rclone/fs/operations/operations.go

// Package operations does generic operations on filesystems and objects
package operations

import (
	"bytes"
	"context"
	"encoding/base64"
	"encoding/csv"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"mime"
	"net/http"
	"os"
	"path"
	"path/filepath"
	"runtime"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"github.com/rclone/rclone/fs"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/fs/accounting"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/fs/cache"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/fs/config"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/fs/filter"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/fs/fserrors"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/fs/fshttp"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/fs/hash"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/fs/object"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/fs/walk"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/lib/atexit"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/lib/errcount"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/lib/pacer"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/lib/random"
	"github.com/rclone/rclone/lib/readers"
	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
	"golang.org/x/text/unicode/norm"
)

// CheckHashes checks the two files to see if they have common
// known hash types and compares them
//
// Returns.
//
// equal - which is equality of the hashes
//
// hash - the HashType. This is HashNone if either of the hashes were
// unset or a compatible hash couldn't be found.
//
// err - may return an error which will already have been logged
//
// If an error is returned it will return equal as false
func CheckHashes(ctx context.Context, src fs.ObjectInfo, dst fs.Object) (equal bool, ht hash.Type, err error) {
	common := src.Fs().Hashes().Overlap(dst.Fs().Hashes())
	// fs.Debugf(nil, "Shared hashes: %v", common)
	if common.Count() == 0 {
		return true, hash.None, nil
	}
	equal, ht, _, _, err = checkHashes(ctx, src, dst, common.GetOne())
	return equal, ht, err
}

var errNoHash = errors.New("no hash available")

// checkHashes does the work of CheckHashes but takes a hash.Type and
// returns the effective hash type used.
func checkHashes(ctx context.Context, src fs.ObjectInfo, dst fs.Object, ht hash.Type) (equal bool, htOut hash.Type, srcHash, dstHash string, err error) {
	// Calculate hashes in parallel
	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
	var srcErr, dstErr error
	g.Go(func() (err error) {
		srcHash, srcErr = src.Hash(ctx, ht)
		if srcErr != nil {
			return srcErr
		}
		if srcHash == "" {
			fs.Debugf(src, "Src hash empty - aborting Dst hash check")
			return errNoHash
		}
		return nil
	})
	g.Go(func() (err error) {
		dstHash, dstErr = dst.Hash(ctx, ht)
		if dstErr != nil {
			return dstErr
		}
		if dstHash == "" {
			fs.Debugf(dst, "Dst hash empty - aborting Src hash check")
			return errNoHash
		}
		return nil
	})
	err = g.Wait()
	if err == errNoHash {
		return true, hash.None, srcHash, dstHash, nil
	}
	if srcErr != nil {
		err = fs.CountError(srcErr)
		fs.Errorf(src, "Failed to calculate src hash: %v", err)
	}
	if dstErr != nil {
		err = fs.CountError(dstErr)
		fs.Errorf(dst, "Failed to calculate dst hash: %v", err)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return false, ht, srcHash, dstHash, err
	}
	if srcHash != dstHash {
		fs.Debugf(src, "%v = %s (%v)", ht, srcHash, src.Fs())
		fs.Debugf(dst, "%v = %s (%v)", ht, dstHash, dst.Fs())
	} else {
		fs.Debugf(src, "%v = %s OK", ht, srcHash)
	}
	return srcHash == dstHash, ht, srcHash, dstHash, nil
}

// Equal checks to see if the src and dst objects are equal by looking at
// size, mtime and hash
//
// If the src and dst size are different then it is considered to be
// not equal.  If --size-only is in effect then this is the only check
// that is done.  If --ignore-size is in effect then this check is
// skipped and the files are considered the same size.
//
// If the size is the same and the mtime is the same then it is
// considered to be equal.  This check is skipped if using --checksum.
//
// If the size is the same and mtime is different, unreadable or
// --checksum is set and the hash is the same then the file is
// considered to be equal.  In this case the mtime on the dst is
// updated if --checksum is not set.
//
// Otherwise the file is considered to be not equal including if there
// were errors reading info.
func Equal(ctx context.Context, src fs.ObjectInfo, dst fs.Object) bool {
	return equal(ctx, src, dst, defaultEqualOpt(ctx))
}

// DirsEqual is like Equal but for dirs instead of objects.
// It returns true if two dirs should be considered "equal" for the purposes of syncCopyMove
// (in other words, true == "skip updating modtime/metadata for this dir".)
// Unlike Equal, it does not consider size or checksum, as these do not apply to directories.
func DirsEqual(ctx context.Context, src, dst fs.Directory, opt DirsEqualOpt) (equal bool) {
	if dst == nil {
		return false
	}
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	if ci.SizeOnly || ci.Immutable || ci.IgnoreExisting || opt.ModifyWindow == fs.ModTimeNotSupported {
		return true
	}
	if ci.IgnoreTimes {
		return false
	}
	if !(opt.SetDirModtime || opt.SetDirMetadata) {
		return true
	}
	srcModTime, dstModTime := src.ModTime(ctx), dst.ModTime(ctx)
	if srcModTime.IsZero() || dstModTime.IsZero() {
		return false
	}
	dt := dstModTime.Sub(srcModTime)
	if dt < opt.ModifyWindow && dt > -opt.ModifyWindow {
		fs.Debugf(dst, "Directory modification time the same (differ by %s, within tolerance %s)", dt, opt.ModifyWindow)
		return true
	}
	if ci.UpdateOlder && dt >= opt.ModifyWindow {
		fs.Debugf(dst, "Destination directory is newer than source, skipping")
		return true
	}
	return false
}

// sizeDiffers compare the size of src and dst taking into account the
// various ways of ignoring sizes
func sizeDiffers(ctx context.Context, src, dst fs.ObjectInfo) bool {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	if ci.IgnoreSize || src.Size() < 0 || dst.Size() < 0 {
		return false
	}
	return src.Size() != dst.Size()
}

var checksumWarning sync.Once

// options for equal function()
type equalOpt struct {
	sizeOnly          bool // if set only check size
	checkSum          bool // if set check checksum+size instead of modtime+size
	updateModTime     bool // if set update the modtime if hashes identical and checking with modtime+size
	forceModTimeMatch bool // if set assume modtimes match
}

// default set of options for equal()
func defaultEqualOpt(ctx context.Context) equalOpt {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	return equalOpt{
		sizeOnly:          ci.SizeOnly,
		checkSum:          ci.CheckSum,
		updateModTime:     !ci.NoUpdateModTime,
		forceModTimeMatch: false,
	}
}

// DirsEqualOpt represents options for DirsEqual function()
type DirsEqualOpt struct {
	ModifyWindow   time.Duration // Max time diff to be considered the same
	SetDirModtime  bool          // whether to consider dir modtime
	SetDirMetadata bool          // whether to consider dir metadata
}

var modTimeUploadOnce sync.Once

// emit a log if we are about to upload a file to set its modification time
func logModTimeUpload(dst fs.Object) {
	modTimeUploadOnce.Do(func() {
		fs.Logf(dst.Fs(), "Forced to upload files to set modification times on this backend.")
	})
}

// EqualFn allows replacing Equal() with a custom function during NeedTransfer()
type (
	EqualFn           func(ctx context.Context, src fs.ObjectInfo, dst fs.Object) bool
	equalFnContextKey struct{}
)

var equalFnKey = equalFnContextKey{}

// WithEqualFn stores equalFn in ctx and returns a copy of ctx in which equalFnKey = equalFn
func WithEqualFn(ctx context.Context, equalFn EqualFn) context.Context {
	return context.WithValue(ctx, equalFnKey, equalFn)
}

func equal(ctx context.Context, src fs.ObjectInfo, dst fs.Object, opt equalOpt) bool {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	logger, _ := GetLogger(ctx)
	if sizeDiffers(ctx, src, dst) {
		fs.Debugf(src, "Sizes differ (src %d vs dst %d)", src.Size(), dst.Size())
		logger(ctx, Differ, src, dst, nil)
		return false
	}
	if opt.sizeOnly {
		fs.Debugf(src, "Sizes identical")
		logger(ctx, Match, src, dst, nil)
		return true
	}

	// Assert: Size is equal or being ignored

	// If checking checksum and not modtime
	if opt.checkSum {
		// Check the hash
		same, ht, _ := CheckHashes(ctx, src, dst)
		if !same {
			fs.Debugf(src, "%v differ", ht)
			logger(ctx, Differ, src, dst, nil)
			return false
		}
		if ht == hash.None {
			common := src.Fs().Hashes().Overlap(dst.Fs().Hashes())
			if common.Count() == 0 {
				checksumWarning.Do(func() {
					fs.Logf(dst.Fs(), "--checksum is in use but the source and destination have no hashes in common; falling back to --size-only")
				})
			}
			fs.Debugf(src, "Size of src and dst objects identical")
		} else {
			fs.Debugf(src, "Size and %v of src and dst objects identical", ht)
		}
		logger(ctx, Match, src, dst, nil)
		return true
	}

	srcModTime := src.ModTime(ctx)
	if !opt.forceModTimeMatch {
		// Sizes the same so check the mtime
		modifyWindow := fs.GetModifyWindow(ctx, src.Fs(), dst.Fs())
		if modifyWindow == fs.ModTimeNotSupported {
			fs.Debugf(src, "Sizes identical")
			logger(ctx, Match, src, dst, nil)
			return true
		}
		dstModTime := dst.ModTime(ctx)
		dt := dstModTime.Sub(srcModTime)
		if dt < modifyWindow && dt > -modifyWindow {
			fs.Debugf(src, "Size and modification time the same (differ by %s, within tolerance %s)", dt, modifyWindow)
			logger(ctx, Match, src, dst, nil)
			return true
		}

		fs.Debugf(src, "Modification times differ by %s: %v, %v", dt, srcModTime, dstModTime)
	}

	// Check if the hashes are the same
	same, ht, _ := CheckHashes(ctx, src, dst)
	if !same {
		fs.Debugf(src, "%v differ", ht)
		logger(ctx, Differ, src, dst, nil)
		return false
	}
	if ht == hash.None && !ci.RefreshTimes {
		// if couldn't check hash, return that they differ
		logger(ctx, Differ, src, dst, nil)
		return false
	}

	// mod time differs but hash is the same to reset mod time if required
	if opt.updateModTime {
		if !SkipDestructive(ctx, src, "update modification time") {
			// Size and hash the same but mtime different
			// Error if objects are treated as immutable
			if ci.Immutable {
				fs.Errorf(dst, "Timestamp mismatch between immutable objects")
				logger(ctx, Differ, src, dst, nil)
				return false
			}
			// Update the mtime of the dst object here
			err := dst.SetModTime(ctx, srcModTime)
			if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrorCantSetModTime) {
				logModTimeUpload(dst)
				fs.Infof(dst, "src and dst identical but can't set mod time without re-uploading")
				logger(ctx, Differ, src, dst, nil)
				return false
			} else if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrorCantSetModTimeWithoutDelete) {
				logModTimeUpload(dst)
				fs.Infof(dst, "src and dst identical but can't set mod time without deleting and re-uploading")
				// Remove the file if BackupDir isn't set.  If BackupDir is set we would rather have the old file
				// put in the BackupDir than deleted which is what will happen if we don't delete it.
				if ci.BackupDir == "" {
					err = dst.Remove(ctx)
					if err != nil {
						fs.Errorf(dst, "failed to delete before re-upload: %v", err)
					}
				}
				logger(ctx, Differ, src, dst, nil)
				return false
			} else if err != nil {
				err = fs.CountError(err)
				fs.Errorf(dst, "Failed to set modification time: %v", err)
			} else {
				fs.Infof(src, "Updated modification time in destination")
			}
		}
	}
	logger(ctx, Match, src, dst, nil)
	return true
}

// CommonHash returns a single hash.Type and a HashOption with that
// type which is in common between the two fs.Fs.
func CommonHash(ctx context.Context, fa, fb fs.Info) (hash.Type, *fs.HashesOption) {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	// work out which hash to use - limit to 1 hash in common
	var common hash.Set
	hashType := hash.None
	if !ci.IgnoreChecksum {
		common = fb.Hashes().Overlap(fa.Hashes())
		if common.Count() > 0 {
			hashType = common.GetOne()
			common = hash.Set(hashType)
		}
	}
	return hashType, &fs.HashesOption{Hashes: common}
}

// SameObject returns true if src and dst could be pointing to the
// same object.
func SameObject(src, dst fs.Object) bool {
	srcFs, dstFs := src.Fs(), dst.Fs()
	if !SameConfig(srcFs, dstFs) {
		// If same remote type then check ID of objects if available
		doSrcID, srcIDOK := src.(fs.IDer)
		doDstID, dstIDOK := dst.(fs.IDer)
		if srcIDOK && dstIDOK && SameRemoteType(srcFs, dstFs) {
			srcID, dstID := doSrcID.ID(), doDstID.ID()
			if srcID != "" && srcID == dstID {
				return true
			}
		}
		return false
	}
	srcPath := path.Join(srcFs.Root(), src.Remote())
	dstPath := path.Join(dstFs.Root(), dst.Remote())
	if srcFs.Features().IsLocal && dstFs.Features().IsLocal && runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
		if norm.NFC.String(srcPath) == norm.NFC.String(dstPath) {
			return true
		}
	}
	if dst.Fs().Features().CaseInsensitive {
		srcPath = strings.ToLower(srcPath)
		dstPath = strings.ToLower(dstPath)
	}
	return srcPath == dstPath
}

// Move src object to dst or fdst if nil.  If dst is nil then it uses
// remote as the name of the new object.
//
// Note that you must check the destination does not exist before
// calling this and pass it as dst.  If you pass dst=nil and the
// destination does exist then this may create duplicates or return
// errors.
//
// It returns the destination object if possible.  Note that this may
// be nil.
//
// This is accounted as a check.
func Move(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, dst fs.Object, remote string, src fs.Object) (newDst fs.Object, err error) {
	return move(ctx, fdst, dst, remote, src, false)
}

// MoveTransfer moves src object to dst or fdst if nil. If dst is nil
// then it uses remote as the name of the new object.
//
// This is identical to Move but is accounted as a transfer.
func MoveTransfer(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, dst fs.Object, remote string, src fs.Object) (newDst fs.Object, err error) {
	return move(ctx, fdst, dst, remote, src, true)
}

// move - see Move for help
func move(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, dst fs.Object, remote string, src fs.Object, isTransfer bool) (newDst fs.Object, err error) {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	var tr *accounting.Transfer
	if isTransfer {
		tr = accounting.Stats(ctx).NewTransfer(src, fdst)
	} else {
		tr = accounting.Stats(ctx).NewCheckingTransfer(src, "moving")
	}
	defer func() {
		if err == nil {
			accounting.Stats(ctx).Renames(1)
		}
		tr.Done(ctx, err)
	}()
	newDst = dst
	if SkipDestructive(ctx, src, "move") {
		in := tr.Account(ctx, nil)
		in.DryRun(src.Size())
		return newDst, nil
	}
	// See if we have Move available
	if doMove := fdst.Features().Move; doMove != nil && (SameConfig(src.Fs(), fdst) || (SameRemoteType(src.Fs(), fdst) && (fdst.Features().ServerSideAcrossConfigs || ci.ServerSideAcrossConfigs))) {
		// Delete destination if it exists and is not the same file as src (could be same file while seemingly different if the remote is case insensitive)
		if dst != nil {
			remote = dst.Remote()
			if !SameObject(src, dst) {
				err = DeleteFile(ctx, dst)
				if err != nil {
					return newDst, err
				}
			} else if needsMoveCaseInsensitive(fdst, fdst, remote, src.Remote(), false) {
				doMove = func(ctx context.Context, src fs.Object, remote string) (fs.Object, error) {
					return MoveCaseInsensitive(ctx, fdst, fdst, remote, src.Remote(), false, src)
				}
			}
		} else if needsMoveCaseInsensitive(fdst, fdst, remote, src.Remote(), false) {
			doMove = func(ctx context.Context, src fs.Object, remote string) (fs.Object, error) {
				return MoveCaseInsensitive(ctx, fdst, fdst, remote, src.Remote(), false, src)
			}
		}
		// Move dst <- src
		in := tr.Account(ctx, nil) // account the transfer
		in.ServerSideTransferStart()
		newDst, err = doMove(ctx, src, remote)
		switch err {
		case nil:
			if newDst != nil && src.String() != newDst.String() {
				fs.Infof(src, "Moved (server-side) to: %s", newDst.String())
			} else {
				fs.Infof(src, "Moved (server-side)")
			}
			in.ServerSideMoveEnd(newDst.Size()) // account the bytes for the server-side transfer
			_ = in.Close()
			return newDst, nil
		case fs.ErrorCantMove:
			fs.Debugf(src, "Can't move, switching to copy")
			_ = in.Close()
		default:
			err = fs.CountError(err)
			fs.Errorf(src, "Couldn't move: %v", err)
			_ = in.Close()
			return newDst, err
		}
	}
	// Move not found or didn't work so copy dst <- src
	newDst, err = Copy(ctx, fdst, dst, remote, src)
	if err != nil {
		fs.Errorf(src, "Not deleting source as copy failed: %v", err)
		return newDst, err
	}
	// Delete src if no error on copy
	return newDst, DeleteFile(ctx, src)
}

// CanServerSideMove returns true if fdst support server-side moves or
// server-side copies
//
// Some remotes simulate rename by server-side copy and delete, so include
// remotes that implements either Mover or Copier.
func CanServerSideMove(fdst fs.Fs) bool {
	canMove := fdst.Features().Move != nil
	canCopy := fdst.Features().Copy != nil
	return canMove || canCopy
}

// SuffixName adds the current --suffix to the remote, obeying
// --suffix-keep-extension if set
func SuffixName(ctx context.Context, remote string) string {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	if ci.Suffix == "" {
		return remote
	}
	if ci.SuffixKeepExtension {
		var (
			base  = remote
			exts  = ""
			first = true
			ext   = path.Ext(remote)
		)
		for ext != "" {
			// Look second and subsequent extensions in mime types.
			// If they aren't found then don't keep it as an extension.
			if !first && mime.TypeByExtension(ext) == "" {
				break
			}
			base = base[:len(base)-len(ext)]
			exts = ext + exts
			first = false
			ext = path.Ext(base)
		}
		return base + ci.Suffix + exts
	}
	return remote + ci.Suffix
}

// DeleteFileWithBackupDir deletes a single file respecting --dry-run
// and accumulating stats and errors.
//
// If backupDir is set then it moves the file to there instead of
// deleting
func DeleteFileWithBackupDir(ctx context.Context, dst fs.Object, backupDir fs.Fs) (err error) {
	tr := accounting.Stats(ctx).NewCheckingTransfer(dst, "deleting")
	defer func() {
		tr.Done(ctx, err)
	}()
	err = accounting.Stats(ctx).DeleteFile(ctx, dst.Size())
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	action, actioned := "delete", "Deleted"
	if backupDir != nil {
		action, actioned = "move into backup dir", "Moved into backup dir"
	}
	skip := SkipDestructive(ctx, dst, action)
	if skip {
		// do nothing
	} else if backupDir != nil {
		err = MoveBackupDir(ctx, backupDir, dst)
	} else {
		err = dst.Remove(ctx)
	}
	if err != nil {
		fs.Errorf(dst, "Couldn't %s: %v", action, err)
		err = fs.CountError(err)
	} else if !skip {
		fs.Infof(dst, actioned)
	}
	return err
}

// DeleteFile deletes a single file respecting --dry-run and accumulating stats and errors.
//
// If useBackupDir is set and --backup-dir is in effect then it moves
// the file to there instead of deleting
func DeleteFile(ctx context.Context, dst fs.Object) (err error) {
	return DeleteFileWithBackupDir(ctx, dst, nil)
}

// DeleteFilesWithBackupDir removes all the files passed in the
// channel
//
// If backupDir is set the files will be placed into that directory
// instead of being deleted.
func DeleteFilesWithBackupDir(ctx context.Context, toBeDeleted fs.ObjectsChan, backupDir fs.Fs) error {
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	wg.Add(ci.Checkers)
	var errorCount atomic.Int32
	var fatalErrorCount atomic.Int32

	for i := 0; i < ci.Checkers; i++ {
		go func() {
			defer wg.Done()
			for dst := range toBeDeleted {
				err := DeleteFileWithBackupDir(ctx, dst, backupDir)
				if err != nil {
					errorCount.Add(1)
					logger, _ := GetLogger(ctx)
					logger(ctx, TransferError, nil, dst, err)
					if fserrors.IsFatalError(err) {
						fs.Errorf(dst, "Got fatal error on delete: %s", err)
						fatalErrorCount.Add(1)
						return
					}
				}
			}
		}()
	}
	fs.Debugf(nil, "Waiting for deletions to finish")
	wg.Wait()
	if errorCount.Load() > 0 {
		err := fmt.Errorf("failed to delete %d files", errorCount.Load())
		if fatalErrorCount.Load() > 0 {
			return fserrors.FatalError(err)
		}
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// DeleteFiles removes all the files passed in the channel
func DeleteFiles(ctx context.Context, toBeDeleted fs.ObjectsChan) error {
	return DeleteFilesWithBackupDir(ctx, toBeDeleted, nil)
}

// ReadFile reads the object into memory and accounts it
func ReadFile(ctx context.Context, o fs.Object) (b []byte, err error) {
	tr := accounting.Stats(ctx).NewTransfer(o, nil)
	defer func() {
		tr.Done(ctx, err)
	}()
	in0, err := Open(ctx, o)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open %v: %w", o, err)
	}
	in := tr.Account(ctx, in0).WithBuffer() // account and buffer the transfer
	defer fs.CheckClose(in, &err)           // closes in0 also
	b, err = io.ReadAll(in)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read %v: %w", o, err)
	}
	return b, nil
}

// SameRemoteType returns true if fdst and fsrc are the same type
func SameRemoteType(fdst, fsrc fs.Info) bool {
	return fmt.Sprintf("%T", fdst) == fmt.Sprintf("%T", fsrc)
}

// SameConfig returns true if fdst and fsrc are using the same config
// file entry
func SameConfig(fdst, fsrc fs.Info) bool {
	return fdst.Name() == fsrc.Name()
}

// SameConfigArr returns true if any of []fsrcs has same config file entry with fdst
func SameConfigArr(fdst fs.Info, fsrcs []fs.Fs) bool {
	for _, fsrc := range fsrcs {
		if fdst.Name() == fsrc.Name() {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// Same returns true if fdst and fsrc point to the same underlying Fs
func Same(fdst, fsrc fs.Info) bool {
	return SameConfig(fdst, fsrc) && strings.Trim(fdst.Root(), "/") == strings.Trim(fsrc.Root(), "/")
}

// fixRoot returns the Root with a trailing / if not empty.
//
// It returns a case folded version for case insensitive file systems
func fixRoot(f fs.Info) (s string, folded string) {
	s = strings.Trim(filepath.ToSlash(f.Root()), "/")
	if s != "" {
		s += "/"
	}
	folded = s
	if f.Features().CaseInsensitive {
		folded = strings.ToLower(s)
	}
	return s, folded
}

// OverlappingFilterCheck returns true if fdst and fsrc point to the same
// underlying Fs and they overlap without fdst being excluded by any filter rule.
func OverlappingFilterCheck(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, fsrc fs.Fs) bool {
	if !SameConfig(fdst, fsrc) {
		return false
	}
	fdstRoot, fdstRootFolded := fixRoot(fdst)
	fsrcRoot, fsrcRootFolded := fixRoot(fsrc)
	if fdstRootFolded == fsrcRootFolded {
		return true
	} else if strings.HasPrefix(fdstRootFolded, fsrcRootFolded) {
		fdstRelative := fdstRoot[len(fsrcRoot):]
		return filterCheck(ctx, fsrc, fdstRelative)
	} else if strings.HasPrefix(fsrcRootFolded, fdstRootFolded) {
		fsrcRelative := fsrcRoot[len(fdstRoot):]
		return filterCheck(ctx, fdst, fsrcRelative)
	}
	return false
}

// filterCheck checks if dir is included in f
func filterCheck(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dir string) bool {
	fi := filter.GetConfig(ctx)
	includeDirectory := fi.IncludeDirectory(ctx, f)
	include, err := includeDirectory(dir)
	if err != nil {
		fs.Errorf(f, "Failed to discover whether directory is included: %v", err)
		return true
	}
	return include
}

// SameDir returns true if fdst and fsrc point to the same
// underlying Fs and they are the same directory.
func SameDir(fdst, fsrc fs.Info) bool {
	if !SameConfig(fdst, fsrc) {
		return false
	}
	_, fdstRootFolded := fixRoot(fdst)
	_, fsrcRootFolded := fixRoot(fsrc)
	return fdstRootFolded == fsrcRootFolded
}

// Retry runs fn up to maxTries times if it returns a retriable error
func Retry(ctx context.Context, o interface{}, maxTries int, fn func() error) (err error) {
	for tries := 1; tries <= maxTries; tries++ {
		// Call the function which might error
		err = fn()
		if err == nil {
			break
		}
		// End if ctx is in error
		if fserrors.ContextError(ctx, &err) {
			break
		}
		// Retry if err returned a retry error
		if fserrors.IsRetryError(err) || fserrors.ShouldRetry(err) {
			fs.Debugf(o, "Received error: %v - low level retry %d/%d", err, tries, maxTries)
			continue
		} else if t, ok := pacer.IsRetryAfter(err); ok {
			fs.Debugf(o, "Sleeping for %v (as indicated by the server) to obey Retry-After error: %v", t, err)
			time.Sleep(t)
			continue
		}
		break
	}
	return err
}

// ListFn lists the Fs to the supplied function
//
// Lists in parallel which may get them out of order
func ListFn(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, fn func(fs.Object)) error {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	return walk.ListR(ctx, f, "", false, ci.MaxDepth, walk.ListObjects, func(entries fs.DirEntries) error {
		entries.ForObject(fn)
		return nil
	})
}

// StdoutMutex mutex for synchronized output on stdout
var StdoutMutex sync.Mutex

// SyncPrintf is a global var holding the Printf function so that it
// can be overridden.
//
// This writes to stdout holding the StdoutMutex. If you are going to
// override it and write to os.Stdout then you should hold the
// StdoutMutex too.
var SyncPrintf = func(format string, a ...interface{}) {
	StdoutMutex.Lock()
	defer StdoutMutex.Unlock()
	fmt.Printf(format, a...)
}

// SyncFprintf - Synchronized fmt.Fprintf
//
// Ignores errors from Fprintf.
//
// Prints to stdout if w is nil
func SyncFprintf(w io.Writer, format string, a ...interface{}) {
	if w == nil || w == os.Stdout {
		SyncPrintf(format, a...)
	} else {
		StdoutMutex.Lock()
		defer StdoutMutex.Unlock()
		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(w, format, a...)
	}
}

// SizeString make string representation of size for output
//
// Optional human-readable format including a binary suffix
func SizeString(size int64, humanReadable bool) string {
	if humanReadable {
		if size < 0 {
			return "-" + fs.SizeSuffix(-size).String()
		}
		return fs.SizeSuffix(size).String()
	}
	return strconv.FormatInt(size, 10)
}

// SizeStringField make string representation of size for output in fixed width field
//
// Optional human-readable format including a binary suffix
// Argument rawWidth is used to format field with of raw value. When humanReadable
// option the width is hard coded to 9, since SizeSuffix strings have precision 3
// and longest value will be "999.999Ei". This way the width can be optimized
// depending to the humanReadable option. To always use a longer width the return
// value can always be fed into another format string with a specific field with.
func SizeStringField(size int64, humanReadable bool, rawWidth int) string {
	str := SizeString(size, humanReadable)
	if humanReadable {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%9s", str)
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%[2]*[1]s", str, rawWidth)
}

// CountString make string representation of count for output
//
// Optional human-readable format including a decimal suffix
func CountString(count int64, humanReadable bool) string {
	if humanReadable {
		if count < 0 {
			return "-" + fs.CountSuffix(-count).String()
		}
		return fs.CountSuffix(count).String()
	}
	return strconv.FormatInt(count, 10)
}

// CountStringField make string representation of count for output in fixed width field
//
// Similar to SizeStringField, but human readable with decimal prefix and field width 8
// since there is no 'i' in the decimal prefix symbols (e.g. "999.999E")
func CountStringField(count int64, humanReadable bool, rawWidth int) string {
	str := CountString(count, humanReadable)
	if humanReadable {
		return fmt.Sprintf("%8s", str)
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%[2]*[1]s", str, rawWidth)
}

// List the Fs to the supplied writer
//
// Shows size and path - obeys includes and excludes.
//
// Lists in parallel which may get them out of order
func List(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, w io.Writer) error {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	return ListFn(ctx, f, func(o fs.Object) {
		SyncFprintf(w, "%s %s\n", SizeStringField(o.Size(), ci.HumanReadable, 9), o.Remote())
	})
}

// ListLong lists the Fs to the supplied writer
//
// Shows size, mod time and path - obeys includes and excludes.
//
// Lists in parallel which may get them out of order
func ListLong(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, w io.Writer) error {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	return ListFn(ctx, f, func(o fs.Object) {
		tr := accounting.Stats(ctx).NewCheckingTransfer(o, "listing")
		defer func() {
			tr.Done(ctx, nil)
		}()
		modTime := o.ModTime(ctx)
		SyncFprintf(w, "%s %s %s\n", SizeStringField(o.Size(), ci.HumanReadable, 9), modTime.Local().Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05.000000000"), o.Remote())
	})
}

// HashSum returns the human-readable hash for ht passed in.  This may
// be UNSUPPORTED or ERROR. If it isn't returning a valid hash it will
// return an error.
func HashSum(ctx context.Context, ht hash.Type, base64Encoded bool, downloadFlag bool, o fs.Object) (string, error) {
	var sum string
	var err error

	// If downloadFlag is true, download and hash the file.
	// If downloadFlag is false, call o.Hash asking the remote for the hash
	if downloadFlag {
		// Setup: Define accounting, open the file with NewReOpen to provide restarts, account for the transfer, and setup a multi-hasher with the appropriate type
		// Execution: io.Copy file to hasher, get hash and encode in hex

		tr := accounting.Stats(ctx).NewTransfer(o, nil)
		defer func() {
			tr.Done(ctx, err)
		}()

		// Open with NewReOpen to provide restarts
		var options []fs.OpenOption
		for _, option := range fs.GetConfig(ctx).DownloadHeaders {
			options = append(options, option)
		}
		var in io.ReadCloser
		in, err = Open(ctx, o, options...)
		if err != nil {
			return "ERROR", fmt.Errorf("failed to open file %v: %w", o, err)
		}

		// Account and buffer the transfer
		in = tr.Account(ctx, in).WithBuffer()

		// Setup hasher
		hasher, err := hash.NewMultiHasherTypes(hash.NewHashSet(ht))
		if err != nil {
			return "UNSUPPORTED", fmt.Errorf("hash unsupported: %w", err)
		}

		// Copy to hasher, downloading the file and passing directly to hash
		_, err = io.Copy(hasher, in)
		if err != nil {
			return "ERROR", fmt.Errorf("failed to copy file to hasher: %w", err)
		}

		// Get hash as hex or base64 encoded string
		sum, err = hasher.SumString(ht, base64Encoded)
		if err != nil {
			return "ERROR", fmt.Errorf("hasher returned an error: %w", err)
		}
	} else {
		tr := accounting.Stats(ctx).NewCheckingTransfer(o, "hashing")
		defer func() {
			tr.Done(ctx, err)
		}()

		sum, err = o.Hash(ctx, ht)
		if base64Encoded {
			hexBytes, _ := hex.DecodeString(sum)
			sum = base64.URLEncoding.EncodeToString(hexBytes)
		}
		if err == hash.ErrUnsupported {
			return "", fmt.Errorf("hash unsupported: %w", err)
		}
		if err != nil {
			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get hash %v from backend: %w", ht, err)
		}
	}

	return sum, nil
}

// HashLister does an md5sum equivalent for the hash type passed in
// Updated to handle both standard hex encoding and base64
// Updated to perform multiple hashes concurrently
func HashLister(ctx context.Context, ht hash.Type, outputBase64 bool, downloadFlag bool, f fs.Fs, w io.Writer) error {
	width := hash.Width(ht, outputBase64)
	// Use --checkers concurrency unless downloading in which case use --transfers
	concurrency := fs.GetConfig(ctx).Checkers
	if downloadFlag {
		concurrency = fs.GetConfig(ctx).Transfers
	}
	concurrencyControl := make(chan struct{}, concurrency)
	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	err := ListFn(ctx, f, func(o fs.Object) {
		wg.Add(1)
		concurrencyControl <- struct{}{}
		go func() {
			defer func() {
				<-concurrencyControl
				wg.Done()
			}()
			sum, err := HashSum(ctx, ht, outputBase64, downloadFlag, o)
			if err != nil {
				fs.Errorf(o, "%v", fs.CountError(err))
				return
			}
			SyncFprintf(w, "%*s  %s\n", width, sum, o.Remote())
		}()
	})
	wg.Wait()
	return err
}

// HashSumStream outputs a line compatible with md5sum to w based on the
// input stream in and the hash type ht passed in. If outputBase64 is
// set then the hash will be base64 instead of hexadecimal.
func HashSumStream(ht hash.Type, outputBase64 bool, in io.ReadCloser, w io.Writer) error {
	hasher, err := hash.NewMultiHasherTypes(hash.NewHashSet(ht))
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("hash unsupported: %w", err)
	}
	written, err := io.Copy(hasher, in)
	fs.Debugf(nil, "Creating %s hash of %d bytes read from input stream", ht, written)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to copy input to hasher: %w", err)
	}
	sum, err := hasher.SumString(ht, outputBase64)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("hasher returned an error: %w", err)
	}
	width := hash.Width(ht, outputBase64)
	SyncFprintf(w, "%*s  -\n", width, sum)
	return nil
}

// Count counts the objects and their sizes in the Fs
//
// Obeys includes and excludes
func Count(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs) (objects int64, size int64, sizelessObjects int64, err error) {
	err = ListFn(ctx, f, func(o fs.Object) {
		atomic.AddInt64(&objects, 1)
		objectSize := o.Size()
		if objectSize < 0 {
			atomic.AddInt64(&sizelessObjects, 1)
		} else if objectSize > 0 {
			atomic.AddInt64(&size, objectSize)
		}
	})
	return
}

// ConfigMaxDepth returns the depth to use for a recursive or non recursive listing.
func ConfigMaxDepth(ctx context.Context, recursive bool) int {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	depth := ci.MaxDepth
	if !recursive && depth < 0 {
		depth = 1
	}
	return depth
}

// ListDir lists the directories/buckets/containers in the Fs to the supplied writer
func ListDir(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, w io.Writer) error {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	return walk.ListR(ctx, f, "", false, ConfigMaxDepth(ctx, false), walk.ListDirs, func(entries fs.DirEntries) error {
		entries.ForDir(func(dir fs.Directory) {
			if dir != nil {
				SyncFprintf(w, "%s %13s %s %s\n", SizeStringField(dir.Size(), ci.HumanReadable, 12), dir.ModTime(ctx).Local().Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05"), CountStringField(dir.Items(), ci.HumanReadable, 9), dir.Remote())
			}
		})
		return nil
	})
}

// Mkdir makes a destination directory or container
func Mkdir(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dir string) error {
	if SkipDestructive(ctx, fs.LogDirName(f, dir), "make directory") {
		return nil
	}
	fs.Debugf(fs.LogDirName(f, dir), "Making directory")
	err := f.Mkdir(ctx, dir)
	if err != nil {
		err = fs.CountError(err)
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// MkdirMetadata makes a destination directory or container with metadata
//
// If the destination Fs doesn't support this it will fall back to
// Mkdir and in this case newDst will be nil.
func MkdirMetadata(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dir string, metadata fs.Metadata) (newDst fs.Directory, err error) {
	do := f.Features().MkdirMetadata
	if do == nil {
		return nil, Mkdir(ctx, f, dir)
	}
	logName := fs.LogDirName(f, dir)
	if SkipDestructive(ctx, logName, "make directory") {
		return nil, nil
	}
	fs.Debugf(fs.LogDirName(f, dir), "Making directory with metadata")
	newDst, err = do(ctx, dir, metadata)
	if err != nil {
		err = fs.CountError(err)
		return nil, err
	}
	if mtime, ok := metadata["mtime"]; ok {
		fs.Infof(logName, "Made directory with metadata (mtime=%s)", mtime)
	} else {
		fs.Infof(logName, "Made directory with metadata")
	}
	return newDst, err
}

// MkdirModTime makes a destination directory or container with modtime
//
// It will try to make the directory with MkdirMetadata and if that
// succeeds it will return a non-nil newDst. In all other cases newDst
// will be nil.
//
// If the directory was created with MkDir then it will attempt to use
// Fs.DirSetModTime to update the directory modtime if available.
func MkdirModTime(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dir string, modTime time.Time) (newDst fs.Directory, err error) {
	logName := fs.LogDirName(f, dir)
	if SkipDestructive(ctx, logName, "make directory") {
		return nil, nil
	}
	metadata := fs.Metadata{
		"mtime": modTime.Format(time.RFC3339Nano),
	}
	newDst, err = MkdirMetadata(ctx, f, dir, metadata)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if newDst != nil {
		// The directory was created and we have logged already
		return newDst, nil
	}
	// The directory was created with Mkdir then we should try to set the time
	if do := f.Features().DirSetModTime; do != nil {
		err = do(ctx, dir, modTime)
	}
	fs.Infof(logName, "Made directory with modification time %v", modTime)
	return newDst, err
}

// TryRmdir removes a container but not if not empty.  It doesn't
// count errors but may return one.
func TryRmdir(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dir string) error {
	accounting.Stats(ctx).DeletedDirs(1)
	if SkipDestructive(ctx, fs.LogDirName(f, dir), "remove directory") {
		return nil
	}
	fs.Infof(fs.LogDirName(f, dir), "Removing directory")
	return f.Rmdir(ctx, dir)
}

// Rmdir removes a container but not if not empty
func Rmdir(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dir string) error {
	err := TryRmdir(ctx, f, dir)
	if err != nil {
		err = fs.CountError(err)
		return err
	}
	return err
}

// Purge removes a directory and all of its contents
func Purge(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dir string) (err error) {
	doFallbackPurge := true
	if doPurge := f.Features().Purge; doPurge != nil {
		doFallbackPurge = false
		accounting.Stats(ctx).DeletedDirs(1)
		if SkipDestructive(ctx, fs.LogDirName(f, dir), "purge directory") {
			return nil
		}
		err = doPurge(ctx, dir)
		if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrorCantPurge) {
			doFallbackPurge = true
		}
	}
	if doFallbackPurge {
		// DeleteFiles and Rmdir observe --dry-run
		err = DeleteFiles(ctx, listToChan(ctx, f, dir))
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		err = Rmdirs(ctx, f, dir, false)
	}
	if err != nil {
		err = fs.CountError(err)
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// Delete removes all the contents of a container.  Unlike Purge, it
// obeys includes and excludes.
func Delete(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs) error {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	delChan := make(fs.ObjectsChan, ci.Checkers)
	delErr := make(chan error, 1)
	go func() {
		delErr <- DeleteFiles(ctx, delChan)
	}()
	err := ListFn(ctx, f, func(o fs.Object) {
		delChan <- o
	})
	close(delChan)
	delError := <-delErr
	if err == nil {
		err = delError
	}
	return err
}

// listToChan will transfer all objects in the listing to the output
//
// If an error occurs, the error will be logged, and it will close the
// channel.
//
// If the error was ErrorDirNotFound then it will be ignored
func listToChan(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dir string) fs.ObjectsChan {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	o := make(fs.ObjectsChan, ci.Checkers)
	go func() {
		defer close(o)
		err := walk.ListR(ctx, f, dir, true, ci.MaxDepth, walk.ListObjects, func(entries fs.DirEntries) error {
			entries.ForObject(func(obj fs.Object) {
				o <- obj
			})
			return nil
		})
		if err != nil && err != fs.ErrorDirNotFound {
			err = fmt.Errorf("failed to list: %w", err)
			err = fs.CountError(err)
			fs.Errorf(nil, "%v", err)
		}
	}()
	return o
}

// CleanUp removes the trash for the Fs
func CleanUp(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs) error {
	doCleanUp := f.Features().CleanUp
	if doCleanUp == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("%v doesn't support cleanup", f)
	}
	if SkipDestructive(ctx, f, "clean up old files") {
		return nil
	}
	return doCleanUp(ctx)
}

// wrap a Reader and a Closer together into a ReadCloser
type readCloser struct {
	io.Reader
	io.Closer
}

// Cat any files to the io.Writer
//
// if offset == 0 it will be ignored
// if offset > 0 then the file will be seeked to that offset
// if offset < 0 then the file will be seeked that far from the end
//
// if count < 0 then it will be ignored
// if count >= 0 then only that many characters will be output
func Cat(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, w io.Writer, offset, count int64, sep []byte) error {
	var mu sync.Mutex
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	return ListFn(ctx, f, func(o fs.Object) {
		var err error
		tr := accounting.Stats(ctx).NewTransfer(o, nil)
		defer func() {
			tr.Done(ctx, err)
		}()
		opt := fs.RangeOption{Start: offset, End: -1}
		size := o.Size()
		if opt.Start < 0 {
			opt.Start += size
		}
		if count >= 0 {
			opt.End = opt.Start + count - 1
		}
		var options []fs.OpenOption
		if opt.Start > 0 || opt.End >= 0 {
			options = append(options, &opt)
		}
		for _, option := range ci.DownloadHeaders {
			options = append(options, option)
		}
		var in io.ReadCloser
		in, err = Open(ctx, o, options...)
		if err != nil {
			err = fs.CountError(err)
			fs.Errorf(o, "Failed to open: %v", err)
			return
		}
		if count >= 0 {
			in = &readCloser{Reader: &io.LimitedReader{R: in, N: count}, Closer: in}
		}
		in = tr.Account(ctx, in).WithBuffer() // account and buffer the transfer
		// take the lock just before we output stuff, so at the last possible moment
		mu.Lock()
		defer mu.Unlock()
		_, err = io.Copy(w, in)
		if err != nil {
			err = fs.CountError(err)
			fs.Errorf(o, "Failed to send to output: %v", err)
		}
		if len(sep) >= 0 {
			_, err = w.Write(sep)
			if err != nil {
				err = fs.CountError(err)
				fs.Errorf(o, "Failed to send separator to output: %v", err)
			}
		}
	})
}

// Rcat reads data from the Reader until EOF and uploads it to a file on remote
//
// in is closed at the end of the transfer
func Rcat(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, dstFileName string, in io.ReadCloser, modTime time.Time, meta fs.Metadata) (dst fs.Object, err error) {
	return rcatSrc(ctx, fdst, dstFileName, in, modTime, meta, nil)
}

// rcatSrc reads data from the Reader until EOF and uploads it to a file on remote
//
// in is closed at the end of the transfer
//
// Pass in fsrc if known or nil if not
func rcatSrc(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, dstFileName string, in io.ReadCloser, modTime time.Time, meta fs.Metadata, fsrc fs.Fs) (dst fs.Object, err error) {
	if SkipDestructive(ctx, dstFileName, "upload from pipe") {
		// prevents "broken pipe" errors
		_, err = io.Copy(io.Discard, in)
		return nil, err
	}

	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	tr := accounting.Stats(ctx).NewTransferRemoteSize(dstFileName, -1, nil, fdst)
	defer func() {
		tr.Done(ctx, err)
	}()
	var streamIn io.Reader = tr.Account(ctx, in).WithBuffer()

	readCounter := readers.NewCountingReader(streamIn)
	var trackingIn io.Reader
	var hasher *hash.MultiHasher
	var options []fs.OpenOption
	if !ci.IgnoreChecksum {
		hashes := hash.NewHashSet(fdst.Hashes().GetOne()) // just pick one hash
		hashOption := &fs.HashesOption{Hashes: hashes}
		options = append(options, hashOption)
		hasher, err = hash.NewMultiHasherTypes(hashes)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		trackingIn = io.TeeReader(readCounter, hasher)
	} else {
		trackingIn = readCounter
	}
	for _, option := range ci.UploadHeaders {
		options = append(options, option)
	}
	if ci.MetadataSet != nil {
		options = append(options, fs.MetadataOption(ci.MetadataSet))
	}

	// get the sums from the hasher if in use, or nil
	getSums := func() (sums map[hash.Type]string) {
		if hasher != nil {
			sums = hasher.Sums()
		}
		return sums
	}

	// Read the start of the input and check if it is small enough for direct upload
	buf := make([]byte, ci.StreamingUploadCutoff)
	fileIsSmall := false
	if n, err := io.ReadFull(trackingIn, buf); err == io.EOF || err == io.ErrUnexpectedEOF {
		fileIsSmall = true
		buf = buf[:n]
	}

	// Read the data we have already read in buf and any further unread
	streamIn = io.MultiReader(bytes.NewReader(buf), trackingIn)

	doPutStream := fdst.Features().PutStream

	// Upload the input
	if fileIsSmall || doPutStream == nil {
		var rs io.ReadSeeker
		if fileIsSmall {
			fs.Debugf(fdst, "File to upload is small (%d bytes), uploading instead of streaming", len(buf))
			rs = bytes.NewReader(buf)
		} else {
			fs.Debugf(fdst, "Target remote doesn't support streaming uploads, creating temporary local FS to spool file")
			spool, err := os.CreateTemp("", "rclone-spool")
			if err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create temporary spool file: %v", err)
			}
			fileName := spool.Name()
			defer func() {
				err := spool.Close()
				if err != nil {
					fs.Errorf(fileName, "Failed to close temporary spool file: %v", err)
				}
				err = os.Remove(fileName)
				if err != nil {
					fs.Errorf(fileName, "Failed to delete temporary spool file: %v", err)
				}
			}()
			_, err = io.Copy(spool, streamIn)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to copy to temporary spool file: %v", err)
			}
			rs = spool
		}
		// Upload with Put with retries - since we have downloaded the file we know the size, and the hashes
		sums := getSums()
		size := int64(readCounter.BytesRead())
		objInfo := object.NewStaticObjectInfo(dstFileName, modTime, size, false, sums, fsrc).WithMetadata(meta)
		err = Retry(ctx, objInfo, ci.LowLevelRetries, func() error {
			_, err = rs.Seek(0, io.SeekStart)
			if err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("failed to rewind temporary spool file: %v", err)
			}
			dst, err = fdst.Put(ctx, rs, objInfo, options...)
			return err
		})
	} else {
		// Upload with PutStream with no retries
		objInfo := object.NewStaticObjectInfo(dstFileName, modTime, -1, false, nil, fsrc).WithMetadata(meta)
		dst, err = doPutStream(ctx, streamIn, objInfo, options...)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return dst, err
	}

	// Check transfer
	sums := getSums()
	opt := defaultEqualOpt(ctx)
	if sums != nil {
		// force --checksum on if we have hashes
		opt.checkSum = true
	}
	src := object.NewStaticObjectInfo(dstFileName, modTime, int64(readCounter.BytesRead()), false, sums, fdst).WithMetadata(meta)
	if !equal(ctx, src, dst, opt) {
		err = fmt.Errorf("corrupted on transfer")
		err = fs.CountError(err)
		fs.Errorf(dst, "%v", err)
		return dst, err
	}
	return dst, nil
}

// PublicLink adds a "readable by anyone with link" permission on the given file or folder.
func PublicLink(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, remote string, expire fs.Duration, unlink bool) (string, error) {
	doPublicLink := f.Features().PublicLink
	if doPublicLink == nil {
		return "", fmt.Errorf("%v doesn't support public links", f)
	}
	return doPublicLink(ctx, remote, expire, unlink)
}

// Rmdirs removes any empty directories (or directories only
// containing empty directories) under f, including f.
//
// Rmdirs obeys the filters
func Rmdirs(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dir string, leaveRoot bool) error {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	fi := filter.GetConfig(ctx)
	dirEmpty := make(map[string]bool)
	dirEmpty[dir] = !leaveRoot
	err := walk.Walk(ctx, f, dir, false, ci.MaxDepth, func(dirPath string, entries fs.DirEntries, err error) error {
		if err != nil {
			err = fs.CountError(err)
			fs.Errorf(f, "Failed to list %q: %v", dirPath, err)
			return nil
		}
		for _, entry := range entries {
			switch x := entry.(type) {
			case fs.Directory:
				// add a new directory as empty
				dir := x.Remote()
				_, found := dirEmpty[dir]
				if !found {
					dirEmpty[dir] = true
				}
			case fs.Object:
				// mark the parents of the file as being non-empty
				dir := x.Remote()
				for dir != "" {
					dir = path.Dir(dir)
					if dir == "." || dir == "/" {
						dir = ""
					}
					empty, found := dirEmpty[dir]
					// End if we reach a directory which is non-empty
					if found && !empty {
						break
					}
					dirEmpty[dir] = false
				}
			}
		}
		return nil
	})
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to rmdirs: %w", err)
	}

	// Group directories to delete by level
	var toDelete [][]string
	for dir, empty := range dirEmpty {
		if empty {
			// If a filter matches the directory then that
			// directory is a candidate for deletion
			if fi.IncludeRemote(dir + "/") {
				level := strings.Count(dir, "/") + 1
				// The root directory "" is at the top level
				if dir == "" {
					level = 0
				}
				if len(toDelete) < level+1 {
					toDelete = append(toDelete, make([][]string, level+1-len(toDelete))...)
				}
				toDelete[level] = append(toDelete[level], dir)
			}
		}
	}

	errCount := errcount.New()
	// Delete all directories at the same level in parallel
	for level := len(toDelete) - 1; level >= 0; level-- {
		dirs := toDelete[level]
		if len(dirs) == 0 {
			continue
		}
		fs.Debugf(nil, "removing %d level %d directories", len(dirs), level)
		sort.Strings(dirs)
		g, gCtx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
		g.SetLimit(ci.Checkers)
		for _, dir := range dirs {
			// End early if error
			if gCtx.Err() != nil {
				break
			}
			dir := dir
			g.Go(func() error {
				err := TryRmdir(gCtx, f, dir)
				if err != nil {
					err = fs.CountError(err)
					fs.Errorf(dir, "Failed to rmdir: %v", err)
					errCount.Add(err)
				}
				return nil // don't return errors, just count them
			})
		}
		err := g.Wait()
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return errCount.Err("failed to remove directories")
}

// GetCompareDest sets up --compare-dest
func GetCompareDest(ctx context.Context) (CompareDest []fs.Fs, err error) {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	CompareDest, err = cache.GetArr(ctx, ci.CompareDest)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fserrors.FatalError(fmt.Errorf("failed to make fs for --compare-dest %q: %w", ci.CompareDest, err))
	}
	return CompareDest, nil
}

// compareDest checks --compare-dest to see if src needs to
// be copied
//
// Returns True if src is in --compare-dest
func compareDest(ctx context.Context, dst, src fs.Object, CompareDest fs.Fs) (NoNeedTransfer bool, err error) {
	var remote string
	if dst == nil {
		remote = src.Remote()
	} else {
		remote = dst.Remote()
	}
	CompareDestFile, err := CompareDest.NewObject(ctx, remote)
	switch err {
	case fs.ErrorObjectNotFound:
		return false, nil
	case nil:
		break
	default:
		return false, err
	}
	opt := defaultEqualOpt(ctx)
	opt.updateModTime = false
	if equal(ctx, src, CompareDestFile, opt) {
		fs.Debugf(src, "Destination found in --compare-dest, skipping")
		return true, nil
	}
	return false, nil
}

// GetCopyDest sets up --copy-dest
func GetCopyDest(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs) (CopyDest []fs.Fs, err error) {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	CopyDest, err = cache.GetArr(ctx, ci.CopyDest)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fserrors.FatalError(fmt.Errorf("failed to make fs for --copy-dest %q: %w", ci.CopyDest, err))
	}
	if !SameConfigArr(fdst, CopyDest) {
		return nil, fserrors.FatalError(errors.New("parameter to --copy-dest has to be on the same remote as destination"))
	}
	for _, cf := range CopyDest {
		if cf.Features().Copy == nil {
			return nil, fserrors.FatalError(errors.New("can't use --copy-dest on a remote which doesn't support server side copy"))
		}
	}

	return CopyDest, nil
}

// copyDest checks --copy-dest to see if src needs to
// be copied
//
// Returns True if src was copied from --copy-dest
func copyDest(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, dst, src fs.Object, CopyDest, backupDir fs.Fs) (NoNeedTransfer bool, err error) {
	var remote string
	if dst == nil {
		remote = src.Remote()
	} else {
		remote = dst.Remote()
	}
	CopyDestFile, err := CopyDest.NewObject(ctx, remote)
	switch err {
	case fs.ErrorObjectNotFound:
		return false, nil
	case nil:
		break
	default:
		return false, err
	}
	opt := defaultEqualOpt(ctx)
	opt.updateModTime = false
	if equal(ctx, src, CopyDestFile, opt) {
		if dst == nil || !Equal(ctx, src, dst) {
			if dst != nil && backupDir != nil {
				err = MoveBackupDir(ctx, backupDir, dst)
				if err != nil {
					return false, fmt.Errorf("moving to --backup-dir failed: %w", err)
				}
				// If successful zero out the dstObj as it is no longer there
				dst = nil
			}
			_, err := Copy(ctx, fdst, dst, remote, CopyDestFile)
			if err != nil {
				fs.Errorf(src, "Destination found in --copy-dest, error copying")
				return false, nil
			}
			fs.Debugf(src, "Destination found in --copy-dest, using server-side copy")
			return true, nil
		}
		fs.Debugf(src, "Unchanged skipping")
		return true, nil
	}
	fs.Debugf(src, "Destination not found in --copy-dest")
	return false, nil
}

// CompareOrCopyDest checks --compare-dest and --copy-dest to see if src
// does not need to be copied
//
// Returns True if src does not need to be copied
func CompareOrCopyDest(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, dst, src fs.Object, CompareOrCopyDest []fs.Fs, backupDir fs.Fs) (NoNeedTransfer bool, err error) {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	if len(ci.CompareDest) > 0 {
		for _, compareF := range CompareOrCopyDest {
			NoNeedTransfer, err := compareDest(ctx, dst, src, compareF)
			if NoNeedTransfer || err != nil {
				return NoNeedTransfer, err
			}
		}
	} else if len(ci.CopyDest) > 0 {
		for _, copyF := range CompareOrCopyDest {
			NoNeedTransfer, err := copyDest(ctx, fdst, dst, src, copyF, backupDir)
			if NoNeedTransfer || err != nil {
				return NoNeedTransfer, err
			}
		}
	}
	return false, nil
}

// NeedTransfer checks to see if src needs to be copied to dst using
// the current config.
//
// Returns a flag which indicates whether the file needs to be
// transferred or not.
func NeedTransfer(ctx context.Context, dst, src fs.Object) bool {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	logger, _ := GetLogger(ctx)
	if dst == nil {
		fs.Debugf(src, "Need to transfer - File not found at Destination")
		logger(ctx, MissingOnDst, src, nil, nil)
		return true
	}
	// If we should ignore existing files, don't transfer
	if ci.IgnoreExisting {
		fs.Debugf(src, "Destination exists, skipping")
		logger(ctx, Match, src, dst, nil)
		return false
	}
	// If we should upload unconditionally
	if ci.IgnoreTimes {
		fs.Debugf(src, "Transferring unconditionally as --ignore-times is in use")
		logger(ctx, Differ, src, dst, nil)
		return true
	}
	// If UpdateOlder is in effect, skip if dst is newer than src
	if ci.UpdateOlder {
		srcModTime := src.ModTime(ctx)
		dstModTime := dst.ModTime(ctx)
		dt := dstModTime.Sub(srcModTime)
		// If have a mutually agreed precision then use that
		modifyWindow := fs.GetModifyWindow(ctx, dst.Fs(), src.Fs())
		if modifyWindow == fs.ModTimeNotSupported {
			// Otherwise use 1 second as a safe default as
			// the resolution of the time a file was
			// uploaded.
			modifyWindow = time.Second
		}
		switch {
		case dt >= modifyWindow:
			fs.Debugf(src, "Destination is newer than source, skipping")
			logger(ctx, Match, src, dst, nil)
			return false
		case dt <= -modifyWindow:
			// force --checksum on for the check and do update modtimes by default
			opt := defaultEqualOpt(ctx)
			opt.forceModTimeMatch = true
			if equal(ctx, src, dst, opt) {
				fs.Debugf(src, "Unchanged skipping")
				return false
			}
		default:
			// Do a size only compare unless --checksum is set
			opt := defaultEqualOpt(ctx)
			opt.sizeOnly = !ci.CheckSum
			if equal(ctx, src, dst, opt) {
				fs.Debugf(src, "Destination mod time is within %v of source and files identical, skipping", modifyWindow)
				return false
			}
			fs.Debugf(src, "Destination mod time is within %v of source but files differ, transferring", modifyWindow)
		}
	} else {
		// Check to see if changed or not
		equalFn, ok := ctx.Value(equalFnKey).(EqualFn)
		if ok {
			return !equalFn(ctx, src, dst)
		}
		if Equal(ctx, src, dst) && !SameObject(src, dst) {
			fs.Debugf(src, "Unchanged skipping")
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

// RcatSize reads data from the Reader until EOF and uploads it to a file on remote.
// Pass in size >=0 if known, <0 if not known
func RcatSize(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, dstFileName string, in io.ReadCloser, size int64, modTime time.Time, meta fs.Metadata) (dst fs.Object, err error) {
	var obj fs.Object

	if size >= 0 {
		var err error
		// Size known use Put
		tr := accounting.Stats(ctx).NewTransferRemoteSize(dstFileName, size, nil, fdst)
		defer func() {
			tr.Done(ctx, err)
		}()
		body := io.NopCloser(in)    // we let the server close the body
		in := tr.Account(ctx, body) // account the transfer (no buffering)

		if SkipDestructive(ctx, dstFileName, "upload from pipe") {
			// prevents "broken pipe" errors
			_, err = io.Copy(io.Discard, in)
			return nil, err
		}

		info := object.NewStaticObjectInfo(dstFileName, modTime, size, true, nil, fdst).WithMetadata(meta)
		obj, err = fdst.Put(ctx, in, info)
		if err != nil {
			fs.Errorf(dstFileName, "Post request put error: %v", err)

			return nil, err
		}
	} else {
		// Size unknown use Rcat
		obj, err = Rcat(ctx, fdst, dstFileName, in, modTime, meta)
		if err != nil {
			fs.Errorf(dstFileName, "Post request rcat error: %v", err)

			return nil, err
		}
	}

	return obj, nil
}

// copyURLFunc is called from CopyURLFn
type copyURLFunc func(ctx context.Context, dstFileName string, in io.ReadCloser, size int64, modTime time.Time) (err error)

// copyURLFn copies the data from the url to the function supplied
func copyURLFn(ctx context.Context, dstFileName string, url string, autoFilename, dstFileNameFromHeader bool, fn copyURLFunc) (err error) {
	client := fshttp.NewClient(ctx)
	resp, err := client.Get(url)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer fs.CheckClose(resp.Body, &err)
	if resp.StatusCode < 200 || resp.StatusCode >= 300 {
		return fmt.Errorf("CopyURL failed: %s", resp.Status)
	}
	modTime, err := http.ParseTime(resp.Header.Get("Last-Modified"))
	if err != nil {
		modTime = time.Now()
	}
	if autoFilename {
		if dstFileNameFromHeader {
			_, params, err := mime.ParseMediaType(resp.Header.Get("Content-Disposition"))
			headerFilename := path.Base(strings.Replace(params["filename"], "\\", "/", -1))
			if err != nil || headerFilename == "" {
				return fmt.Errorf("CopyURL failed: filename not found in the Content-Disposition header")
			}
			fs.Debugf(headerFilename, "filename found in Content-Disposition header.")
			return fn(ctx, headerFilename, resp.Body, resp.ContentLength, modTime)
		}

		dstFileName = path.Base(resp.Request.URL.Path)
		if dstFileName == "." || dstFileName == "/" {
			return fmt.Errorf("CopyURL failed: file name wasn't found in url")
		}
		fs.Debugf(dstFileName, "File name found in url")
	}
	return fn(ctx, dstFileName, resp.Body, resp.ContentLength, modTime)
}

// CopyURL copies the data from the url to (fdst, dstFileName)
func CopyURL(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, dstFileName string, url string, autoFilename, dstFileNameFromHeader bool, noClobber bool) (dst fs.Object, err error) {
	err = copyURLFn(ctx, dstFileName, url, autoFilename, dstFileNameFromHeader, func(ctx context.Context, dstFileName string, in io.ReadCloser, size int64, modTime time.Time) (err error) {
		if noClobber {
			_, err = fdst.NewObject(ctx, dstFileName)
			if err == nil {
				return errors.New("CopyURL failed: file already exist")
			}
		}
		dst, err = RcatSize(ctx, fdst, dstFileName, in, size, modTime, nil)
		return err
	})
	return dst, err
}

// CopyURLToWriter copies the data from the url to the io.Writer supplied
func CopyURLToWriter(ctx context.Context, url string, out io.Writer) (err error) {
	return copyURLFn(ctx, "", url, false, false, func(ctx context.Context, dstFileName string, in io.ReadCloser, size int64, modTime time.Time) (err error) {
		_, err = io.Copy(out, in)
		return err
	})
}

// BackupDir returns the correctly configured --backup-dir
func BackupDir(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, fsrc fs.Fs, srcFileName string) (backupDir fs.Fs, err error) {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	if ci.BackupDir != "" {
		backupDir, err = cache.Get(ctx, ci.BackupDir)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fserrors.FatalError(fmt.Errorf("failed to make fs for --backup-dir %q: %w", ci.BackupDir, err))
		}
		if !SameConfig(fdst, backupDir) {
			return nil, fserrors.FatalError(errors.New("parameter to --backup-dir has to be on the same remote as destination"))
		}
		if srcFileName == "" {
			if OverlappingFilterCheck(ctx, backupDir, fdst) {
				return nil, fserrors.FatalError(errors.New("destination and parameter to --backup-dir mustn't overlap"))
			}
			if OverlappingFilterCheck(ctx, backupDir, fsrc) {
				return nil, fserrors.FatalError(errors.New("source and parameter to --backup-dir mustn't overlap"))
			}
		} else {
			if ci.Suffix == "" {
				if SameDir(fdst, backupDir) {
					return nil, fserrors.FatalError(errors.New("destination and parameter to --backup-dir mustn't be the same"))
				}
				if SameDir(fsrc, backupDir) {
					return nil, fserrors.FatalError(errors.New("source and parameter to --backup-dir mustn't be the same"))
				}
			}
		}
	} else if ci.Suffix != "" {
		// --backup-dir is not set but --suffix is - use the destination as the backupDir
		backupDir = fdst
	} else {
		return nil, fserrors.FatalError(errors.New("internal error: BackupDir called when --backup-dir and --suffix both empty"))
	}
	if !CanServerSideMove(backupDir) {
		return nil, fserrors.FatalError(errors.New("can't use --backup-dir on a remote which doesn't support server-side move or copy"))
	}
	return backupDir, nil
}

// MoveBackupDir moves a file to the backup dir
func MoveBackupDir(ctx context.Context, backupDir fs.Fs, dst fs.Object) (err error) {
	remoteWithSuffix := SuffixName(ctx, dst.Remote())
	overwritten, _ := backupDir.NewObject(ctx, remoteWithSuffix)
	_, err = Move(ctx, backupDir, overwritten, remoteWithSuffix, dst)
	return err
}

// needsMoveCaseInsensitive returns true if moveCaseInsensitive is needed
func needsMoveCaseInsensitive(fdst fs.Fs, fsrc fs.Fs, dstFileName string, srcFileName string, cp bool) bool {
	dstFilePath := path.Join(fdst.Root(), dstFileName)
	srcFilePath := path.Join(fsrc.Root(), srcFileName)
	return !cp && fdst.Name() == fsrc.Name() && fdst.Features().CaseInsensitive && dstFileName != srcFileName && strings.EqualFold(dstFilePath, srcFilePath)
}

// MoveCaseInsensitive handles changing case of a file on a case insensitive remote.
// This will move the file to a temporary name then
// move it back to the intended destination. This is required
// to avoid issues with certain remotes and avoid file deletion.
// returns nil, nil if !needsMoveCaseInsensitive.
// this does not account a transfer -- the caller should do that if desired.
func MoveCaseInsensitive(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, fsrc fs.Fs, dstFileName string, srcFileName string, cp bool, srcObj fs.Object) (newDst fs.Object, err error) {
	logger, _ := GetLogger(ctx)

	// Choose operations
	Op := MoveTransfer
	if cp {
		Op = Copy
	}

	if SkipDestructive(ctx, srcFileName, "rename to "+dstFileName) {
		// avoid fatalpanic on --dry-run (trying to access non-existent tmpObj)
		return nil, nil
	}
	// Create random name to temporarily move file to
	tmpObjName := dstFileName + "-rclone-move-" + random.String(8)
	tmpObjFail, err := fdst.NewObject(ctx, tmpObjName)
	if err != fs.ErrorObjectNotFound {
		if err == nil {
			logger(ctx, TransferError, nil, tmpObjFail, err)
			return nil, errors.New("found an already existing file with a randomly generated name. Try the operation again")
		}
		logger(ctx, TransferError, nil, tmpObjFail, err)
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while attempting to move file to a temporary location: %w", err)
	}
	fs.Debugf(srcObj, "moving to %v", tmpObjName)
	tmpObj, err := Op(ctx, fdst, nil, tmpObjName, srcObj)
	if err != nil {
		logger(ctx, TransferError, srcObj, tmpObj, err)
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while moving file to temporary location: %w", err)
	}
	fs.Debugf(srcObj, "moving to %v", dstFileName)
	newDst, err = Op(ctx, fdst, nil, dstFileName, tmpObj)
	logger(ctx, MissingOnDst, tmpObj, nil, err)
	return newDst, err
}

// moveOrCopyFile moves or copies a single file possibly to a new name
func moveOrCopyFile(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, fsrc fs.Fs, dstFileName string, srcFileName string, cp bool) (err error) {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	logger, usingLogger := GetLogger(ctx)
	dstFilePath := path.Join(fdst.Root(), dstFileName)
	srcFilePath := path.Join(fsrc.Root(), srcFileName)
	if fdst.Name() == fsrc.Name() && dstFilePath == srcFilePath {
		fs.Debugf(fdst, "don't need to copy/move %s, it is already at target location", dstFileName)
		if usingLogger {
			srcObj, _ := fsrc.NewObject(ctx, srcFileName)
			dstObj, _ := fsrc.NewObject(ctx, dstFileName)
			logger(ctx, Match, srcObj, dstObj, nil)
		}
		return nil
	}

	// Choose operations
	Op := MoveTransfer
	if cp {
		Op = Copy
	}

	// Find src object
	srcObj, err := fsrc.NewObject(ctx, srcFileName)
	if err != nil {
		logger(ctx, TransferError, srcObj, nil, err)
		return err
	}

	// Find dst object if it exists
	var dstObj fs.Object
	if !ci.NoCheckDest {
		dstObj, err = fdst.NewObject(ctx, dstFileName)
		if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrorObjectNotFound) {
			dstObj = nil
		} else if err != nil {
			logger(ctx, TransferError, nil, dstObj, err)
			return err
		}
	}

	// Special case for changing case of a file on a case insensitive remote
	// This will move the file to a temporary name then
	// move it back to the intended destination. This is required
	// to avoid issues with certain remotes and avoid file deletion.
	if needsMoveCaseInsensitive(fdst, fsrc, dstFileName, srcFileName, cp) {
		tr := accounting.Stats(ctx).NewTransfer(srcObj, fdst)
		defer func() {
			tr.Done(ctx, err)
		}()
		_, err = MoveCaseInsensitive(ctx, fdst, fsrc, dstFileName, srcFileName, cp, srcObj)
		return err
	}

	var backupDir fs.Fs
	var copyDestDir []fs.Fs
	if ci.BackupDir != "" || ci.Suffix != "" {
		backupDir, err = BackupDir(ctx, fdst, fsrc, srcFileName)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("creating Fs for --backup-dir failed: %w", err)
		}
	}
	if len(ci.CompareDest) > 0 {
		copyDestDir, err = GetCompareDest(ctx)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	} else if len(ci.CopyDest) > 0 {
		copyDestDir, err = GetCopyDest(ctx, fdst)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	needTransfer := NeedTransfer(ctx, dstObj, srcObj)
	if needTransfer {
		NoNeedTransfer, err := CompareOrCopyDest(ctx, fdst, dstObj, srcObj, copyDestDir, backupDir)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if NoNeedTransfer {
			needTransfer = false
		}
	}
	if needTransfer {
		// If destination already exists, then we must move it into --backup-dir if required
		if dstObj != nil && backupDir != nil {
			err = MoveBackupDir(ctx, backupDir, dstObj)
			if err != nil {
				logger(ctx, TransferError, dstObj, nil, err)
				return fmt.Errorf("moving to --backup-dir failed: %w", err)
			}
			// If successful zero out the dstObj as it is no longer there
			logger(ctx, MissingOnDst, dstObj, nil, nil)
			dstObj = nil
		}

		_, err = Op(ctx, fdst, dstObj, dstFileName, srcObj)
	} else {
		if !cp {
			if ci.IgnoreExisting {
				fs.Debugf(srcObj, "Not removing source file as destination file exists and --ignore-existing is set")
				logger(ctx, Match, srcObj, dstObj, nil)
			} else if !SameObject(srcObj, dstObj) {
				err = DeleteFile(ctx, srcObj)
				logger(ctx, Differ, srcObj, dstObj, nil)
			}
		}
	}
	return err
}

// MoveFile moves a single file possibly to a new name
//
// This is treated as a transfer.
func MoveFile(ctx context.Context, fdst fs.Fs, fsrc fs.Fs, dstFileName string, srcFileName string) (err error) {
	return moveOrCopyFile(ctx, fdst, fsrc, dstFileName, srcFileName, false)
}

// SetTier changes tier of object in remote
func SetTier(ctx context.Context, fsrc fs.Fs, tier string) error {
	return ListFn(ctx, fsrc, func(o fs.Object) {
		objImpl, ok := o.(fs.SetTierer)
		if !ok {
			fs.Errorf(fsrc, "Remote object does not implement SetTier")
			return
		}
		err := objImpl.SetTier(tier)
		if err != nil {
			fs.Errorf(fsrc, "Failed to do SetTier, %v", err)
		}
	})
}

// SetTierFile changes tier of a single file in remote
func SetTierFile(ctx context.Context, o fs.Object, tier string) error {
	do, ok := o.(fs.SetTierer)
	if !ok {
		return errors.New("remote object does not implement SetTier")
	}
	err := do.SetTier(tier)
	if err != nil {
		fs.Errorf(o, "Failed to do SetTier, %v", err)
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// TouchDir touches every file in directory with time t
func TouchDir(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, remote string, t time.Time, recursive bool) error {
	return walk.ListR(ctx, f, remote, false, ConfigMaxDepth(ctx, recursive), walk.ListObjects, func(entries fs.DirEntries) error {
		entries.ForObject(func(o fs.Object) {
			if !SkipDestructive(ctx, o, "touch") {
				fs.Debugf(f, "Touching %q", o.Remote())
				err := o.SetModTime(ctx, t)
				if err != nil {
					err = fmt.Errorf("failed to touch: %w", err)
					err = fs.CountError(err)
					fs.Errorf(o, "%v", err)
				}
			}
		})
		return nil
	})
}

// ListFormat defines files information print format
type ListFormat struct {
	separator string
	dirSlash  bool
	absolute  bool
	output    []func(entry *ListJSONItem) string
	csv       *csv.Writer
	buf       bytes.Buffer
}

// SetSeparator changes separator in struct
func (l *ListFormat) SetSeparator(separator string) {
	l.separator = separator
}

// SetDirSlash defines if slash should be printed
func (l *ListFormat) SetDirSlash(dirSlash bool) {
	l.dirSlash = dirSlash
}

// SetAbsolute prints a leading slash in front of path names
func (l *ListFormat) SetAbsolute(absolute bool) {
	l.absolute = absolute
}

// SetCSV defines if the output should be csv
//
// Note that you should call SetSeparator before this if you want a
// custom separator
func (l *ListFormat) SetCSV(useCSV bool) {
	if useCSV {
		l.csv = csv.NewWriter(&l.buf)
		if l.separator != "" {
			l.csv.Comma = []rune(l.separator)[0]
		}
	} else {
		l.csv = nil
	}
}

// SetOutput sets functions used to create files information
func (l *ListFormat) SetOutput(output []func(entry *ListJSONItem) string) {
	l.output = output
}

// AddModTime adds file's Mod Time to output
func (l *ListFormat) AddModTime(timeFormat string) {
	switch timeFormat {
	case "":
		timeFormat = "2006-01-02 15:04:05"
	case "Layout":
		timeFormat = time.Layout
	case "ANSIC":
		timeFormat = time.ANSIC
	case "UnixDate":
		timeFormat = time.UnixDate
	case "RubyDate":
		timeFormat = time.RubyDate
	case "RFC822":
		timeFormat = time.RFC822
	case "RFC822Z":
		timeFormat = time.RFC822Z
	case "RFC850":
		timeFormat = time.RFC850
	case "RFC1123":
		timeFormat = time.RFC1123
	case "RFC1123Z":
		timeFormat = time.RFC1123Z
	case "RFC3339":
		timeFormat = time.RFC3339
	case "RFC3339Nano":
		timeFormat = time.RFC3339Nano
	case "Kitchen":
		timeFormat = time.Kitchen
	case "Stamp":
		timeFormat = time.Stamp
	case "StampMilli":
		timeFormat = time.StampMilli
	case "StampMicro":
		timeFormat = time.StampMicro
	case "StampNano":
		timeFormat = time.StampNano
	case "DateTime":
		// timeFormat = time.DateTime // missing in go1.19
		timeFormat = "2006-01-02 15:04:05"
	case "DateOnly":
		// timeFormat = time.DateOnly // missing in go1.19
		timeFormat = "2006-01-02"
	case "TimeOnly":
		// timeFormat = time.TimeOnly // missing in go1.19
		timeFormat = "15:04:05"
	}
	l.AppendOutput(func(entry *ListJSONItem) string {
		return entry.ModTime.When.Local().Format(timeFormat)
	})
}

// AddSize adds file's size to output
func (l *ListFormat) AddSize() {
	l.AppendOutput(func(entry *ListJSONItem) string {
		return strconv.FormatInt(entry.Size, 10)
	})
}

// normalisePath makes sure the path has the correct slashes for the current mode
func (l *ListFormat) normalisePath(entry *ListJSONItem, remote string) string {
	if l.absolute && !strings.HasPrefix(remote, "/") {
		remote = "/" + remote
	}
	if entry.IsDir && l.dirSlash {
		remote += "/"
	}
	return remote
}

// AddPath adds path to file to output
func (l *ListFormat) AddPath() {
	l.AppendOutput(func(entry *ListJSONItem) string {
		return l.normalisePath(entry, entry.Path)
	})
}

// AddEncrypted adds the encrypted path to file to output
func (l *ListFormat) AddEncrypted() {
	l.AppendOutput(func(entry *ListJSONItem) string {
		return l.normalisePath(entry, entry.Encrypted)
	})
}

// AddHash adds the hash of the type given to the output
func (l *ListFormat) AddHash(ht hash.Type) {
	hashName := ht.String()
	l.AppendOutput(func(entry *ListJSONItem) string {
		if entry.IsDir {
			return ""
		}
		return entry.Hashes[hashName]
	})
}

// AddID adds file's ID to the output if known
func (l *ListFormat) AddID() {
	l.AppendOutput(func(entry *ListJSONItem) string {
		return entry.ID
	})
}

// AddOrigID adds file's Original ID to the output if known
func (l *ListFormat) AddOrigID() {
	l.AppendOutput(func(entry *ListJSONItem) string {
		return entry.OrigID
	})
}

// AddTier adds file's Tier to the output if known
func (l *ListFormat) AddTier() {
	l.AppendOutput(func(entry *ListJSONItem) string {
		return entry.Tier
	})
}

// AddMimeType adds file's MimeType to the output if known
func (l *ListFormat) AddMimeType() {
	l.AppendOutput(func(entry *ListJSONItem) string {
		return entry.MimeType
	})
}

// AddMetadata adds file's Metadata to the output if known
func (l *ListFormat) AddMetadata() {
	l.AppendOutput(func(entry *ListJSONItem) string {
		metadata := entry.Metadata
		if metadata == nil {
			metadata = make(fs.Metadata)
		}
		out, err := json.Marshal(metadata)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Sprintf("Failed to read metadata: %v", err.Error())
		}
		return string(out)
	})
}

// AppendOutput adds string generated by specific function to printed output
func (l *ListFormat) AppendOutput(functionToAppend func(item *ListJSONItem) string) {
	l.output = append(l.output, functionToAppend)
}

// Format prints information about the DirEntry in the format defined
func (l *ListFormat) Format(entry *ListJSONItem) (result string) {
	var out []string
	for _, fun := range l.output {
		out = append(out, fun(entry))
	}
	if l.csv != nil {
		l.buf.Reset()
		_ = l.csv.Write(out) // can't fail writing to bytes.Buffer
		l.csv.Flush()
		result = strings.TrimRight(l.buf.String(), "\n")
	} else {
		result = strings.Join(out, l.separator)
	}
	return result
}

// FormatForLSFPrecision Returns a time format for the given precision
func FormatForLSFPrecision(precision time.Duration) string {
	switch {
	case precision <= time.Nanosecond:
		return "2006-01-02 15:04:05.000000000"
	case precision <= 10*time.Nanosecond:
		return "2006-01-02 15:04:05.00000000"
	case precision <= 100*time.Nanosecond:
		return "2006-01-02 15:04:05.0000000"
	case precision <= time.Microsecond:
		return "2006-01-02 15:04:05.000000"
	case precision <= 10*time.Microsecond:
		return "2006-01-02 15:04:05.00000"
	case precision <= 100*time.Microsecond:
		return "2006-01-02 15:04:05.0000"
	case precision <= time.Millisecond:
		return "2006-01-02 15:04:05.000"
	case precision <= 10*time.Millisecond:
		return "2006-01-02 15:04:05.00"
	case precision <= 100*time.Millisecond:
		return "2006-01-02 15:04:05.0"
	}
	return "2006-01-02 15:04:05"
}

// DirMove renames srcRemote to dstRemote
//
// It does this by loading the directory tree into memory (using ListR
// if available) and doing renames in parallel.
func DirMove(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, srcRemote, dstRemote string) (err error) {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)

	if SkipDestructive(ctx, srcRemote, "dirMove") {
		accounting.Stats(ctx).Renames(1)
		return nil
	}

	// Use DirMove if possible
	if doDirMove := f.Features().DirMove; doDirMove != nil {
		err = doDirMove(ctx, f, srcRemote, dstRemote)
		if err == nil {
			accounting.Stats(ctx).Renames(1)
		}
		if err != fs.ErrorCantDirMove && err != fs.ErrorDirExists {
			return err
		}
		fs.Infof(f, "Can't DirMove - falling back to file moves: %v", err)
	}

	// Load the directory tree into memory
	tree, err := walk.NewDirTree(ctx, f, srcRemote, true, -1)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("RenameDir tree walk: %w", err)
	}

	// Get the directories in sorted order
	dirs := tree.Dirs()

	// Make the destination directories - must be done in order not in parallel
	for _, dir := range dirs {
		dstPath := dstRemote + dir[len(srcRemote):]
		err := f.Mkdir(ctx, dstPath)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("RenameDir mkdir: %w", err)
		}
	}

	// Rename the files in parallel
	type rename struct {
		o       fs.Object
		newPath string
	}
	renames := make(chan rename, ci.Checkers)
	g, gCtx := errgroup.WithContext(context.Background())
	for i := 0; i < ci.Checkers; i++ {
		g.Go(func() error {
			for job := range renames {
				dstOverwritten, _ := f.NewObject(gCtx, job.newPath)
				_, err := Move(gCtx, f, dstOverwritten, job.newPath, job.o)
				if err != nil {
					return err
				}
				select {
				case <-gCtx.Done():
					return gCtx.Err()
				default:
				}

			}
			return nil
		})
	}
	for dir, entries := range tree {
		dstPath := dstRemote + dir[len(srcRemote):]
		for _, entry := range entries {
			if o, ok := entry.(fs.Object); ok {
				renames <- rename{o, path.Join(dstPath, path.Base(o.Remote()))}
			}
		}
	}
	close(renames)
	err = g.Wait()
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("RenameDir renames: %w", err)
	}

	// Remove the source directories in reverse order
	for i := len(dirs) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
		err := f.Rmdir(ctx, dirs[i])
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("RenameDir rmdir: %w", err)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// DirMoveCaseInsensitive does DirMove in two steps (to temp name, then real name)
// which is necessary for some case-insensitive backends
func DirMoveCaseInsensitive(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, srcRemote, dstRemote string) (err error) {
	tmpDstRemote := dstRemote + "-rclone-move-" + random.String(8)
	err = DirMove(ctx, f, srcRemote, tmpDstRemote)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return DirMove(ctx, f, tmpDstRemote, dstRemote)
}

// FsInfo provides information about a remote
type FsInfo struct {
	// Name of the remote (as passed into NewFs)
	Name string

	// Root of the remote (as passed into NewFs)
	Root string

	// String returns a description of the FS
	String string

	// Precision of the ModTimes in this Fs in Nanoseconds
	Precision time.Duration

	// Returns the supported hash types of the filesystem
	Hashes []string

	// Features returns the optional features of this Fs
	Features map[string]bool

	// MetadataInfo returns info about the metadata for this backend
	MetadataInfo *fs.MetadataInfo
}

// GetFsInfo gets the information (FsInfo) about a given Fs
func GetFsInfo(f fs.Fs) *FsInfo {
	features := f.Features()
	info := &FsInfo{
		Name:         f.Name(),
		Root:         f.Root(),
		String:       f.String(),
		Precision:    f.Precision(),
		Hashes:       make([]string, 0, 4),
		Features:     features.Enabled(),
		MetadataInfo: nil,
	}
	for _, hashType := range f.Hashes().Array() {
		info.Hashes = append(info.Hashes, hashType.String())
	}
	fsInfo, _, _, _, err := fs.ParseRemote(fs.ConfigString(f))
	if err == nil && fsInfo != nil && fsInfo.MetadataInfo != nil {
		info.MetadataInfo = fsInfo.MetadataInfo
	}
	return info
}

var (
	interactiveMu sync.Mutex // protects the following variables
	skipped       = map[string]bool{}
)

// skipDestructiveChoose asks the user which action to take
//
// Call with interactiveMu held
func skipDestructiveChoose(ctx context.Context, subject interface{}, action string) (skip bool) {
	// Lock the StdoutMutex - must not call fs.Log anything
	// otherwise it will deadlock with --interactive --progress
	StdoutMutex.Lock()

	fmt.Printf("\nrclone: %s \"%v\"?\n", action, subject)
	i := config.CommandDefault([]string{
		"yYes, this is OK",
		"nNo, skip this",
		fmt.Sprintf("sSkip all %s operations with no more questions", action),
		fmt.Sprintf("!Do all %s operations with no more questions", action),
		"qExit rclone now.",
	}, 0)

	StdoutMutex.Unlock()

	switch i {
	case 'y':
		skip = false
	case 'n':
		skip = true
	case 's':
		skip = true
		skipped[action] = true
		fs.Logf(nil, "Skipping all %s operations from now on without asking", action)
	case '!':
		skip = false
		skipped[action] = false
		fs.Logf(nil, "Doing all %s operations from now on without asking", action)
	case 'q':
		fs.Logf(nil, "Quitting rclone now")
		atexit.Run()
		os.Exit(0)
	default:
		skip = true
		fs.Errorf(nil, "Bad choice %c", i)
	}
	return skip
}

// SkipDestructive should be called whenever rclone is about to do an destructive operation.
//
// It will check the --dry-run flag and it will ask the user if the --interactive flag is set.
//
// subject should be the object or directory in use
//
// action should be a descriptive word or short phrase
//
// Together they should make sense in this sentence: "Rclone is about
// to action subject".
func SkipDestructive(ctx context.Context, subject interface{}, action string) (skip bool) {
	var flag string
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	switch {
	case ci.DryRun:
		flag = "--dry-run"
		skip = true
	case ci.Interactive:
		flag = "--interactive"
		interactiveMu.Lock()
		defer interactiveMu.Unlock()
		var found bool
		skip, found = skipped[action]
		if !found {
			skip = skipDestructiveChoose(ctx, subject, action)
		}
	default:
		return false
	}
	if skip {
		size := int64(-1)
		if do, ok := subject.(interface{ Size() int64 }); ok {
			size = do.Size()
		}
		if size >= 0 {
			fs.Logf(subject, "Skipped %s as %s is set (size %v)", fs.LogValue("skipped", action), flag, fs.LogValue("size", fs.SizeSuffix(size)))
		} else {
			fs.Logf(subject, "Skipped %s as %s is set", fs.LogValue("skipped", action), flag)
		}
	}
	return skip
}

// Return the best way of describing the directory for the logs
func dirName(f fs.Fs, dst fs.Directory, dir string) any {
	if dst != nil {
		if dst.Remote() != "" {
			return dst
		}
		// Root is described as the Fs
		return f
	}
	if dir != "" {
		return dir
	}
	// Root is described as the Fs
	return f
}

// CopyDirMetadata copies the src directory to dst or f if nil.  If dst is nil then it uses
// dir as the name of the new directory.
//
// It returns the destination directory if possible.  Note that this may
// be nil.
func CopyDirMetadata(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dst fs.Directory, dir string, src fs.Directory) (newDst fs.Directory, err error) {
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	logName := dirName(f, dst, dir)
	if SkipDestructive(ctx, logName, "update directory metadata") {
		return nil, nil
	}

	// Options for the directory metadata
	options := []fs.OpenOption{}
	if ci.MetadataSet != nil {
		options = append(options, fs.MetadataOption(ci.MetadataSet))
	}

	// Read metadata from src and add options and use metadata mapper
	metadata, err := fs.GetMetadataOptions(ctx, f, src, options)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Fall back to ModTime if metadata not available
	if metadata == nil {
		metadata = fs.Metadata{}
	}
	if metadata["mtime"] == "" {
		metadata["mtime"] = src.ModTime(ctx).Format(time.RFC3339Nano)
	}

	// Now set the metadata
	if dst == nil {
		do := f.Features().MkdirMetadata
		if do == nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("internal error: expecting %v to have MkdirMetadata method: %w", f, fs.ErrorNotImplemented)
		}
		newDst, err = do(ctx, dir, metadata)
	} else {
		do, ok := dst.(fs.SetMetadataer)
		if !ok {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("internal error: expecting directory %s (%T) from %v to have SetMetadata method: %w", logName, dst, f, fs.ErrorNotImplemented)
		}
		err = do.SetMetadata(ctx, metadata)
		newDst = dst
	}
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	fs.Infof(logName, "Updated directory metadata")
	return newDst, nil
}

// SetDirModTime sets the modtime on dst or dir
//
// If dst is nil then it uses dir as the name of the directory.
//
// It returns the destination directory if possible. Note that this
// may be nil.
//
// It does not create the directory.
func SetDirModTime(ctx context.Context, f fs.Fs, dst fs.Directory, dir string, modTime time.Time) (newDst fs.Directory, err error) {
	logName := dirName(f, dst, dir)
	ci := fs.GetConfig(ctx)
	if ci.NoUpdateDirModTime {
		fs.Debugf(logName, "Skipping set directory modification time as --no-update-dir-modtime is set")
		return nil, nil
	}
	if SkipDestructive(ctx, logName, "set directory modification time") {
		return nil, nil
	}
	if dst != nil {
		dir = dst.Remote()
	}

	// Try to set the ModTime with the Directory.SetModTime method first as this is the most efficient
	if dst != nil {
		if do, ok := dst.(fs.SetModTimer); ok {
			err := do.SetModTime(ctx, modTime)
			if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrorNotImplemented) {
				// Fall through and run the code below if not implemented
				// This can happen for fs.DirWrapper instances
			} else if err != nil {
				return dst, err
			} else {
				fs.Infof(logName, "Set directory modification time (using SetModTime)")
				return dst, nil
			}
		}
	}

	// Next try to set the ModTime with the Fs.DirSetModTime method as this works for non-metadata backends
	if do := f.Features().DirSetModTime; do != nil {
		err := do(ctx, dir, modTime)
		if err != nil {
			return dst, err
		}
		fs.Infof(logName, "Set directory modification time (using DirSetModTime)")
		return dst, nil
	}

	// Something should have worked so return an error
	return nil, fmt.Errorf("no method to set directory modtime found for %v (%T): %w", f, dst, fs.ErrorNotImplemented)
}