fix parsing of bare word string interpolations that start with a sub expression (#15735)

- fixes #15731

# Description
Existing bare word string interpolation only works if the string doesn't
start with a subxpression.
```nushell
echo fork(2)
# => fork2

echo (2)fork
# => Error: nu::parser::unclosed_delimiter
# => 
# =>   × Unclosed delimiter.
# =>    ╭─[entry #25:1:13]
# =>  1 │ echo (2)fork
# =>    ╰────
```
This PR lifts that restriction.
```nushell
echo fork(2)
# => fork2

echo (2)fork
# => 2fork
```

This was first brought to my attention on discord with the following
command failing to parse.
```nushell
docker run -u (id -u):(id -g)
```
It now works.

# User-Facing Changes

# Tests + Formatting
No existing test broke or required tweaking. Additional tests covering
this case was added.
- 🟢 toolkit fmt
- 🟢 toolkit clippy
- 🟢 toolkit test
- 🟢 toolkit test stdlib

# After Submitting

---------

Co-authored-by: Bahex <17417311+Bahex@users.noreply.github.com>

crates/nu-parser/src/parser.rs

@@ -455,8 +455,10 @@ fn parse_external_arg(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> External
 fn parse_regular_external_arg(working_set: &mut StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> Expression {
     let contents = working_set.get_span_contents(span);
 
-    if contents.starts_with(b"$") || contents.starts_with(b"(") {
+    if contents.starts_with(b"$") {
         parse_dollar_expr(working_set, span)
+    } else if contents.starts_with(b"(") {
+        parse_paren_expr(working_set, span, &SyntaxShape::Any)
     } else if contents.starts_with(b"[") {
         parse_list_expression(working_set, span, &SyntaxShape::Any)
     } else {
@@ -1977,15 +1979,33 @@ pub fn parse_paren_expr(
     let starting_error_count = working_set.parse_errors.len();
 
     if let Some(expr) = parse_range(working_set, span) {
-        expr
-    } else {
+        return expr;
+    }
+
     working_set.parse_errors.truncate(starting_error_count);
 
     if matches!(shape, SyntaxShape::Signature) {
-            parse_signature(working_set, span)
-        } else {
-            parse_full_cell_path(working_set, None, span)
+        return parse_signature(working_set, span);
     }
+
+    let fcp_expr = parse_full_cell_path(working_set, None, span);
+    let fcp_error_count = working_set.parse_errors.len();
+    if fcp_error_count > starting_error_count {
+        let malformed_subexpr = working_set.parse_errors[starting_error_count..]
+            .iter()
+            .any(|e| match e {
+                ParseError::Unclosed(right, _) if right == ")" => true,
+                ParseError::Unbalanced(left, right, _) if left == "(" && right == ")" => true,
+                _ => false,
+            });
+        if malformed_subexpr {
+            working_set.parse_errors.truncate(starting_error_count);
+            parse_string(working_set, span)
+        } else {
+            fcp_expr
+        }
+    } else {
+        fcp_expr
     }
 }
 

crates/nu-parser/tests/test_parser.rs

@@ -1576,6 +1576,78 @@ mod string {
             assert!(matches!(subexprs[3], &Expr::FullCellPath(..)));
         }
 
+        #[test]
+        pub fn parse_string_interpolation_bare_starting_subexpr() {
+            let engine_state = EngineState::new();
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            let block = parse(
+                &mut working_set,
+                None,
+                b"\"\" ++ (1 + 3)foo(7 - 5)bar",
+                true,
+            );
+
+            assert!(working_set.parse_errors.is_empty());
+
+            assert_eq!(block.len(), 1);
+            let pipeline = &block.pipelines[0];
+            assert_eq!(pipeline.len(), 1);
+            let element = &pipeline.elements[0];
+            assert!(element.redirection.is_none());
+
+            let subexprs: Vec<&Expr> = match &element.expr.expr {
+                Expr::BinaryOp(_, _, rhs) => match &rhs.expr {
+                    Expr::StringInterpolation(expressions) => {
+                        expressions.iter().map(|e| &e.expr).collect()
+                    }
+                    _ => panic!("Expected an `Expr::StringInterpolation`"),
+                },
+                _ => panic!("Expected an `Expr::BinaryOp`"),
+            };
+
+            assert_eq!(subexprs.len(), 4);
+
+            assert!(matches!(subexprs[0], &Expr::FullCellPath(..)));
+            assert_eq!(subexprs[1], &Expr::String("foo".to_string()));
+            assert!(matches!(subexprs[2], &Expr::FullCellPath(..)));
+            assert_eq!(subexprs[3], &Expr::String("bar".to_string()));
+        }
+
+        #[test]
+        pub fn parse_string_interpolation_bare_starting_subexpr_external_arg() {
+            let engine_state = EngineState::new();
+            let mut working_set = StateWorkingSet::new(&engine_state);
+
+            let block = parse(&mut working_set, None, b"^echo ($nu.home-path)/path", true);
+
+            assert!(working_set.parse_errors.is_empty());
+
+            assert_eq!(block.len(), 1);
+            let pipeline = &block.pipelines[0];
+            assert_eq!(pipeline.len(), 1);
+            let element = &pipeline.elements[0];
+            assert!(element.redirection.is_none());
+
+            let subexprs: Vec<&Expr> = match &element.expr.expr {
+                Expr::ExternalCall(_, args) => match &args[0] {
+                    ExternalArgument::Regular(expression) => match &expression.expr {
+                        Expr::StringInterpolation(expressions) => {
+                            expressions.iter().map(|e| &e.expr).collect()
+                        }
+                        _ => panic!("Expected an `ExternalArgument::Regular`"),
+                    },
+                    _ => panic!("Expected an `Expr::StringInterpolation`"),
+                },
+                _ => panic!("Expected an `Expr::BinaryOp`"),
+            };
+
+            assert_eq!(subexprs.len(), 2);
+
+            assert!(matches!(subexprs[0], &Expr::FullCellPath(..)));
+            assert_eq!(subexprs[1], &Expr::String("/path".to_string()));
+        }
+
         #[test]
         pub fn parse_nested_expressions() {
             let engine_state = EngineState::new();