Error on non-zero exit statuses (#13515)

# Description
This PR makes it so that non-zero exit codes and termination by signal
are treated as a normal `ShellError`. Currently, these are silent
errors. That is, if an external command fails, then it's code block is
aborted, but the parent block can sometimes continue execution. E.g.,
see #8569 and this example:
```nushell
[1 2] | each { ^false }
```

Before this would give:
```
╭───┬──╮
│ 0 │  │
│ 1 │  │
╰───┴──╯
```

Now, this shows an error:
```
Error: nu:🐚:eval_block_with_input

  × Eval block failed with pipeline input
   ╭─[entry #1:1:2]
 1 │ [1 2] | each { ^false }
   ·  ┬
   ·  ╰── source value
   ╰────

Error: nu:🐚:non_zero_exit_code

  × External command had a non-zero exit code
   ╭─[entry #1:1:17]
 1 │ [1 2] | each { ^false }
   ·                 ──┬──
   ·                   ╰── exited with code 1
   ╰────
```

This PR fixes #12874, fixes #5960, fixes #10856, and fixes #5347. This
PR also partially addresses #10633 and #10624 (only the last command of
a pipeline is currently checked). It looks like #8569 is already fixed,
but this PR will make sure it is definitely fixed (fixes #8569).

# User-Facing Changes
- Non-zero exit codes and termination by signal now cause an error to be
thrown.
- The error record value passed to a `catch` block may now have an
`exit_code` column containing the integer exit code if the error was due
to an external command.
- Adds new config values, `display_errors.exit_code` and
`display_errors.termination_signal`, which determine whether an error
message should be printed in the respective error cases. For
non-interactive sessions, these are set to `true`, and for interactive
sessions `display_errors.exit_code` is false (via the default config).

# Tests
Added a few tests.

# After Submitting
- Update docs and book.
- Future work:
- Error if other external commands besides the last in a pipeline exit
with a non-zero exit code. Then, deprecate `do -c` since this will be
the default behavior everywhere.
- Add a better mechanism for exit codes and deprecate
`$env.LAST_EXIT_CODE` (it's buggy).

crates/nu-protocol/src/errors/shell_error.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use miette::Diagnostic;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::io;
+use std::{io, num::NonZeroI32};
 use thiserror::Error;
 
 use crate::{
-    ast::Operator, engine::StateWorkingSet, format_error, LabeledError, ParseError, Span, Spanned,
-    Value,
+    ast::Operator, engine::StateWorkingSet, format_shell_error, record, LabeledError, ParseError,
+    Span, Spanned, Value,
 };
 
 /// The fundamental error type for the evaluation engine. These cases represent different kinds of errors
@@ -639,6 +639,49 @@ pub enum ShellError {
         span: Span,
     },
 
+    /// An external command exited with a non-zero exit code.
+    ///
+    /// ## Resolution
+    ///
+    /// Check the external command's error message.
+    #[error("External command had a non-zero exit code")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::shell::non_zero_exit_code))]
+    NonZeroExitCode {
+        exit_code: NonZeroI32,
+        #[label("exited with code {exit_code}")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    /// An external command exited due to a signal.
+    ///
+    /// ## Resolution
+    ///
+    /// Check why the signal was sent or triggered.
+    #[error("External command was terminated by a signal")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::shell::terminated_by_signal))]
+    TerminatedBySignal {
+        signal_name: String,
+        signal: i32,
+        #[label("terminated by {signal_name} ({signal})")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    /// An external command core dumped.
+    ///
+    /// ## Resolution
+    ///
+    /// Check why the core dumped was triggered.
+    #[error("External command core dumped")]
+    #[diagnostic(code(nu::shell::core_dumped))]
+    CoreDumped {
+        signal_name: String,
+        signal: i32,
+        #[label("core dumped with {signal_name} ({signal})")]
+        span: Span,
+    },
+
     /// An unsupported body input was used for the respective application body type in 'http' command
     ///
     /// ## Resolution
@@ -885,21 +928,6 @@ pub enum ShellError {
         span: Span,
     },
 
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    /// An I/O operation failed.
-    ///
-    /// ## Resolution
-    ///
-    /// This is a generic error. Refer to the specific error message for further details.
-    #[error("program coredump error")]
-    #[diagnostic(code(nu::shell::coredump_error))]
-    CoredumpErrorSpanned {
-        msg: String,
-        signal: i32,
-        #[label("{msg}")]
-        span: Span,
-    },
-
     /// Tried to `cd` to a path that isn't a directory.
     ///
     /// ## Resolution
@@ -1285,6 +1313,16 @@ This is an internal Nushell error, please file an issue https://github.com/nushe
         span: Span,
     },
 
+    #[error("Deprecated: {old_command}")]
+    #[diagnostic(help("for more info see {url}"))]
+    Deprecated {
+        old_command: String,
+        new_suggestion: String,
+        #[label("`{old_command}` is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please {new_suggestion} instead.")]
+        span: Span,
+        url: String,
+    },
+
     /// Invalid glob pattern
     ///
     /// ## Resolution
@@ -1404,10 +1442,41 @@ On Windows, this would be %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Roaming"#
     },
 }
 
-// TODO: Implement as From trait
 impl ShellError {
+    pub fn external_exit_code(&self) -> Option<Spanned<i32>> {
+        let (item, span) = match *self {
+            Self::NonZeroExitCode { exit_code, span } => (exit_code.into(), span),
+            #[cfg(unix)]
+            Self::TerminatedBySignal { signal, span, .. }
+            | Self::CoreDumped { signal, span, .. } => (-signal, span),
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        Some(Spanned { item, span })
+    }
+
+    pub fn exit_code(&self) -> i32 {
+        self.external_exit_code().map(|e| e.item).unwrap_or(1)
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_value(self, span: Span) -> Value {
+        let exit_code = self.external_exit_code();
+
+        let mut record = record! {
+            "msg" => Value::string(self.to_string(), span),
+            "debug" => Value::string(format!("{self:?}"), span),
+            "raw" => Value::error(self, span),
+        };
+
+        if let Some(code) = exit_code {
+            record.push("exit_code", Value::int(code.item.into(), code.span));
+        }
+
+        Value::record(record, span)
+    }
+
+    // TODO: Implement as From trait
     pub fn wrap(self, working_set: &StateWorkingSet, span: Span) -> ParseError {
-        let msg = format_error(working_set, &self);
+        let msg = format_shell_error(working_set, &self);
         ParseError::LabeledError(
             msg,
             "Encountered error during parse-time evaluation".into(),