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Finish docs for v3.0.0 (#1269)

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* WIP

* Rewrite the introduction segment of the Nested JSON

Co-authored-by: Batuhan Taskaya <isidentical@gmail.com>
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6
CHANGELOG.md
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/).
## [3.0.0.dev0](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/compare/2.6.0...master) (unreleased)
- Drop support for Python 3.6. ([#1177](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1177))
- Dropped support for Python 3.6. ([#1177](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1177))
- Improved startup time by 40%. ([#1211](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/pull/1211))
- Added support for nested JSON syntax. ([#1169](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1169))
- Added `httpie plugins` interface for plugin management. ([#566](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/566))
@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/).
- Added support for _receiving_ multiple HTTP headers lines with the same name. ([#1207](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1207))
- Added support for basic JSON types on `--form`/`--multipart` when using JSON only operators (`:=`/`:=@`). ([#1212](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1212))
- Added support for automatically enabling `--stream` when `Content-Type` is `text/event-stream`. ([#376](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/376))
- Added support for displaying the total elapsed time throguh `--meta`/`-vv` or `--print=m`. ([#243](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/243))
- Added support for displaying the total elapsed time through `--meta`/`-vv` or `--print=m`. ([#243](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/243))
- Added new `pie-dark`/`pie-light` (and `pie`) styles that match with [HTTPie for Web and Desktop](https://httpie.io/product). ([#1237](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1237))
- Added support for better error handling on DNS failures. ([#1248](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1248))
- Added support for storing prompted passwords in the local sessions. ([#1098](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1098))
- Added warnings about the `--ignore-stdin`, when there is no incoming data from stdin. ([#1255](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1255))
- Broken plugins will no longer crash the whole application. ([#1204](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1204))
- Fixed crashing due to broken plugins. ([#1204](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1204))
- Fixed auto addition of XML declaration to every formatted XML response. ([#1156](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1156))
- Fixed highlighting when `Content-Type` specifies `charset`. ([#1242](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1242))
- Fixed an unexpected crash when `--raw` is used with `--chunked`. ([#1253](https://github.com/httpie/httpie/issues/1253))

198
docs/README.md
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@ -598,7 +598,7 @@ Content-Type: application/json
## JSON
JSON is the *lingua franca* of modern web services and it is also the **implicit content type** HTTPie uses by default.
JSON is the *lingua franca* of modern web services, and it is also the **implicit content type** HTTPie uses by default.
Simple example:
@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ Host: pie.dev
If your command includes some data [request items](#request-items), they are serialized as a JSON object by default. HTTPie also automatically sets the following headers, both of which can be overwritten:
| Header | Value |
| -------------: | ----------------------------- |
|---------------:|-------------------------------|
| `Content-Type` | `application/json` |
| `Accept` | `application/json, */*;q=0.5` |
@ -677,132 +677,106 @@ The `:=`/`:=@` syntax is JSON-specific. You can switch your request to `--form`
and string, float, and number values will continue to be serialized (as string form values).
Other JSON types, however, are not allowed with `--form` or `--multipart`.
### Nested JSON fields
### Nested JSON
In the past (pre-3.0), HTTPie's data operators (`=`/`:=`) allowed you to
directly create basic JSON objects right from your terminal. Though this
functionality was limited to only top-level keys.
```bash
$ http --offline --print=B pie.dev/post \
type=success
```
```json
{
"type": "success"
}
```
For embedding more complex JSON objects, you needed to use the `:=` operator.
```bash
$ http --offline --print=B pie.dev/post \
type=success \
'product:={"name":"something", "price":10}'
```
```json
{
"product": {
"name": "something",
"price": 10
},
"type": "success"
}
```
Starting with 3.0, we have created a mini language in HTTPie's own syntax to
build complex JSON objects with ease. This syntax was inspired by the [JSON form](https://www.w3.org/TR/html-json-forms/)
proposal for HTML, though we have changed a lot of parts to offer the best experience.
If your use case involves sending complex JSON objects as part of the request body,
HTTPie can help you build them right from your terminal. You still use the existing
data field operators (`=`/`:=`) but instead of specifying a top-level field name (like `key=value`), you specify a path declaration. This tells HTTPie where and how to put the given value inside of an object.
#### Introduction
Let's start with a simple introduction, and build the JSON object we have seen in the example
above:
Let's start with a simple example, and build a simple search query:
```bash
$ http --offline --print=B pie.dev/post \
type=success \
product[name]=something \
product[price]:=10
category=tools \
search[type]=id \
search[id]:=1
```
With the new syntax, you can designate the path for the value. For example `product[name]` means
create a new object under the `product` key, and set the `name` field of that object to the given
value.
```json
{
"product": {
"name": "something",
"price": 10
},
"type": "success"
}
```
You can also build arrays, through `[]` suffix. Which means create a list, and append the value
to that list:
```bash
$ http --offline --print=B pie.dev/post \
search[keywords][]=soda \
search[keywords][]=fries
```
In the example above, the `search[type]` is an instruction for creating an object called `search`, and setting the `type` field of it to the given value (`"id"`).
Also note that, just as the regular syntax, you can use the `:=` operator to directly pass raw JSON values (e.g numbers in the case above).
```json
{
"category": "tools",
"search": {
"keywords": [
"soda",
"fries"
]
"id": 1,
"type": "id"
}
}
```
If you want to specify the direct index, that is also supported:
Building arrays is also possible, through `[]` suffix (an append operation). This tells HTTPie to create an array in the given path (if there is not one already), and append the given value to that array.
```bash
$ http --offline --print=B pie.dev/post \
search[keywords][0]=soda \
search[keywords][1]=fries
category=tools \
search[type]=keyword \
search[keywords][]=APIs \
search[keywords][]=CLI
```
```json
{
"category": "tools",
"search": {
"keywords": [
"soda",
"fries"
]
"APIs",
"CLI"
],
"type": "keyword"
}
}
```
You can also create 'sparse arrays' (arrays where you set 2 non-consecutive indexes), which
the missing values gets nullified:
If you want to explicitly specify the position of elements inside an array,
you can simply pass the desired index as the path:
```bash
$ http --offline --print=B pie.dev/post \
search[keywords][2]=soda \
search[keywords][5]=fries \
search[keywords][]=fish
category=tools \
search[type]=keyword \
search[keywords][1]=APIs \
search[keywords][2]=CLI
```
```json
{
"category": "tools",
"search": {
"keywords": [
"CLIs",
"API"
],
"type": "keyword"
}
}
```
If there are any missing indexes, HTTPie will nullify them in order to create a concrete object that can be sent:
```bash
$ http --offline --print=B pie.dev/post \
category=tools \
search[type]=platforms \
search[platforms][]=Terminal \
search[platforms][1]=Desktop \
search[platforms][3]=Mobile
```
```json
{
"category": "tools",
"search": {
"platforms": [
"Terminal",
"Desktop",
null,
null,
"soda",
null,
null,
"fries",
"fish"
]
"Mobile"
],
"type": "platforms"
}
}
```
@ -811,27 +785,29 @@ It is also possible to embed raw JSON to a nested structure, for example:
```bash
$ http --offline --print=B pie.dev/post \
invitation[type]=meetup \
'invitation[dates]:=[2021, 2022, 2023, 2024]' \
invitation[dates][]:=2025
category=tools \
search[type]=platforms \
'search[platforms]:=["Terminal", "Desktop"]' \
search[platforms][]=Web \
search[platforms][]=Mobile
```
```json
{
"invitation": {
"dates": [
2021,
2022,
2023,
2024,
2025
"category": "tools",
"search": {
"platforms": [
"Terminal",
"Desktop",
"Web",
"Mobile"
],
"type": "meetup"
"type": "platforms"
}
}
```
And for the last, let's create a very deeply nested JSON object:
And just to demonstrate all of these features together, let's create a very deeply nested JSON object:
```bash
$ http PUT pie.dev/put \
@ -843,11 +819,11 @@ $ http PUT pie.dev/put \
very[nested][json][3][httpie][power][]=Amaze # Nested object
```
#### Advanced Usage
#### Advanced usage
##### Escaping Behavior
##### Escaping behavior
Nested JSON syntax uses the same escaping rules [escaping rules](escaping-rules) as
Nested JSON syntax uses the same [escaping rules](#escaping-rules) as
the terminal. There are 3 special characters, and 1 special token that you can escape.
If you want to send a bracket as is, escape it with a backslash (`\`):
@ -907,7 +883,7 @@ $ http --offline --print=B pie.dev/post \
}
```
##### Guiding Syntax Errors
##### Guiding syntax errors
If you make a typo or forget to close a bracket, the errors will guide you to fix it. For example:
@ -925,7 +901,7 @@ foo[baz][quux
You can follow to given instruction (adding a `]`) and repair your expression.
##### Type Safety
##### Type safety
Each container path (e.g `x[y][z]` in `x[y][z][1]`) has a certain type, which gets defined with
the first usage and can't be changed after that. If you try to do a key-based access to an array or
@ -959,18 +935,12 @@ $ http --offline --print=B pie.dev/post \
### Raw JSON
Please note that on some very complex JSON structures, manually building the JSON object right from the terminal
might be more complicated compared to typing it on a file and directly sending it through HTTPie. Depending on your
use case, some of the following examples can help:
For very complex JSON structures, it may be more convenient to [pass it as raw request body](#raw-request-body), for example:
```bash
$ echo -n '{"hello": "world"}' | http POST pie.dev/post
```
```bash
$ http --raw '{"hello": "world"}' POST pie.dev/post
```
```bash
$ http POST pie.dev/post < files/data.json
```
@ -1253,7 +1223,7 @@ the [sessions](#sessions) feature.
The currently supported authentication schemes are Basic and Digest (see [auth plugins](#auth-plugins) for more). There are two flags that control authentication:
| Flag | Arguments |
| ----------------: | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|------------------:|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `--auth, -a` | Pass either a `username:password` pair or a `token` as the argument. If the selected authenticated method requires username/password combination and if you only specify a username (`-a username`), you’ll be prompted for the password before the request is sent. To send an empty password, pass `username:`. The `username:password@hostname` URL syntax is supported as well (but credentials passed via `-a` have higher priority) |
| `--auth-type, -A` | Specify the auth mechanism. Possible values are `basic`, `digest`, `bearer` or the name of any [auth plugins](#auth-plugins) you have installed. The default value is `basic` so it can often be omitted |
@ -1592,7 +1562,7 @@ The response headers are downloaded always, even if they are not part of the out
In addition to crafting structured [JSON](#json) and [forms](#forms) requests with the [request items](#request-items) syntax, you can provide a raw request body that will be sent without further processing.
These two approaches for specifying request data (i.e., structured and raw) cannot be combined.
There’re three methods for passing raw request data: piping via `stdin`,
There are three methods for passing raw request data: piping via `stdin`,
`--raw='data'`, and `@/file/path`.
### Redirected Input