the `/clr` compiler flag is used, Visual C++
uses 5~6 times as much memory when compiling a mock class. We suggest
to avoid `/clr` when compiling native C++ mocks.
## I can't figure out why Google Mock thinks my expectations are not satisfied. What should I do? ##
You might want to run your test with
`--gmock_verbose=info`. This flag lets Google Mock print a trace
of every mock function call it receives. By studying the trace,
you'll gain insights on why the expectations you set are not met.
## How can I assert that a function is NEVER called? ##
```
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.Times(0);
```
## I have a failed test where Google Mock tells me TWICE that a particular expectation is not satisfied. Isn't this redundant? ##
When Google Mock detects a failure, it prints relevant information
(the mock function arguments, the state of relevant expectations, and
etc) to help the user debug. If another failure is detected, Google
Mock will do the same, including printing the state of relevant
expectations.
Sometimes an expectation's state didn't change between two failures,
and you'll see the same description of the state twice. They are
however _not_ redundant, as they refer to _different points in time_.
The fact they are the same _is_ interesting information.
## I get a heap check failure when using a mock object, but using a real object is fine. What can be wrong? ##
Does the class (hopefully a pure interface) you are mocking have a
virtual destructor?
Whenever you derive from a base class, make sure its destructor is
virtual. Otherwise Bad Things will happen. Consider the following
code:
```
class Base {
public:
// Not virtual, but should be.
~Base() { ... }
...
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
...
private:
std::string value_;
};
...
Base* p = new Derived;
...
delete p; // Surprise! ~Base() will be called, but ~Derived() will not
// - value_ is leaked.
```
By changing `~Base()` to virtual, `~Derived()` will be correctly
called when `delete p` is executed, and the heap checker
will be happy.
## The "newer expectations override older ones" rule makes writing expectations awkward. Why does Google Mock do that? ##
When people complain about this, often they are referring to code like:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time. However, I have to write the expectations in the
// reverse order. This sucks big time!!!
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
```
The problem is that they didn't pick the **best** way to express the test's
intent.
By default, expectations don't have to be matched in _any_ particular
order. If you want them to match in a certain order, you need to be
explicit. This is Google Mock's (and jMock's) fundamental philosophy: it's
easy to accidentally over-specify your tests, and we want to make it
harder to do so.
There are two better ways to write the test spec. You could either
put the expectations in sequence:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time. Using a sequence, we can write the expectations
// in their natural order.
{
InSequence s;
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
```
or you can put the sequence of actions in the same expectation:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time.
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
```
Back to the original questions: why does Google Mock search the
expectations (and `ON_CALL`s) from back to front? Because this
allows a user to set up a mock's behavior for the common case early
(e.g. in the mock's constructor or the test fixture's set-up phase)
and customize it with more specific rules later. If Google Mock
searches from front to back, this very useful pattern won't be
possible.
## Google Mock prints a warning when a function without EXPECT\_CALL is called, even if I have set its behavior using ON\_CALL. Would it be reasonable not to show the warning in this case? ##
When choosing between being neat and being safe, we lean toward the
latter. So the answer is that we think it's better to show the
warning.
Often people write `ON_CALL`s in the mock object's
constructor or `SetUp()`, as the default behavior rarely changes from
test to test. Then in the test body they set the expectations, which
are often different for each test. Having an `ON_CALL` in the set-up
part of a test doesn't mean that the calls are expected. If there's
no `EXPECT_CALL` and the method is called, it's possibly an error. If
we quietly let the call go through without notifying the user, bugs
may creep in unnoticed.
If, however, you are sure that the calls are OK, you can write
```
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.WillRepeatedly(...);
```
instead of
```
ON_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.WillByDefault(...);
```
This tells Google Mock that you do expect the calls and no warning should be
printed.
Also, you can control the verbosity using the `--gmock_verbose` flag.
If you find the output too noisy when debugging, just choose a less
verbose level.
## How can I delete the mock function's argument in an action? ##
If you find yourself needing to perform some action that's not
supported by Google Mock directly, remember that you can define your own
actions using
[MakeAction()](V1_5_CookBook#Writing_New_Actions.md) or
[MakePolymorphicAction()](V1_5_CookBook#Writing_New_Polymorphic_Actions.md),
or you can write a stub function and invoke it using
[Invoke()](V1_5_CookBook#Using_Functions_Methods_Functors.md).
## MOCK\_METHODn()'s second argument looks funny. Why don't you use the MOCK\_METHODn(Method, return\_type, arg\_1, ..., arg\_n) syntax? ##
What?! I think it's beautiful. :-)
While which syntax looks more natural is a subjective matter to some
extent, Google Mock's syntax was chosen for several practical advantages it
has.
Try to mock a function that takes a map as an argument:
```
virtual int GetSize(const map<int, std::string>& m);
```
Using the proposed syntax, it would be:
```
MOCK_METHOD1(GetSize, int, const map<int, std::string>& m);
```
Guess what? You'll get a compiler error as the compiler thinks that
`const map<int, std::string>& m` are **two**, not one, arguments. To work
around this you can use `typedef` to give the map type a name, but
that gets in the way of your work. Google Mock's syntax avoids this
problem as the function's argument types are protected inside a pair
of parentheses:
```
// This compiles fine.
MOCK_METHOD1(GetSize, int(const map<int, std::string>& m));
```
You still need a `typedef` if the return type contains an unprotected
comma, but that's much rarer.
Other advantages include:
1. `MOCK_METHOD1(Foo, int, bool)` can leave a reader wonder whether the method returns `int` or `bool`, while there won't be such confusion using Google Mock's syntax.
1. The way Google Mock describes a function type is nothing new, although many people may not be familiar with it. The same syntax was used in C, and the `function` library in `tr1` uses this syntax extensively. Since `tr1` will become a part of the new version of STL, we feel very comfortable to be consistent with it.
1. The function type syntax is also used in other parts of Google Mock's API (e.g. the action interface) in order to make the implementation tractable. A user needs to learn it anyway in order to utilize Google Mock's more advanced features. We'd as well stick to the same syntax in `MOCK_METHOD*`!
## My code calls a static/global function. Can I mock it? ##
You can, but you need to make some changes.
In general, if you find yourself needing to mock a static function,
it's a sign that your modules are too tightly coupled (and less
flexible, less reusable, less testable, etc). You are probably better
off defining a small interface and call the function through that
interface, which then can be easily mocked. It's a bit of work
initially, but usually pays for itself quickly.
This Google Testing Blog
[post](http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2008/06/defeat-static-cling.html)
says it excellently. Check it out.
## My mock object needs to do complex stuff. It's a lot of pain to specify the actions. Google Mock sucks! ##
I know it's not a question, but you get an answer for free any way. :-)
With Google Mock, you can create mocks in C++ easily. And people might be
tempted to use them everywhere. Sometimes they work great, and
sometimes you may find them, well, a pain to use. So, what's wrong in
the latter case?
When you write a test without using mocks, you exercise the code and
assert that it returns the correct value or that the system is in an
expected state. This is sometimes called "state-based testing".
Mocks are great for what some call "interaction-based" testing:
instead of checking the system state at the very end, mock objects
verify that they are invoked the right way and report an error as soon
as it arises, giving you a handle on the precise context in which the
error was triggered. This is often more effective and economical to
do than state-based testing.
If you are doing state-based testing and using a test double just to
simulate the real object, you are probably better off using a fake.
Using a mock in this case causes pain, as it's not a strong point for
mocks to perform complex actions. If you experience this and think
that mocks suck, you are just not using the right tool for your
problem. Or, you might be trying to solve the wrong problem. :-)
## I got a warning "Uninteresting function call encountered - default action taken.." Should I panic? ##
By all means, NO! It's just an FYI.
What it means is that you have a mock function, you haven't set any
expectations on it (by Google Mock's rule this means that you are not
interested in calls to this function and therefore it can be called
any number of times), and it is called. That's OK - you didn't say
it's not OK to call the function!
What if you actually meant to disallow this function to be called, but
forgot to write `EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar()).Times(0)`? While
one can argue that it's the user's fault, Google Mock tries to be nice and
prints you a note.
So, when you see the message and believe that there shouldn't be any
uninteresting calls, you should investigate what's going on. To make
your life easier, Google Mock prints the function name and arguments
when an uninteresting call is encountered.
## I want to define a custom action. Should I use Invoke() or implement the action interface? ##
Either way is fine - you want to choose the one that's more convenient
for your circumstance.
Usually, if your action is for a particular function type, defining it
using `Invoke()` should be easier; if your action can be used in
functions of different types (e.g. if you are defining
`Return(value)`), `MakePolymorphicAction()` is
easiest. Sometimes you want precise control on what types of
functions the action can be used in, and implementing
`ActionInterface` is the way to go here. See the implementation of
`Return()` in `include/gmock/gmock-actions.h` for an example.
## I'm using the set-argument-pointee action, and the compiler complains about "conflicting return type specified". What does it mean? ##
You got this error as Google Mock has no idea what value it should return
when the mock method is called. `SetArgumentPointee()` says what the
side effect is, but doesn't say what the return value should be. You
need `DoAll()` to chain a `SetArgumentPointee()` with a `Return()`.
See this [recipe](V1_5_CookBook#Mocking_Side_Effects.md) for more details and an example.
## My question is not in your FAQ! ##
If you cannot find the answer to your question in this FAQ, there are
some other resources you can use:
1. read other [wiki pages](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/w/list),
1. search the mailing list [archive](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock/topics),
1. ask it on [googlemock@googlegroups.com](mailto:googlemock@googlegroups.com) and someone will answer it (to prevent spam, we require you to join the [discussion group](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) before you can post.).
Please note that creating an issue in the
[issue tracker](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/issues/list) is _not_
a good way to get your answer, as it is monitored infrequently by a
very small number of people.
When asking a question, it's helpful to provide as much of the
following information as possible (people cannot help you if there's
not enough information in your question):
* the version (or the revision number if you check out from SVN directly) of Google Mock you use (Google Mock is under active development, so it's possible that your problem has been solved in a later version),
* your operating system,
* the name and version of your compiler,
* the complete command line flags you give to your compiler,
* the complete compiler error messages (if the question is about compilation),
* the _actual_ code (ideally, a minimal but complete program) that has the problem you encounter.

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# Defining a Mock Class #
## Mocking a Normal Class ##
Given
```
class Foo {
...
virtual ~Foo();
virtual int GetSize() const = 0;
virtual string Describe(const char* name) = 0;
virtual string Describe(int type) = 0;
virtual bool Process(Bar elem, int count) = 0;
};
```
(note that `~Foo()` **must** be virtual) we can define its mock as
```
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
class MockFoo : public Foo {
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetSize, int());
MOCK_METHOD1(Describe, string(const char* name));
MOCK_METHOD1(Describe, string(int type));
MOCK_METHOD2(Process, bool(Bar elem, int count));
};
```
To create a "nice" mock object which ignores all uninteresting calls,
or a "strict" mock object, which treats them as failures:
```
NiceMock<MockFoo> nice_foo; // The type is a subclass of MockFoo.
StrictMock<MockFoo> strict_foo; // The type is a subclass of MockFoo.
```
## Mocking a Class Template ##
To mock
```
template <typename Elem>
class StackInterface {
public:
...
virtual ~StackInterface();
virtual int GetSize() const = 0;
virtual void Push(const Elem& x) = 0;
};
```
(note that `~StackInterface()` **must** be virtual) just append `_T` to the `MOCK_*` macros:
```
template <typename Elem>
class MockStack : public StackInterface<Elem> {
public:
...
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0_T(GetSize, int());
MOCK_METHOD1_T(Push, void(const Elem& x));
};
```
## Specifying Calling Conventions for Mock Functions ##
If your mock function doesn't use the default calling convention, you
can specify it by appending `_WITH_CALLTYPE` to any of the macros
described in the previous two sections and supplying the calling
convention as the first argument to the macro. For example,
```
MOCK_METHOD_1_WITH_CALLTYPE(STDMETHODCALLTYPE, Foo, bool(int n));
MOCK_CONST_METHOD2_WITH_CALLTYPE(STDMETHODCALLTYPE, Bar, int(double x, double y));
```
where `STDMETHODCALLTYPE` is defined by `<objbase.h>` on Windows.
# Using Mocks in Tests #
The typical flow is:
1. Import the Google Mock names you need to use. All Google Mock names are in the `testing` namespace unless they are macros or otherwise noted.
1. Create the mock objects.
1. Optionally, set the default actions of the mock objects.
1. Set your expectations on the mock objects (How will they be called? What wil they do?).
1. Exercise code that uses the mock objects; if necessary, check the result using [Google Test](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/) assertions.
1. When a mock objects is destructed, Google Mock automatically verifies that all expectations on it have been satisfied.
Here is an example:
```
using ::testing::Return; // #1
TEST(BarTest, DoesThis) {
MockFoo foo; // #2
ON_CALL(foo, GetSize()) // #3
.WillByDefault(Return(1));
// ... other default actions ...
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Describe(5)) // #4
.Times(3)
.WillRepeatedly(Return("Category 5"));
// ... other expectations ...
EXPECT_EQ("good", MyProductionFunction(&foo)); // #5
} // #6
```
# Setting Default Actions #
Google Mock has a **built-in default action** for any function that
returns `void`, `bool`, a numeric value, or a pointer.
To customize the default action for functions with return type `T` globally:
```
using ::testing::DefaultValue;
DefaultValue<T>::Set(value); // Sets the default value to be returned.
// ... use the mocks ...
DefaultValue<T>::Clear(); // Resets the default value.
```
To customize the default action for a particular method, use `ON_CALL()`:
```
ON_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.With(multi_argument_matcher) ?
.WillByDefault(action);
```
# Setting Expectations #
`EXPECT_CALL()` sets **expectations** on a mock method (How will it be
called? What will it do?):
```
EXPECT_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.With(multi_argument_matcher) ?
.Times(cardinality) ?
.InSequence(sequences) *
.After(expectations) *
.WillOnce(action) *
.WillRepeatedly(action) ?
.RetiresOnSaturation(); ?
```
If `Times()` is omitted, the cardinality is assumed to be:
* `Times(1)` when there is neither `WillOnce()` nor `WillRepeatedly()`;
* `Times(n)` when there are `n WillOnce()`s but no `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 1; or
* `Times(AtLeast(n))` when there are `n WillOnce()`s and a `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 0.
A method with no `EXPECT_CALL()` is free to be invoked _any number of times_, and the default action will be taken each time.
# Matchers #
A **matcher** matches a _single_ argument. You can use it inside
`ON_CALL()` or `EXPECT_CALL()`, or use it to validate a value
directly:
| `EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher)` | Asserts that `value` matches `matcher`. |
|:------------------------------|:----------------------------------------|
| `ASSERT_THAT(value, matcher)` | The same as `EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher)`, except that it generates a **fatal** failure. |
Built-in matchers (where `argument` is the function argument) are
divided into several categories:
## Wildcard ##
|`_`|`argument` can be any value of the correct type.|
|:--|:-----------------------------------------------|
|`A<type>()` or `An<type>()`|`argument` can be any value of type `type`. |
## Generic Comparison ##
|`Eq(value)` or `value`|`argument == value`|
|:---------------------|:------------------|
|`Ge(value)` |`argument >= value`|
|`Gt(value)` |`argument > value` |
|`Le(value)` |`argument <= value`|
|`Lt(value)` |`argument < value` |
|`Ne(value)` |`argument != value`|
|`IsNull()` |`argument` is a `NULL` pointer (raw or smart).|
|`NotNull()` |`argument` is a non-null pointer (raw or smart).|
|`Ref(variable)` |`argument` is a reference to `variable`.|
|`TypedEq<type>(value)`|`argument` has type `type` and is equal to `value`. You may need to use this instead of `Eq(value)` when the mock function is overloaded.|
Except `Ref()`, these matchers make a _copy_ of `value` in case it's
modified or destructed later. If the compiler complains that `value`
doesn't have a public copy constructor, try wrap it in `ByRef()`,
e.g. `Eq(ByRef(non_copyable_value))`. If you do that, make sure
`non_copyable_value` is not changed afterwards, or the meaning of your
matcher will be changed.
## Floating-Point Matchers ##
|`DoubleEq(a_double)`|`argument` is a `double` value approximately equal to `a_double`, treating two NaNs as unequal.|
|:-------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`FloatEq(a_float)` |`argument` is a `float` value approximately equal to `a_float`, treating two NaNs as unequal. |
|`NanSensitiveDoubleEq(a_double)`|`argument` is a `double` value approximately equal to `a_double`, treating two NaNs as equal. |
|`NanSensitiveFloatEq(a_float)`|`argument` is a `float` value approximately equal to `a_float`, treating two NaNs as equal. |
These matchers use ULP-based comparison (the same as used in
[Google Test](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/)). They
automatically pick a reasonable error bound based on the absolute
value of the expected value. `DoubleEq()` and `FloatEq()` conform to
the IEEE standard, which requires comparing two NaNs for equality to
return false. The `NanSensitive*` version instead treats two NaNs as
equal, which is often what a user wants.
## String Matchers ##
The `argument` can be either a C string or a C++ string object:
|`ContainsRegex(string)`|`argument` matches the given regular expression.|
|:----------------------|:-----------------------------------------------|
|`EndsWith(suffix)` |`argument` ends with string `suffix`. |
|`HasSubstr(string)` |`argument` contains `string` as a sub-string. |
|`MatchesRegex(string)` |`argument` matches the given regular expression with the match starting at the first character and ending at the last character.|
|`StartsWith(prefix)` |`argument` starts with string `prefix`. |
|`StrCaseEq(string)` |`argument` is equal to `string`, ignoring case. |
|`StrCaseNe(string)` |`argument` is not equal to `string`, ignoring case.|
|`StrEq(string)` |`argument` is equal to `string`. |
|`StrNe(string)` |`argument` is not equal to `string`. |
`ContainsRegex()` and `MatchesRegex()` use the regular expression
syntax defined
[here](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/V1_6_AdvancedGuide#Regular_Expression_Syntax).
`StrCaseEq()`, `StrCaseNe()`, `StrEq()`, and `StrNe()` work for wide
strings as well.
## Container Matchers ##
Most STL-style containers support `==`, so you can use
`Eq(expected_container)` or simply `expected_container` to match a
container exactly. If you want to write the elements in-line,
match them more flexibly, or get more informative messages, you can use:
| `Contains(e)` | `argument` contains an element that matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. |
|:--------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `Each(e)` | `argument` is a container where _every_ element matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. |
| `ElementsAre(e0, e1, ..., en)` | `argument` has `n + 1` elements, where the i-th element matches `ei`, which can be a value or a matcher. 0 to 10 arguments are allowed. |
| `ElementsAreArray(array)` or `ElementsAreArray(array, count)` | The same as `ElementsAre()` except that the expected element values/matchers come from a C-style array. |
| `ContainerEq(container)` | The same as `Eq(container)` except that the failure message also includes which elements are in one container but not the other. |
| `Pointwise(m, container)` | `argument` contains the same number of elements as in `container`, and for all i, (the i-th element in `argument`, the i-th element in `container`) match `m`, which is a matcher on 2-tuples. E.g. `Pointwise(Le(), upper_bounds)` verifies that each element in `argument` doesn't exceed the corresponding element in `upper_bounds`. |
These matchers can also match:
1. a native array passed by reference (e.g. in `Foo(const int (&a)[5])`), and
1. an array passed as a pointer and a count (e.g. in `Bar(const T* buffer, int len)` -- see [Multi-argument Matchers](#Multiargument_Matchers.md)).
where the array may be multi-dimensional (i.e. its elements can be arrays).
## Member Matchers ##
|`Field(&class::field, m)`|`argument.field` (or `argument->field` when `argument` is a plain pointer) matches matcher `m`, where `argument` is an object of type _class_.|
|:------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Key(e)` |`argument.first` matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. E.g. `Contains(Key(Le(5)))` can verify that a `map` contains a key `<= 5`.|
|`Pair(m1, m2)` |`argument` is an `std::pair` whose `first` field matches `m1` and `second` field matches `m2`. |
|`Property(&class::property, m)`|`argument.property()` (or `argument->property()` when `argument` is a plain pointer) matches matcher `m`, where `argument` is an object of type _class_.|
## Matching the Result of a Function or Functor ##
|`ResultOf(f, m)`|`f(argument)` matches matcher `m`, where `f` is a function or functor.|
|:---------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------|
## Pointer Matchers ##
|`Pointee(m)`|`argument` (either a smart pointer or a raw pointer) points to a value that matches matcher `m`.|
|:-----------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
## Multiargument Matchers ##
Technically, all matchers match a _single_ value. A "multi-argument"
matcher is just one that matches a _tuple_. The following matchers can
be used to match a tuple `(x, y)`:
|`Eq()`|`x == y`|
|:-----|:-------|
|`Ge()`|`x >= y`|
|`Gt()`|`x > y` |
|`Le()`|`x <= y`|
|`Lt()`|`x < y` |
|`Ne()`|`x != y`|
You can use the following selectors to pick a subset of the arguments
(or reorder them) to participate in the matching:
|`AllArgs(m)`|Equivalent to `m`. Useful as syntactic sugar in `.With(AllArgs(m))`.|
|:-----------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Args<N1, N2, ..., Nk>(m)`|The tuple of the `k` selected (using 0-based indices) arguments matches `m`, e.g. `Args<1, 2>(Eq())`.|
## Composite Matchers ##
You can make a matcher from one or more other matchers:
|`AllOf(m1, m2, ..., mn)`|`argument` matches all of the matchers `m1` to `mn`.|
|:-----------------------|:---------------------------------------------------|
|`AnyOf(m1, m2, ..., mn)`|`argument` matches at least one of the matchers `m1` to `mn`.|
|`Not(m)` |`argument` doesn't match matcher `m`. |
## Adapters for Matchers ##
|`MatcherCast<T>(m)`|casts matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`.|
|:------------------|:--------------------------------------|
|`SafeMatcherCast<T>(m)`| [safely casts](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CookBook#Casting_Matchers) matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`. |
|`Truly(predicate)` |`predicate(argument)` returns something considered by C++ to be true, where `predicate` is a function or functor.|
## Matchers as Predicates ##
|`Matches(m)(value)`|evaluates to `true` if `value` matches `m`. You can use `Matches(m)` alone as a unary functor.|
|:------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`ExplainMatchResult(m, value, result_listener)`|evaluates to `true` if `value` matches `m`, explaining the result to `result_listener`. |
|`Value(value, m)` |evaluates to `true` if `value` matches `m`. |
## Defining Matchers ##
| `MATCHER(IsEven, "") { return (arg % 2) == 0; }` | Defines a matcher `IsEven()` to match an even number. |
|:-------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------|
| `MATCHER_P(IsDivisibleBy, n, "") { *result_listener << "where the remainder is " << (arg % n); return (arg % n) == 0; }` | Defines a macher `IsDivisibleBy(n)` to match a number divisible by `n`. |
| `MATCHER_P2(IsBetween, a, b, std::string(negation ? "isn't" : "is") + " between " + PrintToString(a) + " and " + PrintToString(b)) { return a <= arg && arg <= b; }` | Defines a matcher `IsBetween(a, b)` to match a value in the range [`a`, `b`]. |
**Notes:**
1. The `MATCHER*` macros cannot be used inside a function or class.
1. The matcher body must be _purely functional_ (i.e. it cannot have any side effect, and the result must not depend on anything other than the value being matched and the matcher parameters).
1. You can use `PrintToString(x)` to convert a value `x` of any type to a string.
## Matchers as Test Assertions ##
|`ASSERT_THAT(expression, m)`|Generates a [fatal failure](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/V1_6_Primer#Assertions) if the value of `expression` doesn't match matcher `m`.|
|:---------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`EXPECT_THAT(expression, m)`|Generates a non-fatal failure if the value of `expression` doesn't match matcher `m`. |
# Actions #
**Actions** specify what a mock function should do when invoked.
## Returning a Value ##
|`Return()`|Return from a `void` mock function.|
|:---------|:----------------------------------|
|`Return(value)`|Return `value`. If the type of `value` is different to the mock function's return type, `value` is converted to the latter type <i>at the time the expectation is set</i>, not when the action is executed.|
|`ReturnArg<N>()`|Return the `N`-th (0-based) argument.|
|`ReturnNew<T>(a1, ..., ak)`|Return `new T(a1, ..., ak)`; a different object is created each time.|
|`ReturnNull()`|Return a null pointer. |
|`ReturnPointee(ptr)`|Return the value pointed to by `ptr`.|
|`ReturnRef(variable)`|Return a reference to `variable`. |
|`ReturnRefOfCopy(value)`|Return a reference to a copy of `value`; the copy lives as long as the action.|
## Side Effects ##
|`Assign(&variable, value)`|Assign `value` to variable.|
|:-------------------------|:--------------------------|
| `DeleteArg<N>()` | Delete the `N`-th (0-based) argument, which must be a pointer. |
| `SaveArg<N>(pointer)` | Save the `N`-th (0-based) argument to `*pointer`. |
| `SaveArgPointee<N>(pointer)` | Save the value pointed to by the `N`-th (0-based) argument to `*pointer`. |
| `SetArgReferee<N>(value)` | Assign value to the variable referenced by the `N`-th (0-based) argument. |
|`SetArgPointee<N>(value)` |Assign `value` to the variable pointed by the `N`-th (0-based) argument.|
|`SetArgumentPointee<N>(value)`|Same as `SetArgPointee<N>(value)`. Deprecated. Will be removed in v1.7.0.|
|`SetArrayArgument<N>(first, last)`|Copies the elements in source range [`first`, `last`) to the array pointed to by the `N`-th (0-based) argument, which can be either a pointer or an iterator. The action does not take ownership of the elements in the source range.|
|`SetErrnoAndReturn(error, value)`|Set `errno` to `error` and return `value`.|
|`Throw(exception)` |Throws the given exception, which can be any copyable value. Available since v1.1.0.|
## Using a Function or a Functor as an Action ##
|`Invoke(f)`|Invoke `f` with the arguments passed to the mock function, where `f` can be a global/static function or a functor.|
|:----------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Invoke(object_pointer, &class::method)`|Invoke the {method on the object with the arguments passed to the mock function. |
|`InvokeWithoutArgs(f)`|Invoke `f`, which can be a global/static function or a functor. `f` must take no arguments. |
|`InvokeWithoutArgs(object_pointer, &class::method)`|Invoke the method on the object, which takes no arguments. |
|`InvokeArgument<N>(arg1, arg2, ..., argk)`|Invoke the mock function's `N`-th (0-based) argument, which must be a function or a functor, with the `k` arguments.|
The return value of the invoked function is used as the return value
of the action.
When defining a function or functor to be used with `Invoke*()`, you can declare any unused parameters as `Unused`:
```
double Distance(Unused, double x, double y) { return sqrt(x*x + y*y); }
...
EXPECT_CALL(mock, Foo("Hi", _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(Distance));
```
In `InvokeArgument<N>(...)`, if an argument needs to be passed by reference, wrap it inside `ByRef()`. For example,
```
InvokeArgument<2>(5, string("Hi"), ByRef(foo))
```
calls the mock function's #2 argument, passing to it `5` and `string("Hi")` by value, and `foo` by reference.
## Default Action ##
|`DoDefault()`|Do the default action (specified by `ON_CALL()` or the built-in one).|
|:------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------|
**Note:** due to technical reasons, `DoDefault()` cannot be used inside a composite action - trying to do so will result in a run-time error.
## Composite Actions ##
|`DoAll(a1, a2, ..., an)`|Do all actions `a1` to `an` and return the result of `an` in each invocation. The first `n - 1` sub-actions must return void. |
|:-----------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`IgnoreResult(a)` |Perform action `a` and ignore its result. `a` must not return void. |
|`WithArg<N>(a)` |Pass the `N`-th (0-based) argument of the mock function to action `a` and perform it. |
|`WithArgs<N1, N2, ..., Nk>(a)`|Pass the selected (0-based) arguments of the mock function to action `a` and perform it. |
|`WithoutArgs(a)` |Perform action `a` without any arguments. |
## Defining Actions ##
| `ACTION(Sum) { return arg0 + arg1; }` | Defines an action `Sum()` to return the sum of the mock function's argument #0 and #1. |
|:--------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `ACTION_P(Plus, n) { return arg0 + n; }` | Defines an action `Plus(n)` to return the sum of the mock function's argument #0 and `n`. |
| `ACTION_Pk(Foo, p1, ..., pk) { statements; }` | Defines a parameterized action `Foo(p1, ..., pk)` to execute the given `statements`. |
The `ACTION*` macros cannot be used inside a function or class.
# Cardinalities #
These are used in `Times()` to specify how many times a mock function will be called:
|`AnyNumber()`|The function can be called any number of times.|
|:------------|:----------------------------------------------|
|`AtLeast(n)` |The call is expected at least `n` times. |
|`AtMost(n)` |The call is expected at most `n` times. |
|`Between(m, n)`|The call is expected between `m` and `n` (inclusive) times.|
|`Exactly(n) or n`|The call is expected exactly `n` times. In particular, the call should never happen when `n` is 0.|
# Expectation Order #
By default, the expectations can be matched in _any_ order. If some
or all expectations must be matched in a given order, there are two
ways to specify it. They can be used either independently or
together.
## The After Clause ##
```
using ::testing::Expectation;
...
Expectation init_x = EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitX());
Expectation init_y = EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitY());
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.After(init_x, init_y);
```
says that `Bar()` can be called only after both `InitX()` and
`InitY()` have been called.
If you don't know how many pre-requisites an expectation has when you
write it, you can use an `ExpectationSet` to collect them:
```
using ::testing::ExpectationSet;
...
ExpectationSet all_inits;
for (int i = 0; i < element_count; i++) {
all_inits += EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitElement(i));
}
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.After(all_inits);
```
says that `Bar()` can be called only after all elements have been
initialized (but we don't care about which elements get initialized
before the others).
Modifying an `ExpectationSet` after using it in an `.After()` doesn't
affect the meaning of the `.After()`.
## Sequences ##
When you have a long chain of sequential expectations, it's easier to
specify the order using **sequences**, which don't require you to given
each expectation in the chain a different name. <i>All expected<br>
calls</i> in the same sequence must occur in the order they are
specified.
```
using ::testing::Sequence;
Sequence s1, s2;
...
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Reset())
.InSequence(s1, s2)
.WillOnce(Return(true));
EXPECT_CALL(foo, GetSize())
.InSequence(s1)
.WillOnce(Return(1));
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Describe(A<const char*>()))
.InSequence(s2)
.WillOnce(Return("dummy"));
```
says that `Reset()` must be called before _both_ `GetSize()` _and_
`Describe()`, and the latter two can occur in any order.
To put many expectations in a sequence conveniently:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;
{
InSequence dummy;
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
...
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
}
```
says that all expected calls in the scope of `dummy` must occur in
strict order. The name `dummy` is irrelevant.)
# Verifying and Resetting a Mock #
Google Mock will verify the expectations on a mock object when it is destructed, or you can do it earlier:
```
using ::testing::Mock;
...
// Verifies and removes the expectations on mock_obj;
// returns true iff successful.
Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&mock_obj);
...
// Verifies and removes the expectations on mock_obj;
// also removes the default actions set by ON_CALL();
// returns true iff successful.
Mock::VerifyAndClear(&mock_obj);
```
You can also tell Google Mock that a mock object can be leaked and doesn't
need to be verified:
```
Mock::AllowLeak(&mock_obj);
```
# Mock Classes #
Google Mock defines a convenient mock class template
```
class MockFunction<R(A1, ..., An)> {
public:
MOCK_METHODn(Call, R(A1, ..., An));
};
```
See this [recipe](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CookBook#Using_Check_Points) for one application of it.
# Flags #
| `--gmock_catch_leaked_mocks=0` | Don't report leaked mock objects as failures. |
|:-------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------|
| `--gmock_verbose=LEVEL` | Sets the default verbosity level (`info`, `warning`, or `error`) of Google Mock messages. |

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This page lists all documentation wiki pages for Google Mock **1.6**
- **if you use a released version of Google Mock, please read the documentation for that specific version instead.**
* [ForDummies](V1_6_ForDummies.md) -- start here if you are new to Google Mock.
* [CheatSheet](V1_6_CheatSheet.md) -- a quick reference.
* [CookBook](V1_6_CookBook.md) -- recipes for doing various tasks using Google Mock.
* [FrequentlyAskedQuestions](V1_6_FrequentlyAskedQuestions.md) -- check here before asking a question on the mailing list.
To contribute code to Google Mock, read:
* [DevGuide](DevGuide.md) -- read this _before_ writing your first patch.
* [Pump Manual](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/V1_6_PumpManual) -- how we generate some of Google Mock's source files.

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(**Note:** If you get compiler errors that you don't understand, be sure to consult [Google Mock Doctor](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_FrequentlyAskedQuestions#How_am_I_supposed_to_make_sense_of_these_horrible_template_error).)
# What Is Google C++ Mocking Framework? #
When you write a prototype or test, often it's not feasible or wise to rely on real objects entirely. A **mock object** implements the same interface as a real object (so it can be used as one), but lets you specify at run time how it will be used and what it should do (which methods will be called? in which order? how many times? with what arguments? what will they return? etc).
**Note:** It is easy to confuse the term _fake objects_ with mock objects. Fakes and mocks actually mean very different things in the Test-Driven Development (TDD) community:
* **Fake** objects have working implementations, but usually take some shortcut (perhaps to make the operations less expensive), which makes them not suitable for production. An in-memory file system would be an example of a fake.
* **Mocks** are objects pre-programmed with _expectations_, which form a specification of the calls they are expected to receive.
If all this seems too abstract for you, don't worry - the most important thing to remember is that a mock allows you to check the _interaction_ between itself and code that uses it. The difference between fakes and mocks will become much clearer once you start to use mocks.
**Google C++ Mocking Framework** (or **Google Mock** for short) is a library (sometimes we also call it a "framework" to make it sound cool) for creating mock classes and using them. It does to C++ what [jMock](http://www.jmock.org/) and [EasyMock](http://www.easymock.org/) do to Java.
Using Google Mock involves three basic steps:
1. Use some simple macros to describe the interface you want to mock, and they will expand to the implementation of your mock class;
1. Create some mock objects and specify its expectations and behavior using an intuitive syntax;
1. Exercise code that uses the mock objects. Google Mock will catch any violation of the expectations as soon as it arises.
# Why Google Mock? #
While mock objects help you remove unnecessary dependencies in tests and make them fast and reliable, using mocks manually in C++ is _hard_:
* Someone has to implement the mocks. The job is usually tedious and error-prone. No wonder people go great distance to avoid it.
* The quality of those manually written mocks is a bit, uh, unpredictable. You may see some really polished ones, but you may also see some that were hacked up in a hurry and have all sorts of ad hoc restrictions.
* The knowledge you gained from using one mock doesn't transfer to the next.
In contrast, Java and Python programmers have some fine mock frameworks, which automate the creation of mocks. As a result, mocking is a proven effective technique and widely adopted practice in those communities. Having the right tool absolutely makes the difference.
Google Mock was built to help C++ programmers. It was inspired by [jMock](http://www.jmock.org/) and [EasyMock](http://www.easymock.org/), but designed with C++'s specifics in mind. It is your friend if any of the following problems is bothering you:
* You are stuck with a sub-optimal design and wish you had done more prototyping before it was too late, but prototyping in C++ is by no means "rapid".
* Your tests are slow as they depend on too many libraries or use expensive resources (e.g. a database).
* Your tests are brittle as some resources they use are unreliable (e.g. the network).
* You want to test how your code handles a failure (e.g. a file checksum error), but it's not easy to cause one.
* You need to make sure that your module interacts with other modules in the right way, but it's hard to observe the interaction; therefore you resort to observing the side effects at the end of the action, which is awkward at best.
* You want to "mock out" your dependencies, except that they don't have mock implementations yet; and, frankly, you aren't thrilled by some of those hand-written mocks.
We encourage you to use Google Mock as:
* a _design_ tool, for it lets you experiment with your interface design early and often. More iterations lead to better designs!
* a _testing_ tool to cut your tests' outbound dependencies and probe the interaction between your module and its collaborators.
# Getting Started #
Using Google Mock is easy! Inside your C++ source file, just `#include` `"gtest/gtest.h"` and `"gmock/gmock.h"`, and you are ready to go.
# A Case for Mock Turtles #
Let's look at an example. Suppose you are developing a graphics program that relies on a LOGO-like API for drawing. How would you test that it does the right thing? Well, you can run it and compare the screen with a golden screen snapshot, but let's admit it: tests like this are expensive to run and fragile (What if you just upgraded to a shiny new graphics card that has better anti-aliasing? Suddenly you have to update all your golden images.). It would be too painful if all your tests are like this. Fortunately, you learned about Dependency Injection and know the right thing to do: instead of having your application talk to the drawing API directly, wrap the API in an interface (say, `Turtle`) and code to that interface:
```
class Turtle {
...
virtual ~Turtle() {}
virtual void PenUp() = 0;
virtual void PenDown() = 0;
virtual void Forward(int distance) = 0;
virtual void Turn(int degrees) = 0;
virtual void GoTo(int x, int y) = 0;
virtual int GetX() const = 0;
virtual int GetY() const = 0;
};
```
(Note that the destructor of `Turtle` **must** be virtual, as is the case for **all** classes you intend to inherit from - otherwise the destructor of the derived class will not be called when you delete an object through a base pointer, and you'll get corrupted program states like memory leaks.)
You can control whether the turtle's movement will leave a trace using `PenUp()` and `PenDown()`, and control its movement using `Forward()`, `Turn()`, and `GoTo()`. Finally, `GetX()` and `GetY()` tell you the current position of the turtle.
Your program will normally use a real implementation of this interface. In tests, you can use a mock implementation instead. This allows you to easily check what drawing primitives your program is calling, with what arguments, and in which order. Tests written this way are much more robust (they won't break because your new machine does anti-aliasing differently), easier to read and maintain (the intent of a test is expressed in the code, not in some binary images), and run _much, much faster_.
# Writing the Mock Class #
If you are lucky, the mocks you need to use have already been implemented by some nice people. If, however, you find yourself in the position to write a mock class, relax - Google Mock turns this task into a fun game! (Well, almost.)
## How to Define It ##
Using the `Turtle` interface as example, here are the simple steps you need to follow:
1. Derive a class `MockTurtle` from `Turtle`.
1. Take a _virtual_ function of `Turtle` (while it's possible to [mock non-virtual methods using templates](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CookBook#Mocking_Nonvirtual_Methods), it's much more involved). Count how many arguments it has.
1. In the `public:` section of the child class, write `MOCK_METHODn();` (or `MOCK_CONST_METHODn();` if you are mocking a `const` method), where `n` is the number of the arguments; if you counted wrong, shame on you, and a compiler error will tell you so.
1. Now comes the fun part: you take the function signature, cut-and-paste the _function name_ as the _first_ argument to the macro, and leave what's left as the _second_ argument (in case you're curious, this is the _type of the function_).
1. Repeat until all virtual functions you want to mock are done.
After the process, you should have something like:
```
#include "gmock/gmock.h" // Brings in Google Mock.
class MockTurtle : public Turtle {
public:
...
MOCK_METHOD0(PenUp, void());
MOCK_METHOD0(PenDown, void());
MOCK_METHOD1(Forward, void(int distance));
MOCK_METHOD1(Turn, void(int degrees));
MOCK_METHOD2(GoTo, void(int x, int y));
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetX, int());
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetY, int());
};
```
You don't need to define these mock methods somewhere else - the `MOCK_METHOD*` macros will generate the definitions for you. It's that simple! Once you get the hang of it, you can pump out mock classes faster than your source-control system can handle your check-ins.
**Tip:** If even this is too much work for you, you'll find the
`gmock_gen.py` tool in Google Mock's `scripts/generator/` directory (courtesy of the [cppclean](http://code.google.com/p/cppclean/) project) useful. This command-line
tool requires that you have Python 2.4 installed. You give it a C++ file and the name of an abstract class defined in it,
and it will print the definition of the mock class for you. Due to the
complexity of the C++ language, this script may not always work, but
it can be quite handy when it does. For more details, read the [user documentation](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/source/browse/trunk/scripts/generator/README).
## Where to Put It ##
When you define a mock class, you need to decide where to put its definition. Some people put it in a `*_test.cc`. This is fine when the interface being mocked (say, `Foo`) is owned by the same person or team. Otherwise, when the owner of `Foo` changes it, your test could break. (You can't really expect `Foo`'s maintainer to fix every test that uses `Foo`, can you?)
So, the rule of thumb is: if you need to mock `Foo` and it's owned by others, define the mock class in `Foo`'s package (better, in a `testing` sub-package such that you can clearly separate production code and testing utilities), and put it in a `mock_foo.h`. Then everyone can reference `mock_foo.h` from their tests. If `Foo` ever changes, there is only one copy of `MockFoo` to change, and only tests that depend on the changed methods need to be fixed.
Another way to do it: you can introduce a thin layer `FooAdaptor` on top of `Foo` and code to this new interface. Since you own `FooAdaptor`, you can absorb changes in `Foo` much more easily. While this is more work initially, carefully choosing the adaptor interface can make your code easier to write and more readable (a net win in the long run), as you can choose `FooAdaptor` to fit your specific domain much better than `Foo` does.
# Using Mocks in Tests #
Once you have a mock class, using it is easy. The typical work flow is:
1. Import the Google Mock names from the `testing` namespace such that you can use them unqualified (You only have to do it once per file. Remember that namespaces are a good idea and good for your health.).
1. Create some mock objects.
1. Specify your expectations on them (How many times will a method be called? With what arguments? What should it do? etc.).
1. Exercise some code that uses the mocks; optionally, check the result using Google Test assertions. If a mock method is called more than expected or with wrong arguments, you'll get an error immediately.
1. When a mock is destructed, Google Mock will automatically check whether all expectations on it have been satisfied.
Here's an example:
```
#include "path/to/mock-turtle.h"
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
using ::testing::AtLeast; // #1
TEST(PainterTest, CanDrawSomething) {
MockTurtle turtle; // #2
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenDown()) // #3
.Times(AtLeast(1));
Painter painter(&turtle); // #4
EXPECT_TRUE(painter.DrawCircle(0, 0, 10));
} // #5
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// The following line must be executed to initialize Google Mock
// (and Google Test) before running the tests.
::testing::InitGoogleMock(&argc, argv);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}
```
As you might have guessed, this test checks that `PenDown()` is called at least once. If the `painter` object didn't call this method, your test will fail with a message like this:
```
path/to/my_test.cc:119: Failure
Actual function call count doesn't match this expectation:
Actually: never called;
Expected: called at least once.
```
**Tip 1:** If you run the test from an Emacs buffer, you can hit `<Enter>` on the line number displayed in the error message to jump right to the failed expectation.
**Tip 2:** If your mock objects are never deleted, the final verification won't happen. Therefore it's a good idea to use a heap leak checker in your tests when you allocate mocks on the heap.
**Important note:** Google Mock requires expectations to be set **before** the mock functions are called, otherwise the behavior is **undefined**. In particular, you mustn't interleave `EXPECT_CALL()`s and calls to the mock functions.
This means `EXPECT_CALL()` should be read as expecting that a call will occur _in the future_, not that a call has occurred. Why does Google Mock work like that? Well, specifying the expectation beforehand allows Google Mock to report a violation as soon as it arises, when the context (stack trace, etc) is still available. This makes debugging much easier.
Admittedly, this test is contrived and doesn't do much. You can easily achieve the same effect without using Google Mock. However, as we shall reveal soon, Google Mock allows you to do _much more_ with the mocks.
## Using Google Mock with Any Testing Framework ##
If you want to use something other than Google Test (e.g. [CppUnit](http://apps.sourceforge.net/mediawiki/cppunit/index.php?title=Main_Page) or
[CxxTest](http://cxxtest.tigris.org/)) as your testing framework, just change the `main()` function in the previous section to:
```
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// The following line causes Google Mock to throw an exception on failure,
// which will be interpreted by your testing framework as a test failure.
::testing::GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure) = true;
::testing::InitGoogleMock(&argc, argv);
... whatever your testing framework requires ...
}
```
This approach has a catch: it makes Google Mock throw an exception
from a mock object's destructor sometimes. With some compilers, this
sometimes causes the test program to crash. You'll still be able to
notice that the test has failed, but it's not a graceful failure.
A better solution is to use Google Test's
[event listener API](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/V1_6_AdvancedGuide#Extending_Google_Test_by_Handling_Test_Events)
to report a test failure to your testing framework properly. You'll need to
implement the `OnTestPartResult()` method of the event listener interface, but it
should be straightforward.
If this turns out to be too much work, we suggest that you stick with
Google Test, which works with Google Mock seamlessly (in fact, it is
technically part of Google Mock.). If there is a reason that you
cannot use Google Test, please let us know.
# Setting Expectations #
The key to using a mock object successfully is to set the _right expectations_ on it. If you set the expectations too strict, your test will fail as the result of unrelated changes. If you set them too loose, bugs can slip through. You want to do it just right such that your test can catch exactly the kind of bugs you intend it to catch. Google Mock provides the necessary means for you to do it "just right."
## General Syntax ##
In Google Mock we use the `EXPECT_CALL()` macro to set an expectation on a mock method. The general syntax is:
```
EXPECT_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.Times(cardinality)
.WillOnce(action)
.WillRepeatedly(action);
```
The macro has two arguments: first the mock object, and then the method and its arguments. Note that the two are separated by a comma (`,`), not a period (`.`). (Why using a comma? The answer is that it was necessary for technical reasons.)
The macro can be followed by some optional _clauses_ that provide more information about the expectation. We'll discuss how each clause works in the coming sections.
This syntax is designed to make an expectation read like English. For example, you can probably guess that
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.Times(5)
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(150))
.WillRepeatedly(Return(200));
```
says that the `turtle` object's `GetX()` method will be called five times, it will return 100 the first time, 150 the second time, and then 200 every time. Some people like to call this style of syntax a Domain-Specific Language (DSL).
**Note:** Why do we use a macro to do this? It serves two purposes: first it makes expectations easily identifiable (either by `grep` or by a human reader), and second it allows Google Mock to include the source file location of a failed expectation in messages, making debugging easier.
## Matchers: What Arguments Do We Expect? ##
When a mock function takes arguments, we must specify what arguments we are expecting; for example:
```
// Expects the turtle to move forward by 100 units.
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(100));
```
Sometimes you may not want to be too specific (Remember that talk about tests being too rigid? Over specification leads to brittle tests and obscures the intent of tests. Therefore we encourage you to specify only what's necessary - no more, no less.). If you care to check that `Forward()` will be called but aren't interested in its actual argument, write `_` as the argument, which means "anything goes":
```
using ::testing::_;
...
// Expects the turtle to move forward.
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(_));
```
`_` is an instance of what we call **matchers**. A matcher is like a predicate and can test whether an argument is what we'd expect. You can use a matcher inside `EXPECT_CALL()` wherever a function argument is expected.
A list of built-in matchers can be found in the [CheatSheet](V1_6_CheatSheet.md). For example, here's the `Ge` (greater than or equal) matcher:
```
using ::testing::Ge;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(Ge(100)));
```
This checks that the turtle will be told to go forward by at least 100 units.
## Cardinalities: How Many Times Will It Be Called? ##
The first clause we can specify following an `EXPECT_CALL()` is `Times()`. We call its argument a **cardinality** as it tells _how many times_ the call should occur. It allows us to repeat an expectation many times without actually writing it as many times. More importantly, a cardinality can be "fuzzy", just like a matcher can be. This allows a user to express the intent of a test exactly.
An interesting special case is when we say `Times(0)`. You may have guessed - it means that the function shouldn't be called with the given arguments at all, and Google Mock will report a Google Test failure whenever the function is (wrongfully) called.
We've seen `AtLeast(n)` as an example of fuzzy cardinalities earlier. For the list of built-in cardinalities you can use, see the [CheatSheet](V1_6_CheatSheet.md).
The `Times()` clause can be omitted. **If you omit `Times()`, Google Mock will infer the cardinality for you.** The rules are easy to remember:
* If **neither** `WillOnce()` **nor** `WillRepeatedly()` is in the `EXPECT_CALL()`, the inferred cardinality is `Times(1)`.
* If there are `n WillOnce()`'s but **no** `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 1, the cardinality is `Times(n)`.
* If there are `n WillOnce()`'s and **one** `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 0, the cardinality is `Times(AtLeast(n))`.
**Quick quiz:** what do you think will happen if a function is expected to be called twice but actually called four times?
## Actions: What Should It Do? ##
Remember that a mock object doesn't really have a working implementation? We as users have to tell it what to do when a method is invoked. This is easy in Google Mock.
First, if the return type of a mock function is a built-in type or a pointer, the function has a **default action** (a `void` function will just return, a `bool` function will return `false`, and other functions will return 0). If you don't say anything, this behavior will be used.
Second, if a mock function doesn't have a default action, or the default action doesn't suit you, you can specify the action to be taken each time the expectation matches using a series of `WillOnce()` clauses followed by an optional `WillRepeatedly()`. For example,
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(200))
.WillOnce(Return(300));
```
This says that `turtle.GetX()` will be called _exactly three times_ (Google Mock inferred this from how many `WillOnce()` clauses we've written, since we didn't explicitly write `Times()`), and will return 100, 200, and 300 respectively.
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetY())
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(200))
.WillRepeatedly(Return(300));
```
says that `turtle.GetY()` will be called _at least twice_ (Google Mock knows this as we've written two `WillOnce()` clauses and a `WillRepeatedly()` while having no explicit `Times()`), will return 100 the first time, 200 the second time, and 300 from the third time on.
Of course, if you explicitly write a `Times()`, Google Mock will not try to infer the cardinality itself. What if the number you specified is larger than there are `WillOnce()` clauses? Well, after all `WillOnce()`s are used up, Google Mock will do the _default_ action for the function every time (unless, of course, you have a `WillRepeatedly()`.).
What can we do inside `WillOnce()` besides `Return()`? You can return a reference using `ReturnRef(variable)`, or invoke a pre-defined function, among [others](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CheatSheet#Actions).
**Important note:** The `EXPECT_CALL()` statement evaluates the action clause only once, even though the action may be performed many times. Therefore you must be careful about side effects. The following may not do what you want:
```
int n = 100;
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.Times(4)
.WillRepeatedly(Return(n++));
```
Instead of returning 100, 101, 102, ..., consecutively, this mock function will always return 100 as `n++` is only evaluated once. Similarly, `Return(new Foo)` will create a new `Foo` object when the `EXPECT_CALL()` is executed, and will return the same pointer every time. If you want the side effect to happen every time, you need to define a custom action, which we'll teach in the [CookBook](V1_6_CookBook.md).
Time for another quiz! What do you think the following means?
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetY())
.Times(4)
.WillOnce(Return(100));
```
Obviously `turtle.GetY()` is expected to be called four times. But if you think it will return 100 every time, think twice! Remember that one `WillOnce()` clause will be consumed each time the function is invoked and the default action will be taken afterwards. So the right answer is that `turtle.GetY()` will return 100 the first time, but **return 0 from the second time on**, as returning 0 is the default action for `int` functions.
## Using Multiple Expectations ##
So far we've only shown examples where you have a single expectation. More realistically, you're going to specify expectations on multiple mock methods, which may be from multiple mock objects.
By default, when a mock method is invoked, Google Mock will search the expectations in the **reverse order** they are defined, and stop when an active expectation that matches the arguments is found (you can think of it as "newer rules override older ones."). If the matching expectation cannot take any more calls, you will get an upper-bound-violated failure. Here's an example:
```
using ::testing::_;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(_)); // #1
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(10)) // #2
.Times(2);
```
If `Forward(10)` is called three times in a row, the third time it will be an error, as the last matching expectation (#2) has been saturated. If, however, the third `Forward(10)` call is replaced by `Forward(20)`, then it would be OK, as now #1 will be the matching expectation.
**Side note:** Why does Google Mock search for a match in the _reverse_ order of the expectations? The reason is that this allows a user to set up the default expectations in a mock object's constructor or the test fixture's set-up phase and then customize the mock by writing more specific expectations in the test body. So, if you have two expectations on the same method, you want to put the one with more specific matchers **after** the other, or the more specific rule would be shadowed by the more general one that comes after it.
## Ordered vs Unordered Calls ##
By default, an expectation can match a call even though an earlier expectation hasn't been satisfied. In other words, the calls don't have to occur in the order the expectations are specified.
Sometimes, you may want all the expected calls to occur in a strict order. To say this in Google Mock is easy:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;...
TEST(FooTest, DrawsLineSegment) {
...
{
InSequence dummy;
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenDown());
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(100));
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenUp());
}
Foo();
}
```
By creating an object of type `InSequence`, all expectations in its scope are put into a _sequence_ and have to occur _sequentially_. Since we are just relying on the constructor and destructor of this object to do the actual work, its name is really irrelevant.
In this example, we test that `Foo()` calls the three expected functions in the order as written. If a call is made out-of-order, it will be an error.
(What if you care about the relative order of some of the calls, but not all of them? Can you specify an arbitrary partial order? The answer is ... yes! If you are impatient, the details can be found in the [CookBook](V1_6_CookBook.md).)
## All Expectations Are Sticky (Unless Said Otherwise) ##
Now let's do a quick quiz to see how well you can use this mock stuff already. How would you test that the turtle is asked to go to the origin _exactly twice_ (you want to ignore any other instructions it receives)?
After you've come up with your answer, take a look at ours and compare notes (solve it yourself first - don't cheat!):
```
using ::testing::_;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GoTo(_, _)) // #1
.Times(AnyNumber());
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GoTo(0, 0)) // #2
.Times(2);
```
Suppose `turtle.GoTo(0, 0)` is called three times. In the third time, Google Mock will see that the arguments match expectation #2 (remember that we always pick the last matching expectation). Now, since we said that there should be only two such calls, Google Mock will report an error immediately. This is basically what we've told you in the "Using Multiple Expectations" section above.
This example shows that **expectations in Google Mock are "sticky" by default**, in the sense that they remain active even after we have reached their invocation upper bounds. This is an important rule to remember, as it affects the meaning of the spec, and is **different** to how it's done in many other mocking frameworks (Why'd we do that? Because we think our rule makes the common cases easier to express and understand.).
Simple? Let's see if you've really understood it: what does the following code say?
```
using ::testing::Return;
...
for (int i = n; i > 0; i--) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i));
}
```
If you think it says that `turtle.GetX()` will be called `n` times and will return 10, 20, 30, ..., consecutively, think twice! The problem is that, as we said, expectations are sticky. So, the second time `turtle.GetX()` is called, the last (latest) `EXPECT_CALL()` statement will match, and will immediately lead to an "upper bound exceeded" error - this piece of code is not very useful!
One correct way of saying that `turtle.GetX()` will return 10, 20, 30, ..., is to explicitly say that the expectations are _not_ sticky. In other words, they should _retire_ as soon as they are saturated:
```
using ::testing::Return;
...
for (int i = n; i > 0; i--) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
```
And, there's a better way to do it: in this case, we expect the calls to occur in a specific order, and we line up the actions to match the order. Since the order is important here, we should make it explicit using a sequence:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;
using ::testing::Return;
...
{
InSequence s;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
}
```
By the way, the other situation where an expectation may _not_ be sticky is when it's in a sequence - as soon as another expectation that comes after it in the sequence has been used, it automatically retires (and will never be used to match any call).
## Uninteresting Calls ##
A mock object may have many methods, and not all of them are that interesting. For example, in some tests we may not care about how many times `GetX()` and `GetY()` get called.
In Google Mock, if you are not interested in a method, just don't say anything about it. If a call to this method occurs, you'll see a warning in the test output, but it won't be a failure.
# What Now? #
Congratulations! You've learned enough about Google Mock to start using it. Now, you might want to join the [googlemock](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) discussion group and actually write some tests using Google Mock - it will be fun. Hey, it may even be addictive - you've been warned.
Then, if you feel like increasing your mock quotient, you should move on to the [CookBook](V1_6_CookBook.md). You can learn many advanced features of Google Mock there -- and advance your level of enjoyment and testing bliss.

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Please send your questions to the
[googlemock](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) discussion
group. If you need help with compiler errors, make sure you have
tried [Google Mock Doctor](#How_am_I_supposed_to_make_sense_of_these_horrible_template_error.md) first.
## When I call a method on my mock object, the method for the real object is invoked instead. What's the problem? ##
In order for a method to be mocked, it must be _virtual_, unless you use the [high-perf dependency injection technique](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CookBook#Mocking_Nonvirtual_Methods).
## I wrote some matchers. After I upgraded to a new version of Google Mock, they no longer compile. What's going on? ##
After version 1.4.0 of Google Mock was released, we had an idea on how
to make it easier to write matchers that can generate informative
messages efficiently. We experimented with this idea and liked what
we saw. Therefore we decided to implement it.
Unfortunately, this means that if you have defined your own matchers
by implementing `MatcherInterface` or using `MakePolymorphicMatcher()`,
your definitions will no longer compile. Matchers defined using the
`MATCHER*` family of macros are not affected.
Sorry for the hassle if your matchers are affected. We believe it's
in everyone's long-term interest to make this change sooner than
later. Fortunately, it's usually not hard to migrate an existing
matcher to the new API. Here's what you need to do:
If you wrote your matcher like this:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
you'll need to change it to:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
(i.e. rename `Matches()` to `MatchAndExplain()` and give it a second
argument of type `MatchResultListener*`.)
If you were also using `ExplainMatchResultTo()` to improve the matcher
message:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the lastest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(MyType value,
::std::ostream* os) const {
// Prints some helpful information to os to help
// a user understand why value matches (or doesn't match).
*os << "the Foo property is " << value.GetFoo();
}
...
};
```
you should move the logic of `ExplainMatchResultTo()` into
`MatchAndExplain()`, using the `MatchResultListener` argument where
the `::std::ostream` was used:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
*listener << "the Foo property is " << value.GetFoo();
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
If your matcher is defined using `MakePolymorphicMatcher()`:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
you should rename the `Matches()` method to `MatchAndExplain()` and
add a `MatchResultListener*` argument (the same as what you need to do
for matchers defined by implementing `MatcherInterface`):
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
If your polymorphic matcher uses `ExplainMatchResultTo()` for better
failure messages:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
void ExplainMatchResultTo(const MyGreatMatcher& matcher,
MyType value,
::std::ostream* os) {
// Prints some helpful information to os to help
// a user understand why value matches (or doesn't match).
*os << "the Bar property is " << value.GetBar();
}
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
you'll need to move the logic inside `ExplainMatchResultTo()` to
`MatchAndExplain()`:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
*listener << "the Bar property is " << value.GetBar();
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
For more information, you can read these
[two](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CookBook#Writing_New_Monomorphic_Matchers)
[recipes](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CookBook#Writing_New_Polymorphic_Matchers)
from the cookbook. As always, you
are welcome to post questions on `googlemock@googlegroups.com` if you
need any help.
## When using Google Mock, do I have to use Google Test as the testing framework? I have my favorite testing framework and don't want to switch. ##
Google Mock works out of the box with Google Test. However, it's easy
to configure it to work with any testing framework of your choice.
[Here](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_ForDummies#Using_Google_Mock_with_Any_Testing_Framework) is how.
## How am I supposed to make sense of these horrible template errors? ##
If you are confused by the compiler errors gcc threw at you,
try consulting the _Google Mock Doctor_ tool first. What it does is to
scan stdin for gcc error messages, and spit out diagnoses on the
problems (we call them diseases) your code has.
To "install", run command:
```
alias gmd='<path to googlemock>/scripts/gmock_doctor.py'
```
To use it, do:
```
<your-favorite-build-command> <your-test> 2>&1 | gmd
```
For example:
```
make my_test 2>&1 | gmd
```
Or you can run `gmd` and copy-n-paste gcc's error messages to it.
## Can I mock a variadic function? ##
You cannot mock a variadic function (i.e. a function taking ellipsis
(`...`) arguments) directly in Google Mock.
The problem is that in general, there is _no way_ for a mock object to
know how many arguments are passed to the variadic method, and what
the arguments' types are. Only the _author of the base class_ knows
the protocol, and we cannot look into his head.
Therefore, to mock such a function, the _user_ must teach the mock
object how to figure out the number of arguments and their types. One
way to do it is to provide overloaded versions of the function.
Ellipsis arguments are inherited from C and not really a C++ feature.
They are unsafe to use and don't work with arguments that have
constructors or destructors. Therefore we recommend to avoid them in
C++ as much as possible.
## MSVC gives me warning C4301 or C4373 when I define a mock method with a const parameter. Why? ##
If you compile this using Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 SP1:
```
class Foo {
...
virtual void Bar(const int i) = 0;
};
class MockFoo : public Foo {
...
MOCK_METHOD1(Bar, void(const int i));
};
```
You may get the following warning:
```
warning C4301: 'MockFoo::Bar': overriding virtual function only differs from 'Foo::Bar' by const/volatile qualifier
```
This is a MSVC bug. The same code compiles fine with gcc ,for
example. If you use Visual C++ 2008 SP1, you would get the warning:
```
warning C4373: 'MockFoo::Bar': virtual function overrides 'Foo::Bar', previous versions of the compiler did not override when parameters only differed by const/volatile qualifiers
```
In C++, if you _declare_ a function with a `const` parameter, the
`const` modifier is _ignored_. Therefore, the `Foo` base class above
is equivalent to:
```
class Foo {
...
virtual void Bar(int i) = 0; // int or const int? Makes no difference.
};
```
In fact, you can _declare_ Bar() with an `int` parameter, and _define_
it with a `const int` parameter. The compiler will still match them
up.
Since making a parameter `const` is meaningless in the method
_declaration_, we recommend to remove it in both `Foo` and `MockFoo`.
That should workaround the VC bug.
Note that we are talking about the _top-level_ `const` modifier here.
If the function parameter is passed by pointer or reference, declaring
the _pointee_ or _referee_ as `const` is still meaningful. For
example, the following two declarations are _not_ equivalent:
```
void Bar(int* p); // Neither p nor *p is const.
void Bar(const int* p); // p is not const, but *p is.
```
## I have a huge mock class, and Microsoft Visual C++ runs out of memory when compiling it. What can I do? ##
We've noticed that when the `/clr` compiler flag is used, Visual C++
uses 5~6 times as much memory when compiling a mock class. We suggest
to avoid `/clr` when compiling native C++ mocks.
## I can't figure out why Google Mock thinks my expectations are not satisfied. What should I do? ##
You might want to run your test with
`--gmock_verbose=info`. This flag lets Google Mock print a trace
of every mock function call it receives. By studying the trace,
you'll gain insights on why the expectations you set are not met.
## How can I assert that a function is NEVER called? ##
```
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.Times(0);
```
## I have a failed test where Google Mock tells me TWICE that a particular expectation is not satisfied. Isn't this redundant? ##
When Google Mock detects a failure, it prints relevant information
(the mock function arguments, the state of relevant expectations, and
etc) to help the user debug. If another failure is detected, Google
Mock will do the same, including printing the state of relevant
expectations.
Sometimes an expectation's state didn't change between two failures,
and you'll see the same description of the state twice. They are
however _not_ redundant, as they refer to _different points in time_.
The fact they are the same _is_ interesting information.
## I get a heap check failure when using a mock object, but using a real object is fine. What can be wrong? ##
Does the class (hopefully a pure interface) you are mocking have a
virtual destructor?
Whenever you derive from a base class, make sure its destructor is
virtual. Otherwise Bad Things will happen. Consider the following
code:
```
class Base {
public:
// Not virtual, but should be.
~Base() { ... }
...
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
...
private:
std::string value_;
};
...
Base* p = new Derived;
...
delete p; // Surprise! ~Base() will be called, but ~Derived() will not
// - value_ is leaked.
```
By changing `~Base()` to virtual, `~Derived()` will be correctly
called when `delete p` is executed, and the heap checker
will be happy.
## The "newer expectations override older ones" rule makes writing expectations awkward. Why does Google Mock do that? ##
When people complain about this, often they are referring to code like:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time. However, I have to write the expectations in the
// reverse order. This sucks big time!!!
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
```
The problem is that they didn't pick the **best** way to express the test's
intent.
By default, expectations don't have to be matched in _any_ particular
order. If you want them to match in a certain order, you need to be
explicit. This is Google Mock's (and jMock's) fundamental philosophy: it's
easy to accidentally over-specify your tests, and we want to make it
harder to do so.
There are two better ways to write the test spec. You could either
put the expectations in sequence:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time. Using a sequence, we can write the expectations
// in their natural order.
{
InSequence s;
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
```
or you can put the sequence of actions in the same expectation:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time.
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
```
Back to the original questions: why does Google Mock search the
expectations (and `ON_CALL`s) from back to front? Because this
allows a user to set up a mock's behavior for the common case early
(e.g. in the mock's constructor or the test fixture's set-up phase)
and customize it with more specific rules later. If Google Mock
searches from front to back, this very useful pattern won't be
possible.
## Google Mock prints a warning when a function without EXPECT\_CALL is called, even if I have set its behavior using ON\_CALL. Would it be reasonable not to show the warning in this case? ##
When choosing between being neat and being safe, we lean toward the
latter. So the answer is that we think it's better to show the
warning.
Often people write `ON_CALL`s in the mock object's
constructor or `SetUp()`, as the default behavior rarely changes from
test to test. Then in the test body they set the expectations, which
are often different for each test. Having an `ON_CALL` in the set-up
part of a test doesn't mean that the calls are expected. If there's
no `EXPECT_CALL` and the method is called, it's possibly an error. If
we quietly let the call go through without notifying the user, bugs
may creep in unnoticed.
If, however, you are sure that the calls are OK, you can write
```
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.WillRepeatedly(...);
```
instead of
```
ON_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.WillByDefault(...);
```
This tells Google Mock that you do expect the calls and no warning should be
printed.
Also, you can control the verbosity using the `--gmock_verbose` flag.
If you find the output too noisy when debugging, just choose a less
verbose level.
## How can I delete the mock function's argument in an action? ##
If you find yourself needing to perform some action that's not
supported by Google Mock directly, remember that you can define your own
actions using
[MakeAction()](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CookBook#Writing_New_Actions) or
[MakePolymorphicAction()](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CookBook#Writing_New_Polymorphic_Actions),
or you can write a stub function and invoke it using
[Invoke()](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CookBook#Using_Functions_Methods_Functors).
## MOCK\_METHODn()'s second argument looks funny. Why don't you use the MOCK\_METHODn(Method, return\_type, arg\_1, ..., arg\_n) syntax? ##
What?! I think it's beautiful. :-)
While which syntax looks more natural is a subjective matter to some
extent, Google Mock's syntax was chosen for several practical advantages it
has.
Try to mock a function that takes a map as an argument:
```
virtual int GetSize(const map<int, std::string>& m);
```
Using the proposed syntax, it would be:
```
MOCK_METHOD1(GetSize, int, const map<int, std::string>& m);
```
Guess what? You'll get a compiler error as the compiler thinks that
`const map<int, std::string>& m` are **two**, not one, arguments. To work
around this you can use `typedef` to give the map type a name, but
that gets in the way of your work. Google Mock's syntax avoids this
problem as the function's argument types are protected inside a pair
of parentheses:
```
// This compiles fine.
MOCK_METHOD1(GetSize, int(const map<int, std::string>& m));
```
You still need a `typedef` if the return type contains an unprotected
comma, but that's much rarer.
Other advantages include:
1. `MOCK_METHOD1(Foo, int, bool)` can leave a reader wonder whether the method returns `int` or `bool`, while there won't be such confusion using Google Mock's syntax.
1. The way Google Mock describes a function type is nothing new, although many people may not be familiar with it. The same syntax was used in C, and the `function` library in `tr1` uses this syntax extensively. Since `tr1` will become a part of the new version of STL, we feel very comfortable to be consistent with it.
1. The function type syntax is also used in other parts of Google Mock's API (e.g. the action interface) in order to make the implementation tractable. A user needs to learn it anyway in order to utilize Google Mock's more advanced features. We'd as well stick to the same syntax in `MOCK_METHOD*`!
## My code calls a static/global function. Can I mock it? ##
You can, but you need to make some changes.
In general, if you find yourself needing to mock a static function,
it's a sign that your modules are too tightly coupled (and less
flexible, less reusable, less testable, etc). You are probably better
off defining a small interface and call the function through that
interface, which then can be easily mocked. It's a bit of work
initially, but usually pays for itself quickly.
This Google Testing Blog
[post](http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2008/06/defeat-static-cling.html)
says it excellently. Check it out.
## My mock object needs to do complex stuff. It's a lot of pain to specify the actions. Google Mock sucks! ##
I know it's not a question, but you get an answer for free any way. :-)
With Google Mock, you can create mocks in C++ easily. And people might be
tempted to use them everywhere. Sometimes they work great, and
sometimes you may find them, well, a pain to use. So, what's wrong in
the latter case?
When you write a test without using mocks, you exercise the code and
assert that it returns the correct value or that the system is in an
expected state. This is sometimes called "state-based testing".
Mocks are great for what some call "interaction-based" testing:
instead of checking the system state at the very end, mock objects
verify that they are invoked the right way and report an error as soon
as it arises, giving you a handle on the precise context in which the
error was triggered. This is often more effective and economical to
do than state-based testing.
If you are doing state-based testing and using a test double just to
simulate the real object, you are probably better off using a fake.
Using a mock in this case causes pain, as it's not a strong point for
mocks to perform complex actions. If you experience this and think
that mocks suck, you are just not using the right tool for your
problem. Or, you might be trying to solve the wrong problem. :-)
## I got a warning "Uninteresting function call encountered - default action taken.." Should I panic? ##
By all means, NO! It's just an FYI.
What it means is that you have a mock function, you haven't set any
expectations on it (by Google Mock's rule this means that you are not
interested in calls to this function and therefore it can be called
any number of times), and it is called. That's OK - you didn't say
it's not OK to call the function!
What if you actually meant to disallow this function to be called, but
forgot to write `EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar()).Times(0)`? While
one can argue that it's the user's fault, Google Mock tries to be nice and
prints you a note.
So, when you see the message and believe that there shouldn't be any
uninteresting calls, you should investigate what's going on. To make
your life easier, Google Mock prints the function name and arguments
when an uninteresting call is encountered.
## I want to define a custom action. Should I use Invoke() or implement the action interface? ##
Either way is fine - you want to choose the one that's more convenient
for your circumstance.
Usually, if your action is for a particular function type, defining it
using `Invoke()` should be easier; if your action can be used in
functions of different types (e.g. if you are defining
`Return(value)`), `MakePolymorphicAction()` is
easiest. Sometimes you want precise control on what types of
functions the action can be used in, and implementing
`ActionInterface` is the way to go here. See the implementation of
`Return()` in `include/gmock/gmock-actions.h` for an example.
## I'm using the set-argument-pointee action, and the compiler complains about "conflicting return type specified". What does it mean? ##
You got this error as Google Mock has no idea what value it should return
when the mock method is called. `SetArgPointee()` says what the
side effect is, but doesn't say what the return value should be. You
need `DoAll()` to chain a `SetArgPointee()` with a `Return()`.
See this [recipe](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_6_CookBook#Mocking_Side_Effects) for more details and an example.
## My question is not in your FAQ! ##
If you cannot find the answer to your question in this FAQ, there are
some other resources you can use:
1. read other [wiki pages](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/w/list),
1. search the mailing list [archive](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock/topics),
1. ask it on [googlemock@googlegroups.com](mailto:googlemock@googlegroups.com) and someone will answer it (to prevent spam, we require you to join the [discussion group](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) before you can post.).
Please note that creating an issue in the
[issue tracker](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/issues/list) is _not_
a good way to get your answer, as it is monitored infrequently by a
very small number of people.
When asking a question, it's helpful to provide as much of the
following information as possible (people cannot help you if there's
not enough information in your question):
* the version (or the revision number if you check out from SVN directly) of Google Mock you use (Google Mock is under active development, so it's possible that your problem has been solved in a later version),
* your operating system,
* the name and version of your compiler,
* the complete command line flags you give to your compiler,
* the complete compiler error messages (if the question is about compilation),
* the _actual_ code (ideally, a minimal but complete program) that has the problem you encounter.

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# Defining a Mock Class #
## Mocking a Normal Class ##
Given
```
class Foo {
...
virtual ~Foo();
virtual int GetSize() const = 0;
virtual string Describe(const char* name) = 0;
virtual string Describe(int type) = 0;
virtual bool Process(Bar elem, int count) = 0;
};
```
(note that `~Foo()` **must** be virtual) we can define its mock as
```
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
class MockFoo : public Foo {
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetSize, int());
MOCK_METHOD1(Describe, string(const char* name));
MOCK_METHOD1(Describe, string(int type));
MOCK_METHOD2(Process, bool(Bar elem, int count));
};
```
To create a "nice" mock object which ignores all uninteresting calls,
or a "strict" mock object, which treats them as failures:
```
NiceMock<MockFoo> nice_foo; // The type is a subclass of MockFoo.
StrictMock<MockFoo> strict_foo; // The type is a subclass of MockFoo.
```
## Mocking a Class Template ##
To mock
```
template <typename Elem>
class StackInterface {
public:
...
virtual ~StackInterface();
virtual int GetSize() const = 0;
virtual void Push(const Elem& x) = 0;
};
```
(note that `~StackInterface()` **must** be virtual) just append `_T` to the `MOCK_*` macros:
```
template <typename Elem>
class MockStack : public StackInterface<Elem> {
public:
...
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0_T(GetSize, int());
MOCK_METHOD1_T(Push, void(const Elem& x));
};
```
## Specifying Calling Conventions for Mock Functions ##
If your mock function doesn't use the default calling convention, you
can specify it by appending `_WITH_CALLTYPE` to any of the macros
described in the previous two sections and supplying the calling
convention as the first argument to the macro. For example,
```
MOCK_METHOD_1_WITH_CALLTYPE(STDMETHODCALLTYPE, Foo, bool(int n));
MOCK_CONST_METHOD2_WITH_CALLTYPE(STDMETHODCALLTYPE, Bar, int(double x, double y));
```
where `STDMETHODCALLTYPE` is defined by `<objbase.h>` on Windows.
# Using Mocks in Tests #
The typical flow is:
1. Import the Google Mock names you need to use. All Google Mock names are in the `testing` namespace unless they are macros or otherwise noted.
1. Create the mock objects.
1. Optionally, set the default actions of the mock objects.
1. Set your expectations on the mock objects (How will they be called? What wil they do?).
1. Exercise code that uses the mock objects; if necessary, check the result using [Google Test](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/) assertions.
1. When a mock objects is destructed, Google Mock automatically verifies that all expectations on it have been satisfied.
Here is an example:
```
using ::testing::Return; // #1
TEST(BarTest, DoesThis) {
MockFoo foo; // #2
ON_CALL(foo, GetSize()) // #3
.WillByDefault(Return(1));
// ... other default actions ...
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Describe(5)) // #4
.Times(3)
.WillRepeatedly(Return("Category 5"));
// ... other expectations ...
EXPECT_EQ("good", MyProductionFunction(&foo)); // #5
} // #6
```
# Setting Default Actions #
Google Mock has a **built-in default action** for any function that
returns `void`, `bool`, a numeric value, or a pointer.
To customize the default action for functions with return type `T` globally:
```
using ::testing::DefaultValue;
DefaultValue<T>::Set(value); // Sets the default value to be returned.
// ... use the mocks ...
DefaultValue<T>::Clear(); // Resets the default value.
```
To customize the default action for a particular method, use `ON_CALL()`:
```
ON_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.With(multi_argument_matcher) ?
.WillByDefault(action);
```
# Setting Expectations #
`EXPECT_CALL()` sets **expectations** on a mock method (How will it be
called? What will it do?):
```
EXPECT_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.With(multi_argument_matcher) ?
.Times(cardinality) ?
.InSequence(sequences) *
.After(expectations) *
.WillOnce(action) *
.WillRepeatedly(action) ?
.RetiresOnSaturation(); ?
```
If `Times()` is omitted, the cardinality is assumed to be:
* `Times(1)` when there is neither `WillOnce()` nor `WillRepeatedly()`;
* `Times(n)` when there are `n WillOnce()`s but no `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 1; or
* `Times(AtLeast(n))` when there are `n WillOnce()`s and a `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 0.
A method with no `EXPECT_CALL()` is free to be invoked _any number of times_, and the default action will be taken each time.
# Matchers #
A **matcher** matches a _single_ argument. You can use it inside
`ON_CALL()` or `EXPECT_CALL()`, or use it to validate a value
directly:
| `EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher)` | Asserts that `value` matches `matcher`. |
|:------------------------------|:----------------------------------------|
| `ASSERT_THAT(value, matcher)` | The same as `EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher)`, except that it generates a **fatal** failure. |
Built-in matchers (where `argument` is the function argument) are
divided into several categories:
## Wildcard ##
|`_`|`argument` can be any value of the correct type.|
|:--|:-----------------------------------------------|
|`A<type>()` or `An<type>()`|`argument` can be any value of type `type`. |
## Generic Comparison ##
|`Eq(value)` or `value`|`argument == value`|
|:---------------------|:------------------|
|`Ge(value)` |`argument >= value`|
|`Gt(value)` |`argument > value` |
|`Le(value)` |`argument <= value`|
|`Lt(value)` |`argument < value` |
|`Ne(value)` |`argument != value`|
|`IsNull()` |`argument` is a `NULL` pointer (raw or smart).|
|`NotNull()` |`argument` is a non-null pointer (raw or smart).|
|`Ref(variable)` |`argument` is a reference to `variable`.|
|`TypedEq<type>(value)`|`argument` has type `type` and is equal to `value`. You may need to use this instead of `Eq(value)` when the mock function is overloaded.|
Except `Ref()`, these matchers make a _copy_ of `value` in case it's
modified or destructed later. If the compiler complains that `value`
doesn't have a public copy constructor, try wrap it in `ByRef()`,
e.g. `Eq(ByRef(non_copyable_value))`. If you do that, make sure
`non_copyable_value` is not changed afterwards, or the meaning of your
matcher will be changed.
## Floating-Point Matchers ##
|`DoubleEq(a_double)`|`argument` is a `double` value approximately equal to `a_double`, treating two NaNs as unequal.|
|:-------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`FloatEq(a_float)` |`argument` is a `float` value approximately equal to `a_float`, treating two NaNs as unequal. |
|`NanSensitiveDoubleEq(a_double)`|`argument` is a `double` value approximately equal to `a_double`, treating two NaNs as equal. |
|`NanSensitiveFloatEq(a_float)`|`argument` is a `float` value approximately equal to `a_float`, treating two NaNs as equal. |
The above matchers use ULP-based comparison (the same as used in
[Google Test](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/)). They
automatically pick a reasonable error bound based on the absolute
value of the expected value. `DoubleEq()` and `FloatEq()` conform to
the IEEE standard, which requires comparing two NaNs for equality to
return false. The `NanSensitive*` version instead treats two NaNs as
equal, which is often what a user wants.
|`DoubleNear(a_double, max_abs_error)`|`argument` is a `double` value close to `a_double` (absolute error <= `max_abs_error`), treating two NaNs as unequal.|
|:------------------------------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`FloatNear(a_float, max_abs_error)` |`argument` is a `float` value close to `a_float` (absolute error <= `max_abs_error`), treating two NaNs as unequal. |
|`NanSensitiveDoubleNear(a_double, max_abs_error)`|`argument` is a `double` value close to `a_double` (absolute error <= `max_abs_error`), treating two NaNs as equal. |
|`NanSensitiveFloatNear(a_float, max_abs_error)`|`argument` is a `float` value close to `a_float` (absolute error <= `max_abs_error`), treating two NaNs as equal. |
## String Matchers ##
The `argument` can be either a C string or a C++ string object:
|`ContainsRegex(string)`|`argument` matches the given regular expression.|
|:----------------------|:-----------------------------------------------|
|`EndsWith(suffix)` |`argument` ends with string `suffix`. |
|`HasSubstr(string)` |`argument` contains `string` as a sub-string. |
|`MatchesRegex(string)` |`argument` matches the given regular expression with the match starting at the first character and ending at the last character.|
|`StartsWith(prefix)` |`argument` starts with string `prefix`. |
|`StrCaseEq(string)` |`argument` is equal to `string`, ignoring case. |
|`StrCaseNe(string)` |`argument` is not equal to `string`, ignoring case.|
|`StrEq(string)` |`argument` is equal to `string`. |
|`StrNe(string)` |`argument` is not equal to `string`. |
`ContainsRegex()` and `MatchesRegex()` use the regular expression
syntax defined
[here](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/AdvancedGuide#Regular_Expression_Syntax).
`StrCaseEq()`, `StrCaseNe()`, `StrEq()`, and `StrNe()` work for wide
strings as well.
## Container Matchers ##
Most STL-style containers support `==`, so you can use
`Eq(expected_container)` or simply `expected_container` to match a
container exactly. If you want to write the elements in-line,
match them more flexibly, or get more informative messages, you can use:
| `ContainerEq(container)` | The same as `Eq(container)` except that the failure message also includes which elements are in one container but not the other. |
|:-------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `Contains(e)` | `argument` contains an element that matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. |
| `Each(e)` | `argument` is a container where _every_ element matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. |
| `ElementsAre(e0, e1, ..., en)` | `argument` has `n + 1` elements, where the i-th element matches `ei`, which can be a value or a matcher. 0 to 10 arguments are allowed. |
| `ElementsAreArray({ e0, e1, ..., en })`, `ElementsAreArray(array)`, or `ElementsAreArray(array, count)` | The same as `ElementsAre()` except that the expected element values/matchers come from an initializer list, vector, or C-style array. |
| `IsEmpty()` | `argument` is an empty container (`container.empty()`). |
| `Pointwise(m, container)` | `argument` contains the same number of elements as in `container`, and for all i, (the i-th element in `argument`, the i-th element in `container`) match `m`, which is a matcher on 2-tuples. E.g. `Pointwise(Le(), upper_bounds)` verifies that each element in `argument` doesn't exceed the corresponding element in `upper_bounds`. See more detail below. |
| `SizeIs(m)` | `argument` is a container whose size matches `m`. E.g. `SizeIs(2)` or `SizeIs(Lt(2))`. |
| `UnorderedElementsAre(e0, e1, ..., en)` | `argument` has `n + 1` elements, and under some permutation each element matches an `ei` (for a different `i`), which can be a value or a matcher. 0 to 10 arguments are allowed. |
| `UnorderedElementsAreArray({ e0, e1, ..., en })`, `UnorderedElementsAreArray(array)`, or `UnorderedElementsAreArray(array, count)` | The same as `UnorderedElementsAre()` except that the expected element values/matchers come from an initializer list, vector, or C-style array. |
| `WhenSorted(m)` | When `argument` is sorted using the `<` operator, it matches container matcher `m`. E.g. `WhenSorted(UnorderedElementsAre(1, 2, 3))` verifies that `argument` contains elements `1`, `2`, and `3`, ignoring order. |
| `WhenSortedBy(comparator, m)` | The same as `WhenSorted(m)`, except that the given comparator instead of `<` is used to sort `argument`. E.g. `WhenSortedBy(std::greater<int>(), ElementsAre(3, 2, 1))`. |
Notes:
* These matchers can also match:
1. a native array passed by reference (e.g. in `Foo(const int (&a)[5])`), and
1. an array passed as a pointer and a count (e.g. in `Bar(const T* buffer, int len)` -- see [Multi-argument Matchers](#Multiargument_Matchers.md)).
* The array being matched may be multi-dimensional (i.e. its elements can be arrays).
* `m` in `Pointwise(m, ...)` should be a matcher for `std::tr1::tuple<T, U>` where `T` and `U` are the element type of the actual container and the expected container, respectively. For example, to compare two `Foo` containers where `Foo` doesn't support `operator==` but has an `Equals()` method, one might write:
```
using ::std::tr1::get;
MATCHER(FooEq, "") {
return get<0>(arg).Equals(get<1>(arg));
}
...
EXPECT_THAT(actual_foos, Pointwise(FooEq(), expected_foos));
```
## Member Matchers ##
|`Field(&class::field, m)`|`argument.field` (or `argument->field` when `argument` is a plain pointer) matches matcher `m`, where `argument` is an object of type _class_.|
|:------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Key(e)` |`argument.first` matches `e`, which can be either a value or a matcher. E.g. `Contains(Key(Le(5)))` can verify that a `map` contains a key `<= 5`.|
|`Pair(m1, m2)` |`argument` is an `std::pair` whose `first` field matches `m1` and `second` field matches `m2`. |
|`Property(&class::property, m)`|`argument.property()` (or `argument->property()` when `argument` is a plain pointer) matches matcher `m`, where `argument` is an object of type _class_.|
## Matching the Result of a Function or Functor ##
|`ResultOf(f, m)`|`f(argument)` matches matcher `m`, where `f` is a function or functor.|
|:---------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------|
## Pointer Matchers ##
|`Pointee(m)`|`argument` (either a smart pointer or a raw pointer) points to a value that matches matcher `m`.|
|:-----------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
## Multiargument Matchers ##
Technically, all matchers match a _single_ value. A "multi-argument"
matcher is just one that matches a _tuple_. The following matchers can
be used to match a tuple `(x, y)`:
|`Eq()`|`x == y`|
|:-----|:-------|
|`Ge()`|`x >= y`|
|`Gt()`|`x > y` |
|`Le()`|`x <= y`|
|`Lt()`|`x < y` |
|`Ne()`|`x != y`|
You can use the following selectors to pick a subset of the arguments
(or reorder them) to participate in the matching:
|`AllArgs(m)`|Equivalent to `m`. Useful as syntactic sugar in `.With(AllArgs(m))`.|
|:-----------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Args<N1, N2, ..., Nk>(m)`|The tuple of the `k` selected (using 0-based indices) arguments matches `m`, e.g. `Args<1, 2>(Eq())`.|
## Composite Matchers ##
You can make a matcher from one or more other matchers:
|`AllOf(m1, m2, ..., mn)`|`argument` matches all of the matchers `m1` to `mn`.|
|:-----------------------|:---------------------------------------------------|
|`AnyOf(m1, m2, ..., mn)`|`argument` matches at least one of the matchers `m1` to `mn`.|
|`Not(m)` |`argument` doesn't match matcher `m`. |
## Adapters for Matchers ##
|`MatcherCast<T>(m)`|casts matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`.|
|:------------------|:--------------------------------------|
|`SafeMatcherCast<T>(m)`| [safely casts](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CookBook#Casting_Matchers) matcher `m` to type `Matcher<T>`. |
|`Truly(predicate)` |`predicate(argument)` returns something considered by C++ to be true, where `predicate` is a function or functor.|
## Matchers as Predicates ##
|`Matches(m)(value)`|evaluates to `true` if `value` matches `m`. You can use `Matches(m)` alone as a unary functor.|
|:------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`ExplainMatchResult(m, value, result_listener)`|evaluates to `true` if `value` matches `m`, explaining the result to `result_listener`. |
|`Value(value, m)` |evaluates to `true` if `value` matches `m`. |
## Defining Matchers ##
| `MATCHER(IsEven, "") { return (arg % 2) == 0; }` | Defines a matcher `IsEven()` to match an even number. |
|:-------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------|
| `MATCHER_P(IsDivisibleBy, n, "") { *result_listener << "where the remainder is " << (arg % n); return (arg % n) == 0; }` | Defines a macher `IsDivisibleBy(n)` to match a number divisible by `n`. |
| `MATCHER_P2(IsBetween, a, b, std::string(negation ? "isn't" : "is") + " between " + PrintToString(a) + " and " + PrintToString(b)) { return a <= arg && arg <= b; }` | Defines a matcher `IsBetween(a, b)` to match a value in the range [`a`, `b`]. |
**Notes:**
1. The `MATCHER*` macros cannot be used inside a function or class.
1. The matcher body must be _purely functional_ (i.e. it cannot have any side effect, and the result must not depend on anything other than the value being matched and the matcher parameters).
1. You can use `PrintToString(x)` to convert a value `x` of any type to a string.
## Matchers as Test Assertions ##
|`ASSERT_THAT(expression, m)`|Generates a [fatal failure](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/Primer#Assertions) if the value of `expression` doesn't match matcher `m`.|
|:---------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`EXPECT_THAT(expression, m)`|Generates a non-fatal failure if the value of `expression` doesn't match matcher `m`. |
# Actions #
**Actions** specify what a mock function should do when invoked.
## Returning a Value ##
|`Return()`|Return from a `void` mock function.|
|:---------|:----------------------------------|
|`Return(value)`|Return `value`. If the type of `value` is different to the mock function's return type, `value` is converted to the latter type <i>at the time the expectation is set</i>, not when the action is executed.|
|`ReturnArg<N>()`|Return the `N`-th (0-based) argument.|
|`ReturnNew<T>(a1, ..., ak)`|Return `new T(a1, ..., ak)`; a different object is created each time.|
|`ReturnNull()`|Return a null pointer. |
|`ReturnPointee(ptr)`|Return the value pointed to by `ptr`.|
|`ReturnRef(variable)`|Return a reference to `variable`. |
|`ReturnRefOfCopy(value)`|Return a reference to a copy of `value`; the copy lives as long as the action.|
## Side Effects ##
|`Assign(&variable, value)`|Assign `value` to variable.|
|:-------------------------|:--------------------------|
| `DeleteArg<N>()` | Delete the `N`-th (0-based) argument, which must be a pointer. |
| `SaveArg<N>(pointer)` | Save the `N`-th (0-based) argument to `*pointer`. |
| `SaveArgPointee<N>(pointer)` | Save the value pointed to by the `N`-th (0-based) argument to `*pointer`. |
| `SetArgReferee<N>(value)` | Assign value to the variable referenced by the `N`-th (0-based) argument. |
|`SetArgPointee<N>(value)` |Assign `value` to the variable pointed by the `N`-th (0-based) argument.|
|`SetArgumentPointee<N>(value)`|Same as `SetArgPointee<N>(value)`. Deprecated. Will be removed in v1.7.0.|
|`SetArrayArgument<N>(first, last)`|Copies the elements in source range [`first`, `last`) to the array pointed to by the `N`-th (0-based) argument, which can be either a pointer or an iterator. The action does not take ownership of the elements in the source range.|
|`SetErrnoAndReturn(error, value)`|Set `errno` to `error` and return `value`.|
|`Throw(exception)` |Throws the given exception, which can be any copyable value. Available since v1.1.0.|
## Using a Function or a Functor as an Action ##
|`Invoke(f)`|Invoke `f` with the arguments passed to the mock function, where `f` can be a global/static function or a functor.|
|:----------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`Invoke(object_pointer, &class::method)`|Invoke the {method on the object with the arguments passed to the mock function. |
|`InvokeWithoutArgs(f)`|Invoke `f`, which can be a global/static function or a functor. `f` must take no arguments. |
|`InvokeWithoutArgs(object_pointer, &class::method)`|Invoke the method on the object, which takes no arguments. |
|`InvokeArgument<N>(arg1, arg2, ..., argk)`|Invoke the mock function's `N`-th (0-based) argument, which must be a function or a functor, with the `k` arguments.|
The return value of the invoked function is used as the return value
of the action.
When defining a function or functor to be used with `Invoke*()`, you can declare any unused parameters as `Unused`:
```
double Distance(Unused, double x, double y) { return sqrt(x*x + y*y); }
...
EXPECT_CALL(mock, Foo("Hi", _, _)).WillOnce(Invoke(Distance));
```
In `InvokeArgument<N>(...)`, if an argument needs to be passed by reference, wrap it inside `ByRef()`. For example,
```
InvokeArgument<2>(5, string("Hi"), ByRef(foo))
```
calls the mock function's #2 argument, passing to it `5` and `string("Hi")` by value, and `foo` by reference.
## Default Action ##
|`DoDefault()`|Do the default action (specified by `ON_CALL()` or the built-in one).|
|:------------|:--------------------------------------------------------------------|
**Note:** due to technical reasons, `DoDefault()` cannot be used inside a composite action - trying to do so will result in a run-time error.
## Composite Actions ##
|`DoAll(a1, a2, ..., an)`|Do all actions `a1` to `an` and return the result of `an` in each invocation. The first `n - 1` sub-actions must return void. |
|:-----------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
|`IgnoreResult(a)` |Perform action `a` and ignore its result. `a` must not return void. |
|`WithArg<N>(a)` |Pass the `N`-th (0-based) argument of the mock function to action `a` and perform it. |
|`WithArgs<N1, N2, ..., Nk>(a)`|Pass the selected (0-based) arguments of the mock function to action `a` and perform it. |
|`WithoutArgs(a)` |Perform action `a` without any arguments. |
## Defining Actions ##
| `ACTION(Sum) { return arg0 + arg1; }` | Defines an action `Sum()` to return the sum of the mock function's argument #0 and #1. |
|:--------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `ACTION_P(Plus, n) { return arg0 + n; }` | Defines an action `Plus(n)` to return the sum of the mock function's argument #0 and `n`. |
| `ACTION_Pk(Foo, p1, ..., pk) { statements; }` | Defines a parameterized action `Foo(p1, ..., pk)` to execute the given `statements`. |
The `ACTION*` macros cannot be used inside a function or class.
# Cardinalities #
These are used in `Times()` to specify how many times a mock function will be called:
|`AnyNumber()`|The function can be called any number of times.|
|:------------|:----------------------------------------------|
|`AtLeast(n)` |The call is expected at least `n` times. |
|`AtMost(n)` |The call is expected at most `n` times. |
|`Between(m, n)`|The call is expected between `m` and `n` (inclusive) times.|
|`Exactly(n) or n`|The call is expected exactly `n` times. In particular, the call should never happen when `n` is 0.|
# Expectation Order #
By default, the expectations can be matched in _any_ order. If some
or all expectations must be matched in a given order, there are two
ways to specify it. They can be used either independently or
together.
## The After Clause ##
```
using ::testing::Expectation;
...
Expectation init_x = EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitX());
Expectation init_y = EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitY());
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.After(init_x, init_y);
```
says that `Bar()` can be called only after both `InitX()` and
`InitY()` have been called.
If you don't know how many pre-requisites an expectation has when you
write it, you can use an `ExpectationSet` to collect them:
```
using ::testing::ExpectationSet;
...
ExpectationSet all_inits;
for (int i = 0; i < element_count; i++) {
all_inits += EXPECT_CALL(foo, InitElement(i));
}
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.After(all_inits);
```
says that `Bar()` can be called only after all elements have been
initialized (but we don't care about which elements get initialized
before the others).
Modifying an `ExpectationSet` after using it in an `.After()` doesn't
affect the meaning of the `.After()`.
## Sequences ##
When you have a long chain of sequential expectations, it's easier to
specify the order using **sequences**, which don't require you to given
each expectation in the chain a different name. <i>All expected<br>
calls</i> in the same sequence must occur in the order they are
specified.
```
using ::testing::Sequence;
Sequence s1, s2;
...
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Reset())
.InSequence(s1, s2)
.WillOnce(Return(true));
EXPECT_CALL(foo, GetSize())
.InSequence(s1)
.WillOnce(Return(1));
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Describe(A<const char*>()))
.InSequence(s2)
.WillOnce(Return("dummy"));
```
says that `Reset()` must be called before _both_ `GetSize()` _and_
`Describe()`, and the latter two can occur in any order.
To put many expectations in a sequence conveniently:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;
{
InSequence dummy;
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
...
EXPECT_CALL(...)...;
}
```
says that all expected calls in the scope of `dummy` must occur in
strict order. The name `dummy` is irrelevant.)
# Verifying and Resetting a Mock #
Google Mock will verify the expectations on a mock object when it is destructed, or you can do it earlier:
```
using ::testing::Mock;
...
// Verifies and removes the expectations on mock_obj;
// returns true iff successful.
Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&mock_obj);
...
// Verifies and removes the expectations on mock_obj;
// also removes the default actions set by ON_CALL();
// returns true iff successful.
Mock::VerifyAndClear(&mock_obj);
```
You can also tell Google Mock that a mock object can be leaked and doesn't
need to be verified:
```
Mock::AllowLeak(&mock_obj);
```
# Mock Classes #
Google Mock defines a convenient mock class template
```
class MockFunction<R(A1, ..., An)> {
public:
MOCK_METHODn(Call, R(A1, ..., An));
};
```
See this [recipe](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CookBook#Using_Check_Points) for one application of it.
# Flags #
| `--gmock_catch_leaked_mocks=0` | Don't report leaked mock objects as failures. |
|:-------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------|
| `--gmock_verbose=LEVEL` | Sets the default verbosity level (`info`, `warning`, or `error`) of Google Mock messages. |

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This page lists all documentation wiki pages for Google Mock **(the SVN trunk version)**
- **if you use a released version of Google Mock, please read the documentation for that specific version instead.**
* [ForDummies](V1_7_ForDummies.md) -- start here if you are new to Google Mock.
* [CheatSheet](V1_7_CheatSheet.md) -- a quick reference.
* [CookBook](V1_7_CookBook.md) -- recipes for doing various tasks using Google Mock.
* [FrequentlyAskedQuestions](V1_7_FrequentlyAskedQuestions.md) -- check here before asking a question on the mailing list.
To contribute code to Google Mock, read:
* [DevGuide](DevGuide.md) -- read this _before_ writing your first patch.
* [Pump Manual](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/PumpManual) -- how we generate some of Google Mock's source files.

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(**Note:** If you get compiler errors that you don't understand, be sure to consult [Google Mock Doctor](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_FrequentlyAskedQuestions#How_am_I_supposed_to_make_sense_of_these_horrible_template_error).)
# What Is Google C++ Mocking Framework? #
When you write a prototype or test, often it's not feasible or wise to rely on real objects entirely. A **mock object** implements the same interface as a real object (so it can be used as one), but lets you specify at run time how it will be used and what it should do (which methods will be called? in which order? how many times? with what arguments? what will they return? etc).
**Note:** It is easy to confuse the term _fake objects_ with mock objects. Fakes and mocks actually mean very different things in the Test-Driven Development (TDD) community:
* **Fake** objects have working implementations, but usually take some shortcut (perhaps to make the operations less expensive), which makes them not suitable for production. An in-memory file system would be an example of a fake.
* **Mocks** are objects pre-programmed with _expectations_, which form a specification of the calls they are expected to receive.
If all this seems too abstract for you, don't worry - the most important thing to remember is that a mock allows you to check the _interaction_ between itself and code that uses it. The difference between fakes and mocks will become much clearer once you start to use mocks.
**Google C++ Mocking Framework** (or **Google Mock** for short) is a library (sometimes we also call it a "framework" to make it sound cool) for creating mock classes and using them. It does to C++ what [jMock](http://www.jmock.org/) and [EasyMock](http://www.easymock.org/) do to Java.
Using Google Mock involves three basic steps:
1. Use some simple macros to describe the interface you want to mock, and they will expand to the implementation of your mock class;
1. Create some mock objects and specify its expectations and behavior using an intuitive syntax;
1. Exercise code that uses the mock objects. Google Mock will catch any violation of the expectations as soon as it arises.
# Why Google Mock? #
While mock objects help you remove unnecessary dependencies in tests and make them fast and reliable, using mocks manually in C++ is _hard_:
* Someone has to implement the mocks. The job is usually tedious and error-prone. No wonder people go great distance to avoid it.
* The quality of those manually written mocks is a bit, uh, unpredictable. You may see some really polished ones, but you may also see some that were hacked up in a hurry and have all sorts of ad hoc restrictions.
* The knowledge you gained from using one mock doesn't transfer to the next.
In contrast, Java and Python programmers have some fine mock frameworks, which automate the creation of mocks. As a result, mocking is a proven effective technique and widely adopted practice in those communities. Having the right tool absolutely makes the difference.
Google Mock was built to help C++ programmers. It was inspired by [jMock](http://www.jmock.org/) and [EasyMock](http://www.easymock.org/), but designed with C++'s specifics in mind. It is your friend if any of the following problems is bothering you:
* You are stuck with a sub-optimal design and wish you had done more prototyping before it was too late, but prototyping in C++ is by no means "rapid".
* Your tests are slow as they depend on too many libraries or use expensive resources (e.g. a database).
* Your tests are brittle as some resources they use are unreliable (e.g. the network).
* You want to test how your code handles a failure (e.g. a file checksum error), but it's not easy to cause one.
* You need to make sure that your module interacts with other modules in the right way, but it's hard to observe the interaction; therefore you resort to observing the side effects at the end of the action, which is awkward at best.
* You want to "mock out" your dependencies, except that they don't have mock implementations yet; and, frankly, you aren't thrilled by some of those hand-written mocks.
We encourage you to use Google Mock as:
* a _design_ tool, for it lets you experiment with your interface design early and often. More iterations lead to better designs!
* a _testing_ tool to cut your tests' outbound dependencies and probe the interaction between your module and its collaborators.
# Getting Started #
Using Google Mock is easy! Inside your C++ source file, just `#include` `"gtest/gtest.h"` and `"gmock/gmock.h"`, and you are ready to go.
# A Case for Mock Turtles #
Let's look at an example. Suppose you are developing a graphics program that relies on a LOGO-like API for drawing. How would you test that it does the right thing? Well, you can run it and compare the screen with a golden screen snapshot, but let's admit it: tests like this are expensive to run and fragile (What if you just upgraded to a shiny new graphics card that has better anti-aliasing? Suddenly you have to update all your golden images.). It would be too painful if all your tests are like this. Fortunately, you learned about Dependency Injection and know the right thing to do: instead of having your application talk to the drawing API directly, wrap the API in an interface (say, `Turtle`) and code to that interface:
```
class Turtle {
...
virtual ~Turtle() {}
virtual void PenUp() = 0;
virtual void PenDown() = 0;
virtual void Forward(int distance) = 0;
virtual void Turn(int degrees) = 0;
virtual void GoTo(int x, int y) = 0;
virtual int GetX() const = 0;
virtual int GetY() const = 0;
};
```
(Note that the destructor of `Turtle` **must** be virtual, as is the case for **all** classes you intend to inherit from - otherwise the destructor of the derived class will not be called when you delete an object through a base pointer, and you'll get corrupted program states like memory leaks.)
You can control whether the turtle's movement will leave a trace using `PenUp()` and `PenDown()`, and control its movement using `Forward()`, `Turn()`, and `GoTo()`. Finally, `GetX()` and `GetY()` tell you the current position of the turtle.
Your program will normally use a real implementation of this interface. In tests, you can use a mock implementation instead. This allows you to easily check what drawing primitives your program is calling, with what arguments, and in which order. Tests written this way are much more robust (they won't break because your new machine does anti-aliasing differently), easier to read and maintain (the intent of a test is expressed in the code, not in some binary images), and run _much, much faster_.
# Writing the Mock Class #
If you are lucky, the mocks you need to use have already been implemented by some nice people. If, however, you find yourself in the position to write a mock class, relax - Google Mock turns this task into a fun game! (Well, almost.)
## How to Define It ##
Using the `Turtle` interface as example, here are the simple steps you need to follow:
1. Derive a class `MockTurtle` from `Turtle`.
1. Take a _virtual_ function of `Turtle` (while it's possible to [mock non-virtual methods using templates](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CookBook#Mocking_Nonvirtual_Methods), it's much more involved). Count how many arguments it has.
1. In the `public:` section of the child class, write `MOCK_METHODn();` (or `MOCK_CONST_METHODn();` if you are mocking a `const` method), where `n` is the number of the arguments; if you counted wrong, shame on you, and a compiler error will tell you so.
1. Now comes the fun part: you take the function signature, cut-and-paste the _function name_ as the _first_ argument to the macro, and leave what's left as the _second_ argument (in case you're curious, this is the _type of the function_).
1. Repeat until all virtual functions you want to mock are done.
After the process, you should have something like:
```
#include "gmock/gmock.h" // Brings in Google Mock.
class MockTurtle : public Turtle {
public:
...
MOCK_METHOD0(PenUp, void());
MOCK_METHOD0(PenDown, void());
MOCK_METHOD1(Forward, void(int distance));
MOCK_METHOD1(Turn, void(int degrees));
MOCK_METHOD2(GoTo, void(int x, int y));
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetX, int());
MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(GetY, int());
};
```
You don't need to define these mock methods somewhere else - the `MOCK_METHOD*` macros will generate the definitions for you. It's that simple! Once you get the hang of it, you can pump out mock classes faster than your source-control system can handle your check-ins.
**Tip:** If even this is too much work for you, you'll find the
`gmock_gen.py` tool in Google Mock's `scripts/generator/` directory (courtesy of the [cppclean](http://code.google.com/p/cppclean/) project) useful. This command-line
tool requires that you have Python 2.4 installed. You give it a C++ file and the name of an abstract class defined in it,
and it will print the definition of the mock class for you. Due to the
complexity of the C++ language, this script may not always work, but
it can be quite handy when it does. For more details, read the [user documentation](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/source/browse/trunk/scripts/generator/README).
## Where to Put It ##
When you define a mock class, you need to decide where to put its definition. Some people put it in a `*_test.cc`. This is fine when the interface being mocked (say, `Foo`) is owned by the same person or team. Otherwise, when the owner of `Foo` changes it, your test could break. (You can't really expect `Foo`'s maintainer to fix every test that uses `Foo`, can you?)
So, the rule of thumb is: if you need to mock `Foo` and it's owned by others, define the mock class in `Foo`'s package (better, in a `testing` sub-package such that you can clearly separate production code and testing utilities), and put it in a `mock_foo.h`. Then everyone can reference `mock_foo.h` from their tests. If `Foo` ever changes, there is only one copy of `MockFoo` to change, and only tests that depend on the changed methods need to be fixed.
Another way to do it: you can introduce a thin layer `FooAdaptor` on top of `Foo` and code to this new interface. Since you own `FooAdaptor`, you can absorb changes in `Foo` much more easily. While this is more work initially, carefully choosing the adaptor interface can make your code easier to write and more readable (a net win in the long run), as you can choose `FooAdaptor` to fit your specific domain much better than `Foo` does.
# Using Mocks in Tests #
Once you have a mock class, using it is easy. The typical work flow is:
1. Import the Google Mock names from the `testing` namespace such that you can use them unqualified (You only have to do it once per file. Remember that namespaces are a good idea and good for your health.).
1. Create some mock objects.
1. Specify your expectations on them (How many times will a method be called? With what arguments? What should it do? etc.).
1. Exercise some code that uses the mocks; optionally, check the result using Google Test assertions. If a mock method is called more than expected or with wrong arguments, you'll get an error immediately.
1. When a mock is destructed, Google Mock will automatically check whether all expectations on it have been satisfied.
Here's an example:
```
#include "path/to/mock-turtle.h"
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
using ::testing::AtLeast; // #1
TEST(PainterTest, CanDrawSomething) {
MockTurtle turtle; // #2
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenDown()) // #3
.Times(AtLeast(1));
Painter painter(&turtle); // #4
EXPECT_TRUE(painter.DrawCircle(0, 0, 10));
} // #5
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// The following line must be executed to initialize Google Mock
// (and Google Test) before running the tests.
::testing::InitGoogleMock(&argc, argv);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}
```
As you might have guessed, this test checks that `PenDown()` is called at least once. If the `painter` object didn't call this method, your test will fail with a message like this:
```
path/to/my_test.cc:119: Failure
Actual function call count doesn't match this expectation:
Actually: never called;
Expected: called at least once.
```
**Tip 1:** If you run the test from an Emacs buffer, you can hit `<Enter>` on the line number displayed in the error message to jump right to the failed expectation.
**Tip 2:** If your mock objects are never deleted, the final verification won't happen. Therefore it's a good idea to use a heap leak checker in your tests when you allocate mocks on the heap.
**Important note:** Google Mock requires expectations to be set **before** the mock functions are called, otherwise the behavior is **undefined**. In particular, you mustn't interleave `EXPECT_CALL()`s and calls to the mock functions.
This means `EXPECT_CALL()` should be read as expecting that a call will occur _in the future_, not that a call has occurred. Why does Google Mock work like that? Well, specifying the expectation beforehand allows Google Mock to report a violation as soon as it arises, when the context (stack trace, etc) is still available. This makes debugging much easier.
Admittedly, this test is contrived and doesn't do much. You can easily achieve the same effect without using Google Mock. However, as we shall reveal soon, Google Mock allows you to do _much more_ with the mocks.
## Using Google Mock with Any Testing Framework ##
If you want to use something other than Google Test (e.g. [CppUnit](http://apps.sourceforge.net/mediawiki/cppunit/index.php?title=Main_Page) or
[CxxTest](http://cxxtest.tigris.org/)) as your testing framework, just change the `main()` function in the previous section to:
```
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
// The following line causes Google Mock to throw an exception on failure,
// which will be interpreted by your testing framework as a test failure.
::testing::GTEST_FLAG(throw_on_failure) = true;
::testing::InitGoogleMock(&argc, argv);
... whatever your testing framework requires ...
}
```
This approach has a catch: it makes Google Mock throw an exception
from a mock object's destructor sometimes. With some compilers, this
sometimes causes the test program to crash. You'll still be able to
notice that the test has failed, but it's not a graceful failure.
A better solution is to use Google Test's
[event listener API](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/wiki/AdvancedGuide#Extending_Google_Test_by_Handling_Test_Events)
to report a test failure to your testing framework properly. You'll need to
implement the `OnTestPartResult()` method of the event listener interface, but it
should be straightforward.
If this turns out to be too much work, we suggest that you stick with
Google Test, which works with Google Mock seamlessly (in fact, it is
technically part of Google Mock.). If there is a reason that you
cannot use Google Test, please let us know.
# Setting Expectations #
The key to using a mock object successfully is to set the _right expectations_ on it. If you set the expectations too strict, your test will fail as the result of unrelated changes. If you set them too loose, bugs can slip through. You want to do it just right such that your test can catch exactly the kind of bugs you intend it to catch. Google Mock provides the necessary means for you to do it "just right."
## General Syntax ##
In Google Mock we use the `EXPECT_CALL()` macro to set an expectation on a mock method. The general syntax is:
```
EXPECT_CALL(mock_object, method(matchers))
.Times(cardinality)
.WillOnce(action)
.WillRepeatedly(action);
```
The macro has two arguments: first the mock object, and then the method and its arguments. Note that the two are separated by a comma (`,`), not a period (`.`). (Why using a comma? The answer is that it was necessary for technical reasons.)
The macro can be followed by some optional _clauses_ that provide more information about the expectation. We'll discuss how each clause works in the coming sections.
This syntax is designed to make an expectation read like English. For example, you can probably guess that
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.Times(5)
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(150))
.WillRepeatedly(Return(200));
```
says that the `turtle` object's `GetX()` method will be called five times, it will return 100 the first time, 150 the second time, and then 200 every time. Some people like to call this style of syntax a Domain-Specific Language (DSL).
**Note:** Why do we use a macro to do this? It serves two purposes: first it makes expectations easily identifiable (either by `grep` or by a human reader), and second it allows Google Mock to include the source file location of a failed expectation in messages, making debugging easier.
## Matchers: What Arguments Do We Expect? ##
When a mock function takes arguments, we must specify what arguments we are expecting; for example:
```
// Expects the turtle to move forward by 100 units.
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(100));
```
Sometimes you may not want to be too specific (Remember that talk about tests being too rigid? Over specification leads to brittle tests and obscures the intent of tests. Therefore we encourage you to specify only what's necessary - no more, no less.). If you care to check that `Forward()` will be called but aren't interested in its actual argument, write `_` as the argument, which means "anything goes":
```
using ::testing::_;
...
// Expects the turtle to move forward.
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(_));
```
`_` is an instance of what we call **matchers**. A matcher is like a predicate and can test whether an argument is what we'd expect. You can use a matcher inside `EXPECT_CALL()` wherever a function argument is expected.
A list of built-in matchers can be found in the [CheatSheet](V1_7_CheatSheet.md). For example, here's the `Ge` (greater than or equal) matcher:
```
using ::testing::Ge;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(Ge(100)));
```
This checks that the turtle will be told to go forward by at least 100 units.
## Cardinalities: How Many Times Will It Be Called? ##
The first clause we can specify following an `EXPECT_CALL()` is `Times()`. We call its argument a **cardinality** as it tells _how many times_ the call should occur. It allows us to repeat an expectation many times without actually writing it as many times. More importantly, a cardinality can be "fuzzy", just like a matcher can be. This allows a user to express the intent of a test exactly.
An interesting special case is when we say `Times(0)`. You may have guessed - it means that the function shouldn't be called with the given arguments at all, and Google Mock will report a Google Test failure whenever the function is (wrongfully) called.
We've seen `AtLeast(n)` as an example of fuzzy cardinalities earlier. For the list of built-in cardinalities you can use, see the [CheatSheet](V1_7_CheatSheet.md).
The `Times()` clause can be omitted. **If you omit `Times()`, Google Mock will infer the cardinality for you.** The rules are easy to remember:
* If **neither** `WillOnce()` **nor** `WillRepeatedly()` is in the `EXPECT_CALL()`, the inferred cardinality is `Times(1)`.
* If there are `n WillOnce()`'s but **no** `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 1, the cardinality is `Times(n)`.
* If there are `n WillOnce()`'s and **one** `WillRepeatedly()`, where `n` >= 0, the cardinality is `Times(AtLeast(n))`.
**Quick quiz:** what do you think will happen if a function is expected to be called twice but actually called four times?
## Actions: What Should It Do? ##
Remember that a mock object doesn't really have a working implementation? We as users have to tell it what to do when a method is invoked. This is easy in Google Mock.
First, if the return type of a mock function is a built-in type or a pointer, the function has a **default action** (a `void` function will just return, a `bool` function will return `false`, and other functions will return 0). If you don't say anything, this behavior will be used.
Second, if a mock function doesn't have a default action, or the default action doesn't suit you, you can specify the action to be taken each time the expectation matches using a series of `WillOnce()` clauses followed by an optional `WillRepeatedly()`. For example,
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(200))
.WillOnce(Return(300));
```
This says that `turtle.GetX()` will be called _exactly three times_ (Google Mock inferred this from how many `WillOnce()` clauses we've written, since we didn't explicitly write `Times()`), and will return 100, 200, and 300 respectively.
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetY())
.WillOnce(Return(100))
.WillOnce(Return(200))
.WillRepeatedly(Return(300));
```
says that `turtle.GetY()` will be called _at least twice_ (Google Mock knows this as we've written two `WillOnce()` clauses and a `WillRepeatedly()` while having no explicit `Times()`), will return 100 the first time, 200 the second time, and 300 from the third time on.
Of course, if you explicitly write a `Times()`, Google Mock will not try to infer the cardinality itself. What if the number you specified is larger than there are `WillOnce()` clauses? Well, after all `WillOnce()`s are used up, Google Mock will do the _default_ action for the function every time (unless, of course, you have a `WillRepeatedly()`.).
What can we do inside `WillOnce()` besides `Return()`? You can return a reference using `ReturnRef(variable)`, or invoke a pre-defined function, among [others](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CheatSheet#Actions).
**Important note:** The `EXPECT_CALL()` statement evaluates the action clause only once, even though the action may be performed many times. Therefore you must be careful about side effects. The following may not do what you want:
```
int n = 100;
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.Times(4)
.WillRepeatedly(Return(n++));
```
Instead of returning 100, 101, 102, ..., consecutively, this mock function will always return 100 as `n++` is only evaluated once. Similarly, `Return(new Foo)` will create a new `Foo` object when the `EXPECT_CALL()` is executed, and will return the same pointer every time. If you want the side effect to happen every time, you need to define a custom action, which we'll teach in the [CookBook](V1_7_CookBook.md).
Time for another quiz! What do you think the following means?
```
using ::testing::Return;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetY())
.Times(4)
.WillOnce(Return(100));
```
Obviously `turtle.GetY()` is expected to be called four times. But if you think it will return 100 every time, think twice! Remember that one `WillOnce()` clause will be consumed each time the function is invoked and the default action will be taken afterwards. So the right answer is that `turtle.GetY()` will return 100 the first time, but **return 0 from the second time on**, as returning 0 is the default action for `int` functions.
## Using Multiple Expectations ##
So far we've only shown examples where you have a single expectation. More realistically, you're going to specify expectations on multiple mock methods, which may be from multiple mock objects.
By default, when a mock method is invoked, Google Mock will search the expectations in the **reverse order** they are defined, and stop when an active expectation that matches the arguments is found (you can think of it as "newer rules override older ones."). If the matching expectation cannot take any more calls, you will get an upper-bound-violated failure. Here's an example:
```
using ::testing::_;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(_)); // #1
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(10)) // #2
.Times(2);
```
If `Forward(10)` is called three times in a row, the third time it will be an error, as the last matching expectation (#2) has been saturated. If, however, the third `Forward(10)` call is replaced by `Forward(20)`, then it would be OK, as now #1 will be the matching expectation.
**Side note:** Why does Google Mock search for a match in the _reverse_ order of the expectations? The reason is that this allows a user to set up the default expectations in a mock object's constructor or the test fixture's set-up phase and then customize the mock by writing more specific expectations in the test body. So, if you have two expectations on the same method, you want to put the one with more specific matchers **after** the other, or the more specific rule would be shadowed by the more general one that comes after it.
## Ordered vs Unordered Calls ##
By default, an expectation can match a call even though an earlier expectation hasn't been satisfied. In other words, the calls don't have to occur in the order the expectations are specified.
Sometimes, you may want all the expected calls to occur in a strict order. To say this in Google Mock is easy:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;...
TEST(FooTest, DrawsLineSegment) {
...
{
InSequence dummy;
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenDown());
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, Forward(100));
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, PenUp());
}
Foo();
}
```
By creating an object of type `InSequence`, all expectations in its scope are put into a _sequence_ and have to occur _sequentially_. Since we are just relying on the constructor and destructor of this object to do the actual work, its name is really irrelevant.
In this example, we test that `Foo()` calls the three expected functions in the order as written. If a call is made out-of-order, it will be an error.
(What if you care about the relative order of some of the calls, but not all of them? Can you specify an arbitrary partial order? The answer is ... yes! If you are impatient, the details can be found in the [CookBook](V1_7_CookBook#Expecting_Partially_Ordered_Calls.md).)
## All Expectations Are Sticky (Unless Said Otherwise) ##
Now let's do a quick quiz to see how well you can use this mock stuff already. How would you test that the turtle is asked to go to the origin _exactly twice_ (you want to ignore any other instructions it receives)?
After you've come up with your answer, take a look at ours and compare notes (solve it yourself first - don't cheat!):
```
using ::testing::_;...
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GoTo(_, _)) // #1
.Times(AnyNumber());
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GoTo(0, 0)) // #2
.Times(2);
```
Suppose `turtle.GoTo(0, 0)` is called three times. In the third time, Google Mock will see that the arguments match expectation #2 (remember that we always pick the last matching expectation). Now, since we said that there should be only two such calls, Google Mock will report an error immediately. This is basically what we've told you in the "Using Multiple Expectations" section above.
This example shows that **expectations in Google Mock are "sticky" by default**, in the sense that they remain active even after we have reached their invocation upper bounds. This is an important rule to remember, as it affects the meaning of the spec, and is **different** to how it's done in many other mocking frameworks (Why'd we do that? Because we think our rule makes the common cases easier to express and understand.).
Simple? Let's see if you've really understood it: what does the following code say?
```
using ::testing::Return;
...
for (int i = n; i > 0; i--) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i));
}
```
If you think it says that `turtle.GetX()` will be called `n` times and will return 10, 20, 30, ..., consecutively, think twice! The problem is that, as we said, expectations are sticky. So, the second time `turtle.GetX()` is called, the last (latest) `EXPECT_CALL()` statement will match, and will immediately lead to an "upper bound exceeded" error - this piece of code is not very useful!
One correct way of saying that `turtle.GetX()` will return 10, 20, 30, ..., is to explicitly say that the expectations are _not_ sticky. In other words, they should _retire_ as soon as they are saturated:
```
using ::testing::Return;
...
for (int i = n; i > 0; i--) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
```
And, there's a better way to do it: in this case, we expect the calls to occur in a specific order, and we line up the actions to match the order. Since the order is important here, we should make it explicit using a sequence:
```
using ::testing::InSequence;
using ::testing::Return;
...
{
InSequence s;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
EXPECT_CALL(turtle, GetX())
.WillOnce(Return(10*i))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
}
```
By the way, the other situation where an expectation may _not_ be sticky is when it's in a sequence - as soon as another expectation that comes after it in the sequence has been used, it automatically retires (and will never be used to match any call).
## Uninteresting Calls ##
A mock object may have many methods, and not all of them are that interesting. For example, in some tests we may not care about how many times `GetX()` and `GetY()` get called.
In Google Mock, if you are not interested in a method, just don't say anything about it. If a call to this method occurs, you'll see a warning in the test output, but it won't be a failure.
# What Now? #
Congratulations! You've learned enough about Google Mock to start using it. Now, you might want to join the [googlemock](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) discussion group and actually write some tests using Google Mock - it will be fun. Hey, it may even be addictive - you've been warned.
Then, if you feel like increasing your mock quotient, you should move on to the [CookBook](V1_7_CookBook.md). You can learn many advanced features of Google Mock there -- and advance your level of enjoyment and testing bliss.

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Please send your questions to the
[googlemock](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) discussion
group. If you need help with compiler errors, make sure you have
tried [Google Mock Doctor](#How_am_I_supposed_to_make_sense_of_these_horrible_template_error.md) first.
## When I call a method on my mock object, the method for the real object is invoked instead. What's the problem? ##
In order for a method to be mocked, it must be _virtual_, unless you use the [high-perf dependency injection technique](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CookBook#Mocking_Nonvirtual_Methods).
## I wrote some matchers. After I upgraded to a new version of Google Mock, they no longer compile. What's going on? ##
After version 1.4.0 of Google Mock was released, we had an idea on how
to make it easier to write matchers that can generate informative
messages efficiently. We experimented with this idea and liked what
we saw. Therefore we decided to implement it.
Unfortunately, this means that if you have defined your own matchers
by implementing `MatcherInterface` or using `MakePolymorphicMatcher()`,
your definitions will no longer compile. Matchers defined using the
`MATCHER*` family of macros are not affected.
Sorry for the hassle if your matchers are affected. We believe it's
in everyone's long-term interest to make this change sooner than
later. Fortunately, it's usually not hard to migrate an existing
matcher to the new API. Here's what you need to do:
If you wrote your matcher like this:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
you'll need to change it to:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
(i.e. rename `Matches()` to `MatchAndExplain()` and give it a second
argument of type `MatchResultListener*`.)
If you were also using `ExplainMatchResultTo()` to improve the matcher
message:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the lastest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(MyType value,
::std::ostream* os) const {
// Prints some helpful information to os to help
// a user understand why value matches (or doesn't match).
*os << "the Foo property is " << value.GetFoo();
}
...
};
```
you should move the logic of `ExplainMatchResultTo()` into
`MatchAndExplain()`, using the `MatchResultListener` argument where
the `::std::ostream` was used:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyWonderfulMatcher : public MatcherInterface<MyType> {
public:
...
virtual bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
*listener << "the Foo property is " << value.GetFoo();
return value.GetFoo() > 5;
}
...
};
```
If your matcher is defined using `MakePolymorphicMatcher()`:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
you should rename the `Matches()` method to `MatchAndExplain()` and
add a `MatchResultListener*` argument (the same as what you need to do
for matchers defined by implementing `MatcherInterface`):
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
If your polymorphic matcher uses `ExplainMatchResultTo()` for better
failure messages:
```
// Old matcher definition that doesn't work with the latest
// Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool Matches(MyType value) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
void ExplainMatchResultTo(const MyGreatMatcher& matcher,
MyType value,
::std::ostream* os) {
// Prints some helpful information to os to help
// a user understand why value matches (or doesn't match).
*os << "the Bar property is " << value.GetBar();
}
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
you'll need to move the logic inside `ExplainMatchResultTo()` to
`MatchAndExplain()`:
```
// New matcher definition that works with the latest Google Mock.
using ::testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
...
class MyGreatMatcher {
public:
...
bool MatchAndExplain(MyType value,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
// Returns true if value matches.
*listener << "the Bar property is " << value.GetBar();
return value.GetBar() < 42;
}
...
};
... MakePolymorphicMatcher(MyGreatMatcher()) ...
```
For more information, you can read these
[two](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CookBook#Writing_New_Monomorphic_Matchers)
[recipes](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CookBook#Writing_New_Polymorphic_Matchers)
from the cookbook. As always, you
are welcome to post questions on `googlemock@googlegroups.com` if you
need any help.
## When using Google Mock, do I have to use Google Test as the testing framework? I have my favorite testing framework and don't want to switch. ##
Google Mock works out of the box with Google Test. However, it's easy
to configure it to work with any testing framework of your choice.
[Here](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_ForDummies#Using_Google_Mock_with_Any_Testing_Framework) is how.
## How am I supposed to make sense of these horrible template errors? ##
If you are confused by the compiler errors gcc threw at you,
try consulting the _Google Mock Doctor_ tool first. What it does is to
scan stdin for gcc error messages, and spit out diagnoses on the
problems (we call them diseases) your code has.
To "install", run command:
```
alias gmd='<path to googlemock>/scripts/gmock_doctor.py'
```
To use it, do:
```
<your-favorite-build-command> <your-test> 2>&1 | gmd
```
For example:
```
make my_test 2>&1 | gmd
```
Or you can run `gmd` and copy-n-paste gcc's error messages to it.
## Can I mock a variadic function? ##
You cannot mock a variadic function (i.e. a function taking ellipsis
(`...`) arguments) directly in Google Mock.
The problem is that in general, there is _no way_ for a mock object to
know how many arguments are passed to the variadic method, and what
the arguments' types are. Only the _author of the base class_ knows
the protocol, and we cannot look into his head.
Therefore, to mock such a function, the _user_ must teach the mock
object how to figure out the number of arguments and their types. One
way to do it is to provide overloaded versions of the function.
Ellipsis arguments are inherited from C and not really a C++ feature.
They are unsafe to use and don't work with arguments that have
constructors or destructors. Therefore we recommend to avoid them in
C++ as much as possible.
## MSVC gives me warning C4301 or C4373 when I define a mock method with a const parameter. Why? ##
If you compile this using Microsoft Visual C++ 2005 SP1:
```
class Foo {
...
virtual void Bar(const int i) = 0;
};
class MockFoo : public Foo {
...
MOCK_METHOD1(Bar, void(const int i));
};
```
You may get the following warning:
```
warning C4301: 'MockFoo::Bar': overriding virtual function only differs from 'Foo::Bar' by const/volatile qualifier
```
This is a MSVC bug. The same code compiles fine with gcc ,for
example. If you use Visual C++ 2008 SP1, you would get the warning:
```
warning C4373: 'MockFoo::Bar': virtual function overrides 'Foo::Bar', previous versions of the compiler did not override when parameters only differed by const/volatile qualifiers
```
In C++, if you _declare_ a function with a `const` parameter, the
`const` modifier is _ignored_. Therefore, the `Foo` base class above
is equivalent to:
```
class Foo {
...
virtual void Bar(int i) = 0; // int or const int? Makes no difference.
};
```
In fact, you can _declare_ Bar() with an `int` parameter, and _define_
it with a `const int` parameter. The compiler will still match them
up.
Since making a parameter `const` is meaningless in the method
_declaration_, we recommend to remove it in both `Foo` and `MockFoo`.
That should workaround the VC bug.
Note that we are talking about the _top-level_ `const` modifier here.
If the function parameter is passed by pointer or reference, declaring
the _pointee_ or _referee_ as `const` is still meaningful. For
example, the following two declarations are _not_ equivalent:
```
void Bar(int* p); // Neither p nor *p is const.
void Bar(const int* p); // p is not const, but *p is.
```
## I have a huge mock class, and Microsoft Visual C++ runs out of memory when compiling it. What can I do? ##
We've noticed that when the `/clr` compiler flag is used, Visual C++
uses 5~6 times as much memory when compiling a mock class. We suggest
to avoid `/clr` when compiling native C++ mocks.
## I can't figure out why Google Mock thinks my expectations are not satisfied. What should I do? ##
You might want to run your test with
`--gmock_verbose=info`. This flag lets Google Mock print a trace
of every mock function call it receives. By studying the trace,
you'll gain insights on why the expectations you set are not met.
## How can I assert that a function is NEVER called? ##
```
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.Times(0);
```
## I have a failed test where Google Mock tells me TWICE that a particular expectation is not satisfied. Isn't this redundant? ##
When Google Mock detects a failure, it prints relevant information
(the mock function arguments, the state of relevant expectations, and
etc) to help the user debug. If another failure is detected, Google
Mock will do the same, including printing the state of relevant
expectations.
Sometimes an expectation's state didn't change between two failures,
and you'll see the same description of the state twice. They are
however _not_ redundant, as they refer to _different points in time_.
The fact they are the same _is_ interesting information.
## I get a heap check failure when using a mock object, but using a real object is fine. What can be wrong? ##
Does the class (hopefully a pure interface) you are mocking have a
virtual destructor?
Whenever you derive from a base class, make sure its destructor is
virtual. Otherwise Bad Things will happen. Consider the following
code:
```
class Base {
public:
// Not virtual, but should be.
~Base() { ... }
...
};
class Derived : public Base {
public:
...
private:
std::string value_;
};
...
Base* p = new Derived;
...
delete p; // Surprise! ~Base() will be called, but ~Derived() will not
// - value_ is leaked.
```
By changing `~Base()` to virtual, `~Derived()` will be correctly
called when `delete p` is executed, and the heap checker
will be happy.
## The "newer expectations override older ones" rule makes writing expectations awkward. Why does Google Mock do that? ##
When people complain about this, often they are referring to code like:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time. However, I have to write the expectations in the
// reverse order. This sucks big time!!!
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
```
The problem is that they didn't pick the **best** way to express the test's
intent.
By default, expectations don't have to be matched in _any_ particular
order. If you want them to match in a certain order, you need to be
explicit. This is Google Mock's (and jMock's) fundamental philosophy: it's
easy to accidentally over-specify your tests, and we want to make it
harder to do so.
There are two better ways to write the test spec. You could either
put the expectations in sequence:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time. Using a sequence, we can write the expectations
// in their natural order.
{
InSequence s;
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
}
```
or you can put the sequence of actions in the same expectation:
```
// foo.Bar() should be called twice, return 1 the first time, and return
// 2 the second time.
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar())
.WillOnce(Return(1))
.WillOnce(Return(2))
.RetiresOnSaturation();
```
Back to the original questions: why does Google Mock search the
expectations (and `ON_CALL`s) from back to front? Because this
allows a user to set up a mock's behavior for the common case early
(e.g. in the mock's constructor or the test fixture's set-up phase)
and customize it with more specific rules later. If Google Mock
searches from front to back, this very useful pattern won't be
possible.
## Google Mock prints a warning when a function without EXPECT\_CALL is called, even if I have set its behavior using ON\_CALL. Would it be reasonable not to show the warning in this case? ##
When choosing between being neat and being safe, we lean toward the
latter. So the answer is that we think it's better to show the
warning.
Often people write `ON_CALL`s in the mock object's
constructor or `SetUp()`, as the default behavior rarely changes from
test to test. Then in the test body they set the expectations, which
are often different for each test. Having an `ON_CALL` in the set-up
part of a test doesn't mean that the calls are expected. If there's
no `EXPECT_CALL` and the method is called, it's possibly an error. If
we quietly let the call go through without notifying the user, bugs
may creep in unnoticed.
If, however, you are sure that the calls are OK, you can write
```
EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.WillRepeatedly(...);
```
instead of
```
ON_CALL(foo, Bar(_))
.WillByDefault(...);
```
This tells Google Mock that you do expect the calls and no warning should be
printed.
Also, you can control the verbosity using the `--gmock_verbose` flag.
If you find the output too noisy when debugging, just choose a less
verbose level.
## How can I delete the mock function's argument in an action? ##
If you find yourself needing to perform some action that's not
supported by Google Mock directly, remember that you can define your own
actions using
[MakeAction()](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CookBook#Writing_New_Actions) or
[MakePolymorphicAction()](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CookBook#Writing_New_Polymorphic_Actions),
or you can write a stub function and invoke it using
[Invoke()](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CookBook#Using_Functions_Methods_Functors).
## MOCK\_METHODn()'s second argument looks funny. Why don't you use the MOCK\_METHODn(Method, return\_type, arg\_1, ..., arg\_n) syntax? ##
What?! I think it's beautiful. :-)
While which syntax looks more natural is a subjective matter to some
extent, Google Mock's syntax was chosen for several practical advantages it
has.
Try to mock a function that takes a map as an argument:
```
virtual int GetSize(const map<int, std::string>& m);
```
Using the proposed syntax, it would be:
```
MOCK_METHOD1(GetSize, int, const map<int, std::string>& m);
```
Guess what? You'll get a compiler error as the compiler thinks that
`const map<int, std::string>& m` are **two**, not one, arguments. To work
around this you can use `typedef` to give the map type a name, but
that gets in the way of your work. Google Mock's syntax avoids this
problem as the function's argument types are protected inside a pair
of parentheses:
```
// This compiles fine.
MOCK_METHOD1(GetSize, int(const map<int, std::string>& m));
```
You still need a `typedef` if the return type contains an unprotected
comma, but that's much rarer.
Other advantages include:
1. `MOCK_METHOD1(Foo, int, bool)` can leave a reader wonder whether the method returns `int` or `bool`, while there won't be such confusion using Google Mock's syntax.
1. The way Google Mock describes a function type is nothing new, although many people may not be familiar with it. The same syntax was used in C, and the `function` library in `tr1` uses this syntax extensively. Since `tr1` will become a part of the new version of STL, we feel very comfortable to be consistent with it.
1. The function type syntax is also used in other parts of Google Mock's API (e.g. the action interface) in order to make the implementation tractable. A user needs to learn it anyway in order to utilize Google Mock's more advanced features. We'd as well stick to the same syntax in `MOCK_METHOD*`!
## My code calls a static/global function. Can I mock it? ##
You can, but you need to make some changes.
In general, if you find yourself needing to mock a static function,
it's a sign that your modules are too tightly coupled (and less
flexible, less reusable, less testable, etc). You are probably better
off defining a small interface and call the function through that
interface, which then can be easily mocked. It's a bit of work
initially, but usually pays for itself quickly.
This Google Testing Blog
[post](http://googletesting.blogspot.com/2008/06/defeat-static-cling.html)
says it excellently. Check it out.
## My mock object needs to do complex stuff. It's a lot of pain to specify the actions. Google Mock sucks! ##
I know it's not a question, but you get an answer for free any way. :-)
With Google Mock, you can create mocks in C++ easily. And people might be
tempted to use them everywhere. Sometimes they work great, and
sometimes you may find them, well, a pain to use. So, what's wrong in
the latter case?
When you write a test without using mocks, you exercise the code and
assert that it returns the correct value or that the system is in an
expected state. This is sometimes called "state-based testing".
Mocks are great for what some call "interaction-based" testing:
instead of checking the system state at the very end, mock objects
verify that they are invoked the right way and report an error as soon
as it arises, giving you a handle on the precise context in which the
error was triggered. This is often more effective and economical to
do than state-based testing.
If you are doing state-based testing and using a test double just to
simulate the real object, you are probably better off using a fake.
Using a mock in this case causes pain, as it's not a strong point for
mocks to perform complex actions. If you experience this and think
that mocks suck, you are just not using the right tool for your
problem. Or, you might be trying to solve the wrong problem. :-)
## I got a warning "Uninteresting function call encountered - default action taken.." Should I panic? ##
By all means, NO! It's just an FYI.
What it means is that you have a mock function, you haven't set any
expectations on it (by Google Mock's rule this means that you are not
interested in calls to this function and therefore it can be called
any number of times), and it is called. That's OK - you didn't say
it's not OK to call the function!
What if you actually meant to disallow this function to be called, but
forgot to write `EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar()).Times(0)`? While
one can argue that it's the user's fault, Google Mock tries to be nice and
prints you a note.
So, when you see the message and believe that there shouldn't be any
uninteresting calls, you should investigate what's going on. To make
your life easier, Google Mock prints the function name and arguments
when an uninteresting call is encountered.
## I want to define a custom action. Should I use Invoke() or implement the action interface? ##
Either way is fine - you want to choose the one that's more convenient
for your circumstance.
Usually, if your action is for a particular function type, defining it
using `Invoke()` should be easier; if your action can be used in
functions of different types (e.g. if you are defining
`Return(value)`), `MakePolymorphicAction()` is
easiest. Sometimes you want precise control on what types of
functions the action can be used in, and implementing
`ActionInterface` is the way to go here. See the implementation of
`Return()` in `include/gmock/gmock-actions.h` for an example.
## I'm using the set-argument-pointee action, and the compiler complains about "conflicting return type specified". What does it mean? ##
You got this error as Google Mock has no idea what value it should return
when the mock method is called. `SetArgPointee()` says what the
side effect is, but doesn't say what the return value should be. You
need `DoAll()` to chain a `SetArgPointee()` with a `Return()`.
See this [recipe](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/V1_7_CookBook#Mocking_Side_Effects) for more details and an example.
## My question is not in your FAQ! ##
If you cannot find the answer to your question in this FAQ, there are
some other resources you can use:
1. read other [wiki pages](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/w/list),
1. search the mailing list [archive](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock/topics),
1. ask it on [googlemock@googlegroups.com](mailto:googlemock@googlegroups.com) and someone will answer it (to prevent spam, we require you to join the [discussion group](http://groups.google.com/group/googlemock) before you can post.).
Please note that creating an issue in the
[issue tracker](http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/issues/list) is _not_
a good way to get your answer, as it is monitored infrequently by a
very small number of people.
When asking a question, it's helpful to provide as much of the
following information as possible (people cannot help you if there's
not enough information in your question):
* the version (or the revision number if you check out from SVN directly) of Google Mock you use (Google Mock is under active development, so it's possible that your problem has been solved in a later version),
* your operating system,
* the name and version of your compiler,
* the complete command line flags you give to your compiler,
* the complete compiler error messages (if the question is about compilation),
* the _actual_ code (ideally, a minimal but complete program) that has the problem you encounter.

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// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file implements some commonly used cardinalities. More
// cardinalities can be defined by the user implementing the
// CardinalityInterface interface if necessary.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_CARDINALITIES_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_CARDINALITIES_H_
#include <limits.h>
#include <ostream> // NOLINT
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-port.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
namespace testing {
// To implement a cardinality Foo, define:
// 1. a class FooCardinality that implements the
// CardinalityInterface interface, and
// 2. a factory function that creates a Cardinality object from a
// const FooCardinality*.
//
// The two-level delegation design follows that of Matcher, providing
// consistency for extension developers. It also eases ownership
// management as Cardinality objects can now be copied like plain values.
// The implementation of a cardinality.
class CardinalityInterface {
public:
virtual ~CardinalityInterface() {}
// Conservative estimate on the lower/upper bound of the number of
// calls allowed.
virtual int ConservativeLowerBound() const { return 0; }
virtual int ConservativeUpperBound() const { return INT_MAX; }
// Returns true iff call_count calls will satisfy this cardinality.
virtual bool IsSatisfiedByCallCount(int call_count) const = 0;
// Returns true iff call_count calls will saturate this cardinality.
virtual bool IsSaturatedByCallCount(int call_count) const = 0;
// Describes self to an ostream.
virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const = 0;
};
// A Cardinality is a copyable and IMMUTABLE (except by assignment)
// object that specifies how many times a mock function is expected to
// be called. The implementation of Cardinality is just a linked_ptr
// to const CardinalityInterface, so copying is fairly cheap.
// Don't inherit from Cardinality!
class GTEST_API_ Cardinality {
public:
// Constructs a null cardinality. Needed for storing Cardinality
// objects in STL containers.
Cardinality() {}
// Constructs a Cardinality from its implementation.
explicit Cardinality(const CardinalityInterface* impl) : impl_(impl) {}
// Conservative estimate on the lower/upper bound of the number of
// calls allowed.
int ConservativeLowerBound() const { return impl_->ConservativeLowerBound(); }
int ConservativeUpperBound() const { return impl_->ConservativeUpperBound(); }
// Returns true iff call_count calls will satisfy this cardinality.
bool IsSatisfiedByCallCount(int call_count) const {
return impl_->IsSatisfiedByCallCount(call_count);
}
// Returns true iff call_count calls will saturate this cardinality.
bool IsSaturatedByCallCount(int call_count) const {
return impl_->IsSaturatedByCallCount(call_count);
}
// Returns true iff call_count calls will over-saturate this
// cardinality, i.e. exceed the maximum number of allowed calls.
bool IsOverSaturatedByCallCount(int call_count) const {
return impl_->IsSaturatedByCallCount(call_count) &&
!impl_->IsSatisfiedByCallCount(call_count);
}
// Describes self to an ostream
void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const { impl_->DescribeTo(os); }
// Describes the given actual call count to an ostream.
static void DescribeActualCallCountTo(int actual_call_count,
::std::ostream* os);
private:
internal::linked_ptr<const CardinalityInterface> impl_;
};
// Creates a cardinality that allows at least n calls.
GTEST_API_ Cardinality AtLeast(int n);
// Creates a cardinality that allows at most n calls.
GTEST_API_ Cardinality AtMost(int n);
// Creates a cardinality that allows any number of calls.
GTEST_API_ Cardinality AnyNumber();
// Creates a cardinality that allows between min and max calls.
GTEST_API_ Cardinality Between(int min, int max);
// Creates a cardinality that allows exactly n calls.
GTEST_API_ Cardinality Exactly(int n);
// Creates a cardinality from its implementation.
inline Cardinality MakeCardinality(const CardinalityInterface* c) {
return Cardinality(c);
}
} // namespace testing
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_CARDINALITIES_H_

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$$ -*- mode: c++; -*-
$$ This is a Pump source file. Please use Pump to convert it to
$$ gmock-generated-actions.h.
$$
$var n = 10 $$ The maximum arity we support.
$$}} This meta comment fixes auto-indentation in editors.
// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file implements some commonly used variadic actions.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_ACTIONS_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_ACTIONS_H_
#include "gmock/gmock-actions.h"
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-port.h"
namespace testing {
namespace internal {
// InvokeHelper<F> knows how to unpack an N-tuple and invoke an N-ary
// function or method with the unpacked values, where F is a function
// type that takes N arguments.
template <typename Result, typename ArgumentTuple>
class InvokeHelper;
$range i 0..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
$var types = [[$for j [[, typename A$j]]]]
$var as = [[$for j, [[A$j]]]]
$var args = [[$if i==0 [[]] $else [[ args]]]]
$var gets = [[$for j, [[get<$(j - 1)>(args)]]]]
template <typename R$types>
class InvokeHelper<R, ::testing::tuple<$as> > {
public:
template <typename Function>
static R Invoke(Function function, const ::testing::tuple<$as>&$args) {
return function($gets);
}
template <class Class, typename MethodPtr>
static R InvokeMethod(Class* obj_ptr,
MethodPtr method_ptr,
const ::testing::tuple<$as>&$args) {
return (obj_ptr->*method_ptr)($gets);
}
};
]]
// An INTERNAL macro for extracting the type of a tuple field. It's
// subject to change without notice - DO NOT USE IN USER CODE!
#define GMOCK_FIELD_(Tuple, N) \
typename ::testing::tuple_element<N, Tuple>::type
$range i 1..n
// SelectArgs<Result, ArgumentTuple, k1, k2, ..., k_n>::type is the
// type of an n-ary function whose i-th (1-based) argument type is the
// k{i}-th (0-based) field of ArgumentTuple, which must be a tuple
// type, and whose return type is Result. For example,
// SelectArgs<int, ::testing::tuple<bool, char, double, long>, 0, 3>::type
// is int(bool, long).
//
// SelectArgs<Result, ArgumentTuple, k1, k2, ..., k_n>::Select(args)
// returns the selected fields (k1, k2, ..., k_n) of args as a tuple.
// For example,
// SelectArgs<int, tuple<bool, char, double>, 2, 0>::Select(
// ::testing::make_tuple(true, 'a', 2.5))
// returns tuple (2.5, true).
//
// The numbers in list k1, k2, ..., k_n must be >= 0, where n can be
// in the range [0, $n]. Duplicates are allowed and they don't have
// to be in an ascending or descending order.
template <typename Result, typename ArgumentTuple, $for i, [[int k$i]]>
class SelectArgs {
public:
typedef Result type($for i, [[GMOCK_FIELD_(ArgumentTuple, k$i)]]);
typedef typename Function<type>::ArgumentTuple SelectedArgs;
static SelectedArgs Select(const ArgumentTuple& args) {
return SelectedArgs($for i, [[get<k$i>(args)]]);
}
};
$for i [[
$range j 1..n
$range j1 1..i-1
template <typename Result, typename ArgumentTuple$for j1[[, int k$j1]]>
class SelectArgs<Result, ArgumentTuple,
$for j, [[$if j <= i-1 [[k$j]] $else [[-1]]]]> {
public:
typedef Result type($for j1, [[GMOCK_FIELD_(ArgumentTuple, k$j1)]]);
typedef typename Function<type>::ArgumentTuple SelectedArgs;
static SelectedArgs Select(const ArgumentTuple& [[]]
$if i == 1 [[/* args */]] $else [[args]]) {
return SelectedArgs($for j1, [[get<k$j1>(args)]]);
}
};
]]
#undef GMOCK_FIELD_
$var ks = [[$for i, [[k$i]]]]
// Implements the WithArgs action.
template <typename InnerAction, $for i, [[int k$i = -1]]>
class WithArgsAction {
public:
explicit WithArgsAction(const InnerAction& action) : action_(action) {}
template <typename F>
operator Action<F>() const { return MakeAction(new Impl<F>(action_)); }
private:
template <typename F>
class Impl : public ActionInterface<F> {
public:
typedef typename Function<F>::Result Result;
typedef typename Function<F>::ArgumentTuple ArgumentTuple;
explicit Impl(const InnerAction& action) : action_(action) {}
virtual Result Perform(const ArgumentTuple& args) {
return action_.Perform(SelectArgs<Result, ArgumentTuple, $ks>::Select(args));
}
private:
typedef typename SelectArgs<Result, ArgumentTuple,
$ks>::type InnerFunctionType;
Action<InnerFunctionType> action_;
};
const InnerAction action_;
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(WithArgsAction);
};
// A macro from the ACTION* family (defined later in this file)
// defines an action that can be used in a mock function. Typically,
// these actions only care about a subset of the arguments of the mock
// function. For example, if such an action only uses the second
// argument, it can be used in any mock function that takes >= 2
// arguments where the type of the second argument is compatible.
//
// Therefore, the action implementation must be prepared to take more
// arguments than it needs. The ExcessiveArg type is used to
// represent those excessive arguments. In order to keep the compiler
// error messages tractable, we define it in the testing namespace
// instead of testing::internal. However, this is an INTERNAL TYPE
// and subject to change without notice, so a user MUST NOT USE THIS
// TYPE DIRECTLY.
struct ExcessiveArg {};
// A helper class needed for implementing the ACTION* macros.
template <typename Result, class Impl>
class ActionHelper {
public:
$range i 0..n
$for i
[[
$var template = [[$if i==0 [[]] $else [[
$range j 0..i-1
template <$for j, [[typename A$j]]>
]]]]
$range j 0..i-1
$var As = [[$for j, [[A$j]]]]
$var as = [[$for j, [[get<$j>(args)]]]]
$range k 1..n-i
$var eas = [[$for k, [[ExcessiveArg()]]]]
$var arg_list = [[$if (i==0) | (i==n) [[$as$eas]] $else [[$as, $eas]]]]
$template
static Result Perform(Impl* impl, const ::testing::tuple<$As>& args) {
return impl->template gmock_PerformImpl<$As>(args, $arg_list);
}
]]
};
} // namespace internal
// Various overloads for Invoke().
// WithArgs<N1, N2, ..., Nk>(an_action) creates an action that passes
// the selected arguments of the mock function to an_action and
// performs it. It serves as an adaptor between actions with
// different argument lists. C++ doesn't support default arguments for
// function templates, so we have to overload it.
$range i 1..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
template <$for j [[int k$j, ]]typename InnerAction>
inline internal::WithArgsAction<InnerAction$for j [[, k$j]]>
WithArgs(const InnerAction& action) {
return internal::WithArgsAction<InnerAction$for j [[, k$j]]>(action);
}
]]
// Creates an action that does actions a1, a2, ..., sequentially in
// each invocation.
$range i 2..n
$for i [[
$range j 2..i
$var types = [[$for j, [[typename Action$j]]]]
$var Aas = [[$for j [[, Action$j a$j]]]]
template <typename Action1, $types>
$range k 1..i-1
inline $for k [[internal::DoBothAction<Action$k, ]]Action$i$for k [[>]]
DoAll(Action1 a1$Aas) {
$if i==2 [[
return internal::DoBothAction<Action1, Action2>(a1, a2);
]] $else [[
$range j2 2..i
return DoAll(a1, DoAll($for j2, [[a$j2]]));
]]
}
]]
} // namespace testing
// The ACTION* family of macros can be used in a namespace scope to
// define custom actions easily. The syntax:
//
// ACTION(name) { statements; }
//
// will define an action with the given name that executes the
// statements. The value returned by the statements will be used as
// the return value of the action. Inside the statements, you can
// refer to the K-th (0-based) argument of the mock function by
// 'argK', and refer to its type by 'argK_type'. For example:
//
// ACTION(IncrementArg1) {
// arg1_type temp = arg1;
// return ++(*temp);
// }
//
// allows you to write
//
// ...WillOnce(IncrementArg1());
//
// You can also refer to the entire argument tuple and its type by
// 'args' and 'args_type', and refer to the mock function type and its
// return type by 'function_type' and 'return_type'.
//
// Note that you don't need to specify the types of the mock function
// arguments. However rest assured that your code is still type-safe:
// you'll get a compiler error if *arg1 doesn't support the ++
// operator, or if the type of ++(*arg1) isn't compatible with the
// mock function's return type, for example.
//
// Sometimes you'll want to parameterize the action. For that you can use
// another macro:
//
// ACTION_P(name, param_name) { statements; }
//
// For example:
//
// ACTION_P(Add, n) { return arg0 + n; }
//
// will allow you to write:
//
// ...WillOnce(Add(5));
//
// Note that you don't need to provide the type of the parameter
// either. If you need to reference the type of a parameter named
// 'foo', you can write 'foo_type'. For example, in the body of
// ACTION_P(Add, n) above, you can write 'n_type' to refer to the type
// of 'n'.
//
// We also provide ACTION_P2, ACTION_P3, ..., up to ACTION_P$n to support
// multi-parameter actions.
//
// For the purpose of typing, you can view
//
// ACTION_Pk(Foo, p1, ..., pk) { ... }
//
// as shorthand for
//
// template <typename p1_type, ..., typename pk_type>
// FooActionPk<p1_type, ..., pk_type> Foo(p1_type p1, ..., pk_type pk) { ... }
//
// In particular, you can provide the template type arguments
// explicitly when invoking Foo(), as in Foo<long, bool>(5, false);
// although usually you can rely on the compiler to infer the types
// for you automatically. You can assign the result of expression
// Foo(p1, ..., pk) to a variable of type FooActionPk<p1_type, ...,
// pk_type>. This can be useful when composing actions.
//
// You can also overload actions with different numbers of parameters:
//
// ACTION_P(Plus, a) { ... }
// ACTION_P2(Plus, a, b) { ... }
//
// While it's tempting to always use the ACTION* macros when defining
// a new action, you should also consider implementing ActionInterface
// or using MakePolymorphicAction() instead, especially if you need to
// use the action a lot. While these approaches require more work,
// they give you more control on the types of the mock function
// arguments and the action parameters, which in general leads to
// better compiler error messages that pay off in the long run. They
// also allow overloading actions based on parameter types (as opposed
// to just based on the number of parameters).
//
// CAVEAT:
//
// ACTION*() can only be used in a namespace scope. The reason is
// that C++ doesn't yet allow function-local types to be used to
// instantiate templates. The up-coming C++0x standard will fix this.
// Once that's done, we'll consider supporting using ACTION*() inside
// a function.
//
// MORE INFORMATION:
//
// To learn more about using these macros, please search for 'ACTION'
// on http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CookBook.
$range i 0..n
$range k 0..n-1
// An internal macro needed for implementing ACTION*().
#define GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_\
const args_type& args GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED_
$for k [[, \
arg$k[[]]_type arg$k GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED_]]
// Sometimes you want to give an action explicit template parameters
// that cannot be inferred from its value parameters. ACTION() and
// ACTION_P*() don't support that. ACTION_TEMPLATE() remedies that
// and can be viewed as an extension to ACTION() and ACTION_P*().
//
// The syntax:
//
// ACTION_TEMPLATE(ActionName,
// HAS_m_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(kind1, name1, ..., kind_m, name_m),
// AND_n_VALUE_PARAMS(p1, ..., p_n)) { statements; }
//
// defines an action template that takes m explicit template
// parameters and n value parameters. name_i is the name of the i-th
// template parameter, and kind_i specifies whether it's a typename,
// an integral constant, or a template. p_i is the name of the i-th
// value parameter.
//
// Example:
//
// // DuplicateArg<k, T>(output) converts the k-th argument of the mock
// // function to type T and copies it to *output.
// ACTION_TEMPLATE(DuplicateArg,
// HAS_2_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(int, k, typename, T),
// AND_1_VALUE_PARAMS(output)) {
// *output = T(::testing::get<k>(args));
// }
// ...
// int n;
// EXPECT_CALL(mock, Foo(_, _))
// .WillOnce(DuplicateArg<1, unsigned char>(&n));
//
// To create an instance of an action template, write:
//
// ActionName<t1, ..., t_m>(v1, ..., v_n)
//
// where the ts are the template arguments and the vs are the value
// arguments. The value argument types are inferred by the compiler.
// If you want to explicitly specify the value argument types, you can
// provide additional template arguments:
//
// ActionName<t1, ..., t_m, u1, ..., u_k>(v1, ..., v_n)
//
// where u_i is the desired type of v_i.
//
// ACTION_TEMPLATE and ACTION/ACTION_P* can be overloaded on the
// number of value parameters, but not on the number of template
// parameters. Without the restriction, the meaning of the following
// is unclear:
//
// OverloadedAction<int, bool>(x);
//
// Are we using a single-template-parameter action where 'bool' refers
// to the type of x, or are we using a two-template-parameter action
// where the compiler is asked to infer the type of x?
//
// Implementation notes:
//
// GMOCK_INTERNAL_*_HAS_m_TEMPLATE_PARAMS and
// GMOCK_INTERNAL_*_AND_n_VALUE_PARAMS are internal macros for
// implementing ACTION_TEMPLATE. The main trick we use is to create
// new macro invocations when expanding a macro. For example, we have
//
// #define ACTION_TEMPLATE(name, template_params, value_params)
// ... GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params ...
//
// which causes ACTION_TEMPLATE(..., HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(typename, T), ...)
// to expand to
//
// ... GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(typename, T) ...
//
// Since GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS is a macro, the
// preprocessor will continue to expand it to
//
// ... typename T ...
//
// This technique conforms to the C++ standard and is portable. It
// allows us to implement action templates using O(N) code, where N is
// the maximum number of template/value parameters supported. Without
// using it, we'd have to devote O(N^2) amount of code to implement all
// combinations of m and n.
// Declares the template parameters.
$range j 1..n
$for j [[
$range m 0..j-1
#define GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_HAS_$j[[]]
_TEMPLATE_PARAMS($for m, [[kind$m, name$m]]) $for m, [[kind$m name$m]]
]]
// Lists the template parameters.
$for j [[
$range m 0..j-1
#define GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_HAS_$j[[]]
_TEMPLATE_PARAMS($for m, [[kind$m, name$m]]) $for m, [[name$m]]
]]
// Declares the types of value parameters.
$for i [[
$range j 0..i-1
#define GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_AND_$i[[]]
_VALUE_PARAMS($for j, [[p$j]]) $for j [[, typename p$j##_type]]
]]
// Initializes the value parameters.
$for i [[
$range j 0..i-1
#define GMOCK_INTERNAL_INIT_AND_$i[[]]_VALUE_PARAMS($for j, [[p$j]])\
($for j, [[p$j##_type gmock_p$j]])$if i>0 [[ : ]]$for j, [[p$j(gmock_p$j)]]
]]
// Declares the fields for storing the value parameters.
$for i [[
$range j 0..i-1
#define GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_AND_$i[[]]
_VALUE_PARAMS($for j, [[p$j]]) $for j [[p$j##_type p$j; ]]
]]
// Lists the value parameters.
$for i [[
$range j 0..i-1
#define GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_AND_$i[[]]
_VALUE_PARAMS($for j, [[p$j]]) $for j, [[p$j]]
]]
// Lists the value parameter types.
$for i [[
$range j 0..i-1
#define GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_AND_$i[[]]
_VALUE_PARAMS($for j, [[p$j]]) $for j [[, p$j##_type]]
]]
// Declares the value parameters.
$for i [[
$range j 0..i-1
#define GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_AND_$i[[]]_VALUE_PARAMS($for j, [[p$j]]) [[]]
$for j, [[p$j##_type p$j]]
]]
// The suffix of the class template implementing the action template.
$for i [[
$range j 0..i-1
#define GMOCK_INTERNAL_COUNT_AND_$i[[]]_VALUE_PARAMS($for j, [[p$j]]) [[]]
$if i==1 [[P]] $elif i>=2 [[P$i]]
]]
// The name of the class template implementing the action template.
#define GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)\
GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(name##Action, GMOCK_INTERNAL_COUNT_##value_params)
$range k 0..n-1
#define ACTION_TEMPLATE(name, template_params, value_params)\
template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
class GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params) {\
public:\
explicit GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_INIT_##value_params {}\
template <typename F>\
class gmock_Impl : public ::testing::ActionInterface<F> {\
public:\
typedef F function_type;\
typedef typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result return_type;\
typedef typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::ArgumentTuple\
args_type;\
explicit gmock_Impl GMOCK_INTERNAL_INIT_##value_params {}\
virtual return_type Perform(const args_type& args) {\
return ::testing::internal::ActionHelper<return_type, gmock_Impl>::\
Perform(this, args);\
}\
template <$for k, [[typename arg$k[[]]_type]]>\
return_type gmock_PerformImpl(const args_type& args[[]]
$for k [[, arg$k[[]]_type arg$k]]) const;\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_##value_params\
private:\
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(gmock_Impl);\
};\
template <typename F> operator ::testing::Action<F>() const {\
return ::testing::Action<F>(\
new gmock_Impl<F>(GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##value_params));\
}\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_DEFN_##value_params\
private:\
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params));\
};\
template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
inline GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params> name(\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##value_params) {\
return GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>(\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##value_params);\
}\
template <GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_##template_params\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_DECL_TYPE_##value_params>\
template <typename F>\
template <typename arg0_type, typename arg1_type, typename arg2_type, \
typename arg3_type, typename arg4_type, typename arg5_type, \
typename arg6_type, typename arg7_type, typename arg8_type, \
typename arg9_type>\
typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result\
GMOCK_ACTION_CLASS_(name, value_params)<\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_##template_params\
GMOCK_INTERNAL_LIST_TYPE_##value_params>::gmock_Impl<F>::\
gmock_PerformImpl(\
GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_) const
$for i
[[
$var template = [[$if i==0 [[]] $else [[
$range j 0..i-1
template <$for j, [[typename p$j##_type]]>\
]]]]
$var class_name = [[name##Action[[$if i==0 [[]] $elif i==1 [[P]]
$else [[P$i]]]]]]
$range j 0..i-1
$var ctor_param_list = [[$for j, [[p$j##_type gmock_p$j]]]]
$var param_types_and_names = [[$for j, [[p$j##_type p$j]]]]
$var inits = [[$if i==0 [[]] $else [[ : $for j, [[p$j(gmock_p$j)]]]]]]
$var param_field_decls = [[$for j
[[
p$j##_type p$j;\
]]]]
$var param_field_decls2 = [[$for j
[[
p$j##_type p$j;\
]]]]
$var params = [[$for j, [[p$j]]]]
$var param_types = [[$if i==0 [[]] $else [[<$for j, [[p$j##_type]]>]]]]
$var typename_arg_types = [[$for k, [[typename arg$k[[]]_type]]]]
$var arg_types_and_names = [[$for k, [[arg$k[[]]_type arg$k]]]]
$var macro_name = [[$if i==0 [[ACTION]] $elif i==1 [[ACTION_P]]
$else [[ACTION_P$i]]]]
#define $macro_name(name$for j [[, p$j]])\$template
class $class_name {\
public:\
[[$if i==1 [[explicit ]]]]$class_name($ctor_param_list)$inits {}\
template <typename F>\
class gmock_Impl : public ::testing::ActionInterface<F> {\
public:\
typedef F function_type;\
typedef typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result return_type;\
typedef typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::ArgumentTuple\
args_type;\
[[$if i==1 [[explicit ]]]]gmock_Impl($ctor_param_list)$inits {}\
virtual return_type Perform(const args_type& args) {\
return ::testing::internal::ActionHelper<return_type, gmock_Impl>::\
Perform(this, args);\
}\
template <$typename_arg_types>\
return_type gmock_PerformImpl(const args_type& args, [[]]
$arg_types_and_names) const;\$param_field_decls
private:\
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(gmock_Impl);\
};\
template <typename F> operator ::testing::Action<F>() const {\
return ::testing::Action<F>(new gmock_Impl<F>($params));\
}\$param_field_decls2
private:\
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_($class_name);\
};\$template
inline $class_name$param_types name($param_types_and_names) {\
return $class_name$param_types($params);\
}\$template
template <typename F>\
template <$typename_arg_types>\
typename ::testing::internal::Function<F>::Result\
$class_name$param_types::gmock_Impl<F>::gmock_PerformImpl(\
GMOCK_ACTION_ARG_TYPES_AND_NAMES_UNUSED_) const
]]
$$ } // This meta comment fixes auto-indentation in Emacs. It won't
$$ // show up in the generated code.
namespace testing {
// The ACTION*() macros trigger warning C4100 (unreferenced formal
// parameter) in MSVC with -W4. Unfortunately they cannot be fixed in
// the macro definition, as the warnings are generated when the macro
// is expanded and macro expansion cannot contain #pragma. Therefore
// we suppress them here.
#ifdef _MSC_VER
# pragma warning(push)
# pragma warning(disable:4100)
#endif
// Various overloads for InvokeArgument<N>().
//
// The InvokeArgument<N>(a1, a2, ..., a_k) action invokes the N-th
// (0-based) argument, which must be a k-ary callable, of the mock
// function, with arguments a1, a2, ..., a_k.
//
// Notes:
//
// 1. The arguments are passed by value by default. If you need to
// pass an argument by reference, wrap it inside ByRef(). For
// example,
//
// InvokeArgument<1>(5, string("Hello"), ByRef(foo))
//
// passes 5 and string("Hello") by value, and passes foo by
// reference.
//
// 2. If the callable takes an argument by reference but ByRef() is
// not used, it will receive the reference to a copy of the value,
// instead of the original value. For example, when the 0-th
// argument of the mock function takes a const string&, the action
//
// InvokeArgument<0>(string("Hello"))
//
// makes a copy of the temporary string("Hello") object and passes a
// reference of the copy, instead of the original temporary object,
// to the callable. This makes it easy for a user to define an
// InvokeArgument action from temporary values and have it performed
// later.
namespace internal {
namespace invoke_argument {
// Appears in InvokeArgumentAdl's argument list to help avoid
// accidental calls to user functions of the same name.
struct AdlTag {};
// InvokeArgumentAdl - a helper for InvokeArgument.
// The basic overloads are provided here for generic functors.
// Overloads for other custom-callables are provided in the
// internal/custom/callback-actions.h header.
$range i 0..n
$for i
[[
$range j 1..i
template <typename R, typename F[[$for j [[, typename A$j]]]]>
R InvokeArgumentAdl(AdlTag, F f[[$for j [[, A$j a$j]]]]) {
return f([[$for j, [[a$j]]]]);
}
]]
} // namespace invoke_argument
} // namespace internal
$range i 0..n
$for i [[
$range j 0..i-1
ACTION_TEMPLATE(InvokeArgument,
HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(int, k),
AND_$i[[]]_VALUE_PARAMS($for j, [[p$j]])) {
using internal::invoke_argument::InvokeArgumentAdl;
return InvokeArgumentAdl<return_type>(
internal::invoke_argument::AdlTag(),
::testing::get<k>(args)$for j [[, p$j]]);
}
]]
// Various overloads for ReturnNew<T>().
//
// The ReturnNew<T>(a1, a2, ..., a_k) action returns a pointer to a new
// instance of type T, constructed on the heap with constructor arguments
// a1, a2, ..., and a_k. The caller assumes ownership of the returned value.
$range i 0..n
$for i [[
$range j 0..i-1
$var ps = [[$for j, [[p$j]]]]
ACTION_TEMPLATE(ReturnNew,
HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(typename, T),
AND_$i[[]]_VALUE_PARAMS($ps)) {
return new T($ps);
}
]]
#ifdef _MSC_VER
# pragma warning(pop)
#endif
} // namespace testing
// Include any custom callback actions added by the local installation.
// We must include this header at the end to make sure it can use the
// declarations from this file.
#include "gmock/internal/custom/gmock-generated-actions.h"
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_ACTIONS_H_

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$$ -*- mode: c++; -*-
$$ This is a Pump source file. Please use Pump to convert it to
$$ gmock-generated-function-mockers.h.
$$
$var n = 10 $$ The maximum arity we support.
// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file implements function mockers of various arities.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_FUNCTION_MOCKERS_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_FUNCTION_MOCKERS_H_
#include "gmock/gmock-spec-builders.h"
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-internal-utils.h"
#if GTEST_HAS_STD_FUNCTION_
# include <functional>
#endif
namespace testing {
namespace internal {
template <typename F>
class FunctionMockerBase;
// Note: class FunctionMocker really belongs to the ::testing
// namespace. However if we define it in ::testing, MSVC will
// complain when classes in ::testing::internal declare it as a
// friend class template. To workaround this compiler bug, we define
// FunctionMocker in ::testing::internal and import it into ::testing.
template <typename F>
class FunctionMocker;
$range i 0..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
$var typename_As = [[$for j [[, typename A$j]]]]
$var As = [[$for j, [[A$j]]]]
$var as = [[$for j, [[a$j]]]]
$var Aas = [[$for j, [[A$j a$j]]]]
$var ms = [[$for j, [[m$j]]]]
$var matchers = [[$for j, [[const Matcher<A$j>& m$j]]]]
template <typename R$typename_As>
class FunctionMocker<R($As)> : public
internal::FunctionMockerBase<R($As)> {
public:
typedef R F($As);
typedef typename internal::Function<F>::ArgumentTuple ArgumentTuple;
MockSpec<F>& With($matchers) {
$if i >= 1 [[
this->current_spec().SetMatchers(::testing::make_tuple($ms));
]]
return this->current_spec();
}
R Invoke($Aas) {
// Even though gcc and MSVC don't enforce it, 'this->' is required
// by the C++ standard [14.6.4] here, as the base class type is
// dependent on the template argument (and thus shouldn't be
// looked into when resolving InvokeWith).
return this->InvokeWith(ArgumentTuple($as));
}
};
]]
} // namespace internal
// The style guide prohibits "using" statements in a namespace scope
// inside a header file. However, the FunctionMocker class template
// is meant to be defined in the ::testing namespace. The following
// line is just a trick for working around a bug in MSVC 8.0, which
// cannot handle it if we define FunctionMocker in ::testing.
using internal::FunctionMocker;
// GMOCK_RESULT_(tn, F) expands to the result type of function type F.
// We define this as a variadic macro in case F contains unprotected
// commas (the same reason that we use variadic macros in other places
// in this file).
// INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DON'T USE IN USER CODE!!!
#define GMOCK_RESULT_(tn, ...) \
tn ::testing::internal::Function<__VA_ARGS__>::Result
// The type of argument N of the given function type.
// INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DON'T USE IN USER CODE!!!
#define GMOCK_ARG_(tn, N, ...) \
tn ::testing::internal::Function<__VA_ARGS__>::Argument##N
// The matcher type for argument N of the given function type.
// INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DON'T USE IN USER CODE!!!
#define GMOCK_MATCHER_(tn, N, ...) \
const ::testing::Matcher<GMOCK_ARG_(tn, N, __VA_ARGS__)>&
// The variable for mocking the given method.
// INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DON'T USE IN USER CODE!!!
#define GMOCK_MOCKER_(arity, constness, Method) \
GTEST_CONCAT_TOKEN_(gmock##constness##arity##_##Method##_, __LINE__)
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
$var arg_as = [[$for j, \
[[GMOCK_ARG_(tn, $j, __VA_ARGS__) gmock_a$j]]]]
$var as = [[$for j, [[gmock_a$j]]]]
$var matcher_as = [[$for j, \
[[GMOCK_MATCHER_(tn, $j, __VA_ARGS__) gmock_a$j]]]]
// INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DON'T USE IN USER CODE!!!
#define GMOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_(tn, constness, ct, Method, ...) \
GMOCK_RESULT_(tn, __VA_ARGS__) ct Method( \
$arg_as) constness { \
GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_((::testing::tuple_size< \
tn ::testing::internal::Function<__VA_ARGS__>::ArgumentTuple>::value == $i), \
this_method_does_not_take_$i[[]]_argument[[$if i != 1 [[s]]]]); \
GMOCK_MOCKER_($i, constness, Method).SetOwnerAndName(this, #Method); \
return GMOCK_MOCKER_($i, constness, Method).Invoke($as); \
} \
::testing::MockSpec<__VA_ARGS__>& \
gmock_##Method($matcher_as) constness { \
GMOCK_MOCKER_($i, constness, Method).RegisterOwner(this); \
return GMOCK_MOCKER_($i, constness, Method).With($as); \
} \
mutable ::testing::FunctionMocker<__VA_ARGS__> GMOCK_MOCKER_($i, constness, Method)
]]
$for i [[
#define MOCK_METHOD$i(m, ...) GMOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_(, , , m, __VA_ARGS__)
]]
$for i [[
#define MOCK_CONST_METHOD$i(m, ...) GMOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_(, const, , m, __VA_ARGS__)
]]
$for i [[
#define MOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_T(m, ...) GMOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_(typename, , , m, __VA_ARGS__)
]]
$for i [[
#define MOCK_CONST_METHOD$i[[]]_T(m, ...) \
GMOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_(typename, const, , m, __VA_ARGS__)
]]
$for i [[
#define MOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_WITH_CALLTYPE(ct, m, ...) \
GMOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_(, , ct, m, __VA_ARGS__)
]]
$for i [[
#define MOCK_CONST_METHOD$i[[]]_WITH_CALLTYPE(ct, m, ...) \
GMOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_(, const, ct, m, __VA_ARGS__)
]]
$for i [[
#define MOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_T_WITH_CALLTYPE(ct, m, ...) \
GMOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_(typename, , ct, m, __VA_ARGS__)
]]
$for i [[
#define MOCK_CONST_METHOD$i[[]]_T_WITH_CALLTYPE(ct, m, ...) \
GMOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_(typename, const, ct, m, __VA_ARGS__)
]]
// A MockFunction<F> class has one mock method whose type is F. It is
// useful when you just want your test code to emit some messages and
// have Google Mock verify the right messages are sent (and perhaps at
// the right times). For example, if you are exercising code:
//
// Foo(1);
// Foo(2);
// Foo(3);
//
// and want to verify that Foo(1) and Foo(3) both invoke
// mock.Bar("a"), but Foo(2) doesn't invoke anything, you can write:
//
// TEST(FooTest, InvokesBarCorrectly) {
// MyMock mock;
// MockFunction<void(string check_point_name)> check;
// {
// InSequence s;
//
// EXPECT_CALL(mock, Bar("a"));
// EXPECT_CALL(check, Call("1"));
// EXPECT_CALL(check, Call("2"));
// EXPECT_CALL(mock, Bar("a"));
// }
// Foo(1);
// check.Call("1");
// Foo(2);
// check.Call("2");
// Foo(3);
// }
//
// The expectation spec says that the first Bar("a") must happen
// before check point "1", the second Bar("a") must happen after check
// point "2", and nothing should happen between the two check
// points. The explicit check points make it easy to tell which
// Bar("a") is called by which call to Foo().
//
// MockFunction<F> can also be used to exercise code that accepts
// std::function<F> callbacks. To do so, use AsStdFunction() method
// to create std::function proxy forwarding to original object's Call.
// Example:
//
// TEST(FooTest, RunsCallbackWithBarArgument) {
// MockFunction<int(string)> callback;
// EXPECT_CALL(callback, Call("bar")).WillOnce(Return(1));
// Foo(callback.AsStdFunction());
// }
template <typename F>
class MockFunction;
$for i [[
$range j 0..i-1
$var ArgTypes = [[$for j, [[A$j]]]]
$var ArgNames = [[$for j, [[a$j]]]]
$var ArgDecls = [[$for j, [[A$j a$j]]]]
template <typename R$for j [[, typename A$j]]>
class MockFunction<R($ArgTypes)> {
public:
MockFunction() {}
MOCK_METHOD$i[[]]_T(Call, R($ArgTypes));
#if GTEST_HAS_STD_FUNCTION_
std::function<R($ArgTypes)> AsStdFunction() {
return [this]($ArgDecls) -> R {
return this->Call($ArgNames);
};
}
#endif // GTEST_HAS_STD_FUNCTION_
private:
GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(MockFunction);
};
]]
} // namespace testing
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_FUNCTION_MOCKERS_H_

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$$ -*- mode: c++; -*-
$$ This is a Pump source file. Please use Pump to convert it to
$$ gmock-generated-actions.h.
$$
$var n = 10 $$ The maximum arity we support.
$$ }} This line fixes auto-indentation of the following code in Emacs.
// Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file implements some commonly used variadic matchers.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_MATCHERS_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_MATCHERS_H_
#include <iterator>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "gmock/gmock-matchers.h"
namespace testing {
namespace internal {
$range i 0..n-1
// The type of the i-th (0-based) field of Tuple.
#define GMOCK_FIELD_TYPE_(Tuple, i) \
typename ::testing::tuple_element<i, Tuple>::type
// TupleFields<Tuple, k0, ..., kn> is for selecting fields from a
// tuple of type Tuple. It has two members:
//
// type: a tuple type whose i-th field is the ki-th field of Tuple.
// GetSelectedFields(t): returns fields k0, ..., and kn of t as a tuple.
//
// For example, in class TupleFields<tuple<bool, char, int>, 2, 0>, we have:
//
// type is tuple<int, bool>, and
// GetSelectedFields(make_tuple(true, 'a', 42)) is (42, true).
template <class Tuple$for i [[, int k$i = -1]]>
class TupleFields;
// This generic version is used when there are $n selectors.
template <class Tuple$for i [[, int k$i]]>
class TupleFields {
public:
typedef ::testing::tuple<$for i, [[GMOCK_FIELD_TYPE_(Tuple, k$i)]]> type;
static type GetSelectedFields(const Tuple& t) {
return type($for i, [[get<k$i>(t)]]);
}
};
// The following specialization is used for 0 ~ $(n-1) selectors.
$for i [[
$$ }}}
$range j 0..i-1
$range k 0..n-1
template <class Tuple$for j [[, int k$j]]>
class TupleFields<Tuple, $for k, [[$if k < i [[k$k]] $else [[-1]]]]> {
public:
typedef ::testing::tuple<$for j, [[GMOCK_FIELD_TYPE_(Tuple, k$j)]]> type;
static type GetSelectedFields(const Tuple& $if i==0 [[/* t */]] $else [[t]]) {
return type($for j, [[get<k$j>(t)]]);
}
};
]]
#undef GMOCK_FIELD_TYPE_
// Implements the Args() matcher.
$var ks = [[$for i, [[k$i]]]]
template <class ArgsTuple$for i [[, int k$i = -1]]>
class ArgsMatcherImpl : public MatcherInterface<ArgsTuple> {
public:
// ArgsTuple may have top-level const or reference modifiers.
typedef GTEST_REMOVE_REFERENCE_AND_CONST_(ArgsTuple) RawArgsTuple;
typedef typename internal::TupleFields<RawArgsTuple, $ks>::type SelectedArgs;
typedef Matcher<const SelectedArgs&> MonomorphicInnerMatcher;
template <typename InnerMatcher>
explicit ArgsMatcherImpl(const InnerMatcher& inner_matcher)
: inner_matcher_(SafeMatcherCast<const SelectedArgs&>(inner_matcher)) {}
virtual bool MatchAndExplain(ArgsTuple args,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
const SelectedArgs& selected_args = GetSelectedArgs(args);
if (!listener->IsInterested())
return inner_matcher_.Matches(selected_args);
PrintIndices(listener->stream());
*listener << "are " << PrintToString(selected_args);
StringMatchResultListener inner_listener;
const bool match = inner_matcher_.MatchAndExplain(selected_args,
&inner_listener);
PrintIfNotEmpty(inner_listener.str(), listener->stream());
return match;
}
virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
*os << "are a tuple ";
PrintIndices(os);
inner_matcher_.DescribeTo(os);
}
virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
*os << "are a tuple ";
PrintIndices(os);
inner_matcher_.DescribeNegationTo(os);
}
private:
static SelectedArgs GetSelectedArgs(ArgsTuple args) {
return TupleFields<RawArgsTuple, $ks>::GetSelectedFields(args);
}
// Prints the indices of the selected fields.
static void PrintIndices(::std::ostream* os) {
*os << "whose fields (";
const int indices[$n] = { $ks };
for (int i = 0; i < $n; i++) {
if (indices[i] < 0)
break;
if (i >= 1)
*os << ", ";
*os << "#" << indices[i];
}
*os << ") ";
}
const MonomorphicInnerMatcher inner_matcher_;
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(ArgsMatcherImpl);
};
template <class InnerMatcher$for i [[, int k$i = -1]]>
class ArgsMatcher {
public:
explicit ArgsMatcher(const InnerMatcher& inner_matcher)
: inner_matcher_(inner_matcher) {}
template <typename ArgsTuple>
operator Matcher<ArgsTuple>() const {
return MakeMatcher(new ArgsMatcherImpl<ArgsTuple, $ks>(inner_matcher_));
}
private:
const InnerMatcher inner_matcher_;
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(ArgsMatcher);
};
// A set of metafunctions for computing the result type of AllOf.
// AllOf(m1, ..., mN) returns
// AllOfResultN<decltype(m1), ..., decltype(mN)>::type.
// Although AllOf isn't defined for one argument, AllOfResult1 is defined
// to simplify the implementation.
template <typename M1>
struct AllOfResult1 {
typedef M1 type;
};
$range i 1..n
$range i 2..n
$for i [[
$range j 2..i
$var m = i/2
$range k 1..m
$range t m+1..i
template <typename M1$for j [[, typename M$j]]>
struct AllOfResult$i {
typedef BothOfMatcher<
typename AllOfResult$m<$for k, [[M$k]]>::type,
typename AllOfResult$(i-m)<$for t, [[M$t]]>::type
> type;
};
]]
// A set of metafunctions for computing the result type of AnyOf.
// AnyOf(m1, ..., mN) returns
// AnyOfResultN<decltype(m1), ..., decltype(mN)>::type.
// Although AnyOf isn't defined for one argument, AnyOfResult1 is defined
// to simplify the implementation.
template <typename M1>
struct AnyOfResult1 {
typedef M1 type;
};
$range i 1..n
$range i 2..n
$for i [[
$range j 2..i
$var m = i/2
$range k 1..m
$range t m+1..i
template <typename M1$for j [[, typename M$j]]>
struct AnyOfResult$i {
typedef EitherOfMatcher<
typename AnyOfResult$m<$for k, [[M$k]]>::type,
typename AnyOfResult$(i-m)<$for t, [[M$t]]>::type
> type;
};
]]
} // namespace internal
// Args<N1, N2, ..., Nk>(a_matcher) matches a tuple if the selected
// fields of it matches a_matcher. C++ doesn't support default
// arguments for function templates, so we have to overload it.
$range i 0..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
template <$for j [[int k$j, ]]typename InnerMatcher>
inline internal::ArgsMatcher<InnerMatcher$for j [[, k$j]]>
Args(const InnerMatcher& matcher) {
return internal::ArgsMatcher<InnerMatcher$for j [[, k$j]]>(matcher);
}
]]
// ElementsAre(e_1, e_2, ... e_n) matches an STL-style container with
// n elements, where the i-th element in the container must
// match the i-th argument in the list. Each argument of
// ElementsAre() can be either a value or a matcher. We support up to
// $n arguments.
//
// The use of DecayArray in the implementation allows ElementsAre()
// to accept string literals, whose type is const char[N], but we
// want to treat them as const char*.
//
// NOTE: Since ElementsAre() cares about the order of the elements, it
// must not be used with containers whose elements's order is
// undefined (e.g. hash_map).
$range i 0..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
$if i>0 [[
template <$for j, [[typename T$j]]>
]]
inline internal::ElementsAreMatcher<
::testing::tuple<
$for j, [[
typename internal::DecayArray<T$j[[]]>::type]]> >
ElementsAre($for j, [[const T$j& e$j]]) {
typedef ::testing::tuple<
$for j, [[
typename internal::DecayArray<T$j[[]]>::type]]> Args;
return internal::ElementsAreMatcher<Args>(Args($for j, [[e$j]]));
}
]]
// UnorderedElementsAre(e_1, e_2, ..., e_n) is an ElementsAre extension
// that matches n elements in any order. We support up to n=$n arguments.
$range i 0..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
$if i>0 [[
template <$for j, [[typename T$j]]>
]]
inline internal::UnorderedElementsAreMatcher<
::testing::tuple<
$for j, [[
typename internal::DecayArray<T$j[[]]>::type]]> >
UnorderedElementsAre($for j, [[const T$j& e$j]]) {
typedef ::testing::tuple<
$for j, [[
typename internal::DecayArray<T$j[[]]>::type]]> Args;
return internal::UnorderedElementsAreMatcher<Args>(Args($for j, [[e$j]]));
}
]]
// AllOf(m1, m2, ..., mk) matches any value that matches all of the given
// sub-matchers. AllOf is called fully qualified to prevent ADL from firing.
$range i 2..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
$var m = i/2
$range k 1..m
$range t m+1..i
template <$for j, [[typename M$j]]>
inline typename internal::AllOfResult$i<$for j, [[M$j]]>::type
AllOf($for j, [[M$j m$j]]) {
return typename internal::AllOfResult$i<$for j, [[M$j]]>::type(
$if m == 1 [[m1]] $else [[::testing::AllOf($for k, [[m$k]])]],
$if m+1 == i [[m$i]] $else [[::testing::AllOf($for t, [[m$t]])]]);
}
]]
// AnyOf(m1, m2, ..., mk) matches any value that matches any of the given
// sub-matchers. AnyOf is called fully qualified to prevent ADL from firing.
$range i 2..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
$var m = i/2
$range k 1..m
$range t m+1..i
template <$for j, [[typename M$j]]>
inline typename internal::AnyOfResult$i<$for j, [[M$j]]>::type
AnyOf($for j, [[M$j m$j]]) {
return typename internal::AnyOfResult$i<$for j, [[M$j]]>::type(
$if m == 1 [[m1]] $else [[::testing::AnyOf($for k, [[m$k]])]],
$if m+1 == i [[m$i]] $else [[::testing::AnyOf($for t, [[m$t]])]]);
}
]]
} // namespace testing
$$ } // This Pump meta comment fixes auto-indentation in Emacs. It will not
$$ // show up in the generated code.
// The MATCHER* family of macros can be used in a namespace scope to
// define custom matchers easily.
//
// Basic Usage
// ===========
//
// The syntax
//
// MATCHER(name, description_string) { statements; }
//
// defines a matcher with the given name that executes the statements,
// which must return a bool to indicate if the match succeeds. Inside
// the statements, you can refer to the value being matched by 'arg',
// and refer to its type by 'arg_type'.
//
// The description string documents what the matcher does, and is used
// to generate the failure message when the match fails. Since a
// MATCHER() is usually defined in a header file shared by multiple
// C++ source files, we require the description to be a C-string
// literal to avoid possible side effects. It can be empty, in which
// case we'll use the sequence of words in the matcher name as the
// description.
//
// For example:
//
// MATCHER(IsEven, "") { return (arg % 2) == 0; }
//
// allows you to write
//
// // Expects mock_foo.Bar(n) to be called where n is even.
// EXPECT_CALL(mock_foo, Bar(IsEven()));
//
// or,
//
// // Verifies that the value of some_expression is even.
// EXPECT_THAT(some_expression, IsEven());
//
// If the above assertion fails, it will print something like:
//
// Value of: some_expression
// Expected: is even
// Actual: 7
//
// where the description "is even" is automatically calculated from the
// matcher name IsEven.
//
// Argument Type
// =============
//
// Note that the type of the value being matched (arg_type) is
// determined by the context in which you use the matcher and is
// supplied to you by the compiler, so you don't need to worry about
// declaring it (nor can you). This allows the matcher to be
// polymorphic. For example, IsEven() can be used to match any type
// where the value of "(arg % 2) == 0" can be implicitly converted to
// a bool. In the "Bar(IsEven())" example above, if method Bar()
// takes an int, 'arg_type' will be int; if it takes an unsigned long,
// 'arg_type' will be unsigned long; and so on.
//
// Parameterizing Matchers
// =======================
//
// Sometimes you'll want to parameterize the matcher. For that you
// can use another macro:
//
// MATCHER_P(name, param_name, description_string) { statements; }
//
// For example:
//
// MATCHER_P(HasAbsoluteValue, value, "") { return abs(arg) == value; }
//
// will allow you to write:
//
// EXPECT_THAT(Blah("a"), HasAbsoluteValue(n));
//
// which may lead to this message (assuming n is 10):
//
// Value of: Blah("a")
// Expected: has absolute value 10
// Actual: -9
//
// Note that both the matcher description and its parameter are
// printed, making the message human-friendly.
//
// In the matcher definition body, you can write 'foo_type' to
// reference the type of a parameter named 'foo'. For example, in the
// body of MATCHER_P(HasAbsoluteValue, value) above, you can write
// 'value_type' to refer to the type of 'value'.
//
// We also provide MATCHER_P2, MATCHER_P3, ..., up to MATCHER_P$n to
// support multi-parameter matchers.
//
// Describing Parameterized Matchers
// =================================
//
// The last argument to MATCHER*() is a string-typed expression. The
// expression can reference all of the matcher's parameters and a
// special bool-typed variable named 'negation'. When 'negation' is
// false, the expression should evaluate to the matcher's description;
// otherwise it should evaluate to the description of the negation of
// the matcher. For example,
//
// using testing::PrintToString;
//
// MATCHER_P2(InClosedRange, low, hi,
// string(negation ? "is not" : "is") + " in range [" +
// PrintToString(low) + ", " + PrintToString(hi) + "]") {
// return low <= arg && arg <= hi;
// }
// ...
// EXPECT_THAT(3, InClosedRange(4, 6));
// EXPECT_THAT(3, Not(InClosedRange(2, 4)));
//
// would generate two failures that contain the text:
//
// Expected: is in range [4, 6]
// ...
// Expected: is not in range [2, 4]
//
// If you specify "" as the description, the failure message will
// contain the sequence of words in the matcher name followed by the
// parameter values printed as a tuple. For example,
//
// MATCHER_P2(InClosedRange, low, hi, "") { ... }
// ...
// EXPECT_THAT(3, InClosedRange(4, 6));
// EXPECT_THAT(3, Not(InClosedRange(2, 4)));
//
// would generate two failures that contain the text:
//
// Expected: in closed range (4, 6)
// ...
// Expected: not (in closed range (2, 4))
//
// Types of Matcher Parameters
// ===========================
//
// For the purpose of typing, you can view
//
// MATCHER_Pk(Foo, p1, ..., pk, description_string) { ... }
//
// as shorthand for
//
// template <typename p1_type, ..., typename pk_type>
// FooMatcherPk<p1_type, ..., pk_type>
// Foo(p1_type p1, ..., pk_type pk) { ... }
//
// When you write Foo(v1, ..., vk), the compiler infers the types of
// the parameters v1, ..., and vk for you. If you are not happy with
// the result of the type inference, you can specify the types by
// explicitly instantiating the template, as in Foo<long, bool>(5,
// false). As said earlier, you don't get to (or need to) specify
// 'arg_type' as that's determined by the context in which the matcher
// is used. You can assign the result of expression Foo(p1, ..., pk)
// to a variable of type FooMatcherPk<p1_type, ..., pk_type>. This
// can be useful when composing matchers.
//
// While you can instantiate a matcher template with reference types,
// passing the parameters by pointer usually makes your code more
// readable. If, however, you still want to pass a parameter by
// reference, be aware that in the failure message generated by the
// matcher you will see the value of the referenced object but not its
// address.
//
// Explaining Match Results
// ========================
//
// Sometimes the matcher description alone isn't enough to explain why
// the match has failed or succeeded. For example, when expecting a
// long string, it can be very helpful to also print the diff between
// the expected string and the actual one. To achieve that, you can
// optionally stream additional information to a special variable
// named result_listener, whose type is a pointer to class
// MatchResultListener:
//
// MATCHER_P(EqualsLongString, str, "") {
// if (arg == str) return true;
//
// *result_listener << "the difference: "
/// << DiffStrings(str, arg);
// return false;
// }
//
// Overloading Matchers
// ====================
//
// You can overload matchers with different numbers of parameters:
//
// MATCHER_P(Blah, a, description_string1) { ... }
// MATCHER_P2(Blah, a, b, description_string2) { ... }
//
// Caveats
// =======
//
// When defining a new matcher, you should also consider implementing
// MatcherInterface or using MakePolymorphicMatcher(). These
// approaches require more work than the MATCHER* macros, but also
// give you more control on the types of the value being matched and
// the matcher parameters, which may leads to better compiler error
// messages when the matcher is used wrong. They also allow
// overloading matchers based on parameter types (as opposed to just
// based on the number of parameters).
//
// MATCHER*() can only be used in a namespace scope. The reason is
// that C++ doesn't yet allow function-local types to be used to
// instantiate templates. The up-coming C++0x standard will fix this.
// Once that's done, we'll consider supporting using MATCHER*() inside
// a function.
//
// More Information
// ================
//
// To learn more about using these macros, please search for 'MATCHER'
// on http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CookBook.
$range i 0..n
$for i
[[
$var macro_name = [[$if i==0 [[MATCHER]] $elif i==1 [[MATCHER_P]]
$else [[MATCHER_P$i]]]]
$var class_name = [[name##Matcher[[$if i==0 [[]] $elif i==1 [[P]]
$else [[P$i]]]]]]
$range j 0..i-1
$var template = [[$if i==0 [[]] $else [[
template <$for j, [[typename p$j##_type]]>\
]]]]
$var ctor_param_list = [[$for j, [[p$j##_type gmock_p$j]]]]
$var impl_ctor_param_list = [[$for j, [[p$j##_type gmock_p$j]]]]
$var impl_inits = [[$if i==0 [[]] $else [[ : $for j, [[p$j(gmock_p$j)]]]]]]
$var inits = [[$if i==0 [[]] $else [[ : $for j, [[p$j(gmock_p$j)]]]]]]
$var params = [[$for j, [[p$j]]]]
$var param_types = [[$if i==0 [[]] $else [[<$for j, [[p$j##_type]]>]]]]
$var param_types_and_names = [[$for j, [[p$j##_type p$j]]]]
$var param_field_decls = [[$for j
[[
p$j##_type p$j;\
]]]]
$var param_field_decls2 = [[$for j
[[
p$j##_type p$j;\
]]]]
#define $macro_name(name$for j [[, p$j]], description)\$template
class $class_name {\
public:\
template <typename arg_type>\
class gmock_Impl : public ::testing::MatcherInterface<arg_type> {\
public:\
[[$if i==1 [[explicit ]]]]gmock_Impl($impl_ctor_param_list)\
$impl_inits {}\
virtual bool MatchAndExplain(\
arg_type arg, ::testing::MatchResultListener* result_listener) const;\
virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* gmock_os) const {\
*gmock_os << FormatDescription(false);\
}\
virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* gmock_os) const {\
*gmock_os << FormatDescription(true);\
}\$param_field_decls
private:\
::testing::internal::string FormatDescription(bool negation) const {\
const ::testing::internal::string gmock_description = (description);\
if (!gmock_description.empty())\
return gmock_description;\
return ::testing::internal::FormatMatcherDescription(\
negation, #name, \
::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(\
::testing::tuple<$for j, [[p$j##_type]]>($for j, [[p$j]])));\
}\
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(gmock_Impl);\
};\
template <typename arg_type>\
operator ::testing::Matcher<arg_type>() const {\
return ::testing::Matcher<arg_type>(\
new gmock_Impl<arg_type>($params));\
}\
[[$if i==1 [[explicit ]]]]$class_name($ctor_param_list)$inits {\
}\$param_field_decls2
private:\
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_($class_name);\
};\$template
inline $class_name$param_types name($param_types_and_names) {\
return $class_name$param_types($params);\
}\$template
template <typename arg_type>\
bool $class_name$param_types::gmock_Impl<arg_type>::MatchAndExplain(\
arg_type arg, \
::testing::MatchResultListener* result_listener GTEST_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED_)\
const
]]
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_MATCHERS_H_

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googlemock/include/gmock/gmock-generated-nice-strict.h Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
// This file was GENERATED by command:
// pump.py gmock-generated-nice-strict.h.pump
// DO NOT EDIT BY HAND!!!
// Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Implements class templates NiceMock, NaggyMock, and StrictMock.
//
// Given a mock class MockFoo that is created using Google Mock,
// NiceMock<MockFoo> is a subclass of MockFoo that allows
// uninteresting calls (i.e. calls to mock methods that have no
// EXPECT_CALL specs), NaggyMock<MockFoo> is a subclass of MockFoo
// that prints a warning when an uninteresting call occurs, and
// StrictMock<MockFoo> is a subclass of MockFoo that treats all
// uninteresting calls as errors.
//
// Currently a mock is naggy by default, so MockFoo and
// NaggyMock<MockFoo> behave like the same. However, we will soon
// switch the default behavior of mocks to be nice, as that in general
// leads to more maintainable tests. When that happens, MockFoo will
// stop behaving like NaggyMock<MockFoo> and start behaving like
// NiceMock<MockFoo>.
//
// NiceMock, NaggyMock, and StrictMock "inherit" the constructors of
// their respective base class, with up-to 10 arguments. Therefore
// you can write NiceMock<MockFoo>(5, "a") to construct a nice mock
// where MockFoo has a constructor that accepts (int, const char*),
// for example.
//
// A known limitation is that NiceMock<MockFoo>, NaggyMock<MockFoo>,
// and StrictMock<MockFoo> only works for mock methods defined using
// the MOCK_METHOD* family of macros DIRECTLY in the MockFoo class.
// If a mock method is defined in a base class of MockFoo, the "nice"
// or "strict" modifier may not affect it, depending on the compiler.
// In particular, nesting NiceMock, NaggyMock, and StrictMock is NOT
// supported.
//
// Another known limitation is that the constructors of the base mock
// cannot have arguments passed by non-const reference, which are
// banned by the Google C++ style guide anyway.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_NICE_STRICT_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_NICE_STRICT_H_
#include "gmock/gmock-spec-builders.h"
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-port.h"
namespace testing {
template <class MockClass>
class NiceMock : public MockClass {
public:
// We don't factor out the constructor body to a common method, as
// we have to avoid a possible clash with members of MockClass.
NiceMock() {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
// C++ doesn't (yet) allow inheritance of constructors, so we have
// to define it for each arity.
template <typename A1>
explicit NiceMock(const A1& a1) : MockClass(a1) {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2>
NiceMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) : MockClass(a1, a2) {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
NiceMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3) {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4>
NiceMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3,
const A4& a4) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4) {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5>
NiceMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5) {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6>
NiceMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6) {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7>
NiceMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,
a6, a7) {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8>
NiceMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8) : MockClass(a1,
a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8) {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8, typename A9>
NiceMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8,
const A9& a9) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9) {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8, typename A9, typename A10>
NiceMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9,
const A10& a10) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9, a10) {
::testing::Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
virtual ~NiceMock() {
::testing::Mock::UnregisterCallReaction(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
private:
GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(NiceMock);
};
template <class MockClass>
class NaggyMock : public MockClass {
public:
// We don't factor out the constructor body to a common method, as
// we have to avoid a possible clash with members of MockClass.
NaggyMock() {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
// C++ doesn't (yet) allow inheritance of constructors, so we have
// to define it for each arity.
template <typename A1>
explicit NaggyMock(const A1& a1) : MockClass(a1) {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2>
NaggyMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) : MockClass(a1, a2) {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
NaggyMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3) {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4>
NaggyMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3,
const A4& a4) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4) {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5>
NaggyMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5) {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6>
NaggyMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6) {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7>
NaggyMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,
a6, a7) {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8>
NaggyMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8) : MockClass(a1,
a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8) {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8, typename A9>
NaggyMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8,
const A9& a9) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9) {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8, typename A9, typename A10>
NaggyMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9,
const A10& a10) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9, a10) {
::testing::Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
virtual ~NaggyMock() {
::testing::Mock::UnregisterCallReaction(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
private:
GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(NaggyMock);
};
template <class MockClass>
class StrictMock : public MockClass {
public:
// We don't factor out the constructor body to a common method, as
// we have to avoid a possible clash with members of MockClass.
StrictMock() {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
// C++ doesn't (yet) allow inheritance of constructors, so we have
// to define it for each arity.
template <typename A1>
explicit StrictMock(const A1& a1) : MockClass(a1) {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2>
StrictMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2) : MockClass(a1, a2) {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
StrictMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3) {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4>
StrictMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3,
const A4& a4) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4) {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5>
StrictMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5) {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6>
StrictMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6) {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7>
StrictMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5,
a6, a7) {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8>
StrictMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8) : MockClass(a1,
a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8) {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8, typename A9>
StrictMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8,
const A9& a9) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9) {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8, typename A9, typename A10>
StrictMock(const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4,
const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9,
const A10& a10) : MockClass(a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8, a9, a10) {
::testing::Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
virtual ~StrictMock() {
::testing::Mock::UnregisterCallReaction(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
private:
GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(StrictMock);
};
// The following specializations catch some (relatively more common)
// user errors of nesting nice and strict mocks. They do NOT catch
// all possible errors.
// These specializations are declared but not defined, as NiceMock,
// NaggyMock, and StrictMock cannot be nested.
template <typename MockClass>
class NiceMock<NiceMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class NiceMock<NaggyMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class NiceMock<StrictMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class NaggyMock<NiceMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class NaggyMock<NaggyMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class NaggyMock<StrictMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class StrictMock<NiceMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class StrictMock<NaggyMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class StrictMock<StrictMock<MockClass> >;
} // namespace testing
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_NICE_STRICT_H_

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$$ -*- mode: c++; -*-
$$ This is a Pump source file. Please use Pump to convert it to
$$ gmock-generated-nice-strict.h.
$$
$var n = 10 $$ The maximum arity we support.
// Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Implements class templates NiceMock, NaggyMock, and StrictMock.
//
// Given a mock class MockFoo that is created using Google Mock,
// NiceMock<MockFoo> is a subclass of MockFoo that allows
// uninteresting calls (i.e. calls to mock methods that have no
// EXPECT_CALL specs), NaggyMock<MockFoo> is a subclass of MockFoo
// that prints a warning when an uninteresting call occurs, and
// StrictMock<MockFoo> is a subclass of MockFoo that treats all
// uninteresting calls as errors.
//
// Currently a mock is naggy by default, so MockFoo and
// NaggyMock<MockFoo> behave like the same. However, we will soon
// switch the default behavior of mocks to be nice, as that in general
// leads to more maintainable tests. When that happens, MockFoo will
// stop behaving like NaggyMock<MockFoo> and start behaving like
// NiceMock<MockFoo>.
//
// NiceMock, NaggyMock, and StrictMock "inherit" the constructors of
// their respective base class, with up-to $n arguments. Therefore
// you can write NiceMock<MockFoo>(5, "a") to construct a nice mock
// where MockFoo has a constructor that accepts (int, const char*),
// for example.
//
// A known limitation is that NiceMock<MockFoo>, NaggyMock<MockFoo>,
// and StrictMock<MockFoo> only works for mock methods defined using
// the MOCK_METHOD* family of macros DIRECTLY in the MockFoo class.
// If a mock method is defined in a base class of MockFoo, the "nice"
// or "strict" modifier may not affect it, depending on the compiler.
// In particular, nesting NiceMock, NaggyMock, and StrictMock is NOT
// supported.
//
// Another known limitation is that the constructors of the base mock
// cannot have arguments passed by non-const reference, which are
// banned by the Google C++ style guide anyway.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_NICE_STRICT_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_NICE_STRICT_H_
#include "gmock/gmock-spec-builders.h"
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-port.h"
namespace testing {
$range kind 0..2
$for kind [[
$var clazz=[[$if kind==0 [[NiceMock]]
$elif kind==1 [[NaggyMock]]
$else [[StrictMock]]]]
$var method=[[$if kind==0 [[AllowUninterestingCalls]]
$elif kind==1 [[WarnUninterestingCalls]]
$else [[FailUninterestingCalls]]]]
template <class MockClass>
class $clazz : public MockClass {
public:
// We don't factor out the constructor body to a common method, as
// we have to avoid a possible clash with members of MockClass.
$clazz() {
::testing::Mock::$method(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
// C++ doesn't (yet) allow inheritance of constructors, so we have
// to define it for each arity.
template <typename A1>
explicit $clazz(const A1& a1) : MockClass(a1) {
::testing::Mock::$method(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
$range i 2..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
template <$for j, [[typename A$j]]>
$clazz($for j, [[const A$j& a$j]]) : MockClass($for j, [[a$j]]) {
::testing::Mock::$method(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
]]
virtual ~$clazz() {
::testing::Mock::UnregisterCallReaction(
internal::ImplicitCast_<MockClass*>(this));
}
private:
GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_($clazz);
};
]]
// The following specializations catch some (relatively more common)
// user errors of nesting nice and strict mocks. They do NOT catch
// all possible errors.
// These specializations are declared but not defined, as NiceMock,
// NaggyMock, and StrictMock cannot be nested.
template <typename MockClass>
class NiceMock<NiceMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class NiceMock<NaggyMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class NiceMock<StrictMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class NaggyMock<NiceMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class NaggyMock<NaggyMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class NaggyMock<StrictMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class StrictMock<NiceMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class StrictMock<NaggyMock<MockClass> >;
template <typename MockClass>
class StrictMock<StrictMock<MockClass> >;
} // namespace testing
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_GENERATED_NICE_STRICT_H_

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// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file implements some actions that depend on gmock-generated-actions.h.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_MORE_ACTIONS_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_MORE_ACTIONS_H_
#include <algorithm>
#include "gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h"
namespace testing {
namespace internal {
// Implements the Invoke(f) action. The template argument
// FunctionImpl is the implementation type of f, which can be either a
// function pointer or a functor. Invoke(f) can be used as an
// Action<F> as long as f's type is compatible with F (i.e. f can be
// assigned to a tr1::function<F>).
template <typename FunctionImpl>
class InvokeAction {
public:
// The c'tor makes a copy of function_impl (either a function
// pointer or a functor).
explicit InvokeAction(FunctionImpl function_impl)
: function_impl_(function_impl) {}
template <typename Result, typename ArgumentTuple>
Result Perform(const ArgumentTuple& args) {
return InvokeHelper<Result, ArgumentTuple>::Invoke(function_impl_, args);
}
private:
FunctionImpl function_impl_;
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(InvokeAction);
};
// Implements the Invoke(object_ptr, &Class::Method) action.
template <class Class, typename MethodPtr>
class InvokeMethodAction {
public:
InvokeMethodAction(Class* obj_ptr, MethodPtr method_ptr)
: method_ptr_(method_ptr), obj_ptr_(obj_ptr) {}
template <typename Result, typename ArgumentTuple>
Result Perform(const ArgumentTuple& args) const {
return InvokeHelper<Result, ArgumentTuple>::InvokeMethod(
obj_ptr_, method_ptr_, args);
}
private:
// The order of these members matters. Reversing the order can trigger
// warning C4121 in MSVC (see
// http://computer-programming-forum.com/7-vc.net/6fbc30265f860ad1.htm ).
const MethodPtr method_ptr_;
Class* const obj_ptr_;
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(InvokeMethodAction);
};
// An internal replacement for std::copy which mimics its behavior. This is
// necessary because Visual Studio deprecates ::std::copy, issuing warning 4996.
// However Visual Studio 2010 and later do not honor #pragmas which disable that
// warning.
template<typename InputIterator, typename OutputIterator>
inline OutputIterator CopyElements(InputIterator first,
InputIterator last,
OutputIterator output) {
for (; first != last; ++first, ++output) {
*output = *first;
}
return output;
}
} // namespace internal
// Various overloads for Invoke().
// Creates an action that invokes 'function_impl' with the mock
// function's arguments.
template <typename FunctionImpl>
PolymorphicAction<internal::InvokeAction<FunctionImpl> > Invoke(
FunctionImpl function_impl) {
return MakePolymorphicAction(
internal::InvokeAction<FunctionImpl>(function_impl));
}
// Creates an action that invokes the given method on the given object
// with the mock function's arguments.
template <class Class, typename MethodPtr>
PolymorphicAction<internal::InvokeMethodAction<Class, MethodPtr> > Invoke(
Class* obj_ptr, MethodPtr method_ptr) {
return MakePolymorphicAction(
internal::InvokeMethodAction<Class, MethodPtr>(obj_ptr, method_ptr));
}
// WithoutArgs(inner_action) can be used in a mock function with a
// non-empty argument list to perform inner_action, which takes no
// argument. In other words, it adapts an action accepting no
// argument to one that accepts (and ignores) arguments.
template <typename InnerAction>
inline internal::WithArgsAction<InnerAction>
WithoutArgs(const InnerAction& action) {
return internal::WithArgsAction<InnerAction>(action);
}
// WithArg<k>(an_action) creates an action that passes the k-th
// (0-based) argument of the mock function to an_action and performs
// it. It adapts an action accepting one argument to one that accepts
// multiple arguments. For convenience, we also provide
// WithArgs<k>(an_action) (defined below) as a synonym.
template <int k, typename InnerAction>
inline internal::WithArgsAction<InnerAction, k>
WithArg(const InnerAction& action) {
return internal::WithArgsAction<InnerAction, k>(action);
}
// The ACTION*() macros trigger warning C4100 (unreferenced formal
// parameter) in MSVC with -W4. Unfortunately they cannot be fixed in
// the macro definition, as the warnings are generated when the macro
// is expanded and macro expansion cannot contain #pragma. Therefore
// we suppress them here.
#ifdef _MSC_VER
# pragma warning(push)
# pragma warning(disable:4100)
#endif
// Action ReturnArg<k>() returns the k-th argument of the mock function.
ACTION_TEMPLATE(ReturnArg,
HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(int, k),
AND_0_VALUE_PARAMS()) {
return ::testing::get<k>(args);
}
// Action SaveArg<k>(pointer) saves the k-th (0-based) argument of the
// mock function to *pointer.
ACTION_TEMPLATE(SaveArg,
HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(int, k),
AND_1_VALUE_PARAMS(pointer)) {
*pointer = ::testing::get<k>(args);
}
// Action SaveArgPointee<k>(pointer) saves the value pointed to
// by the k-th (0-based) argument of the mock function to *pointer.
ACTION_TEMPLATE(SaveArgPointee,
HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(int, k),
AND_1_VALUE_PARAMS(pointer)) {
*pointer = *::testing::get<k>(args);
}
// Action SetArgReferee<k>(value) assigns 'value' to the variable
// referenced by the k-th (0-based) argument of the mock function.
ACTION_TEMPLATE(SetArgReferee,
HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(int, k),
AND_1_VALUE_PARAMS(value)) {
typedef typename ::testing::tuple_element<k, args_type>::type argk_type;
// Ensures that argument #k is a reference. If you get a compiler
// error on the next line, you are using SetArgReferee<k>(value) in
// a mock function whose k-th (0-based) argument is not a reference.
GTEST_COMPILE_ASSERT_(internal::is_reference<argk_type>::value,
SetArgReferee_must_be_used_with_a_reference_argument);
::testing::get<k>(args) = value;
}
// Action SetArrayArgument<k>(first, last) copies the elements in
// source range [first, last) to the array pointed to by the k-th
// (0-based) argument, which can be either a pointer or an
// iterator. The action does not take ownership of the elements in the
// source range.
ACTION_TEMPLATE(SetArrayArgument,
HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(int, k),
AND_2_VALUE_PARAMS(first, last)) {
// Visual Studio deprecates ::std::copy, so we use our own copy in that case.
#ifdef _MSC_VER
internal::CopyElements(first, last, ::testing::get<k>(args));
#else
::std::copy(first, last, ::testing::get<k>(args));
#endif
}
// Action DeleteArg<k>() deletes the k-th (0-based) argument of the mock
// function.
ACTION_TEMPLATE(DeleteArg,
HAS_1_TEMPLATE_PARAMS(int, k),
AND_0_VALUE_PARAMS()) {
delete ::testing::get<k>(args);
}
// This action returns the value pointed to by 'pointer'.
ACTION_P(ReturnPointee, pointer) { return *pointer; }
// Action Throw(exception) can be used in a mock function of any type
// to throw the given exception. Any copyable value can be thrown.
#if GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
// Suppresses the 'unreachable code' warning that VC generates in opt modes.
# ifdef _MSC_VER
# pragma warning(push) // Saves the current warning state.
# pragma warning(disable:4702) // Temporarily disables warning 4702.
# endif
ACTION_P(Throw, exception) { throw exception; }
# ifdef _MSC_VER
# pragma warning(pop) // Restores the warning state.
# endif
#endif // GTEST_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
#ifdef _MSC_VER
# pragma warning(pop)
#endif
} // namespace testing
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_MORE_ACTIONS_H_

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// Copyright 2013, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: marcus.boerger@google.com (Marcus Boerger)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file implements some matchers that depend on gmock-generated-matchers.h.
//
// Note that tests are implemented in gmock-matchers_test.cc rather than
// gmock-more-matchers-test.cc.
#ifndef GMOCK_GMOCK_MORE_MATCHERS_H_
#define GMOCK_GMOCK_MORE_MATCHERS_H_
#include "gmock/gmock-generated-matchers.h"
namespace testing {
// Defines a matcher that matches an empty container. The container must
// support both size() and empty(), which all STL-like containers provide.
MATCHER(IsEmpty, negation ? "isn't empty" : "is empty") {
if (arg.empty()) {
return true;
}
*result_listener << "whose size is " << arg.size();
return false;
}
} // namespace testing
#endif // GMOCK_GMOCK_MORE_MATCHERS_H_

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// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This is the main header file a user should include.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_H_
// This file implements the following syntax:
//
// ON_CALL(mock_object.Method(...))
// .With(...) ?
// .WillByDefault(...);
//
// where With() is optional and WillByDefault() must appear exactly
// once.
//
// EXPECT_CALL(mock_object.Method(...))
// .With(...) ?
// .Times(...) ?
// .InSequence(...) *
// .WillOnce(...) *
// .WillRepeatedly(...) ?
// .RetiresOnSaturation() ? ;
//
// where all clauses are optional and WillOnce() can be repeated.
#include "gmock/gmock-actions.h"
#include "gmock/gmock-cardinalities.h"
#include "gmock/gmock-generated-actions.h"
#include "gmock/gmock-generated-function-mockers.h"
#include "gmock/gmock-generated-nice-strict.h"
#include "gmock/gmock-generated-matchers.h"
#include "gmock/gmock-matchers.h"
#include "gmock/gmock-more-actions.h"
#include "gmock/gmock-more-matchers.h"
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-internal-utils.h"
namespace testing {
// Declares Google Mock flags that we want a user to use programmatically.
GMOCK_DECLARE_bool_(catch_leaked_mocks);
GMOCK_DECLARE_string_(verbose);
// Initializes Google Mock. This must be called before running the
// tests. In particular, it parses the command line for the flags
// that Google Mock recognizes. Whenever a Google Mock flag is seen,
// it is removed from argv, and *argc is decremented.
//
// No value is returned. Instead, the Google Mock flag variables are
// updated.
//
// Since Google Test is needed for Google Mock to work, this function
// also initializes Google Test and parses its flags, if that hasn't
// been done.
GTEST_API_ void InitGoogleMock(int* argc, char** argv);
// This overloaded version can be used in Windows programs compiled in
// UNICODE mode.
GTEST_API_ void InitGoogleMock(int* argc, wchar_t** argv);
} // namespace testing
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_H_

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// This file was GENERATED by command:
// pump.py gmock-generated-actions.h.pump
// DO NOT EDIT BY HAND!!!
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_GMOCK_GENERATED_ACTIONS_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_GMOCK_GENERATED_ACTIONS_H_
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_GMOCK_GENERATED_ACTIONS_H_

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$$ -*- mode: c++; -*-
$$ This is a Pump source file (http://go/pump). Please use Pump to convert
$$ it to callback-actions.h.
$$
$var max_callback_arity = 5
$$}} This meta comment fixes auto-indentation in editors.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_GMOCK_GENERATED_ACTIONS_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_GMOCK_GENERATED_ACTIONS_H_
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_GMOCK_GENERATED_ACTIONS_H_

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// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// ============================================================
// An installation-specific extension point for gmock-matchers.h.
// ============================================================
//
// Adds google3 callback support to CallableTraits.
//
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_CALLBACK_MATCHERS_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_CALLBACK_MATCHERS_H_
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_CALLBACK_MATCHERS_H_

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// Copyright 2015, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Injection point for custom user configurations.
// The following macros can be defined:
//
// Flag related macros:
// GMOCK_DECLARE_bool_(name)
// GMOCK_DECLARE_int32_(name)
// GMOCK_DECLARE_string_(name)
// GMOCK_DEFINE_bool_(name, default_val, doc)
// GMOCK_DEFINE_int32_(name, default_val, doc)
// GMOCK_DEFINE_string_(name, default_val, doc)
//
// ** Custom implementation starts here **
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_GMOCK_PORT_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_GMOCK_PORT_H_
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_CUSTOM_GMOCK_PORT_H_

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// This file was GENERATED by command:
// pump.py gmock-generated-internal-utils.h.pump
// DO NOT EDIT BY HAND!!!
// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file contains template meta-programming utility classes needed
// for implementing Google Mock.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_GENERATED_INTERNAL_UTILS_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_GENERATED_INTERNAL_UTILS_H_
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-port.h"
namespace testing {
template <typename T>
class Matcher;
namespace internal {
// An IgnoredValue object can be implicitly constructed from ANY value.
// This is used in implementing the IgnoreResult(a) action.
class IgnoredValue {
public:
// This constructor template allows any value to be implicitly
// converted to IgnoredValue. The object has no data member and
// doesn't try to remember anything about the argument. We
// deliberately omit the 'explicit' keyword in order to allow the
// conversion to be implicit.
template <typename T>
IgnoredValue(const T& /* ignored */) {} // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
};
// MatcherTuple<T>::type is a tuple type where each field is a Matcher
// for the corresponding field in tuple type T.
template <typename Tuple>
struct MatcherTuple;
template <>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple< > type;
};
template <typename A1>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<A1> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<Matcher<A1> > type;
};
template <typename A1, typename A2>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<A1, A2> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<Matcher<A1>, Matcher<A2> > type;
};
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<Matcher<A1>, Matcher<A2>, Matcher<A3> > type;
};
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<Matcher<A1>, Matcher<A2>, Matcher<A3>,
Matcher<A4> > type;
};
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<Matcher<A1>, Matcher<A2>, Matcher<A3>, Matcher<A4>,
Matcher<A5> > type;
};
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<Matcher<A1>, Matcher<A2>, Matcher<A3>, Matcher<A4>,
Matcher<A5>, Matcher<A6> > type;
};
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<Matcher<A1>, Matcher<A2>, Matcher<A3>, Matcher<A4>,
Matcher<A5>, Matcher<A6>, Matcher<A7> > type;
};
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<Matcher<A1>, Matcher<A2>, Matcher<A3>, Matcher<A4>,
Matcher<A5>, Matcher<A6>, Matcher<A7>, Matcher<A8> > type;
};
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8, typename A9>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<Matcher<A1>, Matcher<A2>, Matcher<A3>, Matcher<A4>,
Matcher<A5>, Matcher<A6>, Matcher<A7>, Matcher<A8>, Matcher<A9> > type;
};
template <typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4, typename A5,
typename A6, typename A7, typename A8, typename A9, typename A10>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9,
A10> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<Matcher<A1>, Matcher<A2>, Matcher<A3>, Matcher<A4>,
Matcher<A5>, Matcher<A6>, Matcher<A7>, Matcher<A8>, Matcher<A9>,
Matcher<A10> > type;
};
// Template struct Function<F>, where F must be a function type, contains
// the following typedefs:
//
// Result: the function's return type.
// ArgumentN: the type of the N-th argument, where N starts with 1.
// ArgumentTuple: the tuple type consisting of all parameters of F.
// ArgumentMatcherTuple: the tuple type consisting of Matchers for all
// parameters of F.
// MakeResultVoid: the function type obtained by substituting void
// for the return type of F.
// MakeResultIgnoredValue:
// the function type obtained by substituting Something
// for the return type of F.
template <typename F>
struct Function;
template <typename R>
struct Function<R()> {
typedef R Result;
typedef ::testing::tuple<> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid();
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue();
};
template <typename R, typename A1>
struct Function<R(A1)>
: Function<R()> {
typedef A1 Argument1;
typedef ::testing::tuple<A1> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid(A1);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue(A1);
};
template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2>
struct Function<R(A1, A2)>
: Function<R(A1)> {
typedef A2 Argument2;
typedef ::testing::tuple<A1, A2> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid(A1, A2);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue(A1, A2);
};
template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3>
struct Function<R(A1, A2, A3)>
: Function<R(A1, A2)> {
typedef A3 Argument3;
typedef ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid(A1, A2, A3);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue(A1, A2, A3);
};
template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4>
struct Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4)>
: Function<R(A1, A2, A3)> {
typedef A4 Argument4;
typedef ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid(A1, A2, A3, A4);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue(A1, A2, A3, A4);
};
template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4,
typename A5>
struct Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5)>
: Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4)> {
typedef A5 Argument5;
typedef ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5);
};
template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4,
typename A5, typename A6>
struct Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6)>
: Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5)> {
typedef A6 Argument6;
typedef ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6);
};
template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4,
typename A5, typename A6, typename A7>
struct Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7)>
: Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6)> {
typedef A7 Argument7;
typedef ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7);
};
template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4,
typename A5, typename A6, typename A7, typename A8>
struct Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8)>
: Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7)> {
typedef A8 Argument8;
typedef ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8);
};
template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4,
typename A5, typename A6, typename A7, typename A8, typename A9>
struct Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9)>
: Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8)> {
typedef A9 Argument9;
typedef ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8,
A9);
};
template <typename R, typename A1, typename A2, typename A3, typename A4,
typename A5, typename A6, typename A7, typename A8, typename A9,
typename A10>
struct Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10)>
: Function<R(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9)> {
typedef A10 Argument10;
typedef ::testing::tuple<A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9,
A10> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8,
A9, A10);
};
} // namespace internal
} // namespace testing
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_GENERATED_INTERNAL_UTILS_H_

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$$ -*- mode: c++; -*-
$$ This is a Pump source file. Please use Pump to convert it to
$$ gmock-generated-function-mockers.h.
$$
$var n = 10 $$ The maximum arity we support.
// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file contains template meta-programming utility classes needed
// for implementing Google Mock.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_GENERATED_INTERNAL_UTILS_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_GENERATED_INTERNAL_UTILS_H_
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-port.h"
namespace testing {
template <typename T>
class Matcher;
namespace internal {
// An IgnoredValue object can be implicitly constructed from ANY value.
// This is used in implementing the IgnoreResult(a) action.
class IgnoredValue {
public:
// This constructor template allows any value to be implicitly
// converted to IgnoredValue. The object has no data member and
// doesn't try to remember anything about the argument. We
// deliberately omit the 'explicit' keyword in order to allow the
// conversion to be implicit.
template <typename T>
IgnoredValue(const T& /* ignored */) {} // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
};
// MatcherTuple<T>::type is a tuple type where each field is a Matcher
// for the corresponding field in tuple type T.
template <typename Tuple>
struct MatcherTuple;
$range i 0..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
$var typename_As = [[$for j, [[typename A$j]]]]
$var As = [[$for j, [[A$j]]]]
$var matcher_As = [[$for j, [[Matcher<A$j>]]]]
template <$typename_As>
struct MatcherTuple< ::testing::tuple<$As> > {
typedef ::testing::tuple<$matcher_As > type;
};
]]
// Template struct Function<F>, where F must be a function type, contains
// the following typedefs:
//
// Result: the function's return type.
// ArgumentN: the type of the N-th argument, where N starts with 1.
// ArgumentTuple: the tuple type consisting of all parameters of F.
// ArgumentMatcherTuple: the tuple type consisting of Matchers for all
// parameters of F.
// MakeResultVoid: the function type obtained by substituting void
// for the return type of F.
// MakeResultIgnoredValue:
// the function type obtained by substituting Something
// for the return type of F.
template <typename F>
struct Function;
template <typename R>
struct Function<R()> {
typedef R Result;
typedef ::testing::tuple<> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid();
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue();
};
$range i 1..n
$for i [[
$range j 1..i
$var typename_As = [[$for j [[, typename A$j]]]]
$var As = [[$for j, [[A$j]]]]
$var matcher_As = [[$for j, [[Matcher<A$j>]]]]
$range k 1..i-1
$var prev_As = [[$for k, [[A$k]]]]
template <typename R$typename_As>
struct Function<R($As)>
: Function<R($prev_As)> {
typedef A$i Argument$i;
typedef ::testing::tuple<$As> ArgumentTuple;
typedef typename MatcherTuple<ArgumentTuple>::type ArgumentMatcherTuple;
typedef void MakeResultVoid($As);
typedef IgnoredValue MakeResultIgnoredValue($As);
};
]]
} // namespace internal
} // namespace testing
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_GENERATED_INTERNAL_UTILS_H_

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// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file defines some utilities useful for implementing Google
// Mock. They are subject to change without notice, so please DO NOT
// USE THEM IN USER CODE.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_INTERNAL_UTILS_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_INTERNAL_UTILS_H_
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ostream> // NOLINT
#include <string>
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-generated-internal-utils.h"
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-port.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
namespace testing {
namespace internal {
// Converts an identifier name to a space-separated list of lower-case
// words. Each maximum substring of the form [A-Za-z][a-z]*|\d+ is
// treated as one word. For example, both "FooBar123" and
// "foo_bar_123" are converted to "foo bar 123".
GTEST_API_ string ConvertIdentifierNameToWords(const char* id_name);
// PointeeOf<Pointer>::type is the type of a value pointed to by a
// Pointer, which can be either a smart pointer or a raw pointer. The
// following default implementation is for the case where Pointer is a
// smart pointer.
template <typename Pointer>
struct PointeeOf {
// Smart pointer classes define type element_type as the type of
// their pointees.
typedef typename Pointer::element_type type;
};
// This specialization is for the raw pointer case.
template <typename T>
struct PointeeOf<T*> { typedef T type; }; // NOLINT
// GetRawPointer(p) returns the raw pointer underlying p when p is a
// smart pointer, or returns p itself when p is already a raw pointer.
// The following default implementation is for the smart pointer case.
template <typename Pointer>
inline const typename Pointer::element_type* GetRawPointer(const Pointer& p) {
return p.get();
}
// This overloaded version is for the raw pointer case.
template <typename Element>
inline Element* GetRawPointer(Element* p) { return p; }
// This comparator allows linked_ptr to be stored in sets.
template <typename T>
struct LinkedPtrLessThan {
bool operator()(const ::testing::internal::linked_ptr<T>& lhs,
const ::testing::internal::linked_ptr<T>& rhs) const {
return lhs.get() < rhs.get();
}
};
// Symbian compilation can be done with wchar_t being either a native
// type or a typedef. Using Google Mock with OpenC without wchar_t
// should require the definition of _STLP_NO_WCHAR_T.
//
// MSVC treats wchar_t as a native type usually, but treats it as the
// same as unsigned short when the compiler option /Zc:wchar_t- is
// specified. It defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED symbol when wchar_t
// is a native type.
#if (GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN && defined(_STLP_NO_WCHAR_T)) || \
(defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED))
// wchar_t is a typedef.
#else
# define GMOCK_WCHAR_T_IS_NATIVE_ 1
#endif
// signed wchar_t and unsigned wchar_t are NOT in the C++ standard.
// Using them is a bad practice and not portable. So DON'T use them.
//
// Still, Google Mock is designed to work even if the user uses signed
// wchar_t or unsigned wchar_t (obviously, assuming the compiler
// supports them).
//
// To gcc,
// wchar_t == signed wchar_t != unsigned wchar_t == unsigned int
#ifdef __GNUC__
// signed/unsigned wchar_t are valid types.
# define GMOCK_HAS_SIGNED_WCHAR_T_ 1
#endif
// In what follows, we use the term "kind" to indicate whether a type
// is bool, an integer type (excluding bool), a floating-point type,
// or none of them. This categorization is useful for determining
// when a matcher argument type can be safely converted to another
// type in the implementation of SafeMatcherCast.
enum TypeKind {
kBool, kInteger, kFloatingPoint, kOther
};
// KindOf<T>::value is the kind of type T.
template <typename T> struct KindOf {
enum { value = kOther }; // The default kind.
};
// This macro declares that the kind of 'type' is 'kind'.
#define GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(type, kind) \
template <> struct KindOf<type> { enum { value = kind }; }
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(bool, kBool);
// All standard integer types.
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(char, kInteger);
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(signed char, kInteger);
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(unsigned char, kInteger);
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(short, kInteger); // NOLINT
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(unsigned short, kInteger); // NOLINT
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(int, kInteger);
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(unsigned int, kInteger);
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(long, kInteger); // NOLINT
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(unsigned long, kInteger); // NOLINT
#if GMOCK_WCHAR_T_IS_NATIVE_
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(wchar_t, kInteger);
#endif
// Non-standard integer types.
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(Int64, kInteger);
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(UInt64, kInteger);
// All standard floating-point types.
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(float, kFloatingPoint);
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(double, kFloatingPoint);
GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_(long double, kFloatingPoint);
#undef GMOCK_DECLARE_KIND_
// Evaluates to the kind of 'type'.
#define GMOCK_KIND_OF_(type) \
static_cast< ::testing::internal::TypeKind>( \
::testing::internal::KindOf<type>::value)
// Evaluates to true iff integer type T is signed.
#define GMOCK_IS_SIGNED_(T) (static_cast<T>(-1) < 0)
// LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<kFromKind, From, kToKind, To>::value
// is true iff arithmetic type From can be losslessly converted to
// arithmetic type To.
//
// It's the user's responsibility to ensure that both From and To are
// raw (i.e. has no CV modifier, is not a pointer, and is not a
// reference) built-in arithmetic types, kFromKind is the kind of
// From, and kToKind is the kind of To; the value is
// implementation-defined when the above pre-condition is violated.
template <TypeKind kFromKind, typename From, TypeKind kToKind, typename To>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl : public false_type {};
// Converting bool to bool is lossless.
template <>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<kBool, bool, kBool, bool>
: public true_type {}; // NOLINT
// Converting bool to any integer type is lossless.
template <typename To>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<kBool, bool, kInteger, To>
: public true_type {}; // NOLINT
// Converting bool to any floating-point type is lossless.
template <typename To>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<kBool, bool, kFloatingPoint, To>
: public true_type {}; // NOLINT
// Converting an integer to bool is lossy.
template <typename From>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<kInteger, From, kBool, bool>
: public false_type {}; // NOLINT
// Converting an integer to another non-bool integer is lossless iff
// the target type's range encloses the source type's range.
template <typename From, typename To>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<kInteger, From, kInteger, To>
: public bool_constant<
// When converting from a smaller size to a larger size, we are
// fine as long as we are not converting from signed to unsigned.
((sizeof(From) < sizeof(To)) &&
(!GMOCK_IS_SIGNED_(From) || GMOCK_IS_SIGNED_(To))) ||
// When converting between the same size, the signedness must match.
((sizeof(From) == sizeof(To)) &&
(GMOCK_IS_SIGNED_(From) == GMOCK_IS_SIGNED_(To)))> {}; // NOLINT
#undef GMOCK_IS_SIGNED_
// Converting an integer to a floating-point type may be lossy, since
// the format of a floating-point number is implementation-defined.
template <typename From, typename To>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<kInteger, From, kFloatingPoint, To>
: public false_type {}; // NOLINT
// Converting a floating-point to bool is lossy.
template <typename From>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<kFloatingPoint, From, kBool, bool>
: public false_type {}; // NOLINT
// Converting a floating-point to an integer is lossy.
template <typename From, typename To>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<kFloatingPoint, From, kInteger, To>
: public false_type {}; // NOLINT
// Converting a floating-point to another floating-point is lossless
// iff the target type is at least as big as the source type.
template <typename From, typename To>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<
kFloatingPoint, From, kFloatingPoint, To>
: public bool_constant<sizeof(From) <= sizeof(To)> {}; // NOLINT
// LosslessArithmeticConvertible<From, To>::value is true iff arithmetic
// type From can be losslessly converted to arithmetic type To.
//
// It's the user's responsibility to ensure that both From and To are
// raw (i.e. has no CV modifier, is not a pointer, and is not a
// reference) built-in arithmetic types; the value is
// implementation-defined when the above pre-condition is violated.
template <typename From, typename To>
struct LosslessArithmeticConvertible
: public LosslessArithmeticConvertibleImpl<
GMOCK_KIND_OF_(From), From, GMOCK_KIND_OF_(To), To> {}; // NOLINT
// This interface knows how to report a Google Mock failure (either
// non-fatal or fatal).
class FailureReporterInterface {
public:
// The type of a failure (either non-fatal or fatal).
enum FailureType {
kNonfatal, kFatal
};
virtual ~FailureReporterInterface() {}
// Reports a failure that occurred at the given source file location.
virtual void ReportFailure(FailureType type, const char* file, int line,
const string& message) = 0;
};
// Returns the failure reporter used by Google Mock.
GTEST_API_ FailureReporterInterface* GetFailureReporter();
// Asserts that condition is true; aborts the process with the given
// message if condition is false. We cannot use LOG(FATAL) or CHECK()
// as Google Mock might be used to mock the log sink itself. We
// inline this function to prevent it from showing up in the stack
// trace.
inline void Assert(bool condition, const char* file, int line,
const string& msg) {
if (!condition) {
GetFailureReporter()->ReportFailure(FailureReporterInterface::kFatal,
file, line, msg);
}
}
inline void Assert(bool condition, const char* file, int line) {
Assert(condition, file, line, "Assertion failed.");
}
// Verifies that condition is true; generates a non-fatal failure if
// condition is false.
inline void Expect(bool condition, const char* file, int line,
const string& msg) {
if (!condition) {
GetFailureReporter()->ReportFailure(FailureReporterInterface::kNonfatal,
file, line, msg);
}
}
inline void Expect(bool condition, const char* file, int line) {
Expect(condition, file, line, "Expectation failed.");
}
// Severity level of a log.
enum LogSeverity {
kInfo = 0,
kWarning = 1
};
// Valid values for the --gmock_verbose flag.
// All logs (informational and warnings) are printed.
const char kInfoVerbosity[] = "info";
// Only warnings are printed.
const char kWarningVerbosity[] = "warning";
// No logs are printed.
const char kErrorVerbosity[] = "error";
// Returns true iff a log with the given severity is visible according
// to the --gmock_verbose flag.
GTEST_API_ bool LogIsVisible(LogSeverity severity);
// Prints the given message to stdout iff 'severity' >= the level
// specified by the --gmock_verbose flag. If stack_frames_to_skip >=
// 0, also prints the stack trace excluding the top
// stack_frames_to_skip frames. In opt mode, any positive
// stack_frames_to_skip is treated as 0, since we don't know which
// function calls will be inlined by the compiler and need to be
// conservative.
GTEST_API_ void Log(LogSeverity severity,
const string& message,
int stack_frames_to_skip);
// TODO(wan@google.com): group all type utilities together.
// Type traits.
// is_reference<T>::value is non-zero iff T is a reference type.
template <typename T> struct is_reference : public false_type {};
template <typename T> struct is_reference<T&> : public true_type {};
// type_equals<T1, T2>::value is non-zero iff T1 and T2 are the same type.
template <typename T1, typename T2> struct type_equals : public false_type {};
template <typename T> struct type_equals<T, T> : public true_type {};
// remove_reference<T>::type removes the reference from type T, if any.
template <typename T> struct remove_reference { typedef T type; }; // NOLINT
template <typename T> struct remove_reference<T&> { typedef T type; }; // NOLINT
// DecayArray<T>::type turns an array type U[N] to const U* and preserves
// other types. Useful for saving a copy of a function argument.
template <typename T> struct DecayArray { typedef T type; }; // NOLINT
template <typename T, size_t N> struct DecayArray<T[N]> {
typedef const T* type;
};
// Sometimes people use arrays whose size is not available at the use site
// (e.g. extern const char kNamePrefix[]). This specialization covers that
// case.
template <typename T> struct DecayArray<T[]> {
typedef const T* type;
};
// Disable MSVC warnings for infinite recursion, since in this case the
// the recursion is unreachable.
#ifdef _MSC_VER
# pragma warning(push)
# pragma warning(disable:4717)
#endif
// Invalid<T>() is usable as an expression of type T, but will terminate
// the program with an assertion failure if actually run. This is useful
// when a value of type T is needed for compilation, but the statement
// will not really be executed (or we don't care if the statement
// crashes).
template <typename T>
inline T Invalid() {
Assert(false, "", -1, "Internal error: attempt to return invalid value");
// This statement is unreachable, and would never terminate even if it
// could be reached. It is provided only to placate compiler warnings
// about missing return statements.
return Invalid<T>();
}
#ifdef _MSC_VER
# pragma warning(pop)
#endif
// Given a raw type (i.e. having no top-level reference or const
// modifier) RawContainer that's either an STL-style container or a
// native array, class StlContainerView<RawContainer> has the
// following members:
//
// - type is a type that provides an STL-style container view to
// (i.e. implements the STL container concept for) RawContainer;
// - const_reference is a type that provides a reference to a const
// RawContainer;
// - ConstReference(raw_container) returns a const reference to an STL-style
// container view to raw_container, which is a RawContainer.
// - Copy(raw_container) returns an STL-style container view of a
// copy of raw_container, which is a RawContainer.
//
// This generic version is used when RawContainer itself is already an
// STL-style container.
template <class RawContainer>
class StlContainerView {
public:
typedef RawContainer type;
typedef const type& const_reference;
static const_reference ConstReference(const RawContainer& container) {
// Ensures that RawContainer is not a const type.
testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<RawContainer,
GTEST_REMOVE_CONST_(RawContainer)>();
return container;
}
static type Copy(const RawContainer& container) { return container; }
};
// This specialization is used when RawContainer is a native array type.
template <typename Element, size_t N>
class StlContainerView<Element[N]> {
public:
typedef GTEST_REMOVE_CONST_(Element) RawElement;
typedef internal::NativeArray<RawElement> type;
// NativeArray<T> can represent a native array either by value or by
// reference (selected by a constructor argument), so 'const type'
// can be used to reference a const native array. We cannot
// 'typedef const type& const_reference' here, as that would mean
// ConstReference() has to return a reference to a local variable.
typedef const type const_reference;
static const_reference ConstReference(const Element (&array)[N]) {
// Ensures that Element is not a const type.
testing::StaticAssertTypeEq<Element, RawElement>();
#if GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
// The Nokia Symbian compiler confuses itself in template instantiation
// for this call without the cast to Element*:
// function call '[testing::internal::NativeArray<char *>].NativeArray(
// {lval} const char *[4], long, testing::internal::RelationToSource)'
// does not match
// 'testing::internal::NativeArray<char *>::NativeArray(
// char *const *, unsigned int, testing::internal::RelationToSource)'
// (instantiating: 'testing::internal::ContainsMatcherImpl
// <const char * (&)[4]>::Matches(const char * (&)[4]) const')
// (instantiating: 'testing::internal::StlContainerView<char *[4]>::
// ConstReference(const char * (&)[4])')
// (and though the N parameter type is mismatched in the above explicit
// conversion of it doesn't help - only the conversion of the array).
return type(const_cast<Element*>(&array[0]), N,
RelationToSourceReference());
#else
return type(array, N, RelationToSourceReference());
#endif // GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
}
static type Copy(const Element (&array)[N]) {
#if GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
return type(const_cast<Element*>(&array[0]), N, RelationToSourceCopy());
#else
return type(array, N, RelationToSourceCopy());
#endif // GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
}
};
// This specialization is used when RawContainer is a native array
// represented as a (pointer, size) tuple.
template <typename ElementPointer, typename Size>
class StlContainerView< ::testing::tuple<ElementPointer, Size> > {
public:
typedef GTEST_REMOVE_CONST_(
typename internal::PointeeOf<ElementPointer>::type) RawElement;
typedef internal::NativeArray<RawElement> type;
typedef const type const_reference;
static const_reference ConstReference(
const ::testing::tuple<ElementPointer, Size>& array) {
return type(get<0>(array), get<1>(array), RelationToSourceReference());
}
static type Copy(const ::testing::tuple<ElementPointer, Size>& array) {
return type(get<0>(array), get<1>(array), RelationToSourceCopy());
}
};
// The following specialization prevents the user from instantiating
// StlContainer with a reference type.
template <typename T> class StlContainerView<T&>;
// A type transform to remove constness from the first part of a pair.
// Pairs like that are used as the value_type of associative containers,
// and this transform produces a similar but assignable pair.
template <typename T>
struct RemoveConstFromKey {
typedef T type;
};
// Partially specialized to remove constness from std::pair<const K, V>.
template <typename K, typename V>
struct RemoveConstFromKey<std::pair<const K, V> > {
typedef std::pair<K, V> type;
};
// Mapping from booleans to types. Similar to boost::bool_<kValue> and
// std::integral_constant<bool, kValue>.
template <bool kValue>
struct BooleanConstant {};
} // namespace internal
} // namespace testing
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_INTERNAL_UTILS_H_

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// Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: vadimb@google.com (Vadim Berman)
//
// Low-level types and utilities for porting Google Mock to various
// platforms. All macros ending with _ and symbols defined in an
// internal namespace are subject to change without notice. Code
// outside Google Mock MUST NOT USE THEM DIRECTLY. Macros that don't
// end with _ are part of Google Mock's public API and can be used by
// code outside Google Mock.
#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_PORT_H_
#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_PORT_H_
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream>
// Most of the utilities needed for porting Google Mock are also
// required for Google Test and are defined in gtest-port.h.
//
// Note to maintainers: to reduce code duplication, prefer adding
// portability utilities to Google Test's gtest-port.h instead of
// here, as Google Mock depends on Google Test. Only add a utility
// here if it's truly specific to Google Mock.
#include "gtest/internal/gtest-linked_ptr.h"
#include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"
#include "gmock/internal/custom/gmock-port.h"
// To avoid conditional compilation everywhere, we make it
// gmock-port.h's responsibility to #include the header implementing
// tr1/tuple. gmock-port.h does this via gtest-port.h, which is
// guaranteed to pull in the tuple header.
// For MS Visual C++, check the compiler version. At least VS 2003 is
// required to compile Google Mock.
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1310
# error "At least Visual C++ 2003 (7.1) is required to compile Google Mock."
#endif
// Macro for referencing flags. This is public as we want the user to
// use this syntax to reference Google Mock flags.
#define GMOCK_FLAG(name) FLAGS_gmock_##name
#if !defined(GMOCK_DECLARE_bool_)
// Macros for declaring flags.
#define GMOCK_DECLARE_bool_(name) extern GTEST_API_ bool GMOCK_FLAG(name)
#define GMOCK_DECLARE_int32_(name) \
extern GTEST_API_ ::testing::internal::Int32 GMOCK_FLAG(name)
#define GMOCK_DECLARE_string_(name) \
extern GTEST_API_ ::std::string GMOCK_FLAG(name)
// Macros for defining flags.
#define GMOCK_DEFINE_bool_(name, default_val, doc) \
GTEST_API_ bool GMOCK_FLAG(name) = (default_val)
#define GMOCK_DEFINE_int32_(name, default_val, doc) \
GTEST_API_ ::testing::internal::Int32 GMOCK_FLAG(name) = (default_val)
#define GMOCK_DEFINE_string_(name, default_val, doc) \
GTEST_API_ ::std::string GMOCK_FLAG(name) = (default_val)
#endif // !defined(GMOCK_DECLARE_bool_)
#endif // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_INTERNAL_GMOCK_PORT_H_

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# A sample Makefile for building both Google Mock and Google Test and
# using them in user tests. This file is self-contained, so you don't
# need to use the Makefile in Google Test's source tree. Please tweak
# it to suit your environment and project. You may want to move it to
# your project's root directory.
#
# SYNOPSIS:
#
# make [all] - makes everything.
# make TARGET - makes the given target.
# make clean - removes all files generated by make.
# Please tweak the following variable definitions as needed by your
# project, except GMOCK_HEADERS and GTEST_HEADERS, which you can use
# in your own targets but shouldn't modify.
# Points to the root of Google Test, relative to where this file is.
# Remember to tweak this if you move this file, or if you want to use
# a copy of Google Test at a different location.
GTEST_DIR = ../../googletest
# Points to the root of Google Mock, relative to where this file is.
# Remember to tweak this if you move this file.
GMOCK_DIR = ..
# Where to find user code.
USER_DIR = ../test
# Flags passed to the preprocessor.
# Set Google Test and Google Mock's header directories as system
# directories, such that the compiler doesn't generate warnings in
# these headers.
CPPFLAGS += -isystem $(GTEST_DIR)/include -isystem $(GMOCK_DIR)/include
# Flags passed to the C++ compiler.
CXXFLAGS += -g -Wall -Wextra -pthread
# All tests produced by this Makefile. Remember to add new tests you
# created to the list.
TESTS = gmock_test
# All Google Test headers. Usually you shouldn't change this
# definition.
GTEST_HEADERS = $(GTEST_DIR)/include/gtest/*.h \
$(GTEST_DIR)/include/gtest/internal/*.h
# All Google Mock headers. Note that all Google Test headers are
# included here too, as they are #included by Google Mock headers.
# Usually you shouldn't change this definition.
GMOCK_HEADERS = $(GMOCK_DIR)/include/gmock/*.h \
$(GMOCK_DIR)/include/gmock/internal/*.h \
$(GTEST_HEADERS)
# House-keeping build targets.
all : $(TESTS)
clean :
rm -f $(TESTS) gmock.a gmock_main.a *.o
# Builds gmock.a and gmock_main.a. These libraries contain both
# Google Mock and Google Test. A test should link with either gmock.a
# or gmock_main.a, depending on whether it defines its own main()
# function. It's fine if your test only uses features from Google
# Test (and not Google Mock).
# Usually you shouldn't tweak such internal variables, indicated by a
# trailing _.
GTEST_SRCS_ = $(GTEST_DIR)/src/*.cc $(GTEST_DIR)/src/*.h $(GTEST_HEADERS)
GMOCK_SRCS_ = $(GMOCK_DIR)/src/*.cc $(GMOCK_HEADERS)
# For simplicity and to avoid depending on implementation details of
# Google Mock and Google Test, the dependencies specified below are
# conservative and not optimized. This is fine as Google Mock and
# Google Test compile fast and for ordinary users their source rarely
# changes.
gtest-all.o : $(GTEST_SRCS_)
$(CXX) $(CPPFLAGS) -I$(GTEST_DIR) -I$(GMOCK_DIR) $(CXXFLAGS) \
-c $(GTEST_DIR)/src/gtest-all.cc
gmock-all.o : $(GMOCK_SRCS_)
$(CXX) $(CPPFLAGS) -I$(GTEST_DIR) -I$(GMOCK_DIR) $(CXXFLAGS) \
-c $(GMOCK_DIR)/src/gmock-all.cc
gmock_main.o : $(GMOCK_SRCS_)
$(CXX) $(CPPFLAGS) -I$(GTEST_DIR) -I$(GMOCK_DIR) $(CXXFLAGS) \
-c $(GMOCK_DIR)/src/gmock_main.cc
gmock.a : gmock-all.o gtest-all.o
$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $^
gmock_main.a : gmock-all.o gtest-all.o gmock_main.o
$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $^
# Builds a sample test.
gmock_test.o : $(USER_DIR)/gmock_test.cc $(GMOCK_HEADERS)
$(CXX) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -c $(USER_DIR)/gmock_test.cc
gmock_test : gmock_test.o gmock_main.a
$(CXX) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -lpthread $^ -o $@

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Microsoft Visual Studio Solution File, Format Version 9.00
# Visual Studio 2005
Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "gmock", "gmock.vcproj", "{34681F0D-CE45-415D-B5F2-5C662DFE3BD5}"
EndProject
Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "gmock_test", "gmock_test.vcproj", "{F10D22F8-AC7B-4213-8720-608E7D878CD2}"
EndProject
Project("{8BC9CEB8-8B4A-11D0-8D11-00A0C91BC942}") = "gmock_main", "gmock_main.vcproj", "{E4EF614B-30DF-4954-8C53-580A0BF6B589}"
EndProject
Global
GlobalSection(SolutionConfigurationPlatforms) = preSolution
Debug|Win32 = Debug|Win32
Release|Win32 = Release|Win32
EndGlobalSection
GlobalSection(ProjectConfigurationPlatforms) = postSolution
{34681F0D-CE45-415D-B5F2-5C662DFE3BD5}.Debug|Win32.ActiveCfg = Debug|Win32
{34681F0D-CE45-415D-B5F2-5C662DFE3BD5}.Debug|Win32.Build.0 = Debug|Win32
{34681F0D-CE45-415D-B5F2-5C662DFE3BD5}.Release|Win32.ActiveCfg = Release|Win32
{34681F0D-CE45-415D-B5F2-5C662DFE3BD5}.Release|Win32.Build.0 = Release|Win32
{F10D22F8-AC7B-4213-8720-608E7D878CD2}.Debug|Win32.ActiveCfg = Debug|Win32
{F10D22F8-AC7B-4213-8720-608E7D878CD2}.Debug|Win32.Build.0 = Debug|Win32
{F10D22F8-AC7B-4213-8720-608E7D878CD2}.Release|Win32.ActiveCfg = Release|Win32
{F10D22F8-AC7B-4213-8720-608E7D878CD2}.Release|Win32.Build.0 = Release|Win32
{E4EF614B-30DF-4954-8C53-580A0BF6B589}.Debug|Win32.ActiveCfg = Debug|Win32
{E4EF614B-30DF-4954-8C53-580A0BF6B589}.Debug|Win32.Build.0 = Debug|Win32
{E4EF614B-30DF-4954-8C53-580A0BF6B589}.Release|Win32.ActiveCfg = Release|Win32
{E4EF614B-30DF-4954-8C53-580A0BF6B589}.Release|Win32.Build.0 = Release|Win32
EndGlobalSection
GlobalSection(SolutionProperties) = preSolution
HideSolutionNode = FALSE
EndGlobalSection
EndGlobal

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="Windows-1252"?>
<VisualStudioProject
ProjectType="Visual C++"
Version="8.00"
Name="gmock"
ProjectGUID="{34681F0D-CE45-415D-B5F2-5C662DFE3BD5}"
RootNamespace="gmock"
Keyword="Win32Proj"
>
<Platforms>
<Platform
Name="Win32"
/>
</Platforms>
<ToolFiles>
</ToolFiles>
<Configurations>
<Configuration
Name="Debug|Win32"
OutputDirectory="$(SolutionDir)$(ConfigurationName)"
IntermediateDirectory="$(OutDir)\$(ProjectName)"
ConfigurationType="4"
InheritedPropertySheets=".\gmock_config.vsprops"
CharacterSet="1"
>
<Tool
Name="VCPreBuildEventTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCCustomBuildTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCXMLDataGeneratorTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCWebServiceProxyGeneratorTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCMIDLTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCCLCompilerTool"
Optimization="0"
AdditionalIncludeDirectories="..\..\include;..\.."
PreprocessorDefinitions="WIN32;_DEBUG;_LIB"
MinimalRebuild="true"
BasicRuntimeChecks="3"
RuntimeLibrary="1"
UsePrecompiledHeader="0"
WarningLevel="3"
Detect64BitPortabilityProblems="true"
DebugInformationFormat="3"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCManagedResourceCompilerTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCResourceCompilerTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCPreLinkEventTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCLibrarianTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCALinkTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCXDCMakeTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCBscMakeTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCFxCopTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCPostBuildEventTool"
/>
</Configuration>
<Configuration
Name="Release|Win32"
OutputDirectory="$(SolutionDir)$(ConfigurationName)"
IntermediateDirectory="$(OutDir)\$(ProjectName)"
ConfigurationType="4"
InheritedPropertySheets=".\gmock_config.vsprops"
CharacterSet="1"
WholeProgramOptimization="1"
>
<Tool
Name="VCPreBuildEventTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCCustomBuildTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCXMLDataGeneratorTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCWebServiceProxyGeneratorTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCMIDLTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCCLCompilerTool"
AdditionalIncludeDirectories="..\..\include;..\.."
PreprocessorDefinitions="WIN32;NDEBUG;_LIB"
RuntimeLibrary="0"
UsePrecompiledHeader="0"
WarningLevel="3"
Detect64BitPortabilityProblems="true"
DebugInformationFormat="3"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCManagedResourceCompilerTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCResourceCompilerTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCPreLinkEventTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCLibrarianTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCALinkTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCXDCMakeTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCBscMakeTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCFxCopTool"
/>
<Tool
Name="VCPostBuildEventTool"
/>
</Configuration>
</Configurations>
<References>
</References>
<Files>
<Filter
Name="Source Files"
Filter="cpp;c;cc;cxx;def;odl;idl;hpj;bat;asm;asmx"
UniqueIdentifier="{4FC737F1-C7A5-4376-A066-2A32D752A2FF}"
>
<File
RelativePath="..\..\src\gmock-all.cc"
>
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<File
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201
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82
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#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2009, Google Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
# * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
"""fuse_gmock_files.py v0.1.0
Fuses Google Mock and Google Test source code into two .h files and a .cc file.
SYNOPSIS
fuse_gmock_files.py [GMOCK_ROOT_DIR] OUTPUT_DIR
Scans GMOCK_ROOT_DIR for Google Mock and Google Test source
code, assuming Google Test is in the GMOCK_ROOT_DIR/../googletest
directory, and generates three files:
OUTPUT_DIR/gtest/gtest.h, OUTPUT_DIR/gmock/gmock.h, and
OUTPUT_DIR/gmock-gtest-all.cc. Then you can build your tests
by adding OUTPUT_DIR to the include search path and linking
with OUTPUT_DIR/gmock-gtest-all.cc. These three files contain
everything you need to use Google Mock. Hence you can
"install" Google Mock by copying them to wherever you want.
GMOCK_ROOT_DIR can be omitted and defaults to the parent
directory of the directory holding this script.
EXAMPLES
./fuse_gmock_files.py fused_gmock
./fuse_gmock_files.py path/to/unpacked/gmock fused_gmock
This tool is experimental. In particular, it assumes that there is no
conditional inclusion of Google Mock or Google Test headers. Please
report any problems to googlemock@googlegroups.com. You can read
http://code.google.com/p/googlemock/wiki/CookBook for more
information.
"""
__author__ = 'wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)'
import os
import re
import sets
import sys
# We assume that this file is in the scripts/ directory in the Google
# Mock root directory.
DEFAULT_GMOCK_ROOT_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..')
# We need to call into googletest/scripts/fuse_gtest_files.py.
sys.path.append(os.path.join(DEFAULT_GMOCK_ROOT_DIR, '../googletest/scripts'))
import fuse_gtest_files
gtest = fuse_gtest_files
# Regex for matching '#include "gmock/..."'.
INCLUDE_GMOCK_FILE_REGEX = re.compile(r'^\s*#\s*include\s*"(gmock/.+)"')
# Where to find the source seed files.
GMOCK_H_SEED = 'include/gmock/gmock.h'
GMOCK_ALL_CC_SEED = 'src/gmock-all.cc'
# Where to put the generated files.
GTEST_H_OUTPUT = 'gtest/gtest.h'
GMOCK_H_OUTPUT = 'gmock/gmock.h'
GMOCK_GTEST_ALL_CC_OUTPUT = 'gmock-gtest-all.cc'
def GetGTestRootDir(gmock_root):
"""Returns the root directory of Google Test."""
return os.path.join(gmock_root, '../googletest')
def ValidateGMockRootDir(gmock_root):
"""Makes sure gmock_root points to a valid gmock root directory.
The function aborts the program on failure.
"""
gtest.ValidateGTestRootDir(GetGTestRootDir(gmock_root))
gtest.VerifyFileExists(gmock_root, GMOCK_H_SEED)
gtest.VerifyFileExists(gmock_root, GMOCK_ALL_CC_SEED)
def ValidateOutputDir(output_dir):
"""Makes sure output_dir points to a valid output directory.
The function aborts the program on failure.
"""
gtest.VerifyOutputFile(output_dir, gtest.GTEST_H_OUTPUT)
gtest.VerifyOutputFile(output_dir, GMOCK_H_OUTPUT)
gtest.VerifyOutputFile(output_dir, GMOCK_GTEST_ALL_CC_OUTPUT)
def FuseGMockH(gmock_root, output_dir):
"""Scans folder gmock_root to generate gmock/gmock.h in output_dir."""
output_file = file(os.path.join(output_dir, GMOCK_H_OUTPUT), 'w')
processed_files = sets.Set() # Holds all gmock headers we've processed.
def ProcessFile(gmock_header_path):
"""Processes the given gmock header file."""
# We don't process the same header twice.
if gmock_header_path in processed_files:
return
processed_files.add(gmock_header_path)
# Reads each line in the given gmock header.
for line in file(os.path.join(gmock_root, gmock_header_path), 'r'):
m = INCLUDE_GMOCK_FILE_REGEX.match(line)
if m:
# It's '#include "gmock/..."' - let's process it recursively.
ProcessFile('include/' + m.group(1))
else:
m = gtest.INCLUDE_GTEST_FILE_REGEX.match(line)
if m:
# It's '#include "gtest/foo.h"'. We translate it to
# "gtest/gtest.h", regardless of what foo is, since all
# gtest headers are fused into gtest/gtest.h.
# There is no need to #include gtest.h twice.
if not gtest.GTEST_H_SEED in processed_files:
processed_files.add(gtest.GTEST_H_SEED)
output_file.write('#include "%s"\n' % (gtest.GTEST_H_OUTPUT,))
else:
# Otherwise we copy the line unchanged to the output file.
output_file.write(line)
ProcessFile(GMOCK_H_SEED)
output_file.close()
def FuseGMockAllCcToFile(gmock_root, output_file):
"""Scans folder gmock_root to fuse gmock-all.cc into output_file."""
processed_files = sets.Set()
def ProcessFile(gmock_source_file):
"""Processes the given gmock source file."""
# We don't process the same #included file twice.
if gmock_source_file in processed_files:
return
processed_files.add(gmock_source_file)
# Reads each line in the given gmock source file.
for line in file(os.path.join(gmock_root, gmock_source_file), 'r'):
m = INCLUDE_GMOCK_FILE_REGEX.match(line)
if m:
# It's '#include "gmock/foo.h"'. We treat it as '#include
# "gmock/gmock.h"', as all other gmock headers are being fused
# into gmock.h and cannot be #included directly.
# There is no need to #include "gmock/gmock.h" more than once.
if not GMOCK_H_SEED in processed_files:
processed_files.add(GMOCK_H_SEED)
output_file.write('#include "%s"\n' % (GMOCK_H_OUTPUT,))
else:
m = gtest.INCLUDE_GTEST_FILE_REGEX.match(line)
if m:
# It's '#include "gtest/..."'.
# There is no need to #include gtest.h as it has been
# #included by gtest-all.cc.
pass
else:
m = gtest.INCLUDE_SRC_FILE_REGEX.match(line)
if m:
# It's '#include "src/foo"' - let's process it recursively.
ProcessFile(m.group(1))
else:
# Otherwise we copy the line unchanged to the output file.
output_file.write(line)
ProcessFile(GMOCK_ALL_CC_SEED)
def FuseGMockGTestAllCc(gmock_root, output_dir):
"""Scans folder gmock_root to generate gmock-gtest-all.cc in output_dir."""
output_file = file(os.path.join(output_dir, GMOCK_GTEST_ALL_CC_OUTPUT), 'w')
# First, fuse gtest-all.cc into gmock-gtest-all.cc.
gtest.FuseGTestAllCcToFile(GetGTestRootDir(gmock_root), output_file)
# Next, append fused gmock-all.cc to gmock-gtest-all.cc.
FuseGMockAllCcToFile(gmock_root, output_file)
output_file.close()
def FuseGMock(gmock_root, output_dir):
"""Fuses gtest.h, gmock.h, and gmock-gtest-all.h."""
ValidateGMockRootDir(gmock_root)
ValidateOutputDir(output_dir)
gtest.FuseGTestH(GetGTestRootDir(gmock_root), output_dir)
FuseGMockH(gmock_root, output_dir)
FuseGMockGTestAllCc(gmock_root, output_dir)
def main():
argc = len(sys.argv)
if argc == 2:
# fuse_gmock_files.py OUTPUT_DIR
FuseGMock(DEFAULT_GMOCK_ROOT_DIR, sys.argv[1])
elif argc == 3:
# fuse_gmock_files.py GMOCK_ROOT_DIR OUTPUT_DIR
FuseGMock(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])
else:
print __doc__
sys.exit(1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

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Apache License
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http://www.apache.org/licenses/
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Copyright [2007] Neal Norwitz
Portions Copyright [2007] Google Inc.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
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The Google Mock class generator is an application that is part of cppclean.
For more information about cppclean, see the README.cppclean file or
visit http://code.google.com/p/cppclean/
cppclean requires Python 2.3.5 or later. If you don't have Python installed
on your system, you will also need to install it. You can download Python
from: http://www.python.org/download/releases/
To use the Google Mock class generator, you need to call it
on the command line passing the header file and class for which you want
to generate a Google Mock class.
Make sure to install the scripts somewhere in your path. Then you can
run the program.
gmock_gen.py header-file.h [ClassName]...
If no ClassNames are specified, all classes in the file are emitted.
To change the indentation from the default of 2, set INDENT in
the environment. For example to use an indent of 4 spaces:
INDENT=4 gmock_gen.py header-file.h ClassName
This version was made from SVN revision 281 in the cppclean repository.
Known Limitations
-----------------
Not all code will be generated properly. For example, when mocking templated
classes, the template information is lost. You will need to add the template
information manually.
Not all permutations of using multiple pointers/references will be rendered
properly. These will also have to be fixed manually.

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Goal:
-----
CppClean attempts to find problems in C++ source that slow development
in large code bases, for example various forms of unused code.
Unused code can be unused functions, methods, data members, types, etc
to unnecessary #include directives. Unnecessary #includes can cause
considerable extra compiles increasing the edit-compile-run cycle.
The project home page is: http://code.google.com/p/cppclean/
Features:
---------
* Find and print C++ language constructs: classes, methods, functions, etc.
* Find classes with virtual methods, no virtual destructor, and no bases
* Find global/static data that are potential problems when using threads
* Unnecessary forward class declarations
* Unnecessary function declarations
* Undeclared function definitions
* (planned) Find unnecessary header files #included
- No direct reference to anything in the header
- Header is unnecessary if classes were forward declared instead
* (planned) Source files that reference headers not directly #included,
ie, files that rely on a transitive #include from another header
* (planned) Unused members (private, protected, & public) methods and data
* (planned) Store AST in a SQL database so relationships can be queried
AST is Abstract Syntax Tree, a representation of parsed source code.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree
System Requirements:
--------------------
* Python 2.4 or later (2.3 probably works too)
* Works on Windows (untested), Mac OS X, and Unix
How to Run:
-----------
For all examples, it is assumed that cppclean resides in a directory called
/cppclean.
To print warnings for classes with virtual methods, no virtual destructor and
no base classes:
/cppclean/run.sh nonvirtual_dtors.py file1.h file2.h file3.cc ...
To print all the functions defined in header file(s):
/cppclean/run.sh functions.py file1.h file2.h ...
All the commands take multiple files on the command line. Other programs
include: find_warnings, headers, methods, and types. Some other programs
are available, but used primarily for debugging.
run.sh is a simple wrapper that sets PYTHONPATH to /cppclean and then
runs the program in /cppclean/cpp/PROGRAM.py. There is currently
no equivalent for Windows. Contributions for a run.bat file
would be greatly appreciated.
How to Configure:
-----------------
You can add a siteheaders.py file in /cppclean/cpp to configure where
to look for other headers (typically -I options passed to a compiler).
Currently two values are supported: _TRANSITIVE and GetIncludeDirs.
_TRANSITIVE should be set to a boolean value (True or False) indicating
whether to transitively process all header files. The default is False.
GetIncludeDirs is a function that takes a single argument and returns
a sequence of directories to include. This can be a generator or
return a static list.
def GetIncludeDirs(filename):
return ['/some/path/with/other/headers']
# Here is a more complicated example.
def GetIncludeDirs(filename):
yield '/path1'
yield os.path.join('/path2', os.path.dirname(filename))
yield '/path3'
How to Test:
------------
For all examples, it is assumed that cppclean resides in a directory called
/cppclean. The tests require
cd /cppclean
make test
# To generate expected results after a change:
make expected
Current Status:
---------------
The parser works pretty well for header files, parsing about 99% of Google's
header files. Anything which inspects structure of C++ source files should
work reasonably well. Function bodies are not transformed to an AST,
but left as tokens. Much work is still needed on finding unused header files
and storing an AST in a database.
Non-goals:
----------
* Parsing all valid C++ source
* Handling invalid C++ source gracefully
* Compiling to machine code (or anything beyond an AST)
Contact:
--------
If you used cppclean, I would love to hear about your experiences
cppclean@googlegroups.com. Even if you don't use cppclean, I'd like to
hear from you. :-) (You can contact me directly at: nnorwitz@gmail.com)

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#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2008 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Generate Google Mock classes from base classes.
This program will read in a C++ source file and output the Google Mock
classes for the specified classes. If no class is specified, all
classes in the source file are emitted.
Usage:
gmock_class.py header-file.h [ClassName]...
Output is sent to stdout.
"""
__author__ = 'nnorwitz@google.com (Neal Norwitz)'
import os
import re
import sys
from cpp import ast
from cpp import utils
# Preserve compatibility with Python 2.3.
try:
_dummy = set
except NameError:
import sets
set = sets.Set
_VERSION = (1, 0, 1) # The version of this script.
# How many spaces to indent. Can set me with the INDENT environment variable.
_INDENT = 2
def _GenerateMethods(output_lines, source, class_node):
function_type = (ast.FUNCTION_VIRTUAL | ast.FUNCTION_PURE_VIRTUAL |
ast.FUNCTION_OVERRIDE)
ctor_or_dtor = ast.FUNCTION_CTOR | ast.FUNCTION_DTOR
indent = ' ' * _INDENT
for node in class_node.body:
# We only care about virtual functions.
if (isinstance(node, ast.Function) and
node.modifiers & function_type and
not node.modifiers & ctor_or_dtor):
# Pick out all the elements we need from the original function.
const = ''
if node.modifiers & ast.FUNCTION_CONST:
const = 'CONST_'
return_type = 'void'
if node.return_type:
# Add modifiers like 'const'.
modifiers = ''
if node.return_type.modifiers:
modifiers = ' '.join(node.return_type.modifiers) + ' '
return_type = modifiers + node.return_type.name
template_args = [arg.name for arg in node.return_type.templated_types]
if template_args:
return_type += '<' + ', '.join(template_args) + '>'
if len(template_args) > 1:
for line in [
'// The following line won\'t really compile, as the return',
'// type has multiple template arguments. To fix it, use a',
'// typedef for the return type.']:
output_lines.append(indent + line)
if node.return_type.pointer:
return_type += '*'
if node.return_type.reference:
return_type += '&'
num_parameters = len(node.parameters)
if len(node.parameters) == 1:
first_param = node.parameters[0]
if source[first_param.start:first_param.end].strip() == 'void':
# We must treat T(void) as a function with no parameters.
num_parameters = 0
tmpl = ''
if class_node.templated_types:
tmpl = '_T'
mock_method_macro = 'MOCK_%sMETHOD%d%s' % (const, num_parameters, tmpl)
args = ''
if node.parameters:
# Due to the parser limitations, it is impossible to keep comments
# while stripping the default parameters. When defaults are
# present, we choose to strip them and comments (and produce
# compilable code).
# TODO(nnorwitz@google.com): Investigate whether it is possible to
# preserve parameter name when reconstructing parameter text from
# the AST.
if len([param for param in node.parameters if param.default]) > 0:
args = ', '.join(param.type.name for param in node.parameters)
else:
# Get the full text of the parameters from the start
# of the first parameter to the end of the last parameter.
start = node.parameters[0].start
end = node.parameters[-1].end
# Remove // comments.
args_strings = re.sub(r'//.*', '', source[start:end])
# Condense multiple spaces and eliminate newlines putting the
# parameters together on a single line. Ensure there is a
# space in an argument which is split by a newline without
# intervening whitespace, e.g.: int\nBar
args = re.sub(' +', ' ', args_strings.replace('\n', ' '))
# Create the mock method definition.
output_lines.extend(['%s%s(%s,' % (indent, mock_method_macro, node.name),
'%s%s(%s));' % (indent*3, return_type, args)])
def _GenerateMocks(filename, source, ast_list, desired_class_names):
processed_class_names = set()
lines = []
for node in ast_list:
if (isinstance(node, ast.Class) and node.body and
# desired_class_names being None means that all classes are selected.
(not desired_class_names or node.name in desired_class_names)):
class_name = node.name
parent_name = class_name
processed_class_names.add(class_name)
class_node = node
# Add namespace before the class.
if class_node.namespace:
lines.extend(['namespace %s {' % n for n in class_node.namespace]) # }
lines.append('')
# Add template args for templated classes.
if class_node.templated_types:
# TODO(paulchang): The AST doesn't preserve template argument order,
# so we have to make up names here.
# TODO(paulchang): Handle non-type template arguments (e.g.
# template<typename T, int N>).
template_arg_count = len(class_node.templated_types.keys())
template_args = ['T%d' % n for n in range(template_arg_count)]
template_decls = ['typename ' + arg for arg in template_args]
lines.append('template <' + ', '.join(template_decls) + '>')
parent_name += '<' + ', '.join(template_args) + '>'
# Add the class prolog.
lines.append('class Mock%s : public %s {' # }
% (class_name, parent_name))
lines.append('%spublic:' % (' ' * (_INDENT // 2)))
# Add all the methods.
_GenerateMethods(lines, source, class_node)
# Close the class.
if lines:
# If there are no virtual methods, no need for a public label.
if len(lines) == 2:
del lines[-1]
# Only close the class if there really is a class.
lines.append('};')
lines.append('') # Add an extra newline.
# Close the namespace.
if class_node.namespace:
for i in range(len(class_node.namespace)-1, -1, -1):
lines.append('} // namespace %s' % class_node.namespace[i])
lines.append('') # Add an extra newline.
if desired_class_names:
missing_class_name_list = list(desired_class_names - processed_class_names)
if missing_class_name_list:
missing_class_name_list.sort()
sys.stderr.write('Class(es) not found in %s: %s\n' %
(filename, ', '.join(missing_class_name_list)))
elif not processed_class_names:
sys.stderr.write('No class found in %s\n' % filename)
return lines
def main(argv=sys.argv):
if len(argv) < 2:
sys.stderr.write('Google Mock Class Generator v%s\n\n' %
'.'.join(map(str, _VERSION)))
sys.stderr.write(__doc__)
return 1
global _INDENT
try:
_INDENT = int(os.environ['INDENT'])
except KeyError:
pass
except:
sys.stderr.write('Unable to use indent of %s\n' % os.environ.get('INDENT'))
filename = argv[1]
desired_class_names = None # None means all classes in the source file.
if len(argv) >= 3:
desired_class_names = set(argv[2:])
source = utils.ReadFile(filename)
if source is None:
return 1
builder = ast.BuilderFromSource(source, filename)
try:
entire_ast = filter(None, builder.Generate())
except KeyboardInterrupt:
return
except:
# An error message was already printed since we couldn't parse.
sys.exit(1)
else:
lines = _GenerateMocks(filename, source, entire_ast, desired_class_names)
sys.stdout.write('\n'.join(lines))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)

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#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2009 Neal Norwitz All Rights Reserved.
# Portions Copyright 2009 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Tests for gmock.scripts.generator.cpp.gmock_class."""
__author__ = 'nnorwitz@google.com (Neal Norwitz)'
import os
import sys
import unittest
# Allow the cpp imports below to work when run as a standalone script.
sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..'))
from cpp import ast
from cpp import gmock_class
class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
"""Helper class that adds assert methods."""
def StripLeadingWhitespace(self, lines):
"""Strip leading whitespace in each line in 'lines'."""
return '\n'.join([s.lstrip() for s in lines.split('\n')])
def assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(self, expected_lines, lines):
"""Specialized assert that ignores the indent level."""
self.assertEqual(expected_lines, self.StripLeadingWhitespace(lines))
class GenerateMethodsTest(TestCase):
def GenerateMethodSource(self, cpp_source):
"""Convert C++ source to Google Mock output source lines."""
method_source_lines = []
# <test> is a pseudo-filename, it is not read or written.
builder = ast.BuilderFromSource(cpp_source, '<test>')
ast_list = list(builder.Generate())
gmock_class._GenerateMethods(method_source_lines, cpp_source, ast_list[0])
return '\n'.join(method_source_lines)
def testSimpleMethod(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual int Bar();
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD0(Bar,\nint());',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testSimpleConstructorsAndDestructor(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
Foo();
Foo(int x);
Foo(const Foo& f);
Foo(Foo&& f);
~Foo();
virtual int Bar() = 0;
};
"""
# The constructors and destructor should be ignored.
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD0(Bar,\nint());',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testVirtualDestructor(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual ~Foo();
virtual int Bar() = 0;
};
"""
# The destructor should be ignored.
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD0(Bar,\nint());',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testExplicitlyDefaultedConstructorsAndDestructor(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
Foo() = default;
Foo(const Foo& f) = default;
Foo(Foo&& f) = default;
~Foo() = default;
virtual int Bar() = 0;
};
"""
# The constructors and destructor should be ignored.
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD0(Bar,\nint());',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testExplicitlyDeletedConstructorsAndDestructor(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
Foo() = delete;
Foo(const Foo& f) = delete;
Foo(Foo&& f) = delete;
~Foo() = delete;
virtual int Bar() = 0;
};
"""
# The constructors and destructor should be ignored.
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD0(Bar,\nint());',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testSimpleOverrideMethod(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
int Bar() override;
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD0(Bar,\nint());',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testSimpleConstMethod(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual void Bar(bool flag) const;
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(Bar,\nvoid(bool flag));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testExplicitVoid(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual int Bar(void);
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD0(Bar,\nint(void));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testStrangeNewlineInParameter(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual void Bar(int
a) = 0;
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD1(Bar,\nvoid(int a));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testDefaultParameters(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual void Bar(int a, char c = 'x') = 0;
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD2(Bar,\nvoid(int, char));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testMultipleDefaultParameters(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual void Bar(int a = 42, char c = 'x') = 0;
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD2(Bar,\nvoid(int, char));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testRemovesCommentsWhenDefaultsArePresent(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual void Bar(int a = 42 /* a comment */,
char /* other comment */ c= 'x') = 0;
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD2(Bar,\nvoid(int, char));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testDoubleSlashCommentsInParameterListAreRemoved(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual void Bar(int a, // inline comments should be elided.
int b // inline comments should be elided.
) const = 0;
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(Bar,\nvoid(int a, int b));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testCStyleCommentsInParameterListAreNotRemoved(self):
# NOTE(nnorwitz): I'm not sure if it's the best behavior to keep these
# comments. Also note that C style comments after the last parameter
# are still elided.
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual const string& Bar(int /* keeper */, int b);
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD2(Bar,\nconst string&(int /* keeper */, int b));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testArgsOfTemplateTypes(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual int Bar(const vector<int>& v, map<int, string>* output);
};"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD2(Bar,\n'
'int(const vector<int>& v, map<int, string>* output));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testReturnTypeWithOneTemplateArg(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual vector<int>* Bar(int n);
};"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD1(Bar,\nvector<int>*(int n));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testReturnTypeWithManyTemplateArgs(self):
source = """
class Foo {
public:
virtual map<int, string> Bar();
};"""
# Comparing the comment text is brittle - we'll think of something
# better in case this gets annoying, but for now let's keep it simple.
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'// The following line won\'t really compile, as the return\n'
'// type has multiple template arguments. To fix it, use a\n'
'// typedef for the return type.\n'
'MOCK_METHOD0(Bar,\nmap<int, string>());',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testSimpleMethodInTemplatedClass(self):
source = """
template<class T>
class Foo {
public:
virtual int Bar();
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD0_T(Bar,\nint());',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testPointerArgWithoutNames(self):
source = """
class Foo {
virtual int Bar(C*);
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD1(Bar,\nint(C*));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testReferenceArgWithoutNames(self):
source = """
class Foo {
virtual int Bar(C&);
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD1(Bar,\nint(C&));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
def testArrayArgWithoutNames(self):
source = """
class Foo {
virtual int Bar(C[]);
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
'MOCK_METHOD1(Bar,\nint(C[]));',
self.GenerateMethodSource(source))
class GenerateMocksTest(TestCase):
def GenerateMocks(self, cpp_source):
"""Convert C++ source to complete Google Mock output source."""
# <test> is a pseudo-filename, it is not read or written.
filename = '<test>'
builder = ast.BuilderFromSource(cpp_source, filename)
ast_list = list(builder.Generate())
lines = gmock_class._GenerateMocks(filename, cpp_source, ast_list, None)
return '\n'.join(lines)
def testNamespaces(self):
source = """
namespace Foo {
namespace Bar { class Forward; }
namespace Baz {
class Test {
public:
virtual void Foo();
};
} // namespace Baz
} // namespace Foo
"""
expected = """\
namespace Foo {
namespace Baz {
class MockTest : public Test {
public:
MOCK_METHOD0(Foo,
void());
};
} // namespace Baz
} // namespace Foo
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
expected, self.GenerateMocks(source))
def testClassWithStorageSpecifierMacro(self):
source = """
class STORAGE_SPECIFIER Test {
public:
virtual void Foo();
};
"""
expected = """\
class MockTest : public Test {
public:
MOCK_METHOD0(Foo,
void());
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
expected, self.GenerateMocks(source))
def testTemplatedForwardDeclaration(self):
source = """
template <class T> class Forward; // Forward declaration should be ignored.
class Test {
public:
virtual void Foo();
};
"""
expected = """\
class MockTest : public Test {
public:
MOCK_METHOD0(Foo,
void());
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
expected, self.GenerateMocks(source))
def testTemplatedClass(self):
source = """
template <typename S, typename T>
class Test {
public:
virtual void Foo();
};
"""
expected = """\
template <typename T0, typename T1>
class MockTest : public Test<T0, T1> {
public:
MOCK_METHOD0_T(Foo,
void());
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
expected, self.GenerateMocks(source))
def testTemplateInATemplateTypedef(self):
source = """
class Test {
public:
typedef std::vector<std::list<int>> FooType;
virtual void Bar(const FooType& test_arg);
};
"""
expected = """\
class MockTest : public Test {
public:
MOCK_METHOD1(Bar,
void(const FooType& test_arg));
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
expected, self.GenerateMocks(source))
def testTemplateInATemplateTypedefWithComma(self):
source = """
class Test {
public:
typedef std::function<void(
const vector<std::list<int>>&, int> FooType;
virtual void Bar(const FooType& test_arg);
};
"""
expected = """\
class MockTest : public Test {
public:
MOCK_METHOD1(Bar,
void(const FooType& test_arg));
};
"""
self.assertEqualIgnoreLeadingWhitespace(
expected, self.GenerateMocks(source))
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

59
googlemock/scripts/generator/cpp/keywords.py Executable file
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#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2007 Neal Norwitz
# Portions Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""C++ keywords and helper utilities for determining keywords."""
__author__ = 'nnorwitz@google.com (Neal Norwitz)'
try:
# Python 3.x
import builtins
except ImportError:
# Python 2.x
import __builtin__ as builtins
if not hasattr(builtins, 'set'):
# Nominal support for Python 2.3.
from sets import Set as set
TYPES = set('bool char int long short double float void wchar_t unsigned signed'.split())
TYPE_MODIFIERS = set('auto register const inline extern static virtual volatile mutable'.split())
ACCESS = set('public protected private friend'.split())
CASTS = set('static_cast const_cast dynamic_cast reinterpret_cast'.split())
OTHERS = set('true false asm class namespace using explicit this operator sizeof'.split())
OTHER_TYPES = set('new delete typedef struct union enum typeid typename template'.split())
CONTROL = set('case switch default if else return goto'.split())
EXCEPTION = set('try catch throw'.split())
LOOP = set('while do for break continue'.split())
ALL = TYPES | TYPE_MODIFIERS | ACCESS | CASTS | OTHERS | OTHER_TYPES | CONTROL | EXCEPTION | LOOP
def IsKeyword(token):
return token in ALL
def IsBuiltinType(token):
if token in ('virtual', 'inline'):
# These only apply to methods, they can't be types by themselves.
return False
return token in TYPES or token in TYPE_MODIFIERS

287
googlemock/scripts/generator/cpp/tokenize.py Executable file
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#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2007 Neal Norwitz
# Portions Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Tokenize C++ source code."""
__author__ = 'nnorwitz@google.com (Neal Norwitz)'
try:
# Python 3.x
import builtins
except ImportError:
# Python 2.x
import __builtin__ as builtins
import sys
from cpp import utils
if not hasattr(builtins, 'set'):
# Nominal support for Python 2.3.
from sets import Set as set
# Add $ as a valid identifier char since so much code uses it.
_letters = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
VALID_IDENTIFIER_CHARS = set(_letters + _letters.upper() + '_0123456789$')
HEX_DIGITS = set('0123456789abcdefABCDEF')
INT_OR_FLOAT_DIGITS = set('01234567890eE-+')
# C++0x string preffixes.
_STR_PREFIXES = set(('R', 'u8', 'u8R', 'u', 'uR', 'U', 'UR', 'L', 'LR'))
# Token types.
UNKNOWN = 'UNKNOWN'
SYNTAX = 'SYNTAX'
CONSTANT = 'CONSTANT'
NAME = 'NAME'
PREPROCESSOR = 'PREPROCESSOR'
# Where the token originated from. This can be used for backtracking.
# It is always set to WHENCE_STREAM in this code.
WHENCE_STREAM, WHENCE_QUEUE = range(2)
class Token(object):
"""Data container to represent a C++ token.
Tokens can be identifiers, syntax char(s), constants, or
pre-processor directives.
start contains the index of the first char of the token in the source
end contains the index of the last char of the token in the source
"""
def __init__(self, token_type, name, start, end):
self.token_type = token_type
self.name = name
self.start = start
self.end = end
self.whence = WHENCE_STREAM
def __str__(self):
if not utils.DEBUG:
return 'Token(%r)' % self.name
return 'Token(%r, %s, %s)' % (self.name, self.start, self.end)
__repr__ = __str__
def _GetString(source, start, i):
i = source.find('"', i+1)
while source[i-1] == '\\':
# Count the trailing backslashes.
backslash_count = 1
j = i - 2
while source[j] == '\\':
backslash_count += 1
j -= 1
# When trailing backslashes are even, they escape each other.
if (backslash_count % 2) == 0:
break
i = source.find('"', i+1)
return i + 1
def _GetChar(source, start, i):
# NOTE(nnorwitz): may not be quite correct, should be good enough.
i = source.find("'", i+1)
while source[i-1] == '\\':
# Need to special case '\\'.
if (i - 2) > start and source[i-2] == '\\':
break
i = source.find("'", i+1)
# Try to handle unterminated single quotes (in a #if 0 block).
if i < 0:
i = start
return i + 1
def GetTokens(source):
"""Returns a sequence of Tokens.
Args:
source: string of C++ source code.
Yields:
Token that represents the next token in the source.
"""
# Cache various valid character sets for speed.
valid_identifier_chars = VALID_IDENTIFIER_CHARS
hex_digits = HEX_DIGITS
int_or_float_digits = INT_OR_FLOAT_DIGITS
int_or_float_digits2 = int_or_float_digits | set('.')
# Only ignore errors while in a #if 0 block.
ignore_errors = False
count_ifs = 0
i = 0
end = len(source)
while i < end:
# Skip whitespace.
while i < end and source[i].isspace():
i += 1
if i >= end:
return
token_type = UNKNOWN
start = i
c = source[i]
if c.isalpha() or c == '_': # Find a string token.
token_type = NAME
while source[i] in valid_identifier_chars:
i += 1
# String and character constants can look like a name if
# they are something like L"".
if (source[i] == "'" and (i - start) == 1 and
source[start:i] in 'uUL'):
# u, U, and L are valid C++0x character preffixes.
token_type = CONSTANT
i = _GetChar(source, start, i)
elif source[i] == "'" and source[start:i] in _STR_PREFIXES:
token_type = CONSTANT
i = _GetString(source, start, i)
elif c == '/' and source[i+1] == '/': # Find // comments.
i = source.find('\n', i)
if i == -1: # Handle EOF.
i = end
continue
elif c == '/' and source[i+1] == '*': # Find /* comments. */
i = source.find('*/', i) + 2
continue
elif c in ':+-<>&|*=': # : or :: (plus other chars).
token_type = SYNTAX
i += 1
new_ch = source[i]
if new_ch == c and c != '>': # Treat ">>" as two tokens.
i += 1
elif c == '-' and new_ch == '>':
i += 1
elif new_ch == '=':
i += 1
elif c in '()[]{}~!?^%;/.,': # Handle single char tokens.
token_type = SYNTAX
i += 1
if c == '.' and source[i].isdigit():
token_type = CONSTANT
i += 1
while source[i] in int_or_float_digits:
i += 1
# Handle float suffixes.
for suffix in ('l', 'f'):
if suffix == source[i:i+1].lower():
i += 1
break
elif c.isdigit(): # Find integer.
token_type = CONSTANT
if c == '0' and source[i+1] in 'xX':
# Handle hex digits.
i += 2
while source[i] in hex_digits:
i += 1
else:
while source[i] in int_or_float_digits2:
i += 1
# Handle integer (and float) suffixes.
for suffix in ('ull', 'll', 'ul', 'l', 'f', 'u'):
size = len(suffix)
if suffix == source[i:i+size].lower():
i += size
break
elif c == '"': # Find string.
token_type = CONSTANT
i = _GetString(source, start, i)
elif c == "'": # Find char.
token_type = CONSTANT
i = _GetChar(source, start, i)
elif c == '#': # Find pre-processor command.
token_type = PREPROCESSOR
got_if = source[i:i+3] == '#if' and source[i+3:i+4].isspace()
if got_if:
count_ifs += 1
elif source[i:i+6] == '#endif':
count_ifs -= 1
if count_ifs == 0:
ignore_errors = False
# TODO(nnorwitz): handle preprocessor statements (\ continuations).
while 1:
i1 = source.find('\n', i)
i2 = source.find('//', i)
i3 = source.find('/*', i)
i4 = source.find('"', i)
# NOTE(nnorwitz): doesn't handle comments in #define macros.
# Get the first important symbol (newline, comment, EOF/end).
i = min([x for x in (i1, i2, i3, i4, end) if x != -1])
# Handle #include "dir//foo.h" properly.
if source[i] == '"':
i = source.find('"', i+1) + 1
assert i > 0
continue
# Keep going if end of the line and the line ends with \.
if not (i == i1 and source[i-1] == '\\'):
if got_if:
condition = source[start+4:i].lstrip()
if (condition.startswith('0') or
condition.startswith('(0)')):
ignore_errors = True
break
i += 1
elif c == '\\': # Handle \ in code.
# This is different from the pre-processor \ handling.
i += 1
continue
elif ignore_errors:
# The tokenizer seems to be in pretty good shape. This
# raise is conditionally disabled so that bogus code
# in an #if 0 block can be handled. Since we will ignore
# it anyways, this is probably fine. So disable the
# exception and return the bogus char.
i += 1
else:
sys.stderr.write('Got invalid token in %s @ %d token:%s: %r\n' %
('?', i, c, source[i-10:i+10]))
raise RuntimeError('unexpected token')
if i <= 0:
print('Invalid index, exiting now.')
return
yield Token(token_type, source[start:i], start, i)
if __name__ == '__main__':
def main(argv):
"""Driver mostly for testing purposes."""
for filename in argv[1:]:
source = utils.ReadFile(filename)
if source is None:
continue
for token in GetTokens(source):
print('%-12s: %s' % (token.token_type, token.name))
# print('\r%6.2f%%' % (100.0 * index / token.end),)
sys.stdout.write('\n')
main(sys.argv)

41
googlemock/scripts/generator/cpp/utils.py Executable file
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#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2007 Neal Norwitz
# Portions Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Generic utilities for C++ parsing."""
__author__ = 'nnorwitz@google.com (Neal Norwitz)'
import sys
# Set to True to see the start/end token indices.
DEBUG = True
def ReadFile(filename, print_error=True):
"""Returns the contents of a file."""
try:
fp = open(filename)
try:
return fp.read()
finally:
fp.close()
except IOError:
if print_error:
print('Error reading %s: %s' % (filename, sys.exc_info()[1]))
return None

31
googlemock/scripts/generator/gmock_gen.py Executable file
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#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2008 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Driver for starting up Google Mock class generator."""
__author__ = 'nnorwitz@google.com (Neal Norwitz)'
import os
import sys
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Add the directory of this script to the path so we can import gmock_class.
sys.path.append(os.path.dirname(__file__))
from cpp import gmock_class
# Fix the docstring in case they require the usage.
gmock_class.__doc__ = gmock_class.__doc__.replace('gmock_class.py', __file__)
gmock_class.main()

303
googlemock/scripts/gmock-config.in Executable file
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#!/bin/sh
# These variables are automatically filled in by the configure script.
name="@PACKAGE_TARNAME@"
version="@PACKAGE_VERSION@"
show_usage()
{
echo "Usage: gmock-config [OPTIONS...]"
}
show_help()
{
show_usage
cat <<\EOF
The `gmock-config' script provides access to the necessary compile and linking
flags to connect with Google C++ Mocking Framework, both in a build prior to
installation, and on the system proper after installation. The installation
overrides may be issued in combination with any other queries, but will only
affect installation queries if called on a built but not installed gmock. The
installation queries may not be issued with any other types of queries, and
only one installation query may be made at a time. The version queries and
compiler flag queries may be combined as desired but not mixed. Different
version queries are always combined with logical "and" semantics, and only the
last of any particular query is used while all previous ones ignored. All
versions must be specified as a sequence of numbers separated by periods.
Compiler flag queries output the union of the sets of flags when combined.
Examples:
gmock-config --min-version=1.0 || echo "Insufficient Google Mock version."
g++ $(gmock-config --cppflags --cxxflags) -o foo.o -c foo.cpp
g++ $(gmock-config --ldflags --libs) -o foo foo.o
# When using a built but not installed Google Mock:
g++ $(../../my_gmock_build/scripts/gmock-config ...) ...
# When using an installed Google Mock, but with installation overrides:
export GMOCK_PREFIX="/opt"
g++ $(gmock-config --libdir="/opt/lib64" ...) ...
Help:
--usage brief usage information
--help display this help message
Installation Overrides:
--prefix=<dir> overrides the installation prefix
--exec-prefix=<dir> overrides the executable installation prefix
--libdir=<dir> overrides the library installation prefix
--includedir=<dir> overrides the header file installation prefix
Installation Queries:
--prefix installation prefix
--exec-prefix executable installation prefix
--libdir library installation directory
--includedir header file installation directory
--version the version of the Google Mock installation
Version Queries:
--min-version=VERSION return 0 if the version is at least VERSION
--exact-version=VERSION return 0 if the version is exactly VERSION
--max-version=VERSION return 0 if the version is at most VERSION
Compilation Flag Queries:
--cppflags compile flags specific to the C-like preprocessors
--cxxflags compile flags appropriate for C++ programs
--ldflags linker flags
--libs libraries for linking
EOF
}
# This function bounds our version with a min and a max. It uses some clever
# POSIX-compliant variable expansion to portably do all the work in the shell
# and avoid any dependency on a particular "sed" or "awk" implementation.
# Notable is that it will only ever compare the first 3 components of versions.
# Further components will be cleanly stripped off. All versions must be
# unadorned, so "v1.0" will *not* work. The minimum version must be in $1, and
# the max in $2. TODO(chandlerc@google.com): If this ever breaks, we should
# investigate expanding this via autom4te from AS_VERSION_COMPARE rather than
# continuing to maintain our own shell version.
check_versions()
{
major_version=${version%%.*}
minor_version="0"
point_version="0"
if test "${version#*.}" != "${version}"; then
minor_version=${version#*.}
minor_version=${minor_version%%.*}
fi
if test "${version#*.*.}" != "${version}"; then
point_version=${version#*.*.}
point_version=${point_version%%.*}
fi
min_version="$1"
min_major_version=${min_version%%.*}
min_minor_version="0"
min_point_version="0"
if test "${min_version#*.}" != "${min_version}"; then
min_minor_version=${min_version#*.}
min_minor_version=${min_minor_version%%.*}
fi
if test "${min_version#*.*.}" != "${min_version}"; then
min_point_version=${min_version#*.*.}
min_point_version=${min_point_version%%.*}
fi
max_version="$2"
max_major_version=${max_version%%.*}
max_minor_version="0"
max_point_version="0"
if test "${max_version#*.}" != "${max_version}"; then
max_minor_version=${max_version#*.}
max_minor_version=${max_minor_version%%.*}
fi
if test "${max_version#*.*.}" != "${max_version}"; then
max_point_version=${max_version#*.*.}
max_point_version=${max_point_version%%.*}
fi
test $(($major_version)) -lt $(($min_major_version)) && exit 1
if test $(($major_version)) -eq $(($min_major_version)); then
test $(($minor_version)) -lt $(($min_minor_version)) && exit 1
if test $(($minor_version)) -eq $(($min_minor_version)); then
test $(($point_version)) -lt $(($min_point_version)) && exit 1
fi
fi
test $(($major_version)) -gt $(($max_major_version)) && exit 1
if test $(($major_version)) -eq $(($max_major_version)); then
test $(($minor_version)) -gt $(($max_minor_version)) && exit 1
if test $(($minor_version)) -eq $(($max_minor_version)); then
test $(($point_version)) -gt $(($max_point_version)) && exit 1
fi
fi
exit 0
}
# Show the usage line when no arguments are specified.
if test $# -eq 0; then
show_usage
exit 1
fi
while test $# -gt 0; do
case $1 in
--usage) show_usage; exit 0;;
--help) show_help; exit 0;;
# Installation overrides
--prefix=*) GMOCK_PREFIX=${1#--prefix=};;
--exec-prefix=*) GMOCK_EXEC_PREFIX=${1#--exec-prefix=};;
--libdir=*) GMOCK_LIBDIR=${1#--libdir=};;
--includedir=*) GMOCK_INCLUDEDIR=${1#--includedir=};;
# Installation queries
--prefix|--exec-prefix|--libdir|--includedir|--version)
if test -n "${do_query}"; then
show_usage
exit 1
fi
do_query=${1#--}
;;
# Version checking
--min-version=*)
do_check_versions=yes
min_version=${1#--min-version=}
;;
--max-version=*)
do_check_versions=yes
max_version=${1#--max-version=}
;;
--exact-version=*)
do_check_versions=yes
exact_version=${1#--exact-version=}
;;
# Compiler flag output
--cppflags) echo_cppflags=yes;;
--cxxflags) echo_cxxflags=yes;;
--ldflags) echo_ldflags=yes;;
--libs) echo_libs=yes;;
# Everything else is an error
*) show_usage; exit 1;;
esac
shift
done
# These have defaults filled in by the configure script but can also be
# overridden by environment variables or command line parameters.
prefix="${GMOCK_PREFIX:-@prefix@}"
exec_prefix="${GMOCK_EXEC_PREFIX:-@exec_prefix@}"
libdir="${GMOCK_LIBDIR:-@libdir@}"
includedir="${GMOCK_INCLUDEDIR:-@includedir@}"
# We try and detect if our binary is not located at its installed location. If
# it's not, we provide variables pointing to the source and build tree rather
# than to the install tree. We also locate Google Test using the configured
# gtest-config script rather than searching the PATH and our bindir for one.
# This allows building against a just-built gmock rather than an installed
# gmock.
bindir="@bindir@"
this_relative_bindir=`dirname $0`
this_bindir=`cd ${this_relative_bindir}; pwd -P`
if test "${this_bindir}" = "${this_bindir%${bindir}}"; then
# The path to the script doesn't end in the bindir sequence from Autoconf,
# assume that we are in a build tree.
build_dir=`dirname ${this_bindir}`
src_dir=`cd ${this_bindir}/@top_srcdir@; pwd -P`
# TODO(chandlerc@google.com): This is a dangerous dependency on libtool, we
# should work to remove it, and/or remove libtool altogether, replacing it
# with direct references to the library and a link path.
gmock_libs="${build_dir}/lib/libgmock.la"
gmock_ldflags=""
# We provide hooks to include from either the source or build dir, where the
# build dir is always preferred. This will potentially allow us to write
# build rules for generated headers and have them automatically be preferred
# over provided versions.
gmock_cppflags="-I${build_dir}/include -I${src_dir}/include"
gmock_cxxflags=""
# Directly invoke the gtest-config script used during the build process.
gtest_config="@GTEST_CONFIG@"
else
# We're using an installed gmock, although it may be staged under some
# prefix. Assume (as our own libraries do) that we can resolve the prefix,
# and are present in the dynamic link paths.
gmock_ldflags="-L${libdir}"
gmock_libs="-l${name}"
gmock_cppflags="-I${includedir}"
gmock_cxxflags=""
# We also prefer any gtest-config script installed in our prefix. Lacking
# one, we look in the PATH for one.
gtest_config="${bindir}/gtest-config"
if test ! -x "${gtest_config}"; then
gtest_config=`which gtest-config`
fi
fi
# Ensure that we have located a Google Test to link against.
if ! test -x "${gtest_config}"; then
echo "Unable to locate Google Test, check your Google Mock configuration" \
"and installation" >&2
exit 1
elif ! "${gtest_config}" "--exact-version=@GTEST_VERSION@"; then
echo "The Google Test found is not the same version as Google Mock was " \
"built against" >&2
exit 1
fi
# Add the necessary Google Test bits into the various flag variables
gmock_cppflags="${gmock_cppflags} `${gtest_config} --cppflags`"
gmock_cxxflags="${gmock_cxxflags} `${gtest_config} --cxxflags`"
gmock_ldflags="${gmock_ldflags} `${gtest_config} --ldflags`"
gmock_libs="${gmock_libs} `${gtest_config} --libs`"
# Do an installation query if requested.
if test -n "$do_query"; then
case $do_query in
prefix) echo $prefix; exit 0;;
exec-prefix) echo $exec_prefix; exit 0;;
libdir) echo $libdir; exit 0;;
includedir) echo $includedir; exit 0;;
version) echo $version; exit 0;;
*) show_usage; exit 1;;
esac
fi
# Do a version check if requested.
if test "$do_check_versions" = "yes"; then
# Make sure we didn't receive a bad combination of parameters.
test "$echo_cppflags" = "yes" && show_usage && exit 1
test "$echo_cxxflags" = "yes" && show_usage && exit 1
test "$echo_ldflags" = "yes" && show_usage && exit 1
test "$echo_libs" = "yes" && show_usage && exit 1
if test "$exact_version" != ""; then
check_versions $exact_version $exact_version
# unreachable
else
check_versions ${min_version:-0.0.0} ${max_version:-9999.9999.9999}
# unreachable
fi
fi
# Do the output in the correct order so that these can be used in-line of
# a compiler invocation.
output=""
test "$echo_cppflags" = "yes" && output="$output $gmock_cppflags"
test "$echo_cxxflags" = "yes" && output="$output $gmock_cxxflags"
test "$echo_ldflags" = "yes" && output="$output $gmock_ldflags"
test "$echo_libs" = "yes" && output="$output $gmock_libs"
echo $output
exit 0

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@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
# * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
"""Converts compiler's errors in code using Google Mock to plain English."""
__author__ = 'wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)'
import re
import sys
_VERSION = '1.0.3'
_EMAIL = 'googlemock@googlegroups.com'
_COMMON_GMOCK_SYMBOLS = [
# Matchers
'_',
'A',
'AddressSatisfies',
'AllOf',
'An',
'AnyOf',
'ContainerEq',
'Contains',
'ContainsRegex',
'DoubleEq',
'ElementsAre',
'ElementsAreArray',
'EndsWith',
'Eq',
'Field',
'FloatEq',
'Ge',
'Gt',
'HasSubstr',
'IsInitializedProto',
'Le',
'Lt',
'MatcherCast',
'Matches',
'MatchesRegex',
'NanSensitiveDoubleEq',
'NanSensitiveFloatEq',
'Ne',
'Not',
'NotNull',
'Pointee',
'Property',
'Ref',
'ResultOf',
'SafeMatcherCast',
'StartsWith',
'StrCaseEq',
'StrCaseNe',
'StrEq',
'StrNe',
'Truly',
'TypedEq',
'Value',
# Actions
'Assign',
'ByRef',
'DeleteArg',
'DoAll',
'DoDefault',
'IgnoreResult',
'Invoke',
'InvokeArgument',
'InvokeWithoutArgs',
'Return',
'ReturnNew',
'ReturnNull',
'ReturnRef',
'SaveArg',
'SetArgReferee',
'SetArgPointee',
'SetArgumentPointee',
'SetArrayArgument',
'SetErrnoAndReturn',
'Throw',
'WithArg',
'WithArgs',
'WithoutArgs',
# Cardinalities
'AnyNumber',
'AtLeast',
'AtMost',
'Between',
'Exactly',
# Sequences
'InSequence',
'Sequence',
# Misc
'DefaultValue',
'Mock',
]
# Regex for matching source file path and line number in the compiler's errors.
_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE = r'(?P<file>.*):(?P<line>\d+):(\d+:)?\s+'
_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE = r'(?P<file>.*):(?P<line>\d+):(?P<column>\d+):\s+'
_CLANG_NON_GMOCK_FILE_LINE_RE = (
r'(?P<file>.*[/\\^](?!gmock-)[^/\\]+):(?P<line>\d+):(?P<column>\d+):\s+')
def _FindAllMatches(regex, s):
"""Generates all matches of regex in string s."""
r = re.compile(regex)
return r.finditer(s)
def _GenericDiagnoser(short_name, long_name, diagnoses, msg):
"""Diagnoses the given disease by pattern matching.
Can provide different diagnoses for different patterns.
Args:
short_name: Short name of the disease.
long_name: Long name of the disease.
diagnoses: A list of pairs (regex, pattern for formatting the diagnosis
for matching regex).
msg: Compiler's error messages.
Yields:
Tuples of the form
(short name of disease, long name of disease, diagnosis).
"""
for regex, diagnosis in diagnoses:
if re.search(regex, msg):
diagnosis = '%(file)s:%(line)s:' + diagnosis
for m in _FindAllMatches(regex, msg):
yield (short_name, long_name, diagnosis % m.groupdict())
def _NeedToReturnReferenceDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the NRR disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (r'In member function \'testing::internal::ReturnAction<R>.*\n'
+ _GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'instantiated from here\n'
r'.*gmock-actions\.h.*error: creating array with negative size')
clang_regex = (r'error:.*array.*negative.*\r?\n'
r'(.*\n)*?' +
_CLANG_NON_GMOCK_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'note: in instantiation of function template specialization '
r'\'testing::internal::ReturnAction<(?P<type>.*)>'
r'::operator Action<.*>\' requested here')
clang11_re = (r'use_ReturnRef_instead_of_Return_to_return_a_reference.*'
r'(.*\n)*?' + _CLANG_NON_GMOCK_FILE_LINE_RE)
diagnosis = """
You are using a Return() action in a function that returns a reference to
%(type)s. Please use ReturnRef() instead."""
return _GenericDiagnoser('NRR', 'Need to Return Reference',
[(clang_regex, diagnosis),
(clang11_re, diagnosis % {'type': 'a type'}),
(gcc_regex, diagnosis % {'type': 'a type'})],
msg)
def _NeedToReturnSomethingDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the NRS disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'(instantiated from here\n.'
r'*gmock.*actions\.h.*error: void value not ignored)'
r'|(error: control reaches end of non-void function)')
clang_regex1 = (_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error: cannot initialize return object '
r'of type \'Result\' \(aka \'(?P<return_type>.*)\'\) '
r'with an rvalue of type \'void\'')
clang_regex2 = (_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error: cannot initialize return object '
r'of type \'(?P<return_type>.*)\' '
r'with an rvalue of type \'void\'')
diagnosis = """
You are using an action that returns void, but it needs to return
%(return_type)s. Please tell it *what* to return. Perhaps you can use
the pattern DoAll(some_action, Return(some_value))?"""
return _GenericDiagnoser(
'NRS',
'Need to Return Something',
[(gcc_regex, diagnosis % {'return_type': '*something*'}),
(clang_regex1, diagnosis),
(clang_regex2, diagnosis)],
msg)
def _NeedToReturnNothingDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the NRN disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'instantiated from here\n'
r'.*gmock-actions\.h.*error: instantiation of '
r'\'testing::internal::ReturnAction<R>::Impl<F>::value_\' '
r'as type \'void\'')
clang_regex1 = (r'error: field has incomplete type '
r'\'Result\' \(aka \'void\'\)(\r)?\n'
r'(.*\n)*?' +
_CLANG_NON_GMOCK_FILE_LINE_RE + r'note: in instantiation '
r'of function template specialization '
r'\'testing::internal::ReturnAction<(?P<return_type>.*)>'
r'::operator Action<void \(.*\)>\' requested here')
clang_regex2 = (r'error: field has incomplete type '
r'\'Result\' \(aka \'void\'\)(\r)?\n'
r'(.*\n)*?' +
_CLANG_NON_GMOCK_FILE_LINE_RE + r'note: in instantiation '
r'of function template specialization '
r'\'testing::internal::DoBothAction<.*>'
r'::operator Action<(?P<return_type>.*) \(.*\)>\' '
r'requested here')
diagnosis = """
You are using an action that returns %(return_type)s, but it needs to return
void. Please use a void-returning action instead.
All actions but the last in DoAll(...) must return void. Perhaps you need
to re-arrange the order of actions in a DoAll(), if you are using one?"""
return _GenericDiagnoser(
'NRN',
'Need to Return Nothing',
[(gcc_regex, diagnosis % {'return_type': '*something*'}),
(clang_regex1, diagnosis),
(clang_regex2, diagnosis)],
msg)
def _IncompleteByReferenceArgumentDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the IBRA disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'instantiated from here\n'
r'.*gtest-printers\.h.*error: invalid application of '
r'\'sizeof\' to incomplete type \'(?P<type>.*)\'')
clang_regex = (r'.*gtest-printers\.h.*error: invalid application of '
r'\'sizeof\' to an incomplete type '
r'\'(?P<type>.*)( const)?\'\r?\n'
r'(.*\n)*?' +
_CLANG_NON_GMOCK_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'note: in instantiation of member function '
r'\'testing::internal2::TypeWithoutFormatter<.*>::'
r'PrintValue\' requested here')
diagnosis = """
In order to mock this function, Google Mock needs to see the definition
of type "%(type)s" - declaration alone is not enough. Either #include
the header that defines it, or change the argument to be passed
by pointer."""
return _GenericDiagnoser('IBRA', 'Incomplete By-Reference Argument Type',
[(gcc_regex, diagnosis),
(clang_regex, diagnosis)],
msg)
def _OverloadedFunctionMatcherDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the OFM disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'error: no matching function for '
r'call to \'Truly\(<unresolved overloaded function type>\)')
clang_regex = (_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE + r'error: no matching function for '
r'call to \'Truly')
diagnosis = """
The argument you gave to Truly() is an overloaded function. Please tell
your compiler which overloaded version you want to use.
For example, if you want to use the version whose signature is
bool Foo(int n);
you should write
Truly(static_cast<bool (*)(int n)>(Foo))"""
return _GenericDiagnoser('OFM', 'Overloaded Function Matcher',
[(gcc_regex, diagnosis),
(clang_regex, diagnosis)],
msg)
def _OverloadedFunctionActionDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the OFA disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'error: no matching function for call to '
r'\'Invoke\(<unresolved overloaded function type>')
clang_regex = (_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE + r'error: no matching '
r'function for call to \'Invoke\'\r?\n'
r'(.*\n)*?'
r'.*\bgmock-generated-actions\.h:\d+:\d+:\s+'
r'note: candidate template ignored:\s+'
r'couldn\'t infer template argument \'FunctionImpl\'')
diagnosis = """
Function you are passing to Invoke is overloaded. Please tell your compiler
which overloaded version you want to use.
For example, if you want to use the version whose signature is
bool MyFunction(int n, double x);
you should write something like
Invoke(static_cast<bool (*)(int n, double x)>(MyFunction))"""
return _GenericDiagnoser('OFA', 'Overloaded Function Action',
[(gcc_regex, diagnosis),
(clang_regex, diagnosis)],
msg)
def _OverloadedMethodActionDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the OMA disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'error: no matching function for '
r'call to \'Invoke\(.+, <unresolved overloaded function '
r'type>\)')
clang_regex = (_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE + r'error: no matching function '
r'for call to \'Invoke\'\r?\n'
r'(.*\n)*?'
r'.*\bgmock-generated-actions\.h:\d+:\d+: '
r'note: candidate function template not viable: '
r'requires .*, but 2 (arguments )?were provided')
diagnosis = """
The second argument you gave to Invoke() is an overloaded method. Please
tell your compiler which overloaded version you want to use.
For example, if you want to use the version whose signature is
class Foo {
...
bool Bar(int n, double x);
};
you should write something like
Invoke(foo, static_cast<bool (Foo::*)(int n, double x)>(&Foo::Bar))"""
return _GenericDiagnoser('OMA', 'Overloaded Method Action',
[(gcc_regex, diagnosis),
(clang_regex, diagnosis)],
msg)
def _MockObjectPointerDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the MOP disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'error: request for member '
r'\'gmock_(?P<method>.+)\' in \'(?P<mock_object>.+)\', '
r'which is of non-class type \'(.*::)*(?P<class_name>.+)\*\'')
clang_regex = (_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE + r'error: member reference type '
r'\'(?P<class_name>.*?) *\' is a pointer; '
r'(did you mean|maybe you meant) to use \'->\'\?')
diagnosis = """
The first argument to ON_CALL() and EXPECT_CALL() must be a mock *object*,
not a *pointer* to it. Please write '*(%(mock_object)s)' instead of
'%(mock_object)s' as your first argument.
For example, given the mock class:
class %(class_name)s : public ... {
...
MOCK_METHOD0(%(method)s, ...);
};
and the following mock instance:
%(class_name)s* mock_ptr = ...
you should use the EXPECT_CALL like this:
EXPECT_CALL(*mock_ptr, %(method)s(...));"""
return _GenericDiagnoser(
'MOP',
'Mock Object Pointer',
[(gcc_regex, diagnosis),
(clang_regex, diagnosis % {'mock_object': 'mock_object',
'method': 'method',
'class_name': '%(class_name)s'})],
msg)
def _NeedToUseSymbolDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the NUS disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'error: \'(?P<symbol>.+)\' '
r'(was not declared in this scope|has not been declared)')
clang_regex = (_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error: (use of undeclared identifier|unknown type name|'
r'no template named) \'(?P<symbol>[^\']+)\'')
diagnosis = """
'%(symbol)s' is defined by Google Mock in the testing namespace.
Did you forget to write
using testing::%(symbol)s;
?"""
for m in (list(_FindAllMatches(gcc_regex, msg)) +
list(_FindAllMatches(clang_regex, msg))):
symbol = m.groupdict()['symbol']
if symbol in _COMMON_GMOCK_SYMBOLS:
yield ('NUS', 'Need to Use Symbol', diagnosis % m.groupdict())
def _NeedToUseReturnNullDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the NRNULL disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = ('instantiated from \'testing::internal::ReturnAction<R>'
'::operator testing::Action<Func>\(\) const.*\n' +
_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'instantiated from here\n'
r'.*error: no matching function for call to \'ImplicitCast_\('
r'(:?long )?int&\)')
clang_regex = (r'\bgmock-actions.h:.* error: no matching function for '
r'call to \'ImplicitCast_\'\r?\n'
r'(.*\n)*?' +
_CLANG_NON_GMOCK_FILE_LINE_RE + r'note: in instantiation '
r'of function template specialization '
r'\'testing::internal::ReturnAction<(int|long)>::operator '
r'Action<(?P<type>.*)\(\)>\' requested here')
diagnosis = """
You are probably calling Return(NULL) and the compiler isn't sure how to turn
NULL into %(type)s. Use ReturnNull() instead.
Note: the line number may be off; please fix all instances of Return(NULL)."""
return _GenericDiagnoser(
'NRNULL', 'Need to use ReturnNull',
[(clang_regex, diagnosis),
(gcc_regex, diagnosis % {'type': 'the right type'})],
msg)
def _TypeInTemplatedBaseDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the TTB disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
# This version works when the type is used as the mock function's return
# type.
gcc_4_3_1_regex_type_in_retval = (
r'In member function \'int .*\n' + _GCC_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error: a function call cannot appear in a constant-expression')
gcc_4_4_0_regex_type_in_retval = (
r'error: a function call cannot appear in a constant-expression'
+ _GCC_FILE_LINE_RE + r'error: template argument 1 is invalid\n')
# This version works when the type is used as the mock function's sole
# parameter type.
gcc_regex_type_of_sole_param = (
_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error: \'(?P<type>.+)\' was not declared in this scope\n'
r'.*error: template argument 1 is invalid\n')
# This version works when the type is used as a parameter of a mock
# function that has multiple parameters.
gcc_regex_type_of_a_param = (
r'error: expected `;\' before \'::\' token\n'
+ _GCC_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error: \'(?P<type>.+)\' was not declared in this scope\n'
r'.*error: template argument 1 is invalid\n'
r'.*error: \'.+\' was not declared in this scope')
clang_regex_type_of_retval_or_sole_param = (
_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error: use of undeclared identifier \'(?P<type>.*)\'\n'
r'(.*\n)*?'
r'(?P=file):(?P=line):\d+: error: '
r'non-friend class member \'Result\' cannot have a qualified name'
)
clang_regex_type_of_a_param = (
_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error: C\+\+ requires a type specifier for all declarations\n'
r'(.*\n)*?'
r'(?P=file):(?P=line):(?P=column): error: '
r'C\+\+ requires a type specifier for all declarations'
)
clang_regex_unknown_type = (
_CLANG_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error: unknown type name \'(?P<type>[^\']+)\''
)
diagnosis = """
In a mock class template, types or typedefs defined in the base class
template are *not* automatically visible. This is how C++ works. Before
you can use a type or typedef named %(type)s defined in base class Base<T>, you
need to make it visible. One way to do it is:
typedef typename Base<T>::%(type)s %(type)s;"""
for diag in _GenericDiagnoser(
'TTB', 'Type in Template Base',
[(gcc_4_3_1_regex_type_in_retval, diagnosis % {'type': 'Foo'}),
(gcc_4_4_0_regex_type_in_retval, diagnosis % {'type': 'Foo'}),
(gcc_regex_type_of_sole_param, diagnosis),
(gcc_regex_type_of_a_param, diagnosis),
(clang_regex_type_of_retval_or_sole_param, diagnosis),
(clang_regex_type_of_a_param, diagnosis % {'type': 'Foo'})],
msg):
yield diag
# Avoid overlap with the NUS pattern.
for m in _FindAllMatches(clang_regex_unknown_type, msg):
type_ = m.groupdict()['type']
if type_ not in _COMMON_GMOCK_SYMBOLS:
yield ('TTB', 'Type in Template Base', diagnosis % m.groupdict())
def _WrongMockMethodMacroDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the WMM disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'.*this_method_does_not_take_(?P<wrong_args>\d+)_argument.*\n'
r'.*\n'
r'.*candidates are.*FunctionMocker<[^>]+A(?P<args>\d+)\)>')
clang_regex = (_CLANG_NON_GMOCK_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error:.*array.*negative.*r?\n'
r'(.*\n)*?'
r'(?P=file):(?P=line):(?P=column): error: too few arguments '
r'to function call, expected (?P<args>\d+), '
r'have (?P<wrong_args>\d+)')
clang11_re = (_CLANG_NON_GMOCK_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'.*this_method_does_not_take_'
r'(?P<wrong_args>\d+)_argument.*')
diagnosis = """
You are using MOCK_METHOD%(wrong_args)s to define a mock method that has
%(args)s arguments. Use MOCK_METHOD%(args)s (or MOCK_CONST_METHOD%(args)s,
MOCK_METHOD%(args)s_T, MOCK_CONST_METHOD%(args)s_T as appropriate) instead."""
return _GenericDiagnoser('WMM', 'Wrong MOCK_METHODn Macro',
[(gcc_regex, diagnosis),
(clang11_re, diagnosis % {'wrong_args': 'm',
'args': 'n'}),
(clang_regex, diagnosis)],
msg)
def _WrongParenPositionDiagnoser(msg):
"""Diagnoses the WPP disease, given the error messages by the compiler."""
gcc_regex = (_GCC_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error:.*testing::internal::MockSpec<.* has no member named \''
r'(?P<method>\w+)\'')
clang_regex = (_CLANG_NON_GMOCK_FILE_LINE_RE +
r'error: no member named \'(?P<method>\w+)\' in '
r'\'testing::internal::MockSpec<.*>\'')
diagnosis = """
The closing parenthesis of ON_CALL or EXPECT_CALL should be *before*
".%(method)s". For example, you should write:
EXPECT_CALL(my_mock, Foo(_)).%(method)s(...);
instead of:
EXPECT_CALL(my_mock, Foo(_).%(method)s(...));"""
return _GenericDiagnoser('WPP', 'Wrong Parenthesis Position',
[(gcc_regex, diagnosis),
(clang_regex, diagnosis)],
msg)
_DIAGNOSERS = [
_IncompleteByReferenceArgumentDiagnoser,
_MockObjectPointerDiagnoser,
_NeedToReturnNothingDiagnoser,
_NeedToReturnReferenceDiagnoser,
_NeedToReturnSomethingDiagnoser,
_NeedToUseReturnNullDiagnoser,
_NeedToUseSymbolDiagnoser,
_OverloadedFunctionActionDiagnoser,
_OverloadedFunctionMatcherDiagnoser,
_OverloadedMethodActionDiagnoser,
_TypeInTemplatedBaseDiagnoser,
_WrongMockMethodMacroDiagnoser,
_WrongParenPositionDiagnoser,
]
def Diagnose(msg):
"""Generates all possible diagnoses given the compiler error message."""
msg = re.sub(r'\x1b\[[^m]*m', '', msg) # Strips all color formatting.
# Assuming the string is using the UTF-8 encoding, replaces the left and
# the right single quote characters with apostrophes.
msg = re.sub(r'(\xe2\x80\x98|\xe2\x80\x99)', "'", msg)
diagnoses = []
for diagnoser in _DIAGNOSERS:
for diag in diagnoser(msg):
diagnosis = '[%s - %s]\n%s' % diag
if not diagnosis in diagnoses:
diagnoses.append(diagnosis)
return diagnoses
def main():
print ('Google Mock Doctor v%s - '
'diagnoses problems in code using Google Mock.' % _VERSION)
if sys.stdin.isatty():
print ('Please copy and paste the compiler errors here. Press c-D when '
'you are done:')
else:
print ('Waiting for compiler errors on stdin . . .')
msg = sys.stdin.read().strip()
diagnoses = Diagnose(msg)
count = len(diagnoses)
if not count:
print ("""
Your compiler complained:
8<------------------------------------------------------------
%s
------------------------------------------------------------>8
Uh-oh, I'm not smart enough to figure out what the problem is. :-(
However...
If you send your source code and the compiler's error messages to
%s, you can be helped and I can get smarter --
win-win for us!""" % (msg, _EMAIL))
else:
print ('------------------------------------------------------------')
print ('Your code appears to have the following',)
if count > 1:
print ('%s diseases:' % (count,))
else:
print ('disease:')
i = 0
for d in diagnoses:
i += 1
if count > 1:
print ('\n#%s:' % (i,))
print (d)
print ("""
How did I do? If you think I'm wrong or unhelpful, please send your
source code and the compiler's error messages to %s.
Then you can be helped and I can get smarter -- I promise I won't be upset!""" %
_EMAIL)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

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#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Copyright 2009, Google Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
# * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
"""upload_gmock.py v0.1.0 -- uploads a Google Mock patch for review.
This simple wrapper passes all command line flags and
--cc=googlemock@googlegroups.com to upload.py.
USAGE: upload_gmock.py [options for upload.py]
"""
__author__ = 'wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)'
import os
import sys
CC_FLAG = '--cc='
GMOCK_GROUP = 'googlemock@googlegroups.com'
def main():
# Finds the path to upload.py, assuming it is in the same directory
# as this file.
my_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
upload_py_path = os.path.join(my_dir, 'upload.py')
# Adds Google Mock discussion group to the cc line if it's not there
# already.
upload_py_argv = [upload_py_path]
found_cc_flag = False
for arg in sys.argv[1:]:
if arg.startswith(CC_FLAG):
found_cc_flag = True
cc_line = arg[len(CC_FLAG):]
cc_list = [addr for addr in cc_line.split(',') if addr]
if GMOCK_GROUP not in cc_list:
cc_list.append(GMOCK_GROUP)
upload_py_argv.append(CC_FLAG + ','.join(cc_list))
else:
upload_py_argv.append(arg)
if not found_cc_flag:
upload_py_argv.append(CC_FLAG + GMOCK_GROUP)
# Invokes upload.py with the modified command line flags.
os.execv(upload_py_path, upload_py_argv)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

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// Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
//
// Google C++ Mocking Framework (Google Mock)
//
// This file #includes all Google Mock implementation .cc files. The
// purpose is to allow a user to build Google Mock by compiling this
// file alone.
// This line ensures that gmock.h can be compiled on its own, even
// when it's fused.
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
// The following lines pull in the real gmock *.cc files.
#include "src/gmock-cardinalities.cc"
#include "src/gmock-internal-utils.cc"
#include "src/gmock-matchers.cc"
#include "src/gmock-spec-builders.cc"
#include "src/gmock.cc"

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// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file implements cardinalities.
#include "gmock/gmock-cardinalities.h"
#include <limits.h>
#include <ostream> // NOLINT
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-internal-utils.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
namespace testing {
namespace {
// Implements the Between(m, n) cardinality.
class BetweenCardinalityImpl : public CardinalityInterface {
public:
BetweenCardinalityImpl(int min, int max)
: min_(min >= 0 ? min : 0),
max_(max >= min_ ? max : min_) {
std::stringstream ss;
if (min < 0) {
ss << "The invocation lower bound must be >= 0, "
<< "but is actually " << min << ".";
internal::Expect(false, __FILE__, __LINE__, ss.str());
} else if (max < 0) {
ss << "The invocation upper bound must be >= 0, "
<< "but is actually " << max << ".";
internal::Expect(false, __FILE__, __LINE__, ss.str());
} else if (min > max) {
ss << "The invocation upper bound (" << max
<< ") must be >= the invocation lower bound (" << min
<< ").";
internal::Expect(false, __FILE__, __LINE__, ss.str());
}
}
// Conservative estimate on the lower/upper bound of the number of
// calls allowed.
virtual int ConservativeLowerBound() const { return min_; }
virtual int ConservativeUpperBound() const { return max_; }
virtual bool IsSatisfiedByCallCount(int call_count) const {
return min_ <= call_count && call_count <= max_;
}
virtual bool IsSaturatedByCallCount(int call_count) const {
return call_count >= max_;
}
virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const;
private:
const int min_;
const int max_;
GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(BetweenCardinalityImpl);
};
// Formats "n times" in a human-friendly way.
inline internal::string FormatTimes(int n) {
if (n == 1) {
return "once";
} else if (n == 2) {
return "twice";
} else {
std::stringstream ss;
ss << n << " times";
return ss.str();
}
}
// Describes the Between(m, n) cardinality in human-friendly text.
void BetweenCardinalityImpl::DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
if (min_ == 0) {
if (max_ == 0) {
*os << "never called";
} else if (max_ == INT_MAX) {
*os << "called any number of times";
} else {
*os << "called at most " << FormatTimes(max_);
}
} else if (min_ == max_) {
*os << "called " << FormatTimes(min_);
} else if (max_ == INT_MAX) {
*os << "called at least " << FormatTimes(min_);
} else {
// 0 < min_ < max_ < INT_MAX
*os << "called between " << min_ << " and " << max_ << " times";
}
}
} // Unnamed namespace
// Describes the given call count to an ostream.
void Cardinality::DescribeActualCallCountTo(int actual_call_count,
::std::ostream* os) {
if (actual_call_count > 0) {
*os << "called " << FormatTimes(actual_call_count);
} else {
*os << "never called";
}
}
// Creates a cardinality that allows at least n calls.
GTEST_API_ Cardinality AtLeast(int n) { return Between(n, INT_MAX); }
// Creates a cardinality that allows at most n calls.
GTEST_API_ Cardinality AtMost(int n) { return Between(0, n); }
// Creates a cardinality that allows any number of calls.
GTEST_API_ Cardinality AnyNumber() { return AtLeast(0); }
// Creates a cardinality that allows between min and max calls.
GTEST_API_ Cardinality Between(int min, int max) {
return Cardinality(new BetweenCardinalityImpl(min, max));
}
// Creates a cardinality that allows exactly n calls.
GTEST_API_ Cardinality Exactly(int n) { return Between(n, n); }
} // namespace testing

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// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file defines some utilities useful for implementing Google
// Mock. They are subject to change without notice, so please DO NOT
// USE THEM IN USER CODE.
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-internal-utils.h"
#include <ctype.h>
#include <ostream> // NOLINT
#include <string>
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-port.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
namespace testing {
namespace internal {
// Converts an identifier name to a space-separated list of lower-case
// words. Each maximum substring of the form [A-Za-z][a-z]*|\d+ is
// treated as one word. For example, both "FooBar123" and
// "foo_bar_123" are converted to "foo bar 123".
GTEST_API_ string ConvertIdentifierNameToWords(const char* id_name) {
string result;
char prev_char = '\0';
for (const char* p = id_name; *p != '\0'; prev_char = *(p++)) {
// We don't care about the current locale as the input is
// guaranteed to be a valid C++ identifier name.
const bool starts_new_word = IsUpper(*p) ||
(!IsAlpha(prev_char) && IsLower(*p)) ||
(!IsDigit(prev_char) && IsDigit(*p));
if (IsAlNum(*p)) {
if (starts_new_word && result != "")
result += ' ';
result += ToLower(*p);
}
}
return result;
}
// This class reports Google Mock failures as Google Test failures. A
// user can define another class in a similar fashion if he intends to
// use Google Mock with a testing framework other than Google Test.
class GoogleTestFailureReporter : public FailureReporterInterface {
public:
virtual void ReportFailure(FailureType type, const char* file, int line,
const string& message) {
AssertHelper(type == kFatal ?
TestPartResult::kFatalFailure :
TestPartResult::kNonFatalFailure,
file,
line,
message.c_str()) = Message();
if (type == kFatal) {
posix::Abort();
}
}
};
// Returns the global failure reporter. Will create a
// GoogleTestFailureReporter and return it the first time called.
GTEST_API_ FailureReporterInterface* GetFailureReporter() {
// Points to the global failure reporter used by Google Mock. gcc
// guarantees that the following use of failure_reporter is
// thread-safe. We may need to add additional synchronization to
// protect failure_reporter if we port Google Mock to other
// compilers.
static FailureReporterInterface* const failure_reporter =
new GoogleTestFailureReporter();
return failure_reporter;
}
// Protects global resources (stdout in particular) used by Log().
static GTEST_DEFINE_STATIC_MUTEX_(g_log_mutex);
// Returns true iff a log with the given severity is visible according
// to the --gmock_verbose flag.
GTEST_API_ bool LogIsVisible(LogSeverity severity) {
if (GMOCK_FLAG(verbose) == kInfoVerbosity) {
// Always show the log if --gmock_verbose=info.
return true;
} else if (GMOCK_FLAG(verbose) == kErrorVerbosity) {
// Always hide it if --gmock_verbose=error.
return false;
} else {
// If --gmock_verbose is neither "info" nor "error", we treat it
// as "warning" (its default value).
return severity == kWarning;
}
}
// Prints the given message to stdout iff 'severity' >= the level
// specified by the --gmock_verbose flag. If stack_frames_to_skip >=
// 0, also prints the stack trace excluding the top
// stack_frames_to_skip frames. In opt mode, any positive
// stack_frames_to_skip is treated as 0, since we don't know which
// function calls will be inlined by the compiler and need to be
// conservative.
GTEST_API_ void Log(LogSeverity severity,
const string& message,
int stack_frames_to_skip) {
if (!LogIsVisible(severity))
return;
// Ensures that logs from different threads don't interleave.
MutexLock l(&g_log_mutex);
// "using ::std::cout;" doesn't work with Symbian's STLport, where cout is a
// macro.
if (severity == kWarning) {
// Prints a GMOCK WARNING marker to make the warnings easily searchable.
std::cout << "\nGMOCK WARNING:";
}
// Pre-pends a new-line to message if it doesn't start with one.
if (message.empty() || message[0] != '\n') {
std::cout << "\n";
}
std::cout << message;
if (stack_frames_to_skip >= 0) {
#ifdef NDEBUG
// In opt mode, we have to be conservative and skip no stack frame.
const int actual_to_skip = 0;
#else
// In dbg mode, we can do what the caller tell us to do (plus one
// for skipping this function's stack frame).
const int actual_to_skip = stack_frames_to_skip + 1;
#endif // NDEBUG
// Appends a new-line to message if it doesn't end with one.
if (!message.empty() && *message.rbegin() != '\n') {
std::cout << "\n";
}
std::cout << "Stack trace:\n"
<< ::testing::internal::GetCurrentOsStackTraceExceptTop(
::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance(), actual_to_skip);
}
std::cout << ::std::flush;
}
} // namespace internal
} // namespace testing

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// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file implements Matcher<const string&>, Matcher<string>, and
// utilities for defining matchers.
#include "gmock/gmock-matchers.h"
#include "gmock/gmock-generated-matchers.h"
#include <string.h>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
namespace testing {
// Constructs a matcher that matches a const string& whose value is
// equal to s.
Matcher<const internal::string&>::Matcher(const internal::string& s) {
*this = Eq(s);
}
// Constructs a matcher that matches a const string& whose value is
// equal to s.
Matcher<const internal::string&>::Matcher(const char* s) {
*this = Eq(internal::string(s));
}
// Constructs a matcher that matches a string whose value is equal to s.
Matcher<internal::string>::Matcher(const internal::string& s) { *this = Eq(s); }
// Constructs a matcher that matches a string whose value is equal to s.
Matcher<internal::string>::Matcher(const char* s) {
*this = Eq(internal::string(s));
}
#if GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
// Constructs a matcher that matches a const StringPiece& whose value is
// equal to s.
Matcher<const StringPiece&>::Matcher(const internal::string& s) {
*this = Eq(s);
}
// Constructs a matcher that matches a const StringPiece& whose value is
// equal to s.
Matcher<const StringPiece&>::Matcher(const char* s) {
*this = Eq(internal::string(s));
}
// Constructs a matcher that matches a const StringPiece& whose value is
// equal to s.
Matcher<const StringPiece&>::Matcher(StringPiece s) {
*this = Eq(s.ToString());
}
// Constructs a matcher that matches a StringPiece whose value is equal to s.
Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(const internal::string& s) {
*this = Eq(s);
}
// Constructs a matcher that matches a StringPiece whose value is equal to s.
Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(const char* s) {
*this = Eq(internal::string(s));
}
// Constructs a matcher that matches a StringPiece whose value is equal to s.
Matcher<StringPiece>::Matcher(StringPiece s) {
*this = Eq(s.ToString());
}
#endif // GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
namespace internal {
// Joins a vector of strings as if they are fields of a tuple; returns
// the joined string.
GTEST_API_ string JoinAsTuple(const Strings& fields) {
switch (fields.size()) {
case 0:
return "";
case 1:
return fields[0];
default:
string result = "(" + fields[0];
for (size_t i = 1; i < fields.size(); i++) {
result += ", ";
result += fields[i];
}
result += ")";
return result;
}
}
// Returns the description for a matcher defined using the MATCHER*()
// macro where the user-supplied description string is "", if
// 'negation' is false; otherwise returns the description of the
// negation of the matcher. 'param_values' contains a list of strings
// that are the print-out of the matcher's parameters.
GTEST_API_ string FormatMatcherDescription(bool negation,
const char* matcher_name,
const Strings& param_values) {
string result = ConvertIdentifierNameToWords(matcher_name);
if (param_values.size() >= 1)
result += " " + JoinAsTuple(param_values);
return negation ? "not (" + result + ")" : result;
}
// FindMaxBipartiteMatching and its helper class.
//
// Uses the well-known Ford-Fulkerson max flow method to find a maximum
// bipartite matching. Flow is considered to be from left to right.
// There is an implicit source node that is connected to all of the left
// nodes, and an implicit sink node that is connected to all of the
// right nodes. All edges have unit capacity.
//
// Neither the flow graph nor the residual flow graph are represented
// explicitly. Instead, they are implied by the information in 'graph' and
// a vector<int> called 'left_' whose elements are initialized to the
// value kUnused. This represents the initial state of the algorithm,
// where the flow graph is empty, and the residual flow graph has the
// following edges:
// - An edge from source to each left_ node
// - An edge from each right_ node to sink
// - An edge from each left_ node to each right_ node, if the
// corresponding edge exists in 'graph'.
//
// When the TryAugment() method adds a flow, it sets left_[l] = r for some
// nodes l and r. This induces the following changes:
// - The edges (source, l), (l, r), and (r, sink) are added to the
// flow graph.
// - The same three edges are removed from the residual flow graph.
// - The reverse edges (l, source), (r, l), and (sink, r) are added
// to the residual flow graph, which is a directional graph
// representing unused flow capacity.
//
// When the method augments a flow (moving left_[l] from some r1 to some
// other r2), this can be thought of as "undoing" the above steps with
// respect to r1 and "redoing" them with respect to r2.
//
// It bears repeating that the flow graph and residual flow graph are
// never represented explicitly, but can be derived by looking at the
// information in 'graph' and in left_.
//
// As an optimization, there is a second vector<int> called right_ which
// does not provide any new information. Instead, it enables more
// efficient queries about edges entering or leaving the right-side nodes
// of the flow or residual flow graphs. The following invariants are
// maintained:
//
// left[l] == kUnused or right[left[l]] == l
// right[r] == kUnused or left[right[r]] == r
//
// . [ source ] .
// . ||| .
// . ||| .
// . ||\--> left[0]=1 ---\ right[0]=-1 ----\ .
// . || | | .
// . |\---> left[1]=-1 \--> right[1]=0 ---\| .
// . | || .
// . \----> left[2]=2 ------> right[2]=2 --\|| .
// . ||| .
// . elements matchers vvv .
// . [ sink ] .
//
// See Also:
// [1] Cormen, et al (2001). "Section 26.2: The Ford-Fulkerson method".
// "Introduction to Algorithms (Second ed.)", pp. 651-664.
// [2] "Ford-Fulkerson algorithm", Wikipedia,
// 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%E2%80%93Fulkerson_algorithm'
class MaxBipartiteMatchState {
public:
explicit MaxBipartiteMatchState(const MatchMatrix& graph)
: graph_(&graph),
left_(graph_->LhsSize(), kUnused),
right_(graph_->RhsSize(), kUnused) {
}
// Returns the edges of a maximal match, each in the form {left, right}.
ElementMatcherPairs Compute() {
// 'seen' is used for path finding { 0: unseen, 1: seen }.
::std::vector<char> seen;
// Searches the residual flow graph for a path from each left node to
// the sink in the residual flow graph, and if one is found, add flow
// to the graph. It's okay to search through the left nodes once. The
// edge from the implicit source node to each previously-visited left
// node will have flow if that left node has any path to the sink
// whatsoever. Subsequent augmentations can only add flow to the
// network, and cannot take away that previous flow unit from the source.
// Since the source-to-left edge can only carry one flow unit (or,
// each element can be matched to only one matcher), there is no need
// to visit the left nodes more than once looking for augmented paths.
// The flow is known to be possible or impossible by looking at the
// node once.
for (size_t ilhs = 0; ilhs < graph_->LhsSize(); ++ilhs) {
// Reset the path-marking vector and try to find a path from
// source to sink starting at the left_[ilhs] node.
GTEST_CHECK_(left_[ilhs] == kUnused)
<< "ilhs: " << ilhs << ", left_[ilhs]: " << left_[ilhs];
// 'seen' initialized to 'graph_->RhsSize()' copies of 0.
seen.assign(graph_->RhsSize(), 0);
TryAugment(ilhs, &seen);
}
ElementMatcherPairs result;
for (size_t ilhs = 0; ilhs < left_.size(); ++ilhs) {
size_t irhs = left_[ilhs];
if (irhs == kUnused) continue;
result.push_back(ElementMatcherPair(ilhs, irhs));
}
return result;
}
private:
static const size_t kUnused = static_cast<size_t>(-1);
// Perform a depth-first search from left node ilhs to the sink. If a
// path is found, flow is added to the network by linking the left and
// right vector elements corresponding each segment of the path.
// Returns true if a path to sink was found, which means that a unit of
// flow was added to the network. The 'seen' vector elements correspond
// to right nodes and are marked to eliminate cycles from the search.
//
// Left nodes will only be explored at most once because they
// are accessible from at most one right node in the residual flow
// graph.
//
// Note that left_[ilhs] is the only element of left_ that TryAugment will
// potentially transition from kUnused to another value. Any other
// left_ element holding kUnused before TryAugment will be holding it
// when TryAugment returns.
//
bool TryAugment(size_t ilhs, ::std::vector<char>* seen) {
for (size_t irhs = 0; irhs < graph_->RhsSize(); ++irhs) {
if ((*seen)[irhs])
continue;
if (!graph_->HasEdge(ilhs, irhs))
continue;
// There's an available edge from ilhs to irhs.
(*seen)[irhs] = 1;
// Next a search is performed to determine whether
// this edge is a dead end or leads to the sink.
//
// right_[irhs] == kUnused means that there is residual flow from
// right node irhs to the sink, so we can use that to finish this
// flow path and return success.
//
// Otherwise there is residual flow to some ilhs. We push flow
// along that path and call ourselves recursively to see if this
// ultimately leads to sink.
if (right_[irhs] == kUnused || TryAugment(right_[irhs], seen)) {
// Add flow from left_[ilhs] to right_[irhs].
left_[ilhs] = irhs;
right_[irhs] = ilhs;
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
const MatchMatrix* graph_; // not owned
// Each element of the left_ vector represents a left hand side node
// (i.e. an element) and each element of right_ is a right hand side
// node (i.e. a matcher). The values in the left_ vector indicate
// outflow from that node to a node on the the right_ side. The values
// in the right_ indicate inflow, and specify which left_ node is
// feeding that right_ node, if any. For example, left_[3] == 1 means
// there's a flow from element #3 to matcher #1. Such a flow would also
// be redundantly represented in the right_ vector as right_[1] == 3.
// Elements of left_ and right_ are either kUnused or mutually
// referent. Mutually referent means that left_[right_[i]] = i and
// right_[left_[i]] = i.
::std::vector<size_t> left_;
::std::vector<size_t> right_;
GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(MaxBipartiteMatchState);
};
const size_t MaxBipartiteMatchState::kUnused;
GTEST_API_ ElementMatcherPairs
FindMaxBipartiteMatching(const MatchMatrix& g) {
return MaxBipartiteMatchState(g).Compute();
}
static void LogElementMatcherPairVec(const ElementMatcherPairs& pairs,
::std::ostream* stream) {
typedef ElementMatcherPairs::const_iterator Iter;
::std::ostream& os = *stream;
os << "{";
const char *sep = "";
for (Iter it = pairs.begin(); it != pairs.end(); ++it) {
os << sep << "\n ("
<< "element #" << it->first << ", "
<< "matcher #" << it->second << ")";
sep = ",";
}
os << "\n}";
}
// Tries to find a pairing, and explains the result.
GTEST_API_ bool FindPairing(const MatchMatrix& matrix,
MatchResultListener* listener) {
ElementMatcherPairs matches = FindMaxBipartiteMatching(matrix);
size_t max_flow = matches.size();
bool result = (max_flow == matrix.RhsSize());
if (!result) {
if (listener->IsInterested()) {
*listener << "where no permutation of the elements can "
"satisfy all matchers, and the closest match is "
<< max_flow << " of " << matrix.RhsSize()
<< " matchers with the pairings:\n";
LogElementMatcherPairVec(matches, listener->stream());
}
return false;
}
if (matches.size() > 1) {
if (listener->IsInterested()) {
const char *sep = "where:\n";
for (size_t mi = 0; mi < matches.size(); ++mi) {
*listener << sep << " - element #" << matches[mi].first
<< " is matched by matcher #" << matches[mi].second;
sep = ",\n";
}
}
}
return true;
}
bool MatchMatrix::NextGraph() {
for (size_t ilhs = 0; ilhs < LhsSize(); ++ilhs) {
for (size_t irhs = 0; irhs < RhsSize(); ++irhs) {
char& b = matched_[SpaceIndex(ilhs, irhs)];
if (!b) {
b = 1;
return true;
}
b = 0;
}
}
return false;
}
void MatchMatrix::Randomize() {
for (size_t ilhs = 0; ilhs < LhsSize(); ++ilhs) {
for (size_t irhs = 0; irhs < RhsSize(); ++irhs) {
char& b = matched_[SpaceIndex(ilhs, irhs)];
b = static_cast<char>(rand() & 1); // NOLINT
}
}
}
string MatchMatrix::DebugString() const {
::std::stringstream ss;
const char *sep = "";
for (size_t i = 0; i < LhsSize(); ++i) {
ss << sep;
for (size_t j = 0; j < RhsSize(); ++j) {
ss << HasEdge(i, j);
}
sep = ";";
}
return ss.str();
}
void UnorderedElementsAreMatcherImplBase::DescribeToImpl(
::std::ostream* os) const {
if (matcher_describers_.empty()) {
*os << "is empty";
return;
}
if (matcher_describers_.size() == 1) {
*os << "has " << Elements(1) << " and that element ";
matcher_describers_[0]->DescribeTo(os);
return;
}
*os << "has " << Elements(matcher_describers_.size())
<< " and there exists some permutation of elements such that:\n";
const char* sep = "";
for (size_t i = 0; i != matcher_describers_.size(); ++i) {
*os << sep << " - element #" << i << " ";
matcher_describers_[i]->DescribeTo(os);
sep = ", and\n";
}
}
void UnorderedElementsAreMatcherImplBase::DescribeNegationToImpl(
::std::ostream* os) const {
if (matcher_describers_.empty()) {
*os << "isn't empty";
return;
}
if (matcher_describers_.size() == 1) {
*os << "doesn't have " << Elements(1)
<< ", or has " << Elements(1) << " that ";
matcher_describers_[0]->DescribeNegationTo(os);
return;
}
*os << "doesn't have " << Elements(matcher_describers_.size())
<< ", or there exists no permutation of elements such that:\n";
const char* sep = "";
for (size_t i = 0; i != matcher_describers_.size(); ++i) {
*os << sep << " - element #" << i << " ";
matcher_describers_[i]->DescribeTo(os);
sep = ", and\n";
}
}
// Checks that all matchers match at least one element, and that all
// elements match at least one matcher. This enables faster matching
// and better error reporting.
// Returns false, writing an explanation to 'listener', if and only
// if the success criteria are not met.
bool UnorderedElementsAreMatcherImplBase::
VerifyAllElementsAndMatchersAreMatched(
const ::std::vector<string>& element_printouts,
const MatchMatrix& matrix,
MatchResultListener* listener) const {
bool result = true;
::std::vector<char> element_matched(matrix.LhsSize(), 0);
::std::vector<char> matcher_matched(matrix.RhsSize(), 0);
for (size_t ilhs = 0; ilhs < matrix.LhsSize(); ilhs++) {
for (size_t irhs = 0; irhs < matrix.RhsSize(); irhs++) {
char matched = matrix.HasEdge(ilhs, irhs);
element_matched[ilhs] |= matched;
matcher_matched[irhs] |= matched;
}
}
{
const char* sep =
"where the following matchers don't match any elements:\n";
for (size_t mi = 0; mi < matcher_matched.size(); ++mi) {
if (matcher_matched[mi])
continue;
result = false;
if (listener->IsInterested()) {
*listener << sep << "matcher #" << mi << ": ";
matcher_describers_[mi]->DescribeTo(listener->stream());
sep = ",\n";
}
}
}
{
const char* sep =
"where the following elements don't match any matchers:\n";
const char* outer_sep = "";
if (!result) {
outer_sep = "\nand ";
}
for (size_t ei = 0; ei < element_matched.size(); ++ei) {
if (element_matched[ei])
continue;
result = false;
if (listener->IsInterested()) {
*listener << outer_sep << sep << "element #" << ei << ": "
<< element_printouts[ei];
sep = ",\n";
outer_sep = "";
}
}
}
return result;
}
} // namespace internal
} // namespace testing

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// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file implements the spec builder syntax (ON_CALL and
// EXPECT_CALL).
#include "gmock/gmock-spec-builders.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <iostream> // NOLINT
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#if GTEST_OS_CYGWIN || GTEST_OS_LINUX || GTEST_OS_MAC
# include <unistd.h> // NOLINT
#endif
namespace testing {
namespace internal {
// Protects the mock object registry (in class Mock), all function
// mockers, and all expectations.
GTEST_API_ GTEST_DEFINE_STATIC_MUTEX_(g_gmock_mutex);
// Logs a message including file and line number information.
GTEST_API_ void LogWithLocation(testing::internal::LogSeverity severity,
const char* file, int line,
const string& message) {
::std::ostringstream s;
s << file << ":" << line << ": " << message << ::std::endl;
Log(severity, s.str(), 0);
}
// Constructs an ExpectationBase object.
ExpectationBase::ExpectationBase(const char* a_file,
int a_line,
const string& a_source_text)
: file_(a_file),
line_(a_line),
source_text_(a_source_text),
cardinality_specified_(false),
cardinality_(Exactly(1)),
call_count_(0),
retired_(false),
extra_matcher_specified_(false),
repeated_action_specified_(false),
retires_on_saturation_(false),
last_clause_(kNone),
action_count_checked_(false) {}
// Destructs an ExpectationBase object.
ExpectationBase::~ExpectationBase() {}
// Explicitly specifies the cardinality of this expectation. Used by
// the subclasses to implement the .Times() clause.
void ExpectationBase::SpecifyCardinality(const Cardinality& a_cardinality) {
cardinality_specified_ = true;
cardinality_ = a_cardinality;
}
// Retires all pre-requisites of this expectation.
void ExpectationBase::RetireAllPreRequisites()
GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
if (is_retired()) {
// We can take this short-cut as we never retire an expectation
// until we have retired all its pre-requisites.
return;
}
for (ExpectationSet::const_iterator it = immediate_prerequisites_.begin();
it != immediate_prerequisites_.end(); ++it) {
ExpectationBase* const prerequisite = it->expectation_base().get();
if (!prerequisite->is_retired()) {
prerequisite->RetireAllPreRequisites();
prerequisite->Retire();
}
}
}
// Returns true iff all pre-requisites of this expectation have been
// satisfied.
bool ExpectationBase::AllPrerequisitesAreSatisfied() const
GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
g_gmock_mutex.AssertHeld();
for (ExpectationSet::const_iterator it = immediate_prerequisites_.begin();
it != immediate_prerequisites_.end(); ++it) {
if (!(it->expectation_base()->IsSatisfied()) ||
!(it->expectation_base()->AllPrerequisitesAreSatisfied()))
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Adds unsatisfied pre-requisites of this expectation to 'result'.
void ExpectationBase::FindUnsatisfiedPrerequisites(ExpectationSet* result) const
GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
g_gmock_mutex.AssertHeld();
for (ExpectationSet::const_iterator it = immediate_prerequisites_.begin();
it != immediate_prerequisites_.end(); ++it) {
if (it->expectation_base()->IsSatisfied()) {
// If *it is satisfied and has a call count of 0, some of its
// pre-requisites may not be satisfied yet.
if (it->expectation_base()->call_count_ == 0) {
it->expectation_base()->FindUnsatisfiedPrerequisites(result);
}
} else {
// Now that we know *it is unsatisfied, we are not so interested
// in whether its pre-requisites are satisfied. Therefore we
// don't recursively call FindUnsatisfiedPrerequisites() here.
*result += *it;
}
}
}
// Describes how many times a function call matching this
// expectation has occurred.
void ExpectationBase::DescribeCallCountTo(::std::ostream* os) const
GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
g_gmock_mutex.AssertHeld();
// Describes how many times the function is expected to be called.
*os << " Expected: to be ";
cardinality().DescribeTo(os);
*os << "\n Actual: ";
Cardinality::DescribeActualCallCountTo(call_count(), os);
// Describes the state of the expectation (e.g. is it satisfied?
// is it active?).
*os << " - " << (IsOverSaturated() ? "over-saturated" :
IsSaturated() ? "saturated" :
IsSatisfied() ? "satisfied" : "unsatisfied")
<< " and "
<< (is_retired() ? "retired" : "active");
}
// Checks the action count (i.e. the number of WillOnce() and
// WillRepeatedly() clauses) against the cardinality if this hasn't
// been done before. Prints a warning if there are too many or too
// few actions.
void ExpectationBase::CheckActionCountIfNotDone() const
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(mutex_) {
bool should_check = false;
{
MutexLock l(&mutex_);
if (!action_count_checked_) {
action_count_checked_ = true;
should_check = true;
}
}
if (should_check) {
if (!cardinality_specified_) {
// The cardinality was inferred - no need to check the action
// count against it.
return;
}
// The cardinality was explicitly specified.
const int action_count = static_cast<int>(untyped_actions_.size());
const int upper_bound = cardinality().ConservativeUpperBound();
const int lower_bound = cardinality().ConservativeLowerBound();
bool too_many; // True if there are too many actions, or false
// if there are too few.
if (action_count > upper_bound ||
(action_count == upper_bound && repeated_action_specified_)) {
too_many = true;
} else if (0 < action_count && action_count < lower_bound &&
!repeated_action_specified_) {
too_many = false;
} else {
return;
}
::std::stringstream ss;
DescribeLocationTo(&ss);
ss << "Too " << (too_many ? "many" : "few")
<< " actions specified in " << source_text() << "...\n"
<< "Expected to be ";
cardinality().DescribeTo(&ss);
ss << ", but has " << (too_many ? "" : "only ")
<< action_count << " WillOnce()"
<< (action_count == 1 ? "" : "s");
if (repeated_action_specified_) {
ss << " and a WillRepeatedly()";
}
ss << ".";
Log(kWarning, ss.str(), -1); // -1 means "don't print stack trace".
}
}
// Implements the .Times() clause.
void ExpectationBase::UntypedTimes(const Cardinality& a_cardinality) {
if (last_clause_ == kTimes) {
ExpectSpecProperty(false,
".Times() cannot appear "
"more than once in an EXPECT_CALL().");
} else {
ExpectSpecProperty(last_clause_ < kTimes,
".Times() cannot appear after "
".InSequence(), .WillOnce(), .WillRepeatedly(), "
"or .RetiresOnSaturation().");
}
last_clause_ = kTimes;
SpecifyCardinality(a_cardinality);
}
// Points to the implicit sequence introduced by a living InSequence
// object (if any) in the current thread or NULL.
GTEST_API_ ThreadLocal<Sequence*> g_gmock_implicit_sequence;
// Reports an uninteresting call (whose description is in msg) in the
// manner specified by 'reaction'.
void ReportUninterestingCall(CallReaction reaction, const string& msg) {
// Include a stack trace only if --gmock_verbose=info is specified.
const int stack_frames_to_skip =
GMOCK_FLAG(verbose) == kInfoVerbosity ? 3 : -1;
switch (reaction) {
case kAllow:
Log(kInfo, msg, stack_frames_to_skip);
break;
case kWarn:
Log(kWarning,
msg +
"\nNOTE: You can safely ignore the above warning unless this "
"call should not happen. Do not suppress it by blindly adding "
"an EXPECT_CALL() if you don't mean to enforce the call. "
"See https://github.com/google/googletest/blob/master/googlemock/docs/CookBook.md#"
"knowing-when-to-expect for details.\n",
stack_frames_to_skip);
break;
default: // FAIL
Expect(false, NULL, -1, msg);
}
}
UntypedFunctionMockerBase::UntypedFunctionMockerBase()
: mock_obj_(NULL), name_("") {}
UntypedFunctionMockerBase::~UntypedFunctionMockerBase() {}
// Sets the mock object this mock method belongs to, and registers
// this information in the global mock registry. Will be called
// whenever an EXPECT_CALL() or ON_CALL() is executed on this mock
// method.
void UntypedFunctionMockerBase::RegisterOwner(const void* mock_obj)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
{
MutexLock l(&g_gmock_mutex);
mock_obj_ = mock_obj;
}
Mock::Register(mock_obj, this);
}
// Sets the mock object this mock method belongs to, and sets the name
// of the mock function. Will be called upon each invocation of this
// mock function.
void UntypedFunctionMockerBase::SetOwnerAndName(const void* mock_obj,
const char* name)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
// We protect name_ under g_gmock_mutex in case this mock function
// is called from two threads concurrently.
MutexLock l(&g_gmock_mutex);
mock_obj_ = mock_obj;
name_ = name;
}
// Returns the name of the function being mocked. Must be called
// after RegisterOwner() or SetOwnerAndName() has been called.
const void* UntypedFunctionMockerBase::MockObject() const
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
const void* mock_obj;
{
// We protect mock_obj_ under g_gmock_mutex in case this mock
// function is called from two threads concurrently.
MutexLock l(&g_gmock_mutex);
Assert(mock_obj_ != NULL, __FILE__, __LINE__,
"MockObject() must not be called before RegisterOwner() or "
"SetOwnerAndName() has been called.");
mock_obj = mock_obj_;
}
return mock_obj;
}
// Returns the name of this mock method. Must be called after
// SetOwnerAndName() has been called.
const char* UntypedFunctionMockerBase::Name() const
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
const char* name;
{
// We protect name_ under g_gmock_mutex in case this mock
// function is called from two threads concurrently.
MutexLock l(&g_gmock_mutex);
Assert(name_ != NULL, __FILE__, __LINE__,
"Name() must not be called before SetOwnerAndName() has "
"been called.");
name = name_;
}
return name;
}
// Calculates the result of invoking this mock function with the given
// arguments, prints it, and returns it. The caller is responsible
// for deleting the result.
UntypedActionResultHolderBase*
UntypedFunctionMockerBase::UntypedInvokeWith(const void* const untyped_args)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
if (untyped_expectations_.size() == 0) {
// No expectation is set on this mock method - we have an
// uninteresting call.
// We must get Google Mock's reaction on uninteresting calls
// made on this mock object BEFORE performing the action,
// because the action may DELETE the mock object and make the
// following expression meaningless.
const CallReaction reaction =
Mock::GetReactionOnUninterestingCalls(MockObject());
// True iff we need to print this call's arguments and return
// value. This definition must be kept in sync with
// the behavior of ReportUninterestingCall().
const bool need_to_report_uninteresting_call =
// If the user allows this uninteresting call, we print it
// only when he wants informational messages.
reaction == kAllow ? LogIsVisible(kInfo) :
// If the user wants this to be a warning, we print it only
// when he wants to see warnings.
reaction == kWarn ? LogIsVisible(kWarning) :
// Otherwise, the user wants this to be an error, and we
// should always print detailed information in the error.
true;
if (!need_to_report_uninteresting_call) {
// Perform the action without printing the call information.
return this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, "");
}
// Warns about the uninteresting call.
::std::stringstream ss;
this->UntypedDescribeUninterestingCall(untyped_args, &ss);
// Calculates the function result.
UntypedActionResultHolderBase* const result =
this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, ss.str());
// Prints the function result.
if (result != NULL)
result->PrintAsActionResult(&ss);
ReportUninterestingCall(reaction, ss.str());
return result;
}
bool is_excessive = false;
::std::stringstream ss;
::std::stringstream why;
::std::stringstream loc;
const void* untyped_action = NULL;
// The UntypedFindMatchingExpectation() function acquires and
// releases g_gmock_mutex.
const ExpectationBase* const untyped_expectation =
this->UntypedFindMatchingExpectation(
untyped_args, &untyped_action, &is_excessive,
&ss, &why);
const bool found = untyped_expectation != NULL;
// True iff we need to print the call's arguments and return value.
// This definition must be kept in sync with the uses of Expect()
// and Log() in this function.
const bool need_to_report_call =
!found || is_excessive || LogIsVisible(kInfo);
if (!need_to_report_call) {
// Perform the action without printing the call information.
return
untyped_action == NULL ?
this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, "") :
this->UntypedPerformAction(untyped_action, untyped_args);
}
ss << " Function call: " << Name();
this->UntypedPrintArgs(untyped_args, &ss);
// In case the action deletes a piece of the expectation, we
// generate the message beforehand.
if (found && !is_excessive) {
untyped_expectation->DescribeLocationTo(&loc);
}
UntypedActionResultHolderBase* const result =
untyped_action == NULL ?
this->UntypedPerformDefaultAction(untyped_args, ss.str()) :
this->UntypedPerformAction(untyped_action, untyped_args);
if (result != NULL)
result->PrintAsActionResult(&ss);
ss << "\n" << why.str();
if (!found) {
// No expectation matches this call - reports a failure.
Expect(false, NULL, -1, ss.str());
} else if (is_excessive) {
// We had an upper-bound violation and the failure message is in ss.
Expect(false, untyped_expectation->file(),
untyped_expectation->line(), ss.str());
} else {
// We had an expected call and the matching expectation is
// described in ss.
Log(kInfo, loc.str() + ss.str(), 2);
}
return result;
}
// Returns an Expectation object that references and co-owns exp,
// which must be an expectation on this mock function.
Expectation UntypedFunctionMockerBase::GetHandleOf(ExpectationBase* exp) {
for (UntypedExpectations::const_iterator it =
untyped_expectations_.begin();
it != untyped_expectations_.end(); ++it) {
if (it->get() == exp) {
return Expectation(*it);
}
}
Assert(false, __FILE__, __LINE__, "Cannot find expectation.");
return Expectation();
// The above statement is just to make the code compile, and will
// never be executed.
}
// Verifies that all expectations on this mock function have been
// satisfied. Reports one or more Google Test non-fatal failures
// and returns false if not.
bool UntypedFunctionMockerBase::VerifyAndClearExpectationsLocked()
GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(g_gmock_mutex) {
g_gmock_mutex.AssertHeld();
bool expectations_met = true;
for (UntypedExpectations::const_iterator it =
untyped_expectations_.begin();
it != untyped_expectations_.end(); ++it) {
ExpectationBase* const untyped_expectation = it->get();
if (untyped_expectation->IsOverSaturated()) {
// There was an upper-bound violation. Since the error was
// already reported when it occurred, there is no need to do
// anything here.
expectations_met = false;
} else if (!untyped_expectation->IsSatisfied()) {
expectations_met = false;
::std::stringstream ss;
ss << "Actual function call count doesn't match "
<< untyped_expectation->source_text() << "...\n";
// No need to show the source file location of the expectation
// in the description, as the Expect() call that follows already
// takes care of it.
untyped_expectation->MaybeDescribeExtraMatcherTo(&ss);
untyped_expectation->DescribeCallCountTo(&ss);
Expect(false, untyped_expectation->file(),
untyped_expectation->line(), ss.str());
}
}
// Deleting our expectations may trigger other mock objects to be deleted, for
// example if an action contains a reference counted smart pointer to that
// mock object, and that is the last reference. So if we delete our
// expectations within the context of the global mutex we may deadlock when
// this method is called again. Instead, make a copy of the set of
// expectations to delete, clear our set within the mutex, and then clear the
// copied set outside of it.
UntypedExpectations expectations_to_delete;
untyped_expectations_.swap(expectations_to_delete);
g_gmock_mutex.Unlock();
expectations_to_delete.clear();
g_gmock_mutex.Lock();
return expectations_met;
}
} // namespace internal
// Class Mock.
namespace {
typedef std::set<internal::UntypedFunctionMockerBase*> FunctionMockers;
// The current state of a mock object. Such information is needed for
// detecting leaked mock objects and explicitly verifying a mock's
// expectations.
struct MockObjectState {
MockObjectState()
: first_used_file(NULL), first_used_line(-1), leakable(false) {}
// Where in the source file an ON_CALL or EXPECT_CALL is first
// invoked on this mock object.
const char* first_used_file;
int first_used_line;
::std::string first_used_test_case;
::std::string first_used_test;
bool leakable; // true iff it's OK to leak the object.
FunctionMockers function_mockers; // All registered methods of the object.
};
// A global registry holding the state of all mock objects that are
// alive. A mock object is added to this registry the first time
// Mock::AllowLeak(), ON_CALL(), or EXPECT_CALL() is called on it. It
// is removed from the registry in the mock object's destructor.
class MockObjectRegistry {
public:
// Maps a mock object (identified by its address) to its state.
typedef std::map<const void*, MockObjectState> StateMap;
// This destructor will be called when a program exits, after all
// tests in it have been run. By then, there should be no mock
// object alive. Therefore we report any living object as test
// failure, unless the user explicitly asked us to ignore it.
~MockObjectRegistry() {
// "using ::std::cout;" doesn't work with Symbian's STLport, where cout is
// a macro.
if (!GMOCK_FLAG(catch_leaked_mocks))
return;
int leaked_count = 0;
for (StateMap::const_iterator it = states_.begin(); it != states_.end();
++it) {
if (it->second.leakable) // The user said it's fine to leak this object.
continue;
// TODO(wan@google.com): Print the type of the leaked object.
// This can help the user identify the leaked object.
std::cout << "\n";
const MockObjectState& state = it->second;
std::cout << internal::FormatFileLocation(state.first_used_file,
state.first_used_line);
std::cout << " ERROR: this mock object";
if (state.first_used_test != "") {
std::cout << " (used in test " << state.first_used_test_case << "."
<< state.first_used_test << ")";
}
std::cout << " should be deleted but never is. Its address is @"
<< it->first << ".";
leaked_count++;
}
if (leaked_count > 0) {
std::cout << "\nERROR: " << leaked_count
<< " leaked mock " << (leaked_count == 1 ? "object" : "objects")
<< " found at program exit.\n";
std::cout.flush();
::std::cerr.flush();
// RUN_ALL_TESTS() has already returned when this destructor is
// called. Therefore we cannot use the normal Google Test
// failure reporting mechanism.
_exit(1); // We cannot call exit() as it is not reentrant and
// may already have been called.
}
}
StateMap& states() { return states_; }
private:
StateMap states_;
};
// Protected by g_gmock_mutex.
MockObjectRegistry g_mock_object_registry;
// Maps a mock object to the reaction Google Mock should have when an
// uninteresting method is called. Protected by g_gmock_mutex.
std::map<const void*, internal::CallReaction> g_uninteresting_call_reaction;
// Sets the reaction Google Mock should have when an uninteresting
// method of the given mock object is called.
void SetReactionOnUninterestingCalls(const void* mock_obj,
internal::CallReaction reaction)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
g_uninteresting_call_reaction[mock_obj] = reaction;
}
} // namespace
// Tells Google Mock to allow uninteresting calls on the given mock
// object.
void Mock::AllowUninterestingCalls(const void* mock_obj)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
SetReactionOnUninterestingCalls(mock_obj, internal::kAllow);
}
// Tells Google Mock to warn the user about uninteresting calls on the
// given mock object.
void Mock::WarnUninterestingCalls(const void* mock_obj)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
SetReactionOnUninterestingCalls(mock_obj, internal::kWarn);
}
// Tells Google Mock to fail uninteresting calls on the given mock
// object.
void Mock::FailUninterestingCalls(const void* mock_obj)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
SetReactionOnUninterestingCalls(mock_obj, internal::kFail);
}
// Tells Google Mock the given mock object is being destroyed and its
// entry in the call-reaction table should be removed.
void Mock::UnregisterCallReaction(const void* mock_obj)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
g_uninteresting_call_reaction.erase(mock_obj);
}
// Returns the reaction Google Mock will have on uninteresting calls
// made on the given mock object.
internal::CallReaction Mock::GetReactionOnUninterestingCalls(
const void* mock_obj)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
return (g_uninteresting_call_reaction.count(mock_obj) == 0) ?
internal::kDefault : g_uninteresting_call_reaction[mock_obj];
}
// Tells Google Mock to ignore mock_obj when checking for leaked mock
// objects.
void Mock::AllowLeak(const void* mock_obj)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
g_mock_object_registry.states()[mock_obj].leakable = true;
}
// Verifies and clears all expectations on the given mock object. If
// the expectations aren't satisfied, generates one or more Google
// Test non-fatal failures and returns false.
bool Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(void* mock_obj)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
return VerifyAndClearExpectationsLocked(mock_obj);
}
// Verifies all expectations on the given mock object and clears its
// default actions and expectations. Returns true iff the
// verification was successful.
bool Mock::VerifyAndClear(void* mock_obj)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
ClearDefaultActionsLocked(mock_obj);
return VerifyAndClearExpectationsLocked(mock_obj);
}
// Verifies and clears all expectations on the given mock object. If
// the expectations aren't satisfied, generates one or more Google
// Test non-fatal failures and returns false.
bool Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectationsLocked(void* mock_obj)
GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::g_gmock_mutex.AssertHeld();
if (g_mock_object_registry.states().count(mock_obj) == 0) {
// No EXPECT_CALL() was set on the given mock object.
return true;
}
// Verifies and clears the expectations on each mock method in the
// given mock object.
bool expectations_met = true;
FunctionMockers& mockers =
g_mock_object_registry.states()[mock_obj].function_mockers;
for (FunctionMockers::const_iterator it = mockers.begin();
it != mockers.end(); ++it) {
if (!(*it)->VerifyAndClearExpectationsLocked()) {
expectations_met = false;
}
}
// We don't clear the content of mockers, as they may still be
// needed by ClearDefaultActionsLocked().
return expectations_met;
}
// Registers a mock object and a mock method it owns.
void Mock::Register(const void* mock_obj,
internal::UntypedFunctionMockerBase* mocker)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
g_mock_object_registry.states()[mock_obj].function_mockers.insert(mocker);
}
// Tells Google Mock where in the source code mock_obj is used in an
// ON_CALL or EXPECT_CALL. In case mock_obj is leaked, this
// information helps the user identify which object it is.
void Mock::RegisterUseByOnCallOrExpectCall(const void* mock_obj,
const char* file, int line)
GTEST_LOCK_EXCLUDED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::MutexLock l(&internal::g_gmock_mutex);
MockObjectState& state = g_mock_object_registry.states()[mock_obj];
if (state.first_used_file == NULL) {
state.first_used_file = file;
state.first_used_line = line;
const TestInfo* const test_info =
UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
if (test_info != NULL) {
// TODO(wan@google.com): record the test case name when the
// ON_CALL or EXPECT_CALL is invoked from SetUpTestCase() or
// TearDownTestCase().
state.first_used_test_case = test_info->test_case_name();
state.first_used_test = test_info->name();
}
}
}
// Unregisters a mock method; removes the owning mock object from the
// registry when the last mock method associated with it has been
// unregistered. This is called only in the destructor of
// FunctionMockerBase.
void Mock::UnregisterLocked(internal::UntypedFunctionMockerBase* mocker)
GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::g_gmock_mutex.AssertHeld();
for (MockObjectRegistry::StateMap::iterator it =
g_mock_object_registry.states().begin();
it != g_mock_object_registry.states().end(); ++it) {
FunctionMockers& mockers = it->second.function_mockers;
if (mockers.erase(mocker) > 0) {
// mocker was in mockers and has been just removed.
if (mockers.empty()) {
g_mock_object_registry.states().erase(it);
}
return;
}
}
}
// Clears all ON_CALL()s set on the given mock object.
void Mock::ClearDefaultActionsLocked(void* mock_obj)
GTEST_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_REQUIRED_(internal::g_gmock_mutex) {
internal::g_gmock_mutex.AssertHeld();
if (g_mock_object_registry.states().count(mock_obj) == 0) {
// No ON_CALL() was set on the given mock object.
return;
}
// Clears the default actions for each mock method in the given mock
// object.
FunctionMockers& mockers =
g_mock_object_registry.states()[mock_obj].function_mockers;
for (FunctionMockers::const_iterator it = mockers.begin();
it != mockers.end(); ++it) {
(*it)->ClearDefaultActionsLocked();
}
// We don't clear the content of mockers, as they may still be
// needed by VerifyAndClearExpectationsLocked().
}
Expectation::Expectation() {}
Expectation::Expectation(
const internal::linked_ptr<internal::ExpectationBase>& an_expectation_base)
: expectation_base_(an_expectation_base) {}
Expectation::~Expectation() {}
// Adds an expectation to a sequence.
void Sequence::AddExpectation(const Expectation& expectation) const {
if (*last_expectation_ != expectation) {
if (last_expectation_->expectation_base() != NULL) {
expectation.expectation_base()->immediate_prerequisites_
+= *last_expectation_;
}
*last_expectation_ = expectation;
}
}
// Creates the implicit sequence if there isn't one.
InSequence::InSequence() {
if (internal::g_gmock_implicit_sequence.get() == NULL) {
internal::g_gmock_implicit_sequence.set(new Sequence);
sequence_created_ = true;
} else {
sequence_created_ = false;
}
}
// Deletes the implicit sequence if it was created by the constructor
// of this object.
InSequence::~InSequence() {
if (sequence_created_) {
delete internal::g_gmock_implicit_sequence.get();
internal::g_gmock_implicit_sequence.set(NULL);
}
}
} // namespace testing

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// Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gmock/internal/gmock-port.h"
namespace testing {
// TODO(wan@google.com): support using environment variables to
// control the flag values, like what Google Test does.
GMOCK_DEFINE_bool_(catch_leaked_mocks, true,
"true iff Google Mock should report leaked mock objects "
"as failures.");
GMOCK_DEFINE_string_(verbose, internal::kWarningVerbosity,
"Controls how verbose Google Mock's output is."
" Valid values:\n"
" info - prints all messages.\n"
" warning - prints warnings and errors.\n"
" error - prints errors only.");
namespace internal {
// Parses a string as a command line flag. The string should have the
// format "--gmock_flag=value". When def_optional is true, the
// "=value" part can be omitted.
//
// Returns the value of the flag, or NULL if the parsing failed.
static const char* ParseGoogleMockFlagValue(const char* str,
const char* flag,
bool def_optional) {
// str and flag must not be NULL.
if (str == NULL || flag == NULL) return NULL;
// The flag must start with "--gmock_".
const std::string flag_str = std::string("--gmock_") + flag;
const size_t flag_len = flag_str.length();
if (strncmp(str, flag_str.c_str(), flag_len) != 0) return NULL;
// Skips the flag name.
const char* flag_end = str + flag_len;
// When def_optional is true, it's OK to not have a "=value" part.
if (def_optional && (flag_end[0] == '\0')) {
return flag_end;
}
// If def_optional is true and there are more characters after the
// flag name, or if def_optional is false, there must be a '=' after
// the flag name.
if (flag_end[0] != '=') return NULL;
// Returns the string after "=".
return flag_end + 1;
}
// Parses a string for a Google Mock bool flag, in the form of
// "--gmock_flag=value".
//
// On success, stores the value of the flag in *value, and returns
// true. On failure, returns false without changing *value.
static bool ParseGoogleMockBoolFlag(const char* str, const char* flag,
bool* value) {
// Gets the value of the flag as a string.
const char* const value_str = ParseGoogleMockFlagValue(str, flag, true);
// Aborts if the parsing failed.
if (value_str == NULL) return false;
// Converts the string value to a bool.
*value = !(*value_str == '0' || *value_str == 'f' || *value_str == 'F');
return true;
}
// Parses a string for a Google Mock string flag, in the form of
// "--gmock_flag=value".
//
// On success, stores the value of the flag in *value, and returns
// true. On failure, returns false without changing *value.
template <typename String>
static bool ParseGoogleMockStringFlag(const char* str, const char* flag,
String* value) {
// Gets the value of the flag as a string.
const char* const value_str = ParseGoogleMockFlagValue(str, flag, false);
// Aborts if the parsing failed.
if (value_str == NULL) return false;
// Sets *value to the value of the flag.
*value = value_str;
return true;
}
// The internal implementation of InitGoogleMock().
//
// The type parameter CharType can be instantiated to either char or
// wchar_t.
template <typename CharType>
void InitGoogleMockImpl(int* argc, CharType** argv) {
// Makes sure Google Test is initialized. InitGoogleTest() is
// idempotent, so it's fine if the user has already called it.
InitGoogleTest(argc, argv);
if (*argc <= 0) return;
for (int i = 1; i != *argc; i++) {
const std::string arg_string = StreamableToString(argv[i]);
const char* const arg = arg_string.c_str();
// Do we see a Google Mock flag?
if (ParseGoogleMockBoolFlag(arg, "catch_leaked_mocks",
&GMOCK_FLAG(catch_leaked_mocks)) ||
ParseGoogleMockStringFlag(arg, "verbose", &GMOCK_FLAG(verbose))) {
// Yes. Shift the remainder of the argv list left by one. Note
// that argv has (*argc + 1) elements, the last one always being
// NULL. The following loop moves the trailing NULL element as
// well.
for (int j = i; j != *argc; j++) {
argv[j] = argv[j + 1];
}
// Decrements the argument count.
(*argc)--;
// We also need to decrement the iterator as we just removed
// an element.
i--;
}
}
}
} // namespace internal
// Initializes Google Mock. This must be called before running the
// tests. In particular, it parses a command line for the flags that
// Google Mock recognizes. Whenever a Google Mock flag is seen, it is
// removed from argv, and *argc is decremented.
//
// No value is returned. Instead, the Google Mock flag variables are
// updated.
//
// Since Google Test is needed for Google Mock to work, this function
// also initializes Google Test and parses its flags, if that hasn't
// been done.
GTEST_API_ void InitGoogleMock(int* argc, char** argv) {
internal::InitGoogleMockImpl(argc, argv);
}
// This overloaded version can be used in Windows programs compiled in
// UNICODE mode.
GTEST_API_ void InitGoogleMock(int* argc, wchar_t** argv) {
internal::InitGoogleMockImpl(argc, argv);
}
} // namespace testing

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// Copyright 2008, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
#include <iostream>
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
// MS C++ compiler/linker has a bug on Windows (not on Windows CE), which
// causes a link error when _tmain is defined in a static library and UNICODE
// is enabled. For this reason instead of _tmain, main function is used on
// Windows. See the following link to track the current status of this bug:
// http://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/ViewFeedback.aspx?FeedbackID=394464 // NOLINT
#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
# include <tchar.h> // NOLINT
GTEST_API_ int _tmain(int argc, TCHAR** argv) {
#else
GTEST_API_ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
#endif // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS_MOBILE
std::cout << "Running main() from gmock_main.cc\n";
// Since Google Mock depends on Google Test, InitGoogleMock() is
// also responsible for initializing Google Test. Therefore there's
// no need for calling testing::InitGoogleTest() separately.
testing::InitGoogleMock(&argc, argv);
return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
}

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// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file tests the built-in cardinalities.
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#include "gtest/gtest-spi.h"
namespace {
using std::stringstream;
using testing::AnyNumber;
using testing::AtLeast;
using testing::AtMost;
using testing::Between;
using testing::Cardinality;
using testing::CardinalityInterface;
using testing::Exactly;
using testing::IsSubstring;
using testing::MakeCardinality;
class MockFoo {
public:
MockFoo() {}
MOCK_METHOD0(Bar, int()); // NOLINT
private:
GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(MockFoo);
};
// Tests that Cardinality objects can be default constructed.
TEST(CardinalityTest, IsDefaultConstructable) {
Cardinality c;
}
// Tests that Cardinality objects are copyable.
TEST(CardinalityTest, IsCopyable) {
// Tests the copy constructor.
Cardinality c = Exactly(1);
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(1));
// Tests the assignment operator.
c = Exactly(2);
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(2));
}
TEST(CardinalityTest, IsOverSaturatedByCallCountWorks) {
const Cardinality c = AtMost(5);
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsOverSaturatedByCallCount(4));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsOverSaturatedByCallCount(5));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsOverSaturatedByCallCount(6));
}
// Tests that Cardinality::DescribeActualCallCountTo() creates the
// correct description.
TEST(CardinalityTest, CanDescribeActualCallCount) {
stringstream ss0;
Cardinality::DescribeActualCallCountTo(0, &ss0);
EXPECT_EQ("never called", ss0.str());
stringstream ss1;
Cardinality::DescribeActualCallCountTo(1, &ss1);
EXPECT_EQ("called once", ss1.str());
stringstream ss2;
Cardinality::DescribeActualCallCountTo(2, &ss2);
EXPECT_EQ("called twice", ss2.str());
stringstream ss3;
Cardinality::DescribeActualCallCountTo(3, &ss3);
EXPECT_EQ("called 3 times", ss3.str());
}
// Tests AnyNumber()
TEST(AnyNumber, Works) {
const Cardinality c = AnyNumber();
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(9));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(9));
stringstream ss;
c.DescribeTo(&ss);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "called any number of times",
ss.str());
}
TEST(AnyNumberTest, HasCorrectBounds) {
const Cardinality c = AnyNumber();
EXPECT_EQ(0, c.ConservativeLowerBound());
EXPECT_EQ(INT_MAX, c.ConservativeUpperBound());
}
// Tests AtLeast(n).
TEST(AtLeastTest, OnNegativeNumber) {
EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({ // NOLINT
AtLeast(-1);
}, "The invocation lower bound must be >= 0");
}
TEST(AtLeastTest, OnZero) {
const Cardinality c = AtLeast(0);
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(1));
stringstream ss;
c.DescribeTo(&ss);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "any number of times",
ss.str());
}
TEST(AtLeastTest, OnPositiveNumber) {
const Cardinality c = AtLeast(2);
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(2));
stringstream ss1;
AtLeast(1).DescribeTo(&ss1);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "at least once",
ss1.str());
stringstream ss2;
c.DescribeTo(&ss2);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "at least twice",
ss2.str());
stringstream ss3;
AtLeast(3).DescribeTo(&ss3);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "at least 3 times",
ss3.str());
}
TEST(AtLeastTest, HasCorrectBounds) {
const Cardinality c = AtLeast(2);
EXPECT_EQ(2, c.ConservativeLowerBound());
EXPECT_EQ(INT_MAX, c.ConservativeUpperBound());
}
// Tests AtMost(n).
TEST(AtMostTest, OnNegativeNumber) {
EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({ // NOLINT
AtMost(-1);
}, "The invocation upper bound must be >= 0");
}
TEST(AtMostTest, OnZero) {
const Cardinality c = AtMost(0);
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(1));
stringstream ss;
c.DescribeTo(&ss);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "never called",
ss.str());
}
TEST(AtMostTest, OnPositiveNumber) {
const Cardinality c = AtMost(2);
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(2));
stringstream ss1;
AtMost(1).DescribeTo(&ss1);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "called at most once",
ss1.str());
stringstream ss2;
c.DescribeTo(&ss2);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "called at most twice",
ss2.str());
stringstream ss3;
AtMost(3).DescribeTo(&ss3);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "called at most 3 times",
ss3.str());
}
TEST(AtMostTest, HasCorrectBounds) {
const Cardinality c = AtMost(2);
EXPECT_EQ(0, c.ConservativeLowerBound());
EXPECT_EQ(2, c.ConservativeUpperBound());
}
// Tests Between(m, n).
TEST(BetweenTest, OnNegativeStart) {
EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({ // NOLINT
Between(-1, 2);
}, "The invocation lower bound must be >= 0, but is actually -1");
}
TEST(BetweenTest, OnNegativeEnd) {
EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({ // NOLINT
Between(1, -2);
}, "The invocation upper bound must be >= 0, but is actually -2");
}
TEST(BetweenTest, OnStartBiggerThanEnd) {
EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({ // NOLINT
Between(2, 1);
}, "The invocation upper bound (1) must be >= "
"the invocation lower bound (2)");
}
TEST(BetweenTest, OnZeroStartAndZeroEnd) {
const Cardinality c = Between(0, 0);
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(1));
stringstream ss;
c.DescribeTo(&ss);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "never called",
ss.str());
}
TEST(BetweenTest, OnZeroStartAndNonZeroEnd) {
const Cardinality c = Between(0, 2);
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(4));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(4));
stringstream ss;
c.DescribeTo(&ss);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "called at most twice",
ss.str());
}
TEST(BetweenTest, OnSameStartAndEnd) {
const Cardinality c = Between(3, 3);
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(3));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(3));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(4));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(4));
stringstream ss;
c.DescribeTo(&ss);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "called 3 times",
ss.str());
}
TEST(BetweenTest, OnDifferentStartAndEnd) {
const Cardinality c = Between(3, 5);
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(3));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(3));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(5));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(5));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(6));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(6));
stringstream ss;
c.DescribeTo(&ss);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "called between 3 and 5 times",
ss.str());
}
TEST(BetweenTest, HasCorrectBounds) {
const Cardinality c = Between(3, 5);
EXPECT_EQ(3, c.ConservativeLowerBound());
EXPECT_EQ(5, c.ConservativeUpperBound());
}
// Tests Exactly(n).
TEST(ExactlyTest, OnNegativeNumber) {
EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE({ // NOLINT
Exactly(-1);
}, "The invocation lower bound must be >= 0");
}
TEST(ExactlyTest, OnZero) {
const Cardinality c = Exactly(0);
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(1));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(1));
stringstream ss;
c.DescribeTo(&ss);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "never called",
ss.str());
}
TEST(ExactlyTest, OnPositiveNumber) {
const Cardinality c = Exactly(2);
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(0));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(2));
stringstream ss1;
Exactly(1).DescribeTo(&ss1);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "called once",
ss1.str());
stringstream ss2;
c.DescribeTo(&ss2);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "called twice",
ss2.str());
stringstream ss3;
Exactly(3).DescribeTo(&ss3);
EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT2(IsSubstring, "called 3 times",
ss3.str());
}
TEST(ExactlyTest, HasCorrectBounds) {
const Cardinality c = Exactly(3);
EXPECT_EQ(3, c.ConservativeLowerBound());
EXPECT_EQ(3, c.ConservativeUpperBound());
}
// Tests that a user can make his own cardinality by implementing
// CardinalityInterface and calling MakeCardinality().
class EvenCardinality : public CardinalityInterface {
public:
// Returns true iff call_count calls will satisfy this cardinality.
virtual bool IsSatisfiedByCallCount(int call_count) const {
return (call_count % 2 == 0);
}
// Returns true iff call_count calls will saturate this cardinality.
virtual bool IsSaturatedByCallCount(int /* call_count */) const {
return false;
}
// Describes self to an ostream.
virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* ss) const {
*ss << "called even number of times";
}
};
TEST(MakeCardinalityTest, ConstructsCardinalityFromInterface) {
const Cardinality c = MakeCardinality(new EvenCardinality);
EXPECT_TRUE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(2));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSatisfiedByCallCount(3));
EXPECT_FALSE(c.IsSaturatedByCallCount(10000));
stringstream ss;
c.DescribeTo(&ss);
EXPECT_EQ("called even number of times", ss.str());
}
} // Unnamed namespace

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