2023-06-30 11:00:03 +02:00
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# 安装使用 Home Manager
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2023-06-23 17:18:01 +02:00
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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前面简单提过,NixOS 自身的配置文件只能管理系统级别的配置,而用户级别的配置则需要使用 home-manager 来管理。
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2023-06-24 06:20:01 +02:00
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根据官方文档 [Home Manager Manual](https://nix-community.github.io/home-manager/index.html),要将 home manager 作为 NixOS 模块安装,首先需要创建 `/etc/nixos/home.nix`,配置方法如下:
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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```nix
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{ config, pkgs, ... }:
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{
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# 注意修改这里的用户名与用户目录
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home.username = "ryan";
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home.homeDirectory = "/home/ryan";
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# 直接将当前文件夹的配置文件,链接到 Home 目录下的指定位置
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# home.file.".config/i3/wallpaper.jpg".source = ./wallpaper.jpg;
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# 递归将某个文件夹中的文件,链接到 Home 目录下的指定位置
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# home.file.".config/i3/scripts" = {
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# source = ./scripts;
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# recursive = true; # 递归整个文件夹
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# executable = true; # 将其中所有文件添加「执行」权限
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# };
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# 直接以 text 的方式,在 nix 配置文件中硬编码文件内容
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# home.file.".xxx".text = ''
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# xxx
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# '';
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# 设置鼠标指针大小以及字体 DPI(适用于 4K 显示器)
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xresources.properties = {
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"Xcursor.size" = 16;
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"Xft.dpi" = 172;
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};
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# git 相关配置
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programs.git = {
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enable = true;
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userName = "Ryan Yin";
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userEmail = "xiaoyin_c@qq.com";
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};
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# 通过 home.packages 安装一些常用的软件
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# 这些软件将仅在当前用户下可用,不会影响系统级别的配置
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# 建议将所有 GUI 软件,以及与 OS 关系不大的 CLI 软件,都通过 home.packages 安装
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home.packages = with pkgs;[
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# 如下是我常用的一些命令行工具,你可以根据自己的需要进行增删
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neofetch
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nnn # terminal file manager
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# archives
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zip
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xz
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unzip
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p7zip
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# utils
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ripgrep # recursively searches directories for a regex pattern
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jq # A lightweight and flexible command-line JSON processor
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yq-go # yaml processer https://github.com/mikefarah/yq
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exa # A modern replacement for ‘ls’
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fzf # A command-line fuzzy finder
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# networking tools
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mtr # A network diagnostic tool
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iperf3
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dnsutils # `dig` + `nslookup`
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ldns # replacement of `dig`, it provide the command `drill`
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aria2 # A lightweight multi-protocol & multi-source command-line download utility
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socat # replacement of openbsd-netcat
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nmap # A utility for network discovery and security auditing
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ipcalc # it is a calculator for the IPv4/v6 addresses
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# misc
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cowsay
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file
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which
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tree
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gnused
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gnutar
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gawk
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zstd
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gnupg
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# nix related
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#
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2023-07-06 05:04:52 +02:00
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# it provides the command `nom` works just like `nix`
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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# with more details log output
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nix-output-monitor
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# productivity
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hugo # static site generator
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glow # markdown previewer in terminal
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btop # replacement of htop/nmon
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iotop # io monitoring
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iftop # network monitoring
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# system call monitoring
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strace # system call monitoring
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ltrace # library call monitoring
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lsof # list open files
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# system tools
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sysstat
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lm_sensors # for `sensors` command
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ethtool
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pciutils # lspci
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usbutils # lsusb
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];
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# 启用 starship,这是一个漂亮的 shell 提示符
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programs.starship = {
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enable = true;
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2023-07-08 05:44:49 +02:00
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# 自定义配置
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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settings = {
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add_newline = false;
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aws.disabled = true;
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gcloud.disabled = true;
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line_break.disabled = true;
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};
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};
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2023-07-08 05:44:49 +02:00
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# alacritty - 一个跨平台终端,带 GPU 加速功能
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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programs.alacritty = {
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enable = true;
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2023-07-08 05:44:49 +02:00
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# 自定义配置
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settings = {
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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env.TERM = "xterm-256color";
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font = {
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size = 12;
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draw_bold_text_with_bright_colors = true;
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};
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scrolling.multiplier = 5;
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selection.save_to_clipboard = true;
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2023-07-08 05:44:49 +02:00
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};
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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};
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programs.bash = {
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enable = true;
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enableCompletion = true;
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2023-07-08 05:44:49 +02:00
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# TODO 在这里添加你的自定义 bashrc 内容
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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bashrcExtra = ''
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export PATH="$PATH:$HOME/bin:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/go/bin"
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'';
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2023-07-08 05:44:49 +02:00
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# TODO 设置一些别名方便使用,你可以根据自己的需要进行增删
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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shellAliases = {
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2023-07-08 05:44:49 +02:00
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k = "kubectl";
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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urldecode = "python3 -c 'import sys, urllib.parse as ul; print(ul.unquote_plus(sys.stdin.read()))'";
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urlencode = "python3 -c 'import sys, urllib.parse as ul; print(ul.quote_plus(sys.stdin.read()))'";
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};
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};
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# This value determines the Home Manager release that your
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# configuration is compatible with. This helps avoid breakage
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# when a new Home Manager release introduces backwards
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# incompatible changes.
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#
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# You can update Home Manager without changing this value. See
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# the Home Manager release notes for a list of state version
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# changes in each release.
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2023-07-08 05:44:49 +02:00
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home.stateVersion = "23.05";
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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# Let Home Manager install and manage itself.
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programs.home-manager.enable = true;
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}
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```
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添加好 `/etc/nixos/home.nix` 后,还需要在 `/etc/nixos/flake.nix` 中导入该配置,它才能生效,可以使用如下命令,在当前文件夹中生成一个示例配置以供参考:
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```shell
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nix flake new example -t github:nix-community/home-manager#nixos
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```
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调整好参数后的 `/etc/nixos/flake.nix` 内容示例如下:
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```nix
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{
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description = "NixOS configuration";
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inputs = {
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nixpkgs.url = "github:nixos/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable";
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home-manager.url = "github:nix-community/home-manager";
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home-manager.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
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};
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outputs = inputs@{ nixpkgs, home-manager, ... }: {
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nixosConfigurations = {
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# 这里的 nixos-test 替换成你的主机名称
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nixos-test = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
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system = "x86_64-linux";
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modules = [
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./configuration.nix
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# 将 home-manager 配置为 nixos 的一个 module
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# 这样在 nixos-rebuild switch 时,home-manager 配置也会被自动部署
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home-manager.nixosModules.home-manager
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{
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home-manager.useGlobalPkgs = true;
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home-manager.useUserPackages = true;
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# 这里的 ryan 也得替换成你的用户名
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# 这里的 import 函数在前面 Nix 语法中介绍过了,不再赘述
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home-manager.users.ryan = import ./home.nix;
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# 使用 home-manager.extraSpecialArgs 自定义传递给 ./home.nix 的参数
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# 取消注释下面这一行,就可以在 home.nix 中使用 flake 的所有 inputs 参数了
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# home-manager.extraSpecialArgs = inputs;
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}
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];
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};
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};
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};
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}
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```
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然后执行 `sudo nixos-rebuild switch` 应用配置,即可完成 home-manager 的安装。
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2023-12-05 02:59:17 +01:00
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> 如果你的系统 Hostname 不是 `nixos-test`,你需要在 `flake.nix` 中修改 `nixosConfigurations` 的名称,或者使用 `--flake /etc/nixos#nixos-test` 来指定配置名称。
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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安装完成后,所有用户级别的程序、配置,都可以通过 `/etc/nixos/home.nix` 管理,并且执行 `sudo nixos-rebuild switch` 时也会自动应用 home-manager 的配置。
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`home.nix` 中 Home Manager 的配置项有这几种查找方式:
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- [Home Manager - Appendix A. Configuration Options](https://nix-community.github.io/home-manager/options.html): 一份包含了所有配置项的列表,建议在其中关键字搜索。
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2023-07-06 05:59:53 +02:00
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- [Home Manager Option Search](https://mipmip.github.io/home-manager-option-search/): 一个更方便的 option 搜索工具。
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2023-06-23 14:29:12 +02:00
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- [home-manager](https://github.com/nix-community/home-manager): 有些配置项在官方文档中没有列出,或者文档描述不够清晰,可以直接在这份 home-manager 的源码中搜索阅读对应的源码。
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2023-07-11 11:22:29 +02:00
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## Home Manager vs NixOS
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有许多的软件包或者软件配置, 既可以使用 NixOS Module 配置(`configuration.nix`),也可以使用 Home Manager 配置(`home.nix`), 这带来一个选择难题: **将软件包或者配置文件写在 NixOS Module 里还是 Homa Manager 配置里面有何区别? 该如何决策?**
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首先看看区别, NixOS Module 中安装的软件包跟配置文件都是整个系统全局的, 全局的配置通常会被存放在 `/etc` 中, 而全局的软件也通常被链接到全局. 不论切换到哪个用户下,
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都能正常使用该软件或配置.
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而 Home Manager 安装的所有东西, 都仅在对应的用户下可用, 切换到其他用户后这些配置跟软件就都失效了.
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根据这种特性, 一般的推荐用法是:
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2023-10-12 17:41:57 +02:00
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- NixOS Module: 安装系统的核心组件, 以及所有用户都需要用到的其他软件包或配置
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- 比如说如果你希望某个软件包能在你切换到 root 用户时仍能正常使用, 或者使某个配置能在系统全局生效, 那就得用 NixOS Module 来安装它
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- Home Manager: 其他所有的配置与软件, 都建议用 Home Manager 来安装
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## 如何以特权身份使用 Home Manager 安装的软件包?
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对这个问题,首先想到的一般都是直接切换到 `root` 用户, 可切换用户后,当前用户通过 `home.nix` 安装的软件包都将不可用。
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让我们以 `kubectl` 为例(已通过 `home.nix` 预先安装好),来演示一下:
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```sh
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# 1. kubectl 当前可用
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› kubectl | head
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kubectl controls the Kubernetes cluster manager.
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Find more information at: https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/kubectl/
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......
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# 2. 切换到 `root` 用户
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› sudo su
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# 3. kubectl 不再可用,报错找不到它
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> kubectl
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Error: nu::shell::external_command
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× External command failed
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╭─[entry #1:1:1]
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1 │ kubectl
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· ───┬───
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· ╰── executable was not found
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╰────
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help: No such file or directory (os error 2)
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/home/ryan/nix-config> exit
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```
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但是,我们可以通过 `sudo` 命令,临时授予当前用户访问系统资源的特权,从而在不切换到 `root` 用户的情况下,使用 `home.nix` 安装的软件包:
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```sh
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› sudo kubectl
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kubectl controls the Kubernetes cluster manager.
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...
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```
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