Boxes record for smaller Value enum. (#12252)

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# Description
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guide](../CONTRIBUTING.md) and talk to the core team before making major
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Boxes `Record` inside `Value` to reduce memory usage, `Value` goes from
`72` -> `56` bytes after this change.
# User-Facing Changes
<!-- List of all changes that impact the user experience here. This
helps us keep track of breaking changes. -->

# Tests + Formatting
<!--
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- `cargo fmt --all -- --check` to check standard code formatting (`cargo
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benches/benchmarks.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@ use nu_cli::{eval_source, evaluate_commands};
 use nu_parser::parse;
 use nu_plugin::{Encoder, EncodingType, PluginCallResponse, PluginOutput};
 use nu_protocol::{
-    engine::EngineState, eval_const::create_nu_constant, PipelineData, Span, Spanned, Value,
-    NU_VARIABLE_ID,
+    engine::{EngineState, Stack},
+    eval_const::create_nu_constant,
+    PipelineData, Span, Spanned, Value, NU_VARIABLE_ID,
 };
 use nu_std::load_standard_library;
 use nu_utils::{get_default_config, get_default_env};
@@ -54,6 +55,61 @@ fn setup_engine() -> EngineState {
     engine_state
 }
 
+fn bench_command(bencher: divan::Bencher, scaled_command: String) {
+    bench_command_with_custom_stack_and_engine(
+        bencher,
+        scaled_command,
+        Stack::new(),
+        setup_engine(),
+    )
+}
+
+fn bench_command_with_custom_stack_and_engine(
+    bencher: divan::Bencher,
+    scaled_command: String,
+    stack: nu_protocol::engine::Stack,
+    mut engine: EngineState,
+) {
+    load_standard_library(&mut engine).unwrap();
+    let commands = Spanned {
+        span: Span::unknown(),
+        item: scaled_command,
+    };
+
+    bencher
+        .with_inputs(|| engine.clone())
+        .bench_values(|mut engine| {
+            evaluate_commands(
+                &commands,
+                &mut engine,
+                &mut stack.clone(),
+                PipelineData::empty(),
+                None,
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        })
+}
+
+fn setup_stack_and_engine_from_command(command: &str) -> (Stack, EngineState) {
+    let mut engine = setup_engine();
+    let commands = Spanned {
+        span: Span::unknown(),
+        item: command.to_string(),
+    };
+
+    let mut stack = Stack::new();
+    evaluate_commands(
+        &commands,
+        &mut engine,
+        &mut stack,
+        PipelineData::empty(),
+        None,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+
+    (stack, engine)
+}
+
 // FIXME: All benchmarks live in this 1 file to speed up build times when benchmarking.
 // When the *_benchmarks functions were in different files, `cargo bench` would build
 // an executable for every single one - incredibly slowly. Would be nice to figure out
@@ -70,30 +126,68 @@ fn load_standard_lib(bencher: divan::Bencher) {
 }
 
 #[divan::bench_group]
-mod eval_commands {
+mod record {
+
     use super::*;
 
-    fn bench_command(bencher: divan::Bencher, scaled_command: String) {
-        let mut engine = setup_engine();
-        load_standard_library(&mut engine).unwrap();
-        let commands = Spanned {
-            span: Span::unknown(),
-            item: scaled_command,
-        };
-
-        bencher
-            .with_inputs(|| engine.clone())
-            .bench_values(|mut engine| {
-                evaluate_commands(
-                    &commands,
-                    &mut engine,
-                    &mut nu_protocol::engine::Stack::new(),
-                    PipelineData::empty(),
-                    None,
-                )
-                .unwrap();
-            })
+    fn create_flat_record_string(n: i32) -> String {
+        let mut s = String::from("let record = {");
+        for i in 0..n {
+            s.push_str(&format!("col_{}: {}", i, i));
+            if i < n - 1 {
+                s.push_str(", ");
             }
+        }
+        s.push('}');
+        s
+    }
+
+    fn create_nested_record_string(depth: i32) -> String {
+        let mut s = String::from("let record = {");
+        for _ in 0..depth {
+            s.push_str("col: {{");
+        }
+        s.push_str("col_final: 0");
+        for _ in 0..depth {
+            s.push('}');
+        }
+        s.push('}');
+        s
+    }
+
+    #[divan::bench(args = [1, 10, 100, 1000])]
+    fn create(bencher: divan::Bencher, n: i32) {
+        bench_command(bencher, create_flat_record_string(n));
+    }
+
+    #[divan::bench(args = [1, 10, 100, 1000])]
+    fn flat_access(bencher: divan::Bencher, n: i32) {
+        let (stack, engine) = setup_stack_and_engine_from_command(&create_flat_record_string(n));
+        bench_command_with_custom_stack_and_engine(
+            bencher,
+            "$record.col_0 | ignore".to_string(),
+            stack,
+            engine,
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[divan::bench(args = [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128])]
+    fn nest_access(bencher: divan::Bencher, depth: i32) {
+        let (stack, engine) =
+            setup_stack_and_engine_from_command(&create_nested_record_string(depth));
+        let nested_access = ".col".repeat(depth as usize);
+        bench_command_with_custom_stack_and_engine(
+            bencher,
+            format!("$record{} | ignore", nested_access),
+            stack,
+            engine,
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[divan::bench_group]
+mod eval_commands {
+    use super::*;
 
     #[divan::bench(args = [100, 1_000, 10_000])]
     fn interleave(bencher: divan::Bencher, n: i32) {

crates/nu-cli/src/completions/variable_completions.rs

@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ fn recursive_value(val: Value, sublevels: Vec<Vec<u8>>) -> Value {
         let span = val.span();
         match val {
             Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-                for item in val {
+                for item in *val {
                     // Check if index matches with sublevel
                     if item.0.as_bytes().to_vec() == next_sublevel {
                         // If matches try to fetch recursively the next

crates/nu-cmd-base/src/hook.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub fn eval_env_change_hook(
     if let Some(hook) = env_change_hook {
         match hook {
             Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-                for (env_name, hook_value) in &val {
+                for (env_name, hook_value) in &*val {
                     let before = engine_state
                         .previous_env_vars
                         .get(env_name)

crates/nu-cmd-dataframe/src/dataframe/values/nu_dataframe/mod.rs

@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ impl NuDataFrame {
                     conversion::insert_record(&mut column_values, record, &maybe_schema)?
                 }
                 Value::Record { val: record, .. } => {
-                    conversion::insert_record(&mut column_values, record, &maybe_schema)?
+                    conversion::insert_record(&mut column_values, *record, &maybe_schema)?
                 }
                 _ => {
                     let key = "0".to_string();

crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/core_commands/describe.rs

@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ fn describe_value(
                 record!(
                     "type" => Value::string("record", head),
                     "lazy" => Value::bool(false, head),
-                    "columns" => Value::record(val, head),
+                    "columns" => Value::record(*val, head),
                 ),
                 head,
             )
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ fn describe_value(
                         )?);
                     }
 
-                    record.push("columns", Value::record(val, head));
+                    record.push("columns", Value::record(*val, head));
                 } else {
                     let cols = val.column_names();
                     record.push("length", Value::int(cols.len() as i64, head));

crates/nu-cmd-lang/src/example_support.rs

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ impl<'a> std::fmt::Debug for DebuggableValue<'a> {
             Value::Record { val, .. } => {
                 write!(f, "{{")?;
                 let mut first = true;
-                for (col, value) in val.into_iter() {
+                for (col, value) in (&**val).into_iter() {
                     if !first {
                         write!(f, ", ")?;
                     }

crates/nu-command/src/charting/histogram.rs

@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ fn run_histogram(
                 match v {
                     // parse record, and fill valid value to actual input.
                     Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-                        for (c, v) in val {
+                        for (c, v) in *val {
                             if &c == col_name {
                                 if let Ok(v) = HashableValue::from_value(v, head_span) {
                                     inputs.push(v);

crates/nu-command/src/conversions/into/record.rs

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ fn into_record(
                 .collect(),
             span,
         ),
-        Value::Record { val, .. } => Value::record(val, span),
+        Value::Record { val, .. } => Value::record(*val, span),
         Value::Error { .. } => input,
         other => Value::error(
             ShellError::TypeMismatch {

crates/nu-command/src/env/load_env.rs

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl Command for LoadEnv {
             }
             None => match input {
                 PipelineData::Value(Value::Record { val, .. }, ..) => {
-                    for (env_var, rhs) in val {
+                    for (env_var, rhs) in *val {
                         let env_var_ = env_var.as_str();
                         if ["FILE_PWD", "CURRENT_FILE"].contains(&env_var_) {
                             return Err(ShellError::AutomaticEnvVarSetManually {

crates/nu-command/src/env/with_env.rs

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fn with_env(
                 // single row([[X W]; [Y Z]])
                 match &table[0] {
                     Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-                        for (k, v) in val {
+                        for (k, v) in &**val {
                             env.insert(k.to_string(), v.clone());
                         }
                     }
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn with_env(
         }
         // when get object by `open x.json` or `from json`
         Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-            for (k, v) in val {
+            for (k, v) in &**val {
                 env.insert(k.clone(), v.clone());
             }
         }

crates/nu-command/src/filters/default.rs

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ fn default(
                                 record.push(column.item.clone(), value.clone());
                             }
 
-                            Value::record(record, span)
+                            Value::record(*record, span)
                         }
                         _ => item,
                     }

crates/nu-command/src/filters/drop/column.rs

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ fn drop_cols(
                 } => {
                     let len = record.len().saturating_sub(columns);
                     record.truncate(len);
-                    Ok(Value::record(record, span).into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(metadata))
+                    Ok(Value::record(*record, span).into_pipeline_data_with_metadata(metadata))
                 }
                 // Propagate errors
                 Value::Error { error, .. } => Err(*error),

crates/nu-command/src/filters/flatten.rs

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn flat_value(columns: &[CellPath], item: Value, all: bool) -> Vec<Value> {
                 match value {
                     Value::Record { val, .. } => {
                         if need_flatten {
-                            for (col, val) in val {
+                            for (col, val) in *val {
                                 if out.contains_key(&col) {
                                     out.insert(format!("{column}_{col}"), val);
                                 } else {
@@ -178,9 +178,9 @@ fn flat_value(columns: &[CellPath], item: Value, all: bool) -> Vec<Value> {
                                 }
                             }
                         } else if out.contains_key(&column) {
-                            out.insert(format!("{column}_{column}"), Value::record(val, span));
+                            out.insert(format!("{column}_{column}"), Value::record(*val, span));
                         } else {
-                            out.insert(column, Value::record(val, span));
+                            out.insert(column, Value::record(*val, span));
                         }
                     }
                     Value::List { vals, .. } => {

crates/nu-command/src/filters/rename.rs

@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fn rename(
                             }
                         }
 
-                        Value::record(record, span)
+                        Value::record(*record, span)
                     }
                     // Propagate errors by explicitly matching them before the final case.
                     Value::Error { .. } => item.clone(),

crates/nu-command/src/filters/sort.rs

@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ impl Command for Sort {
             // Records have two sorting methods, toggled by presence or absence of -v
             PipelineData::Value(Value::Record { val, .. }, ..) => {
                 let sort_by_value = call.has_flag(engine_state, stack, "values")?;
-                let record = sort_record(val, span, sort_by_value, reverse, insensitive, natural);
+                let record = sort_record(*val, span, sort_by_value, reverse, insensitive, natural);
                 Ok(record.into_pipeline_data())
             }
             // Other values are sorted here

crates/nu-command/src/filters/values.rs

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ pub fn get_values<'a>(
     for item in input {
         match item {
             Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-                for (k, v) in val {
+                for (k, v) in &**val {
                     if let Some(vec) = output.get_mut(k) {
                         vec.push(v.clone());
                     } else {

crates/nu-command/src/formats/from/xml.rs

@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ mod tests {
             content_tag(
                 "nu",
                 indexmap! {},
-                &vec![
+                &[
                     content_tag("dev", indexmap! {}, &[content_string("Andrés")]),
                     content_tag("dev", indexmap! {}, &[content_string("JT")]),
                     content_tag("dev", indexmap! {}, &[content_string("Yehuda")])

crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/json.rs

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ pub fn value_to_json_value(v: &Value) -> Result<nu_json::Value, ShellError> {
         }
         Value::Record { val, .. } => {
             let mut m = nu_json::Map::new();
-            for (k, v) in val {
+            for (k, v) in &**val {
                 m.insert(k.clone(), value_to_json_value(v)?);
             }
             nu_json::Value::Object(m)

crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/nuon.rs

@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ pub fn value_to_string(
         )),
         Value::Record { val, .. } => {
             let mut collection = vec![];
-            for (col, val) in val {
+            for (col, val) in &**val {
                 collection.push(if needs_quotes(col) {
                     format!(
                         "{idt_po}\"{}\": {}",

crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/toml.rs

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ fn helper(engine_state: &EngineState, v: &Value) -> Result<toml::Value, ShellErr
         Value::String { val, .. } | Value::Glob { val, .. } => toml::Value::String(val.clone()),
         Value::Record { val, .. } => {
             let mut m = toml::map::Map::new();
-            for (k, v) in val {
+            for (k, v) in &**val {
                 m.insert(k.clone(), helper(engine_state, v)?);
             }
             toml::Value::Table(m)

crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/xml.rs

@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ impl Job {
             // content: null}, {tag: a}. See to_xml_entry for more
             let attrs = match attrs {
                 Value::Record { val, .. } => val,
-                Value::Nothing { .. } => Record::new(),
+                Value::Nothing { .. } => Box::new(Record::new()),
                 _ => {
                     return Err(ShellError::CantConvert {
                         to_type: "XML".into(),
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ impl Job {
                 }
             };
 
-            self.write_tag(entry_span, tag, tag_span, attrs, content)
+            self.write_tag(entry_span, tag, tag_span, *attrs, content)
         }
     }
 

crates/nu-command/src/formats/to/yaml.rs

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn value_to_yaml_value(v: &Value) -> Result<serde_yaml::Value, ShellError> {
         }
         Value::Record { val, .. } => {
             let mut m = serde_yaml::Mapping::new();
-            for (k, v) in val {
+            for (k, v) in &**val {
                 m.insert(
                     serde_yaml::Value::String(k.clone()),
                     value_to_yaml_value(v)?,

crates/nu-command/src/help/help_.rs

@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ pub fn highlight_search_in_table(
         )?;
 
         if has_match {
-            matches.push(Value::record(record, record_span));
+            matches.push(Value::record(*record, record_span));
         }
     }
 

crates/nu-command/src/math/utils.rs

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn helper_for_tables(
     for val in values {
         match val {
             Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-                for (key, value) in val {
+                for (key, value) in &**val {
                     column_values
                         .entry(key.clone())
                         .and_modify(|v: &mut Vec<Value>| v.push(value.clone()))
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ pub fn calculate(
                     *val = mf(slice::from_ref(val), span, name)?;
                     Ok(())
                 })?;
-            Ok(Value::record(record, span))
+            Ok(Value::record(*record, span))
         }
         PipelineData::Value(Value::Range { val, .. }, ..) => {
             let new_vals: Result<Vec<Value>, ShellError> = val

crates/nu-command/src/network/http/client.rs

@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ pub fn send_request(
         Value::Record { val, .. } if body_type == BodyType::Form => {
             let mut data: Vec<(String, String)> = Vec::with_capacity(val.len());
 
-            for (col, val) in val {
+            for (col, val) in *val {
                 data.push((col, val.coerce_into_string()?))
             }
 
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ pub fn request_add_custom_headers(
 
         match &headers {
             Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-                for (k, v) in val {
+                for (k, v) in &**val {
                     custom_headers.insert(k.to_string(), v.clone());
                 }
             }
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ pub fn request_add_custom_headers(
                     // single row([key1 key2]; [val1 val2])
                     match &table[0] {
                         Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-                            for (k, v) in val {
+                            for (k, v) in &**val {
                                 custom_headers.insert(k.to_string(), v.clone());
                             }
                         }

crates/nu-command/src/network/url/build_query.rs

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fn to_url(input: PipelineData, head: Span) -> Result<PipelineData, ShellError> {
             match value {
                 Value::Record { ref val, .. } => {
                     let mut row_vec = vec![];
-                    for (k, v) in val {
+                    for (k, v) in &**val {
                         match v.coerce_string() {
                             Ok(s) => {
                                 row_vec.push((k.clone(), s));

crates/nu-command/src/viewers/table.rs

@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ fn handle_table_command(
         }
         PipelineData::Value(Value::Record { val, .. }, ..) => {
             input.data = PipelineData::Empty;
-            handle_record(input, cfg, val)
+            handle_record(input, cfg, *val)
         }
         PipelineData::Value(Value::LazyRecord { val, .. }, ..) => {
             input.data = val.collect()?.into_pipeline_data();

crates/nu-engine/src/documentation.rs

@@ -378,8 +378,8 @@ fn get_argument_for_color_value(
 ) -> Option<Argument> {
     match color {
         Value::Record { val, .. } => {
-            let record_exp: Vec<RecordItem> = val
-                .into_iter()
+            let record_exp: Vec<RecordItem> = (**val)
+                .iter()
                 .map(|(k, v)| {
                     RecordItem::Pair(
                         Expression {

crates/nu-explore/src/nu_common/table.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub fn try_build_table(
     let span = value.span();
     match value {
         Value::List { vals, .. } => try_build_list(vals, ctrlc, config, span, style_computer),
-        Value::Record { val, .. } => try_build_map(val, span, style_computer, ctrlc, config),
+        Value::Record { val, .. } => try_build_map(*val, span, style_computer, ctrlc, config),
         val if matches!(val, Value::String { .. }) => {
             nu_value_to_string_clean(&val, config, style_computer).0
         }

crates/nu-protocol/src/config/hooks.rs

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub(super) fn create_hooks(value: &Value) -> Result<Hooks, ShellError> {
         Value::Record { val, .. } => {
             let mut hooks = Hooks::new();
 
-            for (col, val) in val {
+            for (col, val) in &**val {
                 match col.as_str() {
                     "pre_prompt" => hooks.pre_prompt = Some(val.clone()),
                     "pre_execution" => hooks.pre_execution = Some(val.clone()),

crates/nu-protocol/src/engine/pattern_match.rs

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl Matcher for Pattern {
             Pattern::Record(field_patterns) => match value {
                 Value::Record { val, .. } => {
                     'top: for field_pattern in field_patterns {
-                        for (col, val) in val {
+                        for (col, val) in &**val {
                             if col == &field_pattern.0 {
                                 // We have found the field
                                 let result = field_pattern.1.match_value(val, matches);

crates/nu-protocol/src/eval_base.rs

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ pub trait Eval {
                         RecordItem::Spread(_, inner) => {
                             match Self::eval::<D>(state, mut_state, inner)? {
                                 Value::Record { val: inner_val, .. } => {
-                                    for (col_name, val) in inner_val {
+                                    for (col_name, val) in *inner_val {
                                         if let Some(orig_span) = col_names.get(&col_name) {
                                             return Err(ShellError::ColumnDefinedTwice {
                                                 col_name,

crates/nu-protocol/src/value/from_value.rs

@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ impl FromValue for Vec<Value> {
 impl FromValue for Record {
     fn from_value(v: Value) -> Result<Self, ShellError> {
         match v {
-            Value::Record { val, .. } => Ok(val),
+            Value::Record { val, .. } => Ok(*val),
             v => Err(ShellError::CantConvert {
                 to_type: "Record".into(),
                 from_type: v.get_type().to_string(),

crates/nu-protocol/src/value/mod.rs

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub enum Value {
         internal_span: Span,
     },
     Record {
-        val: Record,
+        val: Box<Record>,
         // note: spans are being refactored out of Value
         // please use .span() instead of matching this span value
         #[serde(rename = "span")]
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ impl Value {
     /// Unwraps the inner [`Record`] value or returns an error if this `Value` is not a record
     pub fn into_record(self) -> Result<Record, ShellError> {
         if let Value::Record { val, .. } = self {
-            Ok(val)
+            Ok(*val)
         } else {
             self.cant_convert_to("record")
         }
@@ -1994,7 +1994,7 @@ impl Value {
 
     pub fn record(val: Record, span: Span) -> Value {
         Value::Record {
-            val,
+            val: Box::new(val),
             internal_span: span,
         }
     }

crates/nu-table/src/types/collapse.rs

@@ -52,7 +52,8 @@ fn colorize_value(value: &mut Value, config: &Config, style_computer: &StyleComp
             // Take ownership of the record and reassign to &mut
             // We do this to have owned keys through `.into_iter`
             let record = std::mem::take(val);
-            *val = record
+            *val = Box::new(
+                record
                     .into_iter()
                     .map(|(mut header, mut val)| {
                         colorize_value(&mut val, config, style_computer);
@@ -62,7 +63,8 @@ fn colorize_value(value: &mut Value, config: &Config, style_computer: &StyleComp
                         }
                         (header, val)
                     })
-                .collect::<Record>();
+                    .collect::<Record>(),
+            );
         }
         Value::List { vals, .. } => {
             for val in vals {

crates/nu-table/src/unstructured_table.rs

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn build_table(
 
 fn convert_nu_value_to_table_value(value: Value, config: &Config) -> TableValue {
     match value {
-        Value::Record { val, .. } => build_vertical_map(val, config),
+        Value::Record { val, .. } => build_vertical_map(*val, config),
         Value::List { vals, .. } => {
             let rebuild_array_as_map = is_valid_record(&vals) && count_columns_in_record(&vals) > 0;
             if rebuild_array_as_map {