mirror of
https://github.com/ryan4yin/nixos-and-flakes-book.git
synced 2024-11-22 16:13:26 +01:00
feat: finish 'best practices'
This commit is contained in:
parent
9db31c0d59
commit
02cb15d169
@ -83,6 +83,24 @@ export default defineConfig({
|
||||
{ text: "Overlays", link: "/nixpkgs/overlays.md" },
|
||||
],
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: "Best Practices",
|
||||
items: [
|
||||
{ text: "Introduction", link: "/best-practices/intro.md" },
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: "Run downloaded binaries on NixOS",
|
||||
link: "/best-practices/run-downloaded-binaries-on-nixos.md",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: "Simplify NixOS-related Commands",
|
||||
link: "/best-practices/simplify-nixos-related-commands.md",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: "Debug with nix repl",
|
||||
link: "/best-practices/debug-with-nix-repl.md",
|
||||
},
|
||||
],
|
||||
},
|
||||
],
|
||||
|
||||
socialLinks: [
|
||||
@ -178,7 +196,21 @@ export default defineConfig({
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: "NixOS 最佳实践",
|
||||
items: [{ text: "快速入门", link: "/zh/best-practices/index.md" }],
|
||||
items: [
|
||||
{ text: "简介", link: "/zh/best-practices/intro.md" },
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: "运行非 NixOS 的二进制文件",
|
||||
link: "/zh/best-practices/run-downloaded-binaries-on-nixos.md",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: "使用 Makefile 简化常用命令",
|
||||
link: "/zh/best-practices/simplify-nixos-related-commands.md",
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: "使用 nix repl 查看源码、调试配置",
|
||||
link: "/zh/best-practices/debug-with-nix-repl.md",
|
||||
},
|
||||
],
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
text: "Flakes 的其他玩法",
|
||||
|
152
docs/best-practices/debug-with-nix-repl.md
Normal file
152
docs/best-practices/debug-with-nix-repl.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## Debug with `nix repl`
|
||||
|
||||
We've used `nix repl '<nixpkgs>'` many times to check the source code in this guide, it's really a powerful tool to help us understand how things work in Nix.
|
||||
|
||||
Better take a look at the help message of `nix repl`:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
› nix repl -f '<nixpkgs>'
|
||||
Welcome to Nix 2.13.3. Type :? for help.
|
||||
|
||||
Loading installable ''...
|
||||
Added 17755 variables.
|
||||
nix-repl> :?
|
||||
The following commands are available:
|
||||
|
||||
<expr> Evaluate and print expression
|
||||
<x> = <expr> Bind expression to variable
|
||||
:a <expr> Add attributes from resulting set to scope
|
||||
:b <expr> Build a derivation
|
||||
:bl <expr> Build a derivation, creating GC roots in the working directory
|
||||
:e <expr> Open package or function in $EDITOR
|
||||
:i <expr> Build derivation, then install result into current profile
|
||||
:l <path> Load Nix expression and add it to scope
|
||||
:lf <ref> Load Nix flake and add it to scope
|
||||
:p <expr> Evaluate and print expression recursively
|
||||
:q Exit nix-repl
|
||||
:r Reload all files
|
||||
:sh <expr> Build dependencies of derivation, then start nix-shell
|
||||
:t <expr> Describe result of evaluation
|
||||
:u <expr> Build derivation, then start nix-shell
|
||||
:doc <expr> Show documentation of a builtin function
|
||||
:log <expr> Show logs for a derivation
|
||||
:te [bool] Enable, disable or toggle showing traces for errors
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Some expressions that I use frequently: `:lf <ref>`, `:e <expr>`.
|
||||
|
||||
`:e <expr>` is very intuitive, so I won't repeat it. let's take a look at `:lf <ref>`:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
# cd into my nix-config repo(you should replace it with your own nix-config repo)
|
||||
› cd ~/nix-config/
|
||||
|
||||
# enter nix repl
|
||||
› nix repl
|
||||
Welcome to Nix 2.13.3. Type :? for help.
|
||||
|
||||
# load my nix flake and add it to scope
|
||||
nix-repl> :lf .
|
||||
Added 16 variables.
|
||||
|
||||
# press <TAB> to see what we have in scope
|
||||
nix-repl><TAB>
|
||||
# ......omit some outputs
|
||||
__isInt nixosConfigurations
|
||||
__isList null
|
||||
__isPath outPath
|
||||
__isString outputs
|
||||
__langVersion packages
|
||||
# ......omit some outputs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# check what's in inputs
|
||||
nix-repl> inputs.<TAB>
|
||||
inputs.agenix inputs.nixpkgs
|
||||
inputs.darwin inputs.nixpkgs-darwin
|
||||
inputs.home-manager inputs.nixpkgs-unstable
|
||||
inputs.hyprland inputs.nixpkgs-wayland
|
||||
inputs.nil
|
||||
inputs.nixos-generators
|
||||
|
||||
# check what's in inputs.nil
|
||||
nix-repl> inputs.nil.packages.
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.aarch64-darwin
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.aarch64-linux
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.x86_64-darwin
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.x86_64-linux
|
||||
|
||||
# check the outputs of my nix flake
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.aquamarine
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.kana
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ruby
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai._module
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai._type
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.class
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.extendModules
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.extraArgs
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.options
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.pkgs
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.type
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.age
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.appstream
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.assertions
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.boot
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.console
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.containers
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.activation
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.activationPackage
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.emptyActivationPath
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.enableDebugInfo
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.enableNixpkgsReleaseCheck
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraActivationPath
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraBuilderCommands
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraOutputsToInstall
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraProfileCommands
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.BROWSER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.DELTA_PAGER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.EDITOR
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.GLFW_IM_MODULE
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.MANPAGER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.QT_IM_MODULE
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.TERM
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
# check the value of `TERM`
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.TERM
|
||||
"xterm-256color"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# check all files defined by `home.file`
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..bash_profile
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..bashrc
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/fcitx5/profile
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/fcitx5/profile-bak
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/config
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/i3blocks.conf
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/keybindings
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/layouts
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/scripts
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/wallpaper.png
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/rofi
|
||||
#......
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, we can check every attribute of my flake in the REPL after loading it, which is very convenient for debugging.
|
@ -1,351 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
Nix is powerful and flexible, it provides a lot of ways to do things, making it difficult to find the most suitable way to do your job.
|
||||
Here are some best practices that I've learned from the community, hope it can help you.
|
||||
|
||||
## 1. Run downloaded binaries on NixOS
|
||||
|
||||
NixOS does not follow the FHS standard, so the binaries you download from the Internet will not likely work on NixOS. But there are some ways to make it work.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a detailed guide which provides 10 ways to run downloaded binaries on NixOS: [Different methods to run a non-nixos executable on Nixos](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/522822/different-methods-to-run-a-non-nixos-executable-on-nixos), I recommend you to read it.
|
||||
|
||||
Among these methods, I prefer creating a FHS environment to run the binary, which is very convenient and easy to use.
|
||||
|
||||
To create such an environment, add the following code to one of your nix modules:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
{ config, pkgs, lib, ... }:
|
||||
|
||||
{
|
||||
# ......omit many configurations
|
||||
|
||||
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
|
||||
# ......omit many packages
|
||||
|
||||
# create a fhs environment by command `fhs`, so we can run non-nixos packages in nixos!
|
||||
(pkgs.buildFHSUserEnv (base // {
|
||||
name = "fhs";
|
||||
targetPkgs = pkgs: (
|
||||
# pkgs.buildFHSUserEnv provides only a minimal fhs environment,
|
||||
# it lacks many basic packages needed by most softwares.
|
||||
# so we need to add them manually.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# pkgs.appimageTools provides basic packages needed by most softwares.
|
||||
(pkgs.appimageTools.defaultFhsEnvArgs.targetPkgs pkgs) ++ with pkgs; [
|
||||
pkg-config
|
||||
ncurses
|
||||
# feel free to add more packages here, if you need
|
||||
]
|
||||
);
|
||||
profile = "export FHS=1";
|
||||
runScript = "bash";
|
||||
extraOutputsToInstall = ["dev"];
|
||||
}))
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
# ......omit many configurations
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
after applying the updated configuration, you can run `fhs` to enter the FHS environment, and then run the binary you downloaded, e.g.
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
# Activating FHS drops me in a shell which looks like a "normal" Linux
|
||||
$ fhs
|
||||
# check what we have in /usr/bin
|
||||
(fhs) $ ls /usr/bin
|
||||
# try to run a non-nixos binary downloaded from the Internet
|
||||
(fhs) $ ./bin/code
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 2. check the source code and debug with `nix repl`
|
||||
|
||||
We've used `nix repl '<nixpkgs>'` many times to check the source code in this guide, it's really a powerful tool to help us understand how things work in Nix.
|
||||
|
||||
Better take a look at the help message of `nix repl`:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
› nix repl -f '<nixpkgs>'
|
||||
Welcome to Nix 2.13.3. Type :? for help.
|
||||
|
||||
Loading installable ''...
|
||||
Added 17755 variables.
|
||||
nix-repl> :?
|
||||
The following commands are available:
|
||||
|
||||
<expr> Evaluate and print expression
|
||||
<x> = <expr> Bind expression to variable
|
||||
:a <expr> Add attributes from resulting set to scope
|
||||
:b <expr> Build a derivation
|
||||
:bl <expr> Build a derivation, creating GC roots in the working directory
|
||||
:e <expr> Open package or function in $EDITOR
|
||||
:i <expr> Build derivation, then install result into current profile
|
||||
:l <path> Load Nix expression and add it to scope
|
||||
:lf <ref> Load Nix flake and add it to scope
|
||||
:p <expr> Evaluate and print expression recursively
|
||||
:q Exit nix-repl
|
||||
:r Reload all files
|
||||
:sh <expr> Build dependencies of derivation, then start nix-shell
|
||||
:t <expr> Describe result of evaluation
|
||||
:u <expr> Build derivation, then start nix-shell
|
||||
:doc <expr> Show documentation of a builtin function
|
||||
:log <expr> Show logs for a derivation
|
||||
:te [bool] Enable, disable or toggle showing traces for errors
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Some expressions that I use frequently: `:lf <ref>`, `:e <expr>`.
|
||||
|
||||
`:e <expr>` is very intuitive, so I won't repeat it. let's take a look at `:lf <ref>`:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
# cd into my nix-config repo(you should replace it with your own nix-config repo)
|
||||
› cd ~/nix-config/
|
||||
|
||||
# enter nix repl
|
||||
› nix repl
|
||||
Welcome to Nix 2.13.3. Type :? for help.
|
||||
|
||||
# load my nix flake and add it to scope
|
||||
nix-repl> :lf .
|
||||
Added 16 variables.
|
||||
|
||||
# press <TAB> to see what we have in scope
|
||||
nix-repl><TAB>
|
||||
# ......omit some outputs
|
||||
__isInt nixosConfigurations
|
||||
__isList null
|
||||
__isPath outPath
|
||||
__isString outputs
|
||||
__langVersion packages
|
||||
# ......omit some outputs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# check what's in inputs
|
||||
nix-repl> inputs.<TAB>
|
||||
inputs.agenix inputs.nixpkgs
|
||||
inputs.darwin inputs.nixpkgs-darwin
|
||||
inputs.home-manager inputs.nixpkgs-unstable
|
||||
inputs.hyprland inputs.nixpkgs-wayland
|
||||
inputs.nil
|
||||
inputs.nixos-generators
|
||||
|
||||
# check what's in inputs.nil
|
||||
nix-repl> inputs.nil.packages.
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.aarch64-darwin
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.aarch64-linux
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.x86_64-darwin
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.x86_64-linux
|
||||
|
||||
# check the outputs of my nix flake
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.aquamarine
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.kana
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ruby
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai._module
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai._type
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.class
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.extendModules
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.extraArgs
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.options
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.pkgs
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.type
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.age
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.appstream
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.assertions
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.boot
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.console
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.containers
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.activation
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.activationPackage
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.emptyActivationPath
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.enableDebugInfo
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.enableNixpkgsReleaseCheck
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraActivationPath
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraBuilderCommands
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraOutputsToInstall
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraProfileCommands
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.BROWSER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.DELTA_PAGER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.EDITOR
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.GLFW_IM_MODULE
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.MANPAGER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.QT_IM_MODULE
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.TERM
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
# check the value of `TERM`
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.TERM
|
||||
"xterm-256color"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# check all files defined by `home.file`
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..bash_profile
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..bashrc
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/fcitx5/profile
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/fcitx5/profile-bak
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/config
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/i3blocks.conf
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/keybindings
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/layouts
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/scripts
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/wallpaper.png
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/rofi
|
||||
#......
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, we can check every attribute of my flake in the REPL after loading it, which is very convenient for debugging.
|
||||
|
||||
## 3. Remote deployment
|
||||
|
||||
Some tools like [NixOps](https://github.com/NixOS/nixops), [deploy-rs](https://github.com/serokell/deploy-rs), and [colmena](https://github.com/zhaofengli/colmena) can all be used to deploy NixOS configuration to remote hosts, but they are all too complicated for me, so skip them all.
|
||||
|
||||
`nixos-rebuild`, the tool we use to deploy NixOS configuration, also supports remote deployment through ssh protocol, which is very convenient and simple.
|
||||
|
||||
But `nixos-rebuild` does not support deploying with password authentication, so to use it for remote deployment, we need to:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Configure ssh public key authentication for the remote hosts.
|
||||
2. To avoid sudo password verification failures, we need to use the `root` user to deploy, or grant the user sudo permission without password verification.
|
||||
1. related issue: <https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/118655>
|
||||
|
||||
After the above configuration is completed, we can deploy the configuration to the server through the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 1. add the ssh key to ssh-agent first
|
||||
ssh-add ~/.ssh/ai-idols
|
||||
|
||||
# 2. deploy the configuration to the remote host, using the ssh key we added in step 1
|
||||
# and the username defaults to `$USER`, it's `ryan` in my case.
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host 192.168.4.1 --build-host 192.168.4.1 switch --use-remote-sudo --verbose
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The commands above will build & deploy the configuration to aquamarine, the build process will be executed on aquamarine too,
|
||||
and the `--use-remote-sudo` option indicates that we need to use sudo permission on the remote server to deploy the configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to build the configuration locally and deploy it to the remote server, just replace `--build-host aquamarinr` with `--build-host localhost`.
|
||||
|
||||
Instead of use ip address directly, we can also define some host aliases in `~/.ssh/config` or `/etc/ssh/ssh_config`, for example:
|
||||
|
||||
> ssh's config can be generated completely through Nix configuration, and this task is left to you.
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
› cat ~/.ssh/config
|
||||
|
||||
# ......
|
||||
|
||||
Host ai
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.100
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host aquamarine
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.101
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host ruby
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.102
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host kana
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.103
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Then we can use the host alias to deploy the configuration:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo --verbose
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 4. Work with Makefile
|
||||
|
||||
> NOTE: Makefile's target name should not be the same as one of the file or directory in the current directory, otherwise the target will not be executed!
|
||||
|
||||
I use Makefile to manage the commands of my flake, which is very convenient.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, my Makefile looks like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```makefile
|
||||
#
|
||||
# NOTE: Makefile's target name should not be the same as one of the file or directory in the current directory,
|
||||
# otherwise the target will not be executed!
|
||||
#
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Nix commands related to the local machine
|
||||
#
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
|
||||
deploy:
|
||||
nixos-rebuild switch --flake . --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
debug:
|
||||
nixos-rebuild switch --flake . --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
update:
|
||||
nix flake update
|
||||
|
||||
history:
|
||||
nix profile history --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system
|
||||
|
||||
gc:
|
||||
# remove all generations older than 7 days
|
||||
sudo nix profile wipe-history --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system --older-than 7d
|
||||
|
||||
# garbage collect all unused nix store entries
|
||||
sudo nix store gc --debug
|
||||
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Idols, Commands related to my remote distributed building cluster
|
||||
#
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
|
||||
add-idols-ssh-key:
|
||||
ssh-add ~/.ssh/ai-idols
|
||||
|
||||
aqua: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
aqua-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
ruby: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#ruby --target-host ruby --build-host ruby switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
ruby-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#ruby --target-host ruby --build-host ruby switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
kana: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#kana --target-host kana --build-host kana switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
kana-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#kana --target-host kana --build-host kana switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
idols: aqua ruby kana
|
||||
|
||||
idols-debug: aqua-debug ruby-debug kana-debug
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Save the above Makefile to the root directory of the flake, and then we can use `make deploy` to deploy the configuration to the local machine, and use `make idols` to deploy the configuration to all my remote servers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## References
|
||||
|
||||
- [Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse][Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse]
|
||||
|
||||
[Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse]: https://discourse.nixos.org/t/tips-tricks-for-nixos-desktop/28488
|
11
docs/best-practices/intro.md
Normal file
11
docs/best-practices/intro.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
Nix is powerful and flexible, it provides a lot of ways to do things, making it difficult to find the most suitable way to do your job.
|
||||
Here are some best practices that I've learned from the community, hope it can help you.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 4.
|
||||
## References
|
||||
|
||||
- [Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse][Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse]
|
||||
|
||||
[Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse]: https://discourse.nixos.org/t/tips-tricks-for-nixos-desktop/28488
|
60
docs/best-practices/remote-deployment.md
Normal file
60
docs/best-practices/remote-deployment.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## Remote deployment
|
||||
|
||||
Some tools like [NixOps](https://github.com/NixOS/nixops), [deploy-rs](https://github.com/serokell/deploy-rs), and [colmena](https://github.com/zhaofengli/colmena) can all be used to deploy NixOS configuration to remote hosts, but they are all too complicated for me.
|
||||
|
||||
`nixos-rebuild`, the tool we use to deploy NixOS configuration, also supports remote deployment through ssh protocol, which is very convenient and simple.
|
||||
|
||||
But `nixos-rebuild` does not support deploying with password authentication, so to use it for remote deployment, we need to:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Configure ssh public key authentication for the remote hosts.
|
||||
2. To avoid sudo password verification failures, we need to use the `root` user to deploy, or grant the user sudo permission without password verification.
|
||||
1. related issue: <https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/118655>
|
||||
|
||||
After the above configuration is completed, we can deploy the configuration to the server through the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 1. add the ssh key to ssh-agent first
|
||||
ssh-add ~/.ssh/ai-idols
|
||||
|
||||
# 2. deploy the configuration to the remote host, using the ssh key we added in step 1
|
||||
# and the username defaults to `$USER`, it's `ryan` in my case.
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host 192.168.4.1 --build-host 192.168.4.1 switch --use-remote-sudo --verbose
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The commands above will build & deploy the configuration to aquamarine, the build process will be executed on aquamarine too,
|
||||
and the `--use-remote-sudo` option indicates that we need to use sudo permission on the remote server to deploy the configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to build the configuration locally and deploy it to the remote server, just replace `--build-host aquamarinr` with `--build-host localhost`.
|
||||
|
||||
Instead of use ip address directly, we can also define some host aliases in `~/.ssh/config` or `/etc/ssh/ssh_config`, for example:
|
||||
|
||||
> ssh's config can be generated completely through Nix configuration, and this task is left to you.
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
› cat ~/.ssh/config
|
||||
|
||||
# ......
|
||||
|
||||
Host ai
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.100
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host aquamarine
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.101
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host ruby
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.102
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host kana
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.103
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Then we can use the host alias to deploy the configuration:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo --verbose
|
||||
```
|
58
docs/best-practices/run-downloaded-binaries-on-nixos.md
Normal file
58
docs/best-practices/run-downloaded-binaries-on-nixos.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
|
||||
## Run downloaded binaries on NixOS
|
||||
|
||||
NixOS does not follow the FHS standard, so the binaries you download from the Internet will not likely work on NixOS. But there are some ways to make it work.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a detailed guide which provides 10 ways to run downloaded binaries on NixOS: [Different methods to run a non-nixos executable on Nixos](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/522822/different-methods-to-run-a-non-nixos-executable-on-nixos), I recommend you to read it.
|
||||
|
||||
Among these methods, I prefer creating a FHS environment to run the binary, which is very convenient and easy to use.
|
||||
|
||||
To create such an environment, add the following code to one of your nix modules:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
{ config, pkgs, lib, ... }:
|
||||
|
||||
{
|
||||
# ......omit many configurations
|
||||
|
||||
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
|
||||
# ......omit many packages
|
||||
|
||||
# create a fhs environment by command `fhs`, so we can run non-nixos packages in nixos!
|
||||
(pkgs.buildFHSUserEnv (base // {
|
||||
name = "fhs";
|
||||
targetPkgs = pkgs: (
|
||||
# pkgs.buildFHSUserEnv provides only a minimal fhs environment,
|
||||
# it lacks many basic packages needed by most softwares.
|
||||
# so we need to add them manually.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# pkgs.appimageTools provides basic packages needed by most softwares.
|
||||
(pkgs.appimageTools.defaultFhsEnvArgs.targetPkgs pkgs) ++ with pkgs; [
|
||||
pkg-config
|
||||
ncurses
|
||||
# feel free to add more packages here, if you need
|
||||
]
|
||||
);
|
||||
profile = "export FHS=1";
|
||||
runScript = "bash";
|
||||
extraOutputsToInstall = ["dev"];
|
||||
}))
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
# ......omit many configurations
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
after applying the updated configuration, you can run `fhs` to enter the FHS environment, and then run the binary you downloaded, e.g.
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
# Activating FHS drops me in a shell which looks like a "normal" Linux
|
||||
$ fhs
|
||||
# check what we have in /usr/bin
|
||||
(fhs) $ ls /usr/bin
|
||||
# try to run a non-nixos binary downloaded from the Internet
|
||||
(fhs) $ ./bin/code
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## References
|
||||
|
||||
- [Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse][Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse]: Just as the title says, it is a collection of tips and tricks for NixOS desktop.
|
72
docs/best-practices/simplify-nixos-related-commands.md
Normal file
72
docs/best-practices/simplify-nixos-related-commands.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
||||
## Simplify nixos-related commands
|
||||
|
||||
I use Makefile to simplify nixos-related commands, which is very convenient.
|
||||
You can also use other similar tools to do this job, here I will only introduce my usage as a reference.
|
||||
|
||||
My Makefile looks like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```makefile
|
||||
#
|
||||
# NOTE: Makefile's target name should not be the same as one of the file or directory in the current directory,
|
||||
# otherwise the target will not be executed!
|
||||
#
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Nix commands related to the local machine
|
||||
#
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
|
||||
deploy:
|
||||
nixos-rebuild switch --flake . --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
debug:
|
||||
nixos-rebuild switch --flake . --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
update:
|
||||
nix flake update
|
||||
|
||||
history:
|
||||
nix profile history --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system
|
||||
|
||||
gc:
|
||||
# remove all generations older than 7 days
|
||||
sudo nix profile wipe-history --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system --older-than 7d
|
||||
|
||||
# garbage collect all unused nix store entries
|
||||
sudo nix store gc --debug
|
||||
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Idols, Commands related to my remote distributed building cluster
|
||||
#
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
|
||||
add-idols-ssh-key:
|
||||
ssh-add ~/.ssh/ai-idols
|
||||
|
||||
aqua: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
aqua-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
ruby: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#ruby --target-host ruby --build-host ruby switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
ruby-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#ruby --target-host ruby --build-host ruby switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
kana: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#kana --target-host kana --build-host kana switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
kana-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#kana --target-host kana --build-host kana switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
idols: aqua ruby kana
|
||||
|
||||
idols-debug: aqua-debug ruby-debug kana-debug
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Save the above Makefile to the root directory of the flake, and then we can use `make deploy` to deploy the configuration to the local machine, and use `make idols` to deploy the configuration to all my remote servers.
|
153
docs/zh/best-practices/debug-with-nix-repl.md
Normal file
153
docs/zh/best-practices/debug-with-nix-repl.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## 通过 `nix repl` 查看源码、调试配置 {#view-source-code-via-nix-repl}
|
||||
|
||||
前面我们已经使用 `nix repl '<nixpkgs>'` 看过很多次源码了,这是一个非常强大的工具,可以帮助我们理解 Nix 的工作原理。
|
||||
|
||||
要学会用 `nix repl`,最好先看看它的 help 信息:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
› nix repl -f '<nixpkgs>'
|
||||
Welcome to Nix 2.13.3. Type :? for help.
|
||||
|
||||
Loading installable ''...
|
||||
Added 17755 variables.
|
||||
nix-repl> :?
|
||||
The following commands are available:
|
||||
|
||||
<expr> Evaluate and print expression
|
||||
<x> = <expr> Bind expression to variable
|
||||
:a <expr> Add attributes from resulting set to scope
|
||||
:b <expr> Build a derivation
|
||||
:bl <expr> Build a derivation, creating GC roots in the working directory
|
||||
:e <expr> Open package or function in $EDITOR
|
||||
:i <expr> Build derivation, then install result into current profile
|
||||
:l <path> Load Nix expression and add it to scope
|
||||
:lf <ref> Load Nix flake and add it to scope
|
||||
:p <expr> Evaluate and print expression recursively
|
||||
:q Exit nix-repl
|
||||
:r Reload all files
|
||||
:sh <expr> Build dependencies of derivation, then start nix-shell
|
||||
:t <expr> Describe result of evaluation
|
||||
:u <expr> Build derivation, then start nix-shell
|
||||
:doc <expr> Show documentation of a builtin function
|
||||
:log <expr> Show logs for a derivation
|
||||
:te [bool] Enable, disable or toggle showing traces for errors
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我最常用的命令是 `:lf <ref>` 跟 `:e <expr>`.
|
||||
|
||||
`:e <expr>` 非常直观,所以这里不再赘述,我们来看看 `:lf <ref>`:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
# 进入我的 nix 配置目录(建议替换成你自己的配置目录)
|
||||
› cd ~/nix-config/
|
||||
|
||||
# 进入 nix repl 解释器
|
||||
› nix repl
|
||||
Welcome to Nix 2.13.3. Type :? for help.
|
||||
|
||||
# 将我的 nix 配置作为一个 flake 加载到当前作用域中
|
||||
nix-repl> :lf .
|
||||
Added 16 variables.
|
||||
|
||||
# 按 <TAB> 看看当前作用域中有哪些变量,果然 nixosConfigurations inputs outputs 跟 packages 都在里面
|
||||
# 这意味着我们可以很方便地检查这些配置的内部状态
|
||||
nix-repl><TAB>
|
||||
# ......omit some outputs
|
||||
__isInt nixosConfigurations
|
||||
__isList null
|
||||
__isPath outPath
|
||||
__isString outputs
|
||||
__langVersion packages
|
||||
# ......omit some outputs
|
||||
|
||||
# 看看 inputs 里都有些啥
|
||||
nix-repl> inputs.<TAB>
|
||||
inputs.agenix inputs.nixpkgs
|
||||
inputs.darwin inputs.nixpkgs-darwin
|
||||
inputs.home-manager inputs.nixpkgs-unstable
|
||||
inputs.hyprland inputs.nixpkgs-wayland
|
||||
inputs.nil
|
||||
inputs.nixos-generators
|
||||
|
||||
# 看看 inputs.nil.packages 里都有些啥
|
||||
nix-repl> inputs.nil.packages.
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.aarch64-darwin
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.aarch64-linux
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.x86_64-darwin
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.x86_64-linux
|
||||
|
||||
# 看看 outputs 里都有些啥
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.aquamarine
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.kana
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ruby
|
||||
|
||||
# 看看 ai 的配置都有些啥
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai._module
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai._type
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.class
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.extendModules
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.extraArgs
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.options
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.pkgs
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.type
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.age
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.appstream
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.assertions
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.boot
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.console
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.containers
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.activation
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.activationPackage
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.emptyActivationPath
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.enableDebugInfo
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.enableNixpkgsReleaseCheck
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraActivationPath
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraBuilderCommands
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraOutputsToInstall
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraProfileCommands
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.BROWSER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.DELTA_PAGER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.EDITOR
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.GLFW_IM_MODULE
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.MANPAGER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.QT_IM_MODULE
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.TERM
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
# 看看 `TERM` 这个环境变量的值是啥
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.TERM
|
||||
"xterm-256color"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# 看下我使用 `home.file` 定义的所有文件
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..bash_profile
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..bashrc
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/fcitx5/profile
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/fcitx5/profile-bak
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/config
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/i3blocks.conf
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/keybindings
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/layouts
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/scripts
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/wallpaper.png
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/rofi
|
||||
#......
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
能看到,通过 `nix repl` 加载好我的 flake 配置后,就能很方便地检查所有的配置项了,这对于调试非常有用。
|
@ -1,346 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## 十一、最佳实践 {#best-practices}
|
||||
|
||||
> [Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse][Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse]
|
||||
|
||||
Nix 非常强大且灵活,做一件事有非常多的方法,这就导致了很难找到最合适的方法来做你的工作。
|
||||
这里记录了一些我在使用 NixOS 中学习到的最佳实践,希望能帮到你。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 运行非 NixOS 的二进制文件 {#run-non-nixos-binaries}
|
||||
|
||||
NixOS 不遵循 FHS 标准,因此你从网上下载的二进制程序在 NixOS 上大概率是跑不了的。
|
||||
为了在 NixOS 上跑这些非 NixOS 的二进制程序,需要做一些骚操作。有位老兄在这里总结了 10 种实现此目的的方法:[Different methods to run a non-nixos executable on Nixos](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/522822/different-methods-to-run-a-non-nixos-executable-on-nixos),推荐一读。
|
||||
|
||||
我个人用的比较多的方法是,直接创建一个 FHS 环境来运行二进制程序,这种方法非常方便易用。
|
||||
|
||||
大概玩法是这样的,首先在你的 `environment.systemPackages` 中添加这个包:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
{ config, pkgs, lib, ... }:
|
||||
|
||||
{
|
||||
# ......
|
||||
|
||||
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
|
||||
# ......o
|
||||
|
||||
# create a fhs environment by command `fhs`, so we can run non-nixos packages in nixos!
|
||||
(pkgs.buildFHSUserEnv (base // {
|
||||
name = "fhs";
|
||||
targetPkgs = pkgs: (
|
||||
# pkgs.buildFHSUserEnv 只提供一个最小的 FHS 环境,缺少很多常用软件所必须的基础包
|
||||
# 所以直接使用它很可能会报错
|
||||
#
|
||||
# pkgs.appimageTools 提供了大多数程序常用的基础包,所以我们可以直接用它来补充
|
||||
(pkgs.appimageTools.defaultFhsEnvArgs.targetPkgs pkgs) ++ with pkgs; [
|
||||
pkg-config
|
||||
ncurses
|
||||
# 如果你的 FHS 程序还有其他依赖,把它们添加在这里
|
||||
]
|
||||
);
|
||||
profile = "export FHS=1";
|
||||
runScript = "bash";
|
||||
extraOutputsToInstall = ["dev"];
|
||||
}))
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
# ......
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
部署好上面的配置后,你就能用 `fhs` 命令进入我们定义好的 FHS 环境了,然后就可以运行你下载的二进制程序了,比如:
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
# 进入我们定义好的 fhs 环境,它就跟其他 Linux 发行版一样了
|
||||
$ fhs
|
||||
# 看看我们的 /usr/bin 里是不是多了很多东西
|
||||
(fhs) $ ls /usr/bin
|
||||
# 尝试下跑一个非 nixos 的二进制程序
|
||||
(fhs) $ ./bin/code
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 通过 `nix repl` 查看源码、调试配置 {#view-source-code-via-nix-repl}
|
||||
|
||||
前面我们已经使用 `nix repl '<nixpkgs>'` 看过很多次源码了,这是一个非常强大的工具,可以帮助我们理解 Nix 的工作原理。
|
||||
|
||||
要学会用 `nix repl`,最好先看看它的 help 信息:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
› nix repl -f '<nixpkgs>'
|
||||
Welcome to Nix 2.13.3. Type :? for help.
|
||||
|
||||
Loading installable ''...
|
||||
Added 17755 variables.
|
||||
nix-repl> :?
|
||||
The following commands are available:
|
||||
|
||||
<expr> Evaluate and print expression
|
||||
<x> = <expr> Bind expression to variable
|
||||
:a <expr> Add attributes from resulting set to scope
|
||||
:b <expr> Build a derivation
|
||||
:bl <expr> Build a derivation, creating GC roots in the working directory
|
||||
:e <expr> Open package or function in $EDITOR
|
||||
:i <expr> Build derivation, then install result into current profile
|
||||
:l <path> Load Nix expression and add it to scope
|
||||
:lf <ref> Load Nix flake and add it to scope
|
||||
:p <expr> Evaluate and print expression recursively
|
||||
:q Exit nix-repl
|
||||
:r Reload all files
|
||||
:sh <expr> Build dependencies of derivation, then start nix-shell
|
||||
:t <expr> Describe result of evaluation
|
||||
:u <expr> Build derivation, then start nix-shell
|
||||
:doc <expr> Show documentation of a builtin function
|
||||
:log <expr> Show logs for a derivation
|
||||
:te [bool] Enable, disable or toggle showing traces for errors
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我最常用的命令是 `:lf <ref>` 跟 `:e <expr>`.
|
||||
|
||||
`:e <expr>` 非常直观,所以这里不再赘述,我们来看看 `:lf <ref>`:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
# 进入我的 nix 配置目录(建议替换成你自己的配置目录)
|
||||
› cd ~/nix-config/
|
||||
|
||||
# 进入 nix repl 解释器
|
||||
› nix repl
|
||||
Welcome to Nix 2.13.3. Type :? for help.
|
||||
|
||||
# 将我的 nix 配置作为一个 flake 加载到当前作用域中
|
||||
nix-repl> :lf .
|
||||
Added 16 variables.
|
||||
|
||||
# 按 <TAB> 看看当前作用域中有哪些变量,果然 nixosConfigurations inputs outputs 跟 packages 都在里面
|
||||
# 这意味着我们可以很方便地检查这些配置的内部状态
|
||||
nix-repl><TAB>
|
||||
# ......omit some outputs
|
||||
__isInt nixosConfigurations
|
||||
__isList null
|
||||
__isPath outPath
|
||||
__isString outputs
|
||||
__langVersion packages
|
||||
# ......omit some outputs
|
||||
|
||||
# 看看 inputs 里都有些啥
|
||||
nix-repl> inputs.<TAB>
|
||||
inputs.agenix inputs.nixpkgs
|
||||
inputs.darwin inputs.nixpkgs-darwin
|
||||
inputs.home-manager inputs.nixpkgs-unstable
|
||||
inputs.hyprland inputs.nixpkgs-wayland
|
||||
inputs.nil
|
||||
inputs.nixos-generators
|
||||
|
||||
# 看看 inputs.nil.packages 里都有些啥
|
||||
nix-repl> inputs.nil.packages.
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.aarch64-darwin
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.aarch64-linux
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.x86_64-darwin
|
||||
inputs.nil.packages.x86_64-linux
|
||||
|
||||
# 看看 outputs 里都有些啥
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.aquamarine
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.kana
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ruby
|
||||
|
||||
# 看看 ai 的配置都有些啥
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai._module
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai._type
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.class
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.extendModules
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.extraArgs
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.options
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.pkgs
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.type
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.age
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.appstream
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.assertions
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.boot
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.console
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.containers
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.activation
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.activationPackage
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.emptyActivationPath
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.enableDebugInfo
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.enableNixpkgsReleaseCheck
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraActivationPath
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraBuilderCommands
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraOutputsToInstall
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.extraProfileCommands
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.BROWSER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.DELTA_PAGER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.EDITOR
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.GLFW_IM_MODULE
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.MANPAGER
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.QT_IM_MODULE
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.TERM
|
||||
# ......omit other outputs
|
||||
|
||||
# 看看 `TERM` 这个环境变量的值是啥
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.sessionVariables.TERM
|
||||
"xterm-256color"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# 看下我使用 `home.file` 定义的所有文件
|
||||
nix-repl> outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file.<TAB>
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..bash_profile
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..bashrc
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/fcitx5/profile
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/fcitx5/profile-bak
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/config
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/i3blocks.conf
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/keybindings
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/layouts
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/scripts
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/i3/wallpaper.png
|
||||
outputs.nixosConfigurations.ai.config.home-manager.users.ryan.home.file..config/rofi
|
||||
#......
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
能看到,通过 `nix repl` 加载好我的 flake 配置后,就能很方便地检查所有的配置项了,这对于调试非常有用。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 远程部署
|
||||
|
||||
社区的一些工具,比如 [NixOps](https://github.com/NixOS/nixops), [deploy-rs](https://github.com/serokell/deploy-rs), 跟 [colmena](https://github.com/zhaofengli/colmena),都可以用来部署 NixOS 配置到远程主机,但是都太复杂了,所以先全部跳过。
|
||||
|
||||
实际上我们前面使用了多次的 NixOS 本机部署命令 `nixos-rebuild`,这个工具也支持通过 ssh 协议进行远程部署,非常方便。
|
||||
|
||||
美中不足的是,`nixos-rebuild` 不支持使用密码认证进行部署,所以要想使用它进行远程部署,我们需要:
|
||||
|
||||
1. 为远程主机配置 ssh 公钥认证。
|
||||
2. 为了避免 sudo 密码认证失败,需要使用 `root` 用户进行部署,或者给用户授予 sudo 权限不需要密码认证。
|
||||
1. 相关 issue: <https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/118655>
|
||||
|
||||
在搞定上面两点后,我们就可以使用 `nixos-rebuild` 进行远程部署了:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 1. 首先将本地的 ssh 私钥加载到 ssh-agent 中,以便后续使用
|
||||
ssh-add ~/.ssh/ai-idols
|
||||
|
||||
# 2. 将 NixOS 配置部署到远程主机,使用第一步添加的 ssh key 进行认证,用户名默认为 `$USER`
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host 192.168.4.1 --build-host 192.168.4.1 switch --use-remote-sudo --verbose
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令会将 NixOS 配置部署到 `aquamarine` 这台主机上,参数解释如下:
|
||||
|
||||
1. `--target-host`: 设置远程主机的 ip 地址
|
||||
2. `--build-host` 指定了构建 NixOS 配置的主机,这里设置为跟 `--target-host` 相同,表示在远程主机上构建配置。
|
||||
3. `--use-remote-sudo` 表示部署需要用到远程主机的 sudo 权限,如果不设置这个参数,部署会失败。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你希望在本地构建配置,然后再部署到远程主机,可以命令中的 `--build-host aquamarinr` 替换为 `--build-host localhost`。
|
||||
|
||||
另外如果你不想直接使用 ip 地址,可以在 `~/.ssh/config` 或者 `/etc/ssh/ssh_config` 中定义一些主机别名,比如:
|
||||
|
||||
> 当然如下这份配置也完全可以通过 Nix 来管理,这个就留给读者自己去实现了。
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
› cat ~/.ssh/config
|
||||
|
||||
# ......
|
||||
|
||||
Host ai
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.100
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host aquamarine
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.101
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host ruby
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.102
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host kana
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.103
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这样我们就可以使用主机别名进行部署了:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo --verbose
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 使用 Makefile 简化命令
|
||||
|
||||
> 注意: Makefile 的 target 名称不能与当前目录下的文件或者目录重名,否则 target 将不会被执行!
|
||||
|
||||
在使用 NixOS 的过程中,我们会经常使用 `nixos-rebuild` 命令,经常需要输入一大堆参数,比较繁琐。
|
||||
|
||||
所以我使用 Makefile 来管理我的 flake 配置相关的命令,简化使用。
|
||||
|
||||
我的 Makefile 大概内容截取如下:
|
||||
|
||||
```makefile
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Nix commands related to the local machine
|
||||
#
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
|
||||
deploy:
|
||||
nixos-rebuild switch --flake . --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
debug:
|
||||
nixos-rebuild switch --flake . --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
update:
|
||||
nix flake update
|
||||
|
||||
history:
|
||||
nix profile history --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system
|
||||
|
||||
gc:
|
||||
# remove all generations older than 7 days
|
||||
sudo nix profile wipe-history --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system --older-than 7d
|
||||
|
||||
# garbage collect all unused nix store entries
|
||||
sudo nix store gc --debug
|
||||
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Idols, Commands related to my remote distributed building cluster
|
||||
#
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
|
||||
add-idols-ssh-key:
|
||||
ssh-add ~/.ssh/ai-idols
|
||||
|
||||
aqua: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
aqua-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
ruby: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#ruby --target-host ruby --build-host ruby switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
ruby-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#ruby --target-host ruby --build-host ruby switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
kana: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#kana --target-host kana --build-host kana switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
kana-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#kana --target-host kana --build-host kana switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
idols: aqua ruby kana
|
||||
|
||||
idols-debug: aqua-debug ruby-debug kana-debug
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
将上述 Makefile 放到 NixOS 配置的根目录下,然后我们就可以使用 `make` 命令来执行相关的命令了。
|
||||
比如说我这里 `make deploy` 就是部署 NixOS 配置到本地主机,`make idols` 就是部署到我的远程主机集群。
|
5
docs/zh/best-practices/intro.md
Normal file
5
docs/zh/best-practices/intro.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## 最佳实践 {#best-practices}
|
||||
|
||||
Nix 非常强大且灵活,做一件事有非常多的方法,这就导致了很难找到最合适的方法来做你的工作。
|
||||
这里记录了一些我在使用 NixOS 中学习到的最佳实践,希望能帮到你。
|
62
docs/zh/best-practices/remote-deployment.md
Normal file
62
docs/zh/best-practices/remote-deployment.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## 远程部署
|
||||
|
||||
社区的一些工具,比如 [NixOps](https://github.com/NixOS/nixops), [deploy-rs](https://github.com/serokell/deploy-rs), 跟 [colmena](https://github.com/zhaofengli/colmena),都可以用来部署 NixOS 配置到远程主机,但是都太复杂了,所以先全部跳过。
|
||||
|
||||
实际上我们前面使用了多次的 NixOS 本机部署命令 `nixos-rebuild`,这个工具也支持通过 ssh 协议进行远程部署,非常方便。
|
||||
|
||||
美中不足的是,`nixos-rebuild` 不支持使用密码认证进行部署,所以要想使用它进行远程部署,我们需要:
|
||||
|
||||
1. 为远程主机配置 ssh 公钥认证。
|
||||
2. 为了避免 sudo 密码认证失败,需要使用 `root` 用户进行部署,或者给用户授予 sudo 权限不需要密码认证。
|
||||
1. 相关 issue: <https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/118655>
|
||||
|
||||
在搞定上面两点后,我们就可以使用 `nixos-rebuild` 进行远程部署了:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 1. 首先将本地的 ssh 私钥加载到 ssh-agent 中,以便后续使用
|
||||
ssh-add ~/.ssh/ai-idols
|
||||
|
||||
# 2. 将 NixOS 配置部署到远程主机,使用第一步添加的 ssh key 进行认证,用户名默认为 `$USER`
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host 192.168.4.1 --build-host 192.168.4.1 switch --use-remote-sudo --verbose
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令会将 NixOS 配置部署到 `aquamarine` 这台主机上,参数解释如下:
|
||||
|
||||
1. `--target-host`: 设置远程主机的 ip 地址
|
||||
2. `--build-host` 指定了构建 NixOS 配置的主机,这里设置为跟 `--target-host` 相同,表示在远程主机上构建配置。
|
||||
3. `--use-remote-sudo` 表示部署需要用到远程主机的 sudo 权限,如果不设置这个参数,部署会失败。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你希望在本地构建配置,然后再部署到远程主机,可以命令中的 `--build-host aquamarinr` 替换为 `--build-host localhost`。
|
||||
|
||||
另外如果你不想直接使用 ip 地址,可以在 `~/.ssh/config` 或者 `/etc/ssh/ssh_config` 中定义一些主机别名,比如:
|
||||
|
||||
> 当然如下这份配置也完全可以通过 Nix 来管理,这个就留给读者自己去实现了。
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
› cat ~/.ssh/config
|
||||
|
||||
# ......
|
||||
|
||||
Host ai
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.100
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host aquamarine
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.101
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host ruby
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.102
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Host kana
|
||||
HostName 192.168.5.103
|
||||
Port 22
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这样我们就可以使用主机别名进行部署了:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo --verbose
|
||||
```
|
56
docs/zh/best-practices/run-downloaded-binaries-on-nixos.md
Normal file
56
docs/zh/best-practices/run-downloaded-binaries-on-nixos.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
|
||||
## 运行非 NixOS 的二进制文件 {#run-non-nixos-binaries}
|
||||
|
||||
NixOS 不遵循 FHS 标准,因此你从网上下载的二进制程序在 NixOS 上大概率是跑不了的。
|
||||
为了在 NixOS 上跑这些非 NixOS 的二进制程序,需要做一些骚操作。有位老兄在这里总结了 10 种实现此目的的方法:[Different methods to run a non-nixos executable on Nixos](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/522822/different-methods-to-run-a-non-nixos-executable-on-nixos),推荐一读。
|
||||
|
||||
我个人用的比较多的方法是,直接创建一个 FHS 环境来运行二进制程序,这种方法非常方便易用。
|
||||
|
||||
大概玩法是这样的,首先在你的 `environment.systemPackages` 中添加这个包:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
{ config, pkgs, lib, ... }:
|
||||
|
||||
{
|
||||
# ......
|
||||
|
||||
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
|
||||
# ......o
|
||||
|
||||
# create a fhs environment by command `fhs`, so we can run non-nixos packages in nixos!
|
||||
(pkgs.buildFHSUserEnv (base // {
|
||||
name = "fhs";
|
||||
targetPkgs = pkgs: (
|
||||
# pkgs.buildFHSUserEnv 只提供一个最小的 FHS 环境,缺少很多常用软件所必须的基础包
|
||||
# 所以直接使用它很可能会报错
|
||||
#
|
||||
# pkgs.appimageTools 提供了大多数程序常用的基础包,所以我们可以直接用它来补充
|
||||
(pkgs.appimageTools.defaultFhsEnvArgs.targetPkgs pkgs) ++ with pkgs; [
|
||||
pkg-config
|
||||
ncurses
|
||||
# 如果你的 FHS 程序还有其他依赖,把它们添加在这里
|
||||
]
|
||||
);
|
||||
profile = "export FHS=1";
|
||||
runScript = "bash";
|
||||
extraOutputsToInstall = ["dev"];
|
||||
}))
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
# ......
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
部署好上面的配置后,你就能用 `fhs` 命令进入我们定义好的 FHS 环境了,然后就可以运行你下载的二进制程序了,比如:
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
# 进入我们定义好的 fhs 环境,它就跟其他 Linux 发行版一样了
|
||||
$ fhs
|
||||
# 看看我们的 /usr/bin 里是不是多了很多东西
|
||||
(fhs) $ ls /usr/bin
|
||||
# 尝试下跑一个非 nixos 的二进制程序
|
||||
(fhs) $ ./bin/code
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 参考
|
||||
|
||||
- [Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse][Tips&Tricks for NixOS Desktop - NixOS Discourse]: Just as the title says, it is a collection of tips and tricks for NixOS desktop.
|
71
docs/zh/best-practices/simplify-nixos-related-commands.md
Normal file
71
docs/zh/best-practices/simplify-nixos-related-commands.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## 使用 Makefile 简化命令
|
||||
|
||||
> 注意: Makefile 的 target 名称不能与当前目录下的文件或者目录重名,否则 target 将不会被执行!
|
||||
|
||||
在使用 NixOS 的过程中,我们会经常使用 `nixos-rebuild` 命令,经常需要输入一大堆参数,比较繁琐。
|
||||
|
||||
所以我使用 Makefile 来管理我的 flake 配置相关的命令,简化使用。
|
||||
|
||||
我的 Makefile 大概内容截取如下:
|
||||
|
||||
```makefile
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Nix commands related to the local machine
|
||||
#
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
|
||||
deploy:
|
||||
nixos-rebuild switch --flake . --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
debug:
|
||||
nixos-rebuild switch --flake . --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
update:
|
||||
nix flake update
|
||||
|
||||
history:
|
||||
nix profile history --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system
|
||||
|
||||
gc:
|
||||
# remove all generations older than 7 days
|
||||
sudo nix profile wipe-history --profile /nix/var/nix/profiles/system --older-than 7d
|
||||
|
||||
# garbage collect all unused nix store entries
|
||||
sudo nix store gc --debug
|
||||
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Idols, Commands related to my remote distributed building cluster
|
||||
#
|
||||
############################################################################
|
||||
|
||||
add-idols-ssh-key:
|
||||
ssh-add ~/.ssh/ai-idols
|
||||
|
||||
aqua: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
aqua-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#aquamarine --target-host aquamarine --build-host aquamarine switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
ruby: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#ruby --target-host ruby --build-host ruby switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
ruby-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#ruby --target-host ruby --build-host ruby switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
kana: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#kana --target-host kana --build-host kana switch --use-remote-sudo
|
||||
|
||||
kana-debug: add-idols-ssh-key
|
||||
nixos-rebuild --flake .#kana --target-host kana --build-host kana switch --use-remote-sudo --show-trace --verbose
|
||||
|
||||
idols: aqua ruby kana
|
||||
|
||||
idols-debug: aqua-debug ruby-debug kana-debug
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
将上述 Makefile 放到 NixOS 配置的根目录下,然后我们就可以使用 `make` 命令来执行相关的命令了。
|
||||
比如说我这里 `make deploy` 就是部署 NixOS 配置到本地主机,`make idols` 就是部署到我的远程主机集群。
|
@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## 七、Nix Flakes 的使用 {#nix-flakes-usage}
|
||||
|
||||
到这里我们已经写了不少 Nix Flakes 配置来管理 NixOS 系统了,这里再简单介绍下 Nix Flakes 更细节的内容,以及常用的 nix flake 命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Flake 的 inputs {#flake-inputs}
|
||||
|
||||
`flake.nix` 中的 `inputs` 是一个 attribute set,用来指定当前 Flake 的依赖,inputs 有很多种类型,举例如下:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
{
|
||||
inputs = {
|
||||
# 以 GitHub 仓库为数据源,指定使用 master 分支,这是最常见的 input 格式
|
||||
nixpkgs.url = "github:Mic92/nixpkgs/master";
|
||||
# Git URL,可用于任何基于 https/ssh 协议的 Git 仓库
|
||||
git-example.url = "git+https://git.somehost.tld/user/path?ref=branch&rev=fdc8ef970de2b4634e1b3dca296e1ed918459a9e";
|
||||
# 上面的例子会复制 .git 到本地, 如果数据量较大,建议使用 shallow=1 参数避免复制 .git
|
||||
git-directory-example.url = "git+file:/path/to/repo?shallow=1";
|
||||
# 本地文件夹 (如果使用绝对路径,可省略掉前缀 'path:')
|
||||
directory-example.url = "path:/path/to/repo";
|
||||
# 如果数据源不是一个 flake,则需要设置 flake=false
|
||||
bar = {
|
||||
url = "github:foo/bar/branch";
|
||||
flake = false;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
sops-nix = {
|
||||
url = "github:Mic92/sops-nix";
|
||||
# `follows` 是 inputs 中的继承语法
|
||||
# 这里使 sops-nix 的 `inputs.nixpkgs` 与当前 flake 的 inputs.nixpkgs 保持一致,
|
||||
# 避免依赖的 nixpkgs 版本不一致导致问题
|
||||
inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
# 将 flake 锁定在某个 commit 上
|
||||
nix-doom-emacs = {
|
||||
url = "github:vlaci/nix-doom-emacs?rev=238b18d7b2c8239f676358634bfb32693d3706f3";
|
||||
flake = false;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
# 使用 `dir` 参数指定某个子目录
|
||||
nixpkgs.url = "github:foo/bar?dir=shu";
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Flake 的 outputs {#flake-outputs}
|
||||
|
||||
`flake.nix` 中的 `outputs` 是一个 attribute set,是整个 Flake 的构建结果,每个 Flake 都可以有许多不同的 outputs。
|
||||
|
||||
一些特定名称的 outputs 有特殊用途,会被某些 Nix 命令识别处理,比如:
|
||||
|
||||
- Nix packages: 名称为 `apps.<system>.<name>`, `packages.<system>.<name>` 或 `legacyPackages.<system>.<name>` 的 outputs,都是 Nix 包,通常都是一个个应用程序。
|
||||
- 可以通过 `nix build .#name` 来构建某个 nix 包
|
||||
- Nix Helper Functions: 名称为 `lib` 的 outputs 是 Flake 函数库,可以被其他 Flake 作为 inputs 导入使用。
|
||||
- Nix development environments: 名称为 `devShells` 的 outputs 是 Nix 开发环境
|
||||
- 可以通过 `nix develop` 命令来使用该 Output 创建开发环境
|
||||
- NixOS configurations: 名称为 `nixosConfigurations.<hostname>` 的 outputs,是 NixOS 的系统配置。
|
||||
- `nixos-rebuild switch .#<hostname>` 可以使用该 Output 来部署 NixOS 系统
|
||||
- Nix templates: 名称为 `templates` 的 outputs 是 flake 模板
|
||||
- 可以通过执行命令 `nix flake init --template <reference>` 使用模板初始化一个 Flake 包
|
||||
- 其他用户自定义的 outputs,可能被其他 Nix 相关的工具使用
|
||||
|
||||
NixOS Wiki 中给出的使用案例:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
{ self, ... }@inputs:
|
||||
{
|
||||
# Executed by `nix flake check`
|
||||
checks."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Executed by `nix build .#<name>`
|
||||
packages."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Executed by `nix build .`
|
||||
packages."<system>".default = derivation;
|
||||
# Executed by `nix run .#<name>`
|
||||
apps."<system>"."<name>" = {
|
||||
type = "app";
|
||||
program = "<store-path>";
|
||||
};
|
||||
# Executed by `nix run . -- <args?>`
|
||||
apps."<system>".default = { type = "app"; program = "..."; };
|
||||
|
||||
# Formatter (alejandra, nixfmt or nixpkgs-fmt)
|
||||
formatter."<system>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Used for nixpkgs packages, also accessible via `nix build .#<name>`
|
||||
legacyPackages."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Overlay, consumed by other flakes
|
||||
overlays."<name>" = final: prev: { };
|
||||
# Default overlay
|
||||
overlays.default = {};
|
||||
# Nixos module, consumed by other flakes
|
||||
nixosModules."<name>" = { config }: { options = {}; config = {}; };
|
||||
# Default module
|
||||
nixosModules.default = {};
|
||||
# Used with `nixos-rebuild --flake .#<hostname>`
|
||||
# nixosConfigurations."<hostname>".config.system.build.toplevel must be a derivation
|
||||
nixosConfigurations."<hostname>" = {};
|
||||
# Used by `nix develop .#<name>`
|
||||
devShells."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Used by `nix develop`
|
||||
devShells."<system>".default = derivation;
|
||||
# Hydra build jobs
|
||||
hydraJobs."<attr>"."<system>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Used by `nix flake init -t <flake>#<name>`
|
||||
templates."<name>" = {
|
||||
path = "<store-path>";
|
||||
description = "template description goes here?";
|
||||
};
|
||||
# Used by `nix flake init -t <flake>`
|
||||
templates.default = { path = "<store-path>"; description = ""; };
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Flake 命令行的使用 {#flake-commands-usage}
|
||||
|
||||
在启用了 `nix-command` & `flakes` 功能后,我们就可以使用 Nix 提供的新一代 Nix 命令行工具 [New Nix Commands][New Nix Commands] 了,下面列举下其中常用命令的用法:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 解释下这条指令涉及的参数:
|
||||
# `nixpkgs#ponysay` 意思是 `nixpkgs` 这个 flake 中的 `ponysay` 包。
|
||||
# `nixpkgs` 是一个 flakeregistry ida,
|
||||
# nix 会从 <https://github.com/NixOS/flake-registry/blob/master/flake-registry.json> 中
|
||||
# 找到这个 id 对应的 github 仓库地址
|
||||
# 所以这个命令的意思是创建一个新环境,安装并运行 `nixpkgs` 这个 flake 提供的 `ponysay` 包。
|
||||
# 注:前面已经介绍过了,nix 包 是 flake outputs 中的一种。
|
||||
echo "Hello Nix" | nix run "nixpkgs#ponysay"
|
||||
|
||||
# 这条命令和上面的命令作用是一样的,只是使用了完整的 flake URI,而不是 flakeregistry id。
|
||||
echo "Hello Nix" | nix run "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable#ponysay"
|
||||
|
||||
# 这条命令的作用是使用 zero-to-nix 这个 flake 中名 `devShells.example` 的 outptus 来创建一个开发环境,
|
||||
# 然后在这个环境中打开一个 bash shell。
|
||||
nix develop "github:DeterminateSystems/zero-to-nix#example"
|
||||
|
||||
# 除了使用远程 flake uri 之外,你也可以使用当前目录下的 flake 来创建一个开发环境。
|
||||
mkdir my-flake && cd my-flake
|
||||
## 通过模板初始化一个 flake
|
||||
nix flake init --template "github:DeterminateSystems/zero-to-nix#javascript-dev"
|
||||
## 使用当前目录下的 flake 创建一个开发环境,并打开一个 bash shell
|
||||
nix develop
|
||||
# 或者如果你的 flake 有多个 devShell 输出,你可以指定使用名为 example 的那个
|
||||
nix develop .#example
|
||||
|
||||
# 构建 `nixpkgs` flake 中的 `bat` 这个包
|
||||
# 并在当前目录下创建一个名为 `result` 的符号链接,链接到该构建结果文件夹。
|
||||
mkdir build-nix-package && cd build-nix-package
|
||||
nix build "nixpkgs#bat"
|
||||
# 构建一个本地 flake 和 nix develop 是一样的,不再赘述
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
此外 [Zero to Nix - Determinate Systems][Zero to Nix - Determinate Systems] 是一份全新的 Nix & Flake 新手入门文档,写得比较浅显易懂,适合新手用来入门。
|
41
docs/zh/flakes/inputs.md
Normal file
41
docs/zh/flakes/inputs.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Flake 的 inputs {#flake-inputs}
|
||||
|
||||
`flake.nix` 中的 `inputs` 是一个 attribute set,用来指定当前 Flake 的依赖,inputs 有很多种类型,举例如下:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
{
|
||||
inputs = {
|
||||
# 以 GitHub 仓库为数据源,指定使用 master 分支,这是最常见的 input 格式
|
||||
nixpkgs.url = "github:Mic92/nixpkgs/master";
|
||||
# Git URL,可用于任何基于 https/ssh 协议的 Git 仓库
|
||||
git-example.url = "git+https://git.somehost.tld/user/path?ref=branch&rev=fdc8ef970de2b4634e1b3dca296e1ed918459a9e";
|
||||
# 上面的例子会复制 .git 到本地, 如果数据量较大,建议使用 shallow=1 参数避免复制 .git
|
||||
git-directory-example.url = "git+file:/path/to/repo?shallow=1";
|
||||
# 本地文件夹 (如果使用绝对路径,可省略掉前缀 'path:')
|
||||
directory-example.url = "path:/path/to/repo";
|
||||
# 如果数据源不是一个 flake,则需要设置 flake=false
|
||||
bar = {
|
||||
url = "github:foo/bar/branch";
|
||||
flake = false;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
sops-nix = {
|
||||
url = "github:Mic92/sops-nix";
|
||||
# `follows` 是 inputs 中的继承语法
|
||||
# 这里使 sops-nix 的 `inputs.nixpkgs` 与当前 flake 的 inputs.nixpkgs 保持一致,
|
||||
# 避免依赖的 nixpkgs 版本不一致导致问题
|
||||
inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
# 将 flake 锁定在某个 commit 上
|
||||
nix-doom-emacs = {
|
||||
url = "github:vlaci/nix-doom-emacs?rev=238b18d7b2c8239f676358634bfb32693d3706f3";
|
||||
flake = false;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
# 使用 `dir` 参数指定某个子目录
|
||||
nixpkgs.url = "github:foo/bar?dir=shu";
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
6
docs/zh/flakes/intro.md
Normal file
6
docs/zh/flakes/intro.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## 七、Nix Flakes 的使用 {#nix-flakes-usage}
|
||||
|
||||
到这里我们已经写了不少 Nix Flakes 配置来管理 NixOS 系统了,这里再简单介绍下 Nix Flakes 更细节的内容,以及常用的 nix flake 命令。
|
||||
|
||||
此外 [Zero to Nix - Determinate Systems][Zero to Nix - Determinate Systems] 是一份全新的 Nix & Flake 新手入门文档,写得比较浅显易懂,也可以一读。
|
68
docs/zh/flakes/outputs.md
Normal file
68
docs/zh/flakes/outputs.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Flake 的 outputs {#flake-outputs}
|
||||
|
||||
`flake.nix` 中的 `outputs` 是一个 attribute set,是整个 Flake 的构建结果,每个 Flake 都可以有许多不同的 outputs。
|
||||
|
||||
一些特定名称的 outputs 有特殊用途,会被某些 Nix 命令识别处理,比如:
|
||||
|
||||
- Nix packages: 名称为 `apps.<system>.<name>`, `packages.<system>.<name>` 或 `legacyPackages.<system>.<name>` 的 outputs,都是 Nix 包,通常都是一个个应用程序。
|
||||
- 可以通过 `nix build .#name` 来构建某个 nix 包
|
||||
- Nix Helper Functions: 名称为 `lib` 的 outputs 是 Flake 函数库,可以被其他 Flake 作为 inputs 导入使用。
|
||||
- Nix development environments: 名称为 `devShells` 的 outputs 是 Nix 开发环境
|
||||
- 可以通过 `nix develop` 命令来使用该 Output 创建开发环境
|
||||
- NixOS configurations: 名称为 `nixosConfigurations.<hostname>` 的 outputs,是 NixOS 的系统配置。
|
||||
- `nixos-rebuild switch .#<hostname>` 可以使用该 Output 来部署 NixOS 系统
|
||||
- Nix templates: 名称为 `templates` 的 outputs 是 flake 模板
|
||||
- 可以通过执行命令 `nix flake init --template <reference>` 使用模板初始化一个 Flake 包
|
||||
- 其他用户自定义的 outputs,可能被其他 Nix 相关的工具使用
|
||||
|
||||
NixOS Wiki 中给出的使用案例:
|
||||
|
||||
```nix
|
||||
{ self, ... }@inputs:
|
||||
{
|
||||
# Executed by `nix flake check`
|
||||
checks."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Executed by `nix build .#<name>`
|
||||
packages."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Executed by `nix build .`
|
||||
packages."<system>".default = derivation;
|
||||
# Executed by `nix run .#<name>`
|
||||
apps."<system>"."<name>" = {
|
||||
type = "app";
|
||||
program = "<store-path>";
|
||||
};
|
||||
# Executed by `nix run . -- <args?>`
|
||||
apps."<system>".default = { type = "app"; program = "..."; };
|
||||
|
||||
# Formatter (alejandra, nixfmt or nixpkgs-fmt)
|
||||
formatter."<system>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Used for nixpkgs packages, also accessible via `nix build .#<name>`
|
||||
legacyPackages."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Overlay, consumed by other flakes
|
||||
overlays."<name>" = final: prev: { };
|
||||
# Default overlay
|
||||
overlays.default = {};
|
||||
# Nixos module, consumed by other flakes
|
||||
nixosModules."<name>" = { config }: { options = {}; config = {}; };
|
||||
# Default module
|
||||
nixosModules.default = {};
|
||||
# Used with `nixos-rebuild --flake .#<hostname>`
|
||||
# nixosConfigurations."<hostname>".config.system.build.toplevel must be a derivation
|
||||
nixosConfigurations."<hostname>" = {};
|
||||
# Used by `nix develop .#<name>`
|
||||
devShells."<system>"."<name>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Used by `nix develop`
|
||||
devShells."<system>".default = derivation;
|
||||
# Hydra build jobs
|
||||
hydraJobs."<attr>"."<system>" = derivation;
|
||||
# Used by `nix flake init -t <flake>#<name>`
|
||||
templates."<name>" = {
|
||||
path = "<store-path>";
|
||||
description = "template description goes here?";
|
||||
};
|
||||
# Used by `nix flake init -t <flake>`
|
||||
templates.default = { path = "<store-path>"; description = ""; };
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
37
docs/zh/flakes/the-new-cli.md
Normal file
37
docs/zh/flakes/the-new-cli.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Flake 命令行的使用 {#flake-commands-usage}
|
||||
|
||||
在启用了 `nix-command` & `flakes` 功能后,我们就可以使用 Nix 提供的新一代 Nix 命令行工具 [New Nix Commands][New Nix Commands] 了,下面列举下其中常用命令的用法:
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 解释下这条指令涉及的参数:
|
||||
# `nixpkgs#ponysay` 意思是 `nixpkgs` 这个 flake 中的 `ponysay` 包。
|
||||
# `nixpkgs` 是一个 flakeregistry ida,
|
||||
# nix 会从 <https://github.com/NixOS/flake-registry/blob/master/flake-registry.json> 中
|
||||
# 找到这个 id 对应的 github 仓库地址
|
||||
# 所以这个命令的意思是创建一个新环境,安装并运行 `nixpkgs` 这个 flake 提供的 `ponysay` 包。
|
||||
# 注:前面已经介绍过了,nix 包 是 flake outputs 中的一种。
|
||||
echo "Hello Nix" | nix run "nixpkgs#ponysay"
|
||||
|
||||
# 这条命令和上面的命令作用是一样的,只是使用了完整的 flake URI,而不是 flakeregistry id。
|
||||
echo "Hello Nix" | nix run "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable#ponysay"
|
||||
|
||||
# 这条命令的作用是使用 zero-to-nix 这个 flake 中名 `devShells.example` 的 outptus 来创建一个开发环境,
|
||||
# 然后在这个环境中打开一个 bash shell。
|
||||
nix develop "github:DeterminateSystems/zero-to-nix#example"
|
||||
|
||||
# 除了使用远程 flake uri 之外,你也可以使用当前目录下的 flake 来创建一个开发环境。
|
||||
mkdir my-flake && cd my-flake
|
||||
## 通过模板初始化一个 flake
|
||||
nix flake init --template "github:DeterminateSystems/zero-to-nix#javascript-dev"
|
||||
## 使用当前目录下的 flake 创建一个开发环境,并打开一个 bash shell
|
||||
nix develop
|
||||
# 或者如果你的 flake 有多个 devShell 输出,你可以指定使用名为 example 的那个
|
||||
nix develop .#example
|
||||
|
||||
# 构建 `nixpkgs` flake 中的 `bat` 这个包
|
||||
# 并在当前目录下创建一个名为 `result` 的符号链接,链接到该构建结果文件夹。
|
||||
mkdir build-nix-package && cd build-nix-package
|
||||
nix build "nixpkgs#bat"
|
||||
# 构建一个本地 flake 和 nix develop 是一样的,不再赘述
|
||||
```
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user