mirror of
https://github.com/ryan4yin/nixos-and-flakes-book.git
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Merge pull request #19 from ryan4yin/dev
feat: udpate for 'nix run' & 'nix shell'
This commit is contained in:
Ryan Yin
GitHub
commit
6d9ec97456
@ -242,49 +242,52 @@ Hello, world!
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This usage is mainly used to debug the build process of a Nix package, or to execute some commands in the build environment of a Nix package.
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## `nix shell` & `nix run`
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## `nix build`
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Compare to `nix develop`, these two commands are much simpler and easier to understand.
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The `nix build` command is used to build a software package and creates a symbolic link named `result` in the current directory, which points to the build result.
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`nix shell` is used to enter an environment containing the specified Nix package and open an interactive shell for it:
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Here's an example:
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```shell
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# hello not exists
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› hello
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hello: command not found
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# enter an environment containing hello
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› nix shell nixpkgs#hello
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# now hello exists
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› hello
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Hello, world!
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```bash
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# Build the package 'ponysay' from the 'nixpkgs' flake
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nix build "nixpkgs#ponysay"
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# Use the built 'ponysay' command
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› ./result/bin/ponysay 'hey buddy!'
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____________
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< hey buddy! >
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------------
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\
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\
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\
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▄▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄
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▀▄███▄▄██▄██▄▄██
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█▄█▄██▄█████████▄██
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▄▄█▄█▄▄▄▄▄████████
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▀▀▀▄█▄█▄█▄▄▄▄▄█████ ▄ ▄
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▀▄████▄▄▄█▄█▄▄██ ▄▄▄▄▄█▄▄▄
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█▄██▄▄▄▄███▄▄▄██ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄█▄▄
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▀▄▄██████▄▄▄████ █████████████
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▀▀▀▀▀█████▄▄ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄██▄█▄▄▀
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██▄███▄▄▄▄█▄▄▀ ███▄█▄▄▄█▀
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█▄██▄▄▄▄▄████ ███████▄██
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█▄███▄▄█████ ▀███▄█████▄
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██████▀▄▄▄█▄█ █▄██▄▄█▄█▄
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███████ ███████ ▀████▄████
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▀▀█▄▄▄▀ ▀▀█▄▄▄▀ ▀██▄▄██▀█
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▀ ▀▀█
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```
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`nix run` is used to create an environment containing the specified installable and run the installable in it(without install it to the system):
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## Other Commands
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```shell
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# hello not exists
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› hello
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hello: command not found
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# enter an environment containing hello and run it
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› nix run nixpkgs#hello
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Hello, world!
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```
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Because `nix run` will directly run the Nix package as an installable, the Nix package used as its parameter must be able to generate an executable program.
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According to the description of `nix run --help`, `nix run` will execute `<out>/bin/<name>`, where `<out>` is the root directory of a Derivation, and `<name>` is selected in the following order:
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- The `meta.mainProgram` attribute of the derivation.
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- The `pname` attribute of the derivation.
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- The `name` part of the value of the name attribute of the derivation.
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For instance, if name is set to `hello-1.10`, nix run will run $out/bin/hello.
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There are other commands like `nix flake init`, which you can explore in [New Nix Commands][New Nix Commands]. For more detailed information, please refer to the documentation.
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## References
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- [pkgs.mkShell - nixpkgs manual](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/#sec-pkgs-mkShell)
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- [A minimal nix-shell](https://fzakaria.com/2021/08/02/a-minimal-nix-shell.html)
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- [One too many shell, Clearing up with nix' shells nix shell and nix-shell - Yannik Sander](https://blog.ysndr.de/posts/guides/2021-12-01-nix-shells/)
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[New Nix Commands]: https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/new-cli/nix.html
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@ -1,43 +1,49 @@
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# Flake inputs {#flake-inputs}
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# Flake Inputs
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The `inputs` in `flake.nix` is an attribute set, used to specify the dependencies of the current flake, there are many types of `inputs`, for example:
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The `inputs` section in `flake.nix` is an attribute set used to specify the dependencies of the current flake. There are various types of inputs, as shown in the examples below:
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```nix
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{
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inputs = {
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# use master branch of the GitHub repository as input, this is the most common input format
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# GitHub repository as the data source, specifying the master branch. This is the most common input format.
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nixpkgs.url = "github:Mic92/nixpkgs/master";
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# Git URL, can be used for any Git repository based on https/ssh protocol
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git-example.url = "git+https://git.somehost.tld/user/path?ref=branch&rev=fdc8ef970de2b4634e1b3dca296e1ed918459a9e";
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# The above example will also copy .git, use this for (shallow) local Git repos
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# Git URL, applicable to any Git repository using the https/ssh protocol.
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git-example.url = "git+https://git.somehost.tld/user/path?ref=branch";
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# Similar to fetching a Git repository, but using the ssh protocol with key authentication. Also uses the shallow=1 parameter to avoid copying the .git directory.
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ssh-git-example.url = "git+ssh://git@github.com/ryan4yin/nix-secrets.git?shallow=1";
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# It's also possible to directly depend on a local Git repository.
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git-directory-example.url = "git+file:/path/to/repo?shallow=1";
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# Local directories (for absolute paths you can omit 'path:')
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# Using the `dir` parameter to specify a subdirectory.
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nixpkgs.url = "github:foo/bar?dir=shu";
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# Local folder (if using an absolute path, the 'path:' prefix can be omitted).
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directory-example.url = "path:/path/to/repo";
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# If the data source is not a flake, set flake=false.
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# `flake=false` is usually used to include additional source code, configuration files, etc.
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# In Nix code, you can directly reference files within it using "${inputs.bar}/xxx/xxx" notation.
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# For example, import "${inputs.bar}/xxx/xxx.nix" to import a specific nix file,
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# or use "${inputs.bar}/xx/xx" as a path parameter for certain options.
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bar = {
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url = "github:foo/bar/branch";
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# if the input is not a flake, you need to set flake=false
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flake = false;
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};
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sops-nix = {
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url = "github:Mic92/sops-nix";
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# The `follows` keyword in inputs is used for inheritance.
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# Here, `inputs.nixpkgs` of sops-nix is kept consistent with the `inputs.nixpkgs` in
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# the current flake, to avoid problems caused by different versions of nixpkgs.
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# `follows` is the inheritance syntax within inputs.
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# Here, it ensures that sops-nix's `inputs.nixpkgs` aligns with the current flake's inputs.nixpkgs,
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# avoiding inconsistencies in the dependency's nixpkgs version.
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inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
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};
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# Pin flakes to a specific revision
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# Lock the flake to a specific commit.
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nix-doom-emacs = {
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url = "github:vlaci/nix-doom-emacs?rev=238b18d7b2c8239f676358634bfb32693d3706f3";
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flake = false;
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};
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# To use a subdirectory of a repo, pass `dir=xxx`
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nixpkgs.url = "github:foo/bar?dir=shu";
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};
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outputs = { self, ... }@inputs: { ... };
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}
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```
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@ -1,37 +1,77 @@
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# Usage of the New CLI
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Once you have enabled `nix-command` and `flake`, you can use the `nix help` command to obtain information about the [New Nix Commands][New Nix Commands]. Here are some useful examples:
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Once you have enabled the `nix-command` and `flakes` features, you can start using the new generation Nix command-line tools provided by [New Nix Commands][New Nix Commands]. In this section, we will focus on two commands: `nix shell` and `nix run`. Other important commands like `nix build` will be discussed in detail in the chapter "Development Work on NixOS".
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```bash
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# The following command installs and runs the `ponysay` package from the `nixpkgs` flake.
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# The `nixpkgs` flake refers to the `nixpkgs` repository on GitHub, which contains a `flake.nix` file.
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# `nixpkgs` is a flake registry ID for `github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable`.
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# You can find all the flake registry IDs at <https://github.com/NixOS/flake-registry/blob/master/flake-registry.json>.
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echo "Hello Nix" | nix run "nixpkgs#ponysay"
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## `nix shell`
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# this command is the same as above, but use a full flake URI instead of falkeregistry id.
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echo "Hello Nix" | nix run "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable#ponysay"
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The `nix shell` command allows you to enter an environment with the specified Nix package and opens an interactive shell within that environment:
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# instead of treat flake package as an application,
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# this command use `devShells.example` in flake `zero-to-nix`'s outputs, to setup the development environment,
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# and then open a bash shell in that environment.
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nix develop "github:DeterminateSystems/zero-to-nix#example"
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```shell
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# hello is not available
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› hello
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hello: command not found
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# instead of using a remote flake, you can open a bash shell using the flake located in the current directory.
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mkdir my-flake && cd my-flake
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# init a flake with template
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nix flake init --template "github:DeterminateSystems/zero-to-nix#javascript-dev"
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# open a bash shell using the flake in current directory
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nix develop
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# or if your flake has multiple devShell outputs, you can specify which one to use.
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nix develop .#example
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# Enter an environment with the 'hello' package
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› nix shell nixpkgs#hello
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# build package `bat` from flake `nixpkgs`, and put a symlink `result` in the current directory.
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mkdir build-nix-package && cd build-nix-package
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nix build "nixpkgs#bat"
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# build a local flake is the same as nix develop, skip it
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# hello is now available
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› hello
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Hello, world!
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```
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We will introduce more details about `nix develop`, `nix shell` and `nix run` in the next chapter.
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## `nix run`
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On the other hand, `nix run` creates an environment with the specified Nix package and directly runs that package within the environment (without installing it into the system environment):
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```shell
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# hello is not available
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› hello
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hello: command not found
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# Create an environment with the 'hello' package and run it
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› nix run nixpkgs#hello
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Hello, world!
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```
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Since `nix run` directly executes the Nix package, the package specified as the argument must generate an executable program.
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According to the `nix run --help` documentation, `nix run` executes the command `<out>/bin/<name>`, where `<out>` is the root directory of the derivation and `<name>` is selected in the following order:
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- The `meta.mainProgram` attribute of the derivation
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- The `pname` attribute of the derivation
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- The content of the `name` attribute of the derivation with the version number removed
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For example, in the case of the 'hello' package we tested earlier, `nix run` actually executes the program `$out/bin/hello`.
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Here are two more examples with detailed explanations of the relevant parameters:
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```bash
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# Explanation of the command:
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# `nixpkgs#ponysay` means the 'ponysay' package in the 'nixpkgs' flake.
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# `nixpkgs` is a flake registry id, and Nix will find the corresponding GitHub repository address
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# from <https://github.com/NixOS/flake-registry/blob/master/flake-registry.json>.
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# Therefore, this command creates a new environment, installs, and runs the 'ponysay' package provided by the 'nixpkgs' flake.
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# Note: It has been mentioned earlier that a Nix package is one of the outputs of a flake.
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echo "Hello Nix" | nix run "nixpkgs#ponysay"
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# This command has the same effect as the previous one, but it uses the complete flake URI instead of the flake registry id.
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echo "Hello Nix" | nix run "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable#ponysay"
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```
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## Common Use Cases for `nix run` and `nix shell`
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These commands are commonly used for running temporary commands. For example, if I want to clone my configuration repository using Git on a new NixOS host without Git installed, I can use the following command:
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```bash
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nix run nixpkgs#git clone git@github.com:ryan4yin/nix-config.git
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```
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Alternatively, you can use the following command:
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```bash
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nix shell nixpkgs#git
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git clone git@github.com:ryan4yin/nix-config.git
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```
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[New Nix Commands]: https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/new-cli/nix.html
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@ -246,49 +246,53 @@ Hello, world!
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这种用法的主要应用场景是调试某个 Nix 包的构建过程，或者在某个 Nix 包的构建环境中执行一些命令。
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## `nix shell` 与 `nix run`
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## `nix build`
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与 `nix develop` 相比，这两个命令就简单且好理解很多了。
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`nix build` 用于构建一个软件包，并在当前目录下创建一个名为 `result` 的符号链接，链接到该构建结果。
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`nix shell` 用于进入到一个含有指定 Nix 包的环境并为它打开一个交互式 shell：
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一个示例：
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```shell
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# hello 不存在
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› hello
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hello: command not found
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# 进入到一个含有 hello 的 shell 环境
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› nix shell nixpkgs#hello
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# hello 可以用了
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› hello
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Hello, world!
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```bash
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# 构建 `nixpkgs` flake 中的 `ponysay` 这个包
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nix build "nixpkgs#ponysay"
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# 使用构建出来的 ponysay 命令
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› ./result/bin/ponysay 'hey buddy!'
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____________
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< hey buddy! >
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------------
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\
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\
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\
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▄▄ ▄▄ ▄ ▄
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█▄██▄▄▄▄███▄▄▄██ ▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄▄█▄▄
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▀▄▄██████▄▄▄████ █████████████
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██▄███▄▄▄▄█▄▄▀ ███▄█▄▄▄█▀
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█▄██▄▄▄▄▄████ ███████▄██
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█▄███▄▄█████ ▀███▄█████▄
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██████▀▄▄▄█▄█ █▄██▄▄█▄█▄
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███████ ███████ ▀████▄████
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▀▀█▄▄▄▀ ▀▀█▄▄▄▀ ▀██▄▄██▀█
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▀ ▀▀█
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```
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`nix run` 则是创建一个含有指定 Nix 包的环境，并在该环境中直接运行该 Nix 包（临时运行该程序，不将它安装到系统环境中）：
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## 其他命令
|
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```shell
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# hello 不存在
|
||||
› hello
|
||||
hello: command not found
|
||||
其他还有些 `nix flake init` 之类的命令，请自行查阅 [New Nix Commands][New Nix Commands] 学习研究，这里就不详细介绍了。
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||||
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||||
# 创建一个含有 hello 的环境并运行它
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› nix run nixpkgs#hello
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Hello, world!
|
||||
```
|
||||
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因为 `nix run` 会直接将 Nix 包运行起来，所以作为其参数的 Nix 包必须能生成一个可执行程序。
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||||
|
||||
根据 `nix run --help` 的说明，`nix run` 会执行 `<out>/bin/<name>` 这个命令，其中 `<out>` 是一个 Derivation 的根目录，`<name>` 则按如下顺序进行选择尝试：
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||||
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||||
- Derivation 的 `meta.mainProgram` 属性
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||||
- Derivation 的 `pname` 属性
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- Derivation 的 `name` 属性中去掉版本号后的内容
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比如说我们上面测试的包 hello，`nix run` 实际会执行 `$out/bin/hello` 这个程序。
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## References
|
||||
|
||||
- [pkgs.mkShell - nixpkgs manual](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/#sec-pkgs-mkShell)
|
||||
- [A minimal nix-shell](https://fzakaria.com/2021/08/02/a-minimal-nix-shell.html)
|
||||
- [One too many shell, Clearing up with nix' shells nix shell and nix-shell - Yannik Sander](https://blog.ysndr.de/posts/guides/2021-12-01-nix-shells/)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[New Nix Commands]: https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/new-cli/nix.html
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@ -8,12 +8,21 @@
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# 以 GitHub 仓库为数据源，指定使用 master 分支，这是最常见的 input 格式
|
||||
nixpkgs.url = "github:Mic92/nixpkgs/master";
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||||
# Git URL，可用于任何基于 https/ssh 协议的 Git 仓库
|
||||
git-example.url = "git+https://git.somehost.tld/user/path?ref=branch&rev=fdc8ef970de2b4634e1b3dca296e1ed918459a9e";
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||||
# 上面的例子会复制 .git 到本地, 如果数据量较大，建议使用 shallow=1 参数避免复制 .git
|
||||
git-example.url = "git+https://git.somehost.tld/user/path?ref=branch";
|
||||
# 同样是拉取 Git 仓库，但使用 ssh 协议 + 密钥认证，同时使用了 shallow=1 参数避免复制 .git
|
||||
ssh-git-example.url = "git+ssh://git@github.com/ryan4yin/nix-secrets.git?shallow=1";
|
||||
# 当然也可以直接依赖本地的 git 仓库
|
||||
git-directory-example.url = "git+file:/path/to/repo?shallow=1";
|
||||
# 使用 `dir` 参数指定某个子目录
|
||||
nixpkgs.url = "github:foo/bar?dir=shu";
|
||||
# 本地文件夹 (如果使用绝对路径，可省略掉前缀 'path:')
|
||||
directory-example.url = "path:/path/to/repo";
|
||||
|
||||
# 如果数据源不是一个 flake，则需要设置 flake=false
|
||||
# `flake=false` 通常被用于引入一些额外的源代码、配置文件等
|
||||
# 在 nix 代码中可以直接通过 "${inputs.bar}/xxx/xxx" 的方式来引用其中的文件
|
||||
# 比如说通过 `import "${inputs.bar}/xxx/xxx.nix"` 来导入其中的 nix 文件
|
||||
# 或者直接将 "${inputs.bar}/xx/xx" 当作某些 option 的路径参数使用
|
||||
bar = {
|
||||
url = "github:foo/bar/branch";
|
||||
flake = false;
|
||||
@ -32,9 +41,6 @@
|
||||
url = "github:vlaci/nix-doom-emacs?rev=238b18d7b2c8239f676358634bfb32693d3706f3";
|
||||
flake = false;
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
# 使用 `dir` 参数指定某个子目录
|
||||
nixpkgs.url = "github:foo/bar?dir=shu";
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
outputs = { self, ... }@inputs: { ... };
|
||||
|
||||
@ -2,6 +2,3 @@
|
||||
|
||||
到这里我们已经写了不少 Nix Flakes 配置来管理 NixOS 系统了，这里再简单介绍下 Nix Flakes 更细节的内容，以及常用的 nix flake 命令。
|
||||
|
||||
此外 [Zero to Nix - Determinate Systems][Zero to Nix - Determinate Systems] 是一份全新的 Nix & Flake 新手入门文档，写得比较浅显易懂，也可以一读。
|
||||
|
||||
[Zero to Nix - Determinate Systems]: https://github.com/DeterminateSystems/zero-to-nix
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,50 @@
|
||||
# 新一代 Nix 命令行工具的使用 {#flake-commands-usage}
|
||||
|
||||
在启用了 `nix-command` & `flakes` 功能后，我们就可以使用 Nix 提供的新一代 Nix 命令行工具 [New Nix Commands][New Nix Commands] 了，下面列举下其中常用命令的用法：
|
||||
在启用了 `nix-command` & `flakes` 功能后，我们就可以使用 Nix 提供的新一代 Nix 命令行工具 [New Nix Commands][New Nix Commands] 了，
|
||||
这里主要介绍 `nix shell` 与 `nix run` 两个命令，其他重要的命令（如 `nix shell` `nix build`）将在「在 NixOS 上进行开发工作」一章中再详细介绍。
|
||||
|
||||
## `nix shell`
|
||||
|
||||
`nix shell` 用于进入到一个含有指定 Nix 包的环境并为它打开一个交互式 shell：
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
# hello 不存在
|
||||
› hello
|
||||
hello: command not found
|
||||
|
||||
# 进入到一个含有 hello 的 shell 环境
|
||||
› nix shell nixpkgs#hello
|
||||
|
||||
# hello 可以用了
|
||||
› hello
|
||||
Hello, world!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## `nix run`
|
||||
|
||||
`nix run` 则是创建一个含有指定 Nix 包的环境，并在该环境中直接运行该 Nix 包（临时运行该程序，不将它安装到系统环境中）：
|
||||
|
||||
```shell
|
||||
# hello 不存在
|
||||
› hello
|
||||
hello: command not found
|
||||
|
||||
# 创建一个含有 hello 的环境并运行它
|
||||
› nix run nixpkgs#hello
|
||||
Hello, world!
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
因为 `nix run` 会直接将 Nix 包运行起来，所以作为其参数的 Nix 包必须能生成一个可执行程序。
|
||||
|
||||
根据 `nix run --help` 的说明，`nix run` 会执行 `<out>/bin/<name>` 这个命令，其中 `<out>` 是一个 Derivation 的根目录，`<name>` 则按如下顺序进行选择尝试：
|
||||
|
||||
- Derivation 的 `meta.mainProgram` 属性
|
||||
- Derivation 的 `pname` 属性
|
||||
- Derivation 的 `name` 属性中去掉版本号后的内容
|
||||
|
||||
比如说我们上面测试的包 hello，`nix run` 实际会执行 `$out/bin/hello` 这个程序。
|
||||
|
||||
再给两个示例，并详细说明下相关参数：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
# 解释下这条指令涉及的参数：
|
||||
@ -14,25 +58,22 @@ echo "Hello Nix" | nix run "nixpkgs#ponysay"
|
||||
|
||||
# 这条命令和上面的命令作用是一样的，只是使用了完整的 flake URI，而不是 flakeregistry id。
|
||||
echo "Hello Nix" | nix run "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixos-unstable#ponysay"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# 这条命令的作用是使用 zero-to-nix 这个 flake 中名 `devShells.example` 的 outptus 来创建一个开发环境，
|
||||
# 然后在这个环境中打开一个 bash shell。
|
||||
nix develop "github:DeterminateSystems/zero-to-nix#example"
|
||||
|
||||
# 除了使用远程 flake uri 之外，你也可以使用当前目录下的 flake 来创建一个开发环境。
|
||||
mkdir my-flake && cd my-flake
|
||||
# 通过模板初始化一个 flake
|
||||
nix flake init --template "github:DeterminateSystems/zero-to-nix#javascript-dev"
|
||||
# 使用当前目录下的 flake 创建一个开发环境，并打开一个 bash shell
|
||||
nix develop
|
||||
# 或者如果你的 flake 有多个 devShell 输出，你可以指定使用名为 example 的那个
|
||||
nix develop .#example
|
||||
## `nix run` 与 `nix shell` 的常见用途
|
||||
|
||||
# 构建 `nixpkgs` flake 中的 `bat` 这个包
|
||||
# 并在当前目录下创建一个名为 `result` 的符号链接，链接到该构建结果文件夹。
|
||||
mkdir build-nix-package && cd build-nix-package
|
||||
nix build "nixpkgs#bat"
|
||||
# 构建一个本地 flake 和 nix develop 是一样的，不再赘述
|
||||
那显然就是用来跑些临时命令，比如说我在新 NixOS 主机上恢复环境，但是还没有装 Git，我可以直接用如下命令临时使用 Git 克隆我的配置仓库：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
nix run nixpkgs#git clone git@github.com:ryan4yin/nix-config.git
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
或者也可以这样：
|
||||
|
||||
```bash
|
||||
nix shell nixpkgs#git
|
||||
git clone git@github.com:ryan4yin/nix-config.git
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[New Nix Commands]: https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/new-cli/nix.html
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user