rclone/MANUAL.md

% rclone(1) User Manual
% Nick Craig-Wood
% Jun 15, 2017

Rclone
======

[![Logo](https://rclone.org/img/rclone-120x120.png)](https://rclone.org/)

Rclone is a command line program to sync files and directories to and from

  * Google Drive
  * Amazon S3
  * Openstack Swift / Rackspace cloud files / Memset Memstore
  * Dropbox
  * Google Cloud Storage
  * Amazon Drive
  * Microsoft OneDrive
  * Hubic
  * Backblaze B2
  * Yandex Disk
  * SFTP
  * FTP
  * The local filesystem

Features

  * MD5/SHA1 hashes checked at all times for file integrity
  * Timestamps preserved on files
  * Partial syncs supported on a whole file basis
  * [Copy](https://rclone.org/commands/rclone_copy/) mode to just copy new/changed files
  * [Sync](https://rclone.org/commands/rclone_sync/) (one way) mode to make a directory identical
  * [Check](https://rclone.org/commands/rclone_check/) mode to check for file hash equality
  * Can sync to and from network, eg two different cloud accounts
  * Optional encryption ([Crypt](https://rclone.org/crypt/))
  * Optional FUSE mount ([rclone mount](https://rclone.org/commands/rclone_mount/))

Links

  * [Home page](https://rclone.org/)
  * [Github project page for source and bug tracker](https://github.com/ncw/rclone)
  * [Rclone Forum](https://forum.rclone.org)
  * <a href="https://google.com/+RcloneOrg" rel="publisher">Google+ page</a>
  * [Downloads](https://rclone.org/downloads/)

# Install #

Rclone is a Go program and comes as a single binary file.

## Quickstart ##

  * [Download](https://rclone.org/downloads/) the relevant binary.
  * Unpack and the `rclone` binary.
  * Run `rclone config` to setup. See [rclone config docs](https://rclone.org/docs/) for more details.

See below for some expanded Linux / macOS instructions.

See the [Usage section](https://rclone.org/docs/) of the docs for how to use rclone, or
run `rclone -h`.

## Linux installation from precompiled binary ##

Fetch and unpack

    curl -O https://downloads.rclone.org/rclone-current-linux-amd64.zip
    unzip rclone-current-linux-amd64.zip
    cd rclone-*-linux-amd64

Copy binary file

    sudo cp rclone /usr/bin/
    sudo chown root:root /usr/bin/rclone
    sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/rclone
    
Install manpage

    sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/share/man/man1
    sudo cp rclone.1 /usr/local/share/man/man1/
    sudo mandb 

Run `rclone config` to setup. See [rclone config docs](https://rclone.org/docs/) for more details.

    rclone config

## macOS installation from precompiled binary ##

Download the latest version of rclone.

    cd && curl -O https://downloads.rclone.org/rclone-current-osx-amd64.zip

Unzip the download and cd to the extracted folder.

    unzip -a rclone-current-osx-amd64.zip && cd rclone-*-osx-amd64

Move rclone to your $PATH. You will be prompted for your password.

    sudo mv rclone /usr/local/bin/

Remove the leftover files.

    cd .. && rm -rf rclone-*-osx-amd64 rclone-current-osx-amd64.zip

Run `rclone config` to setup. See [rclone config docs](https://rclone.org/docs/) for more details.

    rclone config

## Install from source ##

Make sure you have at least [Go](https://golang.org/) 1.6 installed.
Make sure your `GOPATH` is set, then:

    go get -u -v github.com/ncw/rclone

and this will build the binary in `$GOPATH/bin`.  If you have built
rclone before then you will want to update its dependencies first with
this

    go get -u -v github.com/ncw/rclone/...

## Installation with Ansible ##

This can be done with [Stefan Weichinger's ansible
role](https://github.com/stefangweichinger/ansible-rclone).

Instructions

  1. `git clone https://github.com/stefangweichinger/ansible-rclone.git` into your local roles-directory
  2. add the role to the hosts you want rclone installed to:
    
```
    - hosts: rclone-hosts
      roles:
          - rclone
```

## Installation with snap ##

### Quickstart ###

  * install Snapd on your distro using the instructions below
  * sudo snap install rclone --classic 
  * Run `rclone config` to setup. See [rclone config docs](https://rclone.org/docs/) for more details.

See below for how to install snapd if it isn't already installed

#### Arch ####

    sudo pacman -S snapd

enable the snapd systemd service:

    sudo systemctl enable --now snapd.socket

#### Debian / Ubuntu ####

    sudo apt install snapd

#### Fedora ####

    sudo dnf copr enable zyga/snapcore
    sudo dnf install snapd

enable the snapd systemd service:

    sudo systemctl enable --now snapd.service

SELinux support is in beta, so currently:

    sudo setenforce 0

to persist, edit `/etc/selinux/config` to set `SELINUX=permissive` and reboot.

#### Gentoo ####

Install the [gentoo-snappy overlay](https://github.com/zyga/gentoo-snappy).

#### OpenEmbedded/Yocto ####

Install the [snap meta layer](https://github.com/morphis/meta-snappy/blob/master/README.md).

#### openSUSE ####

    sudo zypper addrepo https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/system:/snappy/openSUSE_Leap_42.2/ snappy
    sudo zypper install snapd

#### OpenWrt ####

Enable the snap-openwrt feed.

Configure
---------

First you'll need to configure rclone.  As the object storage systems
have quite complicated authentication these are kept in a config file.
(See the `--config` entry for how to find the config file and choose
its location.)

The easiest way to make the config is to run rclone with the config
option:

    rclone config

See the following for detailed instructions for

  * [Google drive](https://rclone.org/drive/)
  * [Amazon S3](https://rclone.org/s3/)
  * [Swift / Rackspace Cloudfiles / Memset Memstore](https://rclone.org/swift/)
  * [Dropbox](https://rclone.org/dropbox/)
  * [Google Cloud Storage](https://rclone.org/googlecloudstorage/)
  * [Local filesystem](https://rclone.org/local/)
  * [Amazon Drive](https://rclone.org/amazonclouddrive/)
  * [Backblaze B2](https://rclone.org/b2/)
  * [Hubic](https://rclone.org/hubic/)
  * [Microsoft OneDrive](https://rclone.org/onedrive/)
  * [Yandex Disk](https://rclone.org/yandex/)
  * [SFTP](https://rclone.org/sftp/)
  * [FTP](https://rclone.org/ftp/)
  * [Crypt](https://rclone.org/crypt/) - to encrypt other remotes

Usage
-----

Rclone syncs a directory tree from one storage system to another.

Its syntax is like this

    Syntax: [options] subcommand <parameters> <parameters...>

Source and destination paths are specified by the name you gave the
storage system in the config file then the sub path, eg
"drive:myfolder" to look at "myfolder" in Google drive.

You can define as many storage paths as you like in the config file.

Subcommands
-----------

rclone uses a system of subcommands.  For example

    rclone ls remote:path # lists a re
    rclone copy /local/path remote:path # copies /local/path to the remote
    rclone sync /local/path remote:path # syncs /local/path to the remote

## rclone config

Enter an interactive configuration session.

### Synopsis


Enter an interactive configuration session.

```
rclone config
```

## rclone copy

Copy files from source to dest, skipping already copied

### Synopsis



Copy the source to the destination.  Doesn't transfer
unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or
MD5SUM.  Doesn't delete files from the destination.

Note that it is always the contents of the directory that is synced,
not the directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the
contents of source:path that are copied, not the directory name and
contents.

If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents
go there.

For example

    rclone copy source:sourcepath dest:destpath

Let's say there are two files in sourcepath

    sourcepath/one.txt
    sourcepath/two.txt

This copies them to

    destpath/one.txt
    destpath/two.txt

Not to

    destpath/sourcepath/one.txt
    destpath/sourcepath/two.txt

If you are familiar with `rsync`, rclone always works as if you had
written a trailing / - meaning "copy the contents of this directory".
This applies to all commands and whether you are talking about the
source or destination.

See the `--no-traverse` option for controlling whether rclone lists
the destination directory or not.


```
rclone copy source:path dest:path
```

## rclone sync

Make source and dest identical, modifying destination only.

### Synopsis



Sync the source to the destination, changing the destination
only.  Doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and
modification time or MD5SUM.  Destination is updated to match
source, including deleting files if necessary.

**Important**: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the
`--dry-run` flag to see exactly what would be copied and deleted.

Note that files in the destination won't be deleted if there were any
errors at any point.

It is always the contents of the directory that is synced, not the
directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the contents of
source:path that are copied, not the directory name and contents.  See
extended explanation in the `copy` command above if unsure.

If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents
go there.


```
rclone sync source:path dest:path
```

## rclone move

Move files from source to dest.

### Synopsis



Moves the contents of the source directory to the destination
directory. Rclone will error if the source and destination overlap and
the remote does not support a server side directory move operation.

If no filters are in use and if possible this will server side move
`source:path` into `dest:path`. After this `source:path` will no
longer longer exist.

Otherwise for each file in `source:path` selected by the filters (if
any) this will move it into `dest:path`.  If possible a server side
move will be used, otherwise it will copy it (server side if possible)
into `dest:path` then delete the original (if no errors on copy) in
`source:path`.

**Important**: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the
--dry-run flag.


```
rclone move source:path dest:path
```

## rclone delete

Remove the contents of path.

### Synopsis



Remove the contents of path.  Unlike `purge` it obeys include/exclude
filters so can be used to selectively delete files.

Eg delete all files bigger than 100MBytes

Check what would be deleted first (use either)

    rclone --min-size 100M lsl remote:path
    rclone --dry-run --min-size 100M delete remote:path

Then delete

    rclone --min-size 100M delete remote:path

That reads "delete everything with a minimum size of 100 MB", hence
delete all files bigger than 100MBytes.


```
rclone delete remote:path
```

## rclone purge

Remove the path and all of its contents.

### Synopsis



Remove the path and all of its contents.  Note that this does not obey
include/exclude filters - everything will be removed.  Use `delete` if
you want to selectively delete files.


```
rclone purge remote:path
```

## rclone mkdir

Make the path if it doesn't already exist.

### Synopsis


Make the path if it doesn't already exist.

```
rclone mkdir remote:path
```

## rclone rmdir

Remove the path if empty.

### Synopsis



Remove the path.  Note that you can't remove a path with
objects in it, use purge for that.

```
rclone rmdir remote:path
```

## rclone check

Checks the files in the source and destination match.

### Synopsis



Checks the files in the source and destination match.  It compares
sizes and hashes (MD5 or SHA1) and logs a report of files which don't
match.  It doesn't alter the source or destination.

If you supply the --size-only flag, it will only compare the sizes not
the hashes as well.  Use this for a quick check.

If you supply the --download flag, it will download the data from
both remotes and check them against each other on the fly.  This can
be useful for remotes that don't support hashes or if you really want
to check all the data.


```
rclone check source:path dest:path [flags]
```

### Options

```
      --download   Check by downloading rather than with hash.
```

## rclone ls

List all the objects in the path with size and path.

### Synopsis


List all the objects in the path with size and path.

```
rclone ls remote:path
```

## rclone lsd

List all directories/containers/buckets in the path.

### Synopsis


List all directories/containers/buckets in the path.

```
rclone lsd remote:path
```

## rclone lsl

List all the objects path with modification time, size and path.

### Synopsis


List all the objects path with modification time, size and path.

```
rclone lsl remote:path
```

## rclone md5sum

Produces an md5sum file for all the objects in the path.

### Synopsis



Produces an md5sum file for all the objects in the path.  This
is in the same format as the standard md5sum tool produces.


```
rclone md5sum remote:path
```

## rclone sha1sum

Produces an sha1sum file for all the objects in the path.

### Synopsis



Produces an sha1sum file for all the objects in the path.  This
is in the same format as the standard sha1sum tool produces.


```
rclone sha1sum remote:path
```

## rclone size

Prints the total size and number of objects in remote:path.

### Synopsis


Prints the total size and number of objects in remote:path.

```
rclone size remote:path
```

## rclone version

Show the version number.

### Synopsis


Show the version number.

```
rclone version
```

## rclone cleanup

Clean up the remote if possible

### Synopsis



Clean up the remote if possible.  Empty the trash or delete old file
versions. Not supported by all remotes.


```
rclone cleanup remote:path
```

## rclone dedupe

Interactively find duplicate files delete/rename them.

### Synopsis



By default `dedup` interactively finds duplicate files and offers to
delete all but one or rename them to be different. Only useful with
Google Drive which can have duplicate file names.

The `dedupe` command will delete all but one of any identical (same
md5sum) files it finds without confirmation.  This means that for most
duplicated files the `dedupe` command will not be interactive.  You
can use `--dry-run` to see what would happen without doing anything.

Here is an example run.

Before - with duplicates

    $ rclone lsl drive:dupes
      6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000 one.txt
      6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:11.775000000 one.txt
       564374 2016-03-05 16:23:06.731000000 one.txt
      6048320 2016-03-05 16:18:26.092000000 one.txt
      6048320 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000 two.txt
      1744073 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000 two.txt
       564374 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000 two.txt

Now the `dedupe` session

    $ rclone dedupe drive:dupes
    2016/03/05 16:24:37 Google drive root 'dupes': Looking for duplicates using interactive mode.
    one.txt: Found 4 duplicates - deleting identical copies
    one.txt: Deleting 2/3 identical duplicates (md5sum "1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36")
    one.txt: 2 duplicates remain
      1:      6048320 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000, md5sum 1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36
      2:       564374 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:23:06.731000000, md5sum 7594e7dc9fc28f727c42ee3e0749de81
    s) Skip and do nothing
    k) Keep just one (choose which in next step)
    r) Rename all to be different (by changing file.jpg to file-1.jpg)
    s/k/r> k
    Enter the number of the file to keep> 1
    one.txt: Deleted 1 extra copies
    two.txt: Found 3 duplicates - deleting identical copies
    two.txt: 3 duplicates remain
      1:       564374 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000, md5sum 7594e7dc9fc28f727c42ee3e0749de81
      2:      6048320 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000, md5sum 1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36
      3:      1744073 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000, md5sum 851957f7fb6f0bc4ce76be966d336802
    s) Skip and do nothing
    k) Keep just one (choose which in next step)
    r) Rename all to be different (by changing file.jpg to file-1.jpg)
    s/k/r> r
    two-1.txt: renamed from: two.txt
    two-2.txt: renamed from: two.txt
    two-3.txt: renamed from: two.txt

The result being

    $ rclone lsl drive:dupes
      6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000 one.txt
       564374 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000 two-1.txt
      6048320 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000 two-2.txt
      1744073 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000 two-3.txt

Dedupe can be run non interactively using the `--dedupe-mode` flag or by using an extra parameter with the same value

  * `--dedupe-mode interactive` - interactive as above.
  * `--dedupe-mode skip` - removes identical files then skips anything left.
  * `--dedupe-mode first` - removes identical files then keeps the first one.
  * `--dedupe-mode newest` - removes identical files then keeps the newest one.
  * `--dedupe-mode oldest` - removes identical files then keeps the oldest one.
  * `--dedupe-mode rename` - removes identical files then renames the rest to be different.

For example to rename all the identically named photos in your Google Photos directory, do

    rclone dedupe --dedupe-mode rename "drive:Google Photos"

Or

    rclone dedupe rename "drive:Google Photos"


```
rclone dedupe [mode] remote:path [flags]
```

### Options

```
      --dedupe-mode string   Dedupe mode interactive|skip|first|newest|oldest|rename. (default "interactive")
```

## rclone authorize

Remote authorization.

### Synopsis



Remote authorization. Used to authorize a remote or headless
rclone from a machine with a browser - use as instructed by
rclone config.

```
rclone authorize
```

## rclone cat

Concatenates any files and sends them to stdout.

### Synopsis



rclone cat sends any files to standard output.

You can use it like this to output a single file

    rclone cat remote:path/to/file

Or like this to output any file in dir or subdirectories.

    rclone cat remote:path/to/dir

Or like this to output any .txt files in dir or subdirectories.

    rclone --include "*.txt" cat remote:path/to/dir

Use the --head flag to print characters only at the start, --tail for
the end and --offset and --count to print a section in the middle.
Note that if offset is negative it will count from the end, so
--offset -1 --count 1 is equivalent to --tail 1.


```
rclone cat remote:path [flags]
```

### Options

```
      --count int    Only print N characters. (default -1)
      --discard      Discard the output instead of printing.
      --head int     Only print the first N characters.
      --offset int   Start printing at offset N (or from end if -ve).
      --tail int     Only print the last N characters.
```

## rclone copyto

Copy files from source to dest, skipping already copied

### Synopsis



If source:path is a file or directory then it copies it to a file or
directory named dest:path.

This can be used to upload single files to other than their current
name.  If the source is a directory then it acts exactly like the copy
command.

So

    rclone copyto src dst

where src and dst are rclone paths, either remote:path or
/path/to/local or C:\windows\path\if\on\windows.

This will:

    if src is file
        copy it to dst, overwriting an existing file if it exists
    if src is directory
        copy it to dst, overwriting existing files if they exist
        see copy command for full details

This doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and
modification time or MD5SUM.  It doesn't delete files from the
destination.


```
rclone copyto source:path dest:path
```

## rclone cryptcheck

Cryptcheck checks the integritity of a crypted remote.

### Synopsis



rclone cryptcheck checks a remote against a crypted remote.  This is
the equivalent of running rclone check, but able to check the
checksums of the crypted remote.

For it to work the underlying remote of the cryptedremote must support
some kind of checksum.

It works by reading the nonce from each file on the cryptedremote: and
using that to encrypt each file on the remote:.  It then checks the
checksum of the underlying file on the cryptedremote: against the
checksum of the file it has just encrypted.

Use it like this

    rclone cryptcheck /path/to/files encryptedremote:path

You can use it like this also, but that will involve downloading all
the files in remote:path.

    rclone cryptcheck remote:path encryptedremote:path

After it has run it will log the status of the encryptedremote:.


```
rclone cryptcheck remote:path cryptedremote:path
```

## rclone dbhashsum

Produces a Dropbbox hash file for all the objects in the path.

### Synopsis



Produces a Dropbox hash file for all the objects in the path.  The
hashes are calculated according to [Dropbox content hash
rules](https://www.dropbox.com/developers/reference/content-hash).
The output is in the same format as md5sum and sha1sum.


```
rclone dbhashsum remote:path
```

## rclone genautocomplete

Output bash completion script for rclone.

### Synopsis



Generates a bash shell autocompletion script for rclone.

This writes to /etc/bash_completion.d/rclone by default so will
probably need to be run with sudo or as root, eg

    sudo rclone genautocomplete

Logout and login again to use the autocompletion scripts, or source
them directly

    . /etc/bash_completion

If you supply a command line argument the script will be written
there.


```
rclone genautocomplete [output_file]
```

## rclone gendocs

Output markdown docs for rclone to the directory supplied.

### Synopsis



This produces markdown docs for the rclone commands to the directory
supplied.  These are in a format suitable for hugo to render into the
rclone.org website.

```
rclone gendocs output_directory [flags]
```

### Options

```
  -h, --help   help for gendocs
```

## rclone listremotes

List all the remotes in the config file.

### Synopsis



rclone listremotes lists all the available remotes from the config file.

When uses with the -l flag it lists the types too.


```
rclone listremotes [flags]
```

### Options

```
  -l, --long   Show the type as well as names.
```

## rclone lsjson

List directories and objects in the path in JSON format.

### Synopsis


List directories and objects in the path in JSON format.

The output is an array of Items, where each Item looks like this

   {
      "Hashes" : {
         "SHA-1" : "f572d396fae9206628714fb2ce00f72e94f2258f",
         "MD5" : "b1946ac92492d2347c6235b4d2611184",
         "DropboxHash" : "ecb65bb98f9d905b70458986c39fcbad7715e5f2fcc3b1f07767d7c83e2438cc"
      },
      "IsDir" : false,
      "ModTime" : "2017-05-31T16:15:57.034468261+01:00",
      "Name" : "file.txt",
      "Path" : "full/path/goes/here/file.txt",
      "Size" : 6
   }

If --hash is not specified the the Hashes property won't be emitted.

If --no-modtime is specified then ModTime will be blank.

The time is in RFC3339 format with nanosecond precision.

The whole output can be processed as a JSON blob, or alternatively it
can be processed line by line as each item is written one to a line.


```
rclone lsjson remote:path [flags]
```

### Options

```
      --hash         Include hashes in the output (may take longer).
      --no-modtime   Don't read the modification time (can speed things up).
  -R, --recursive    Recurse into the listing.
```

## rclone mount

Mount the remote as a mountpoint. **EXPERIMENTAL**

### Synopsis



rclone mount allows Linux, FreeBSD and macOS to mount any of Rclone's
cloud storage systems as a file system with FUSE.

This is **EXPERIMENTAL** - use with care.

First set up your remote using `rclone config`.  Check it works with `rclone ls` etc.

Start the mount like this

    rclone mount remote:path/to/files /path/to/local/mount

When the program ends, either via Ctrl+C or receiving a SIGINT or SIGTERM signal,
the mount is automatically stopped.

The umount operation can fail, for example when the mountpoint is busy.
When that happens, it is the user's responsibility to stop the mount manually with

    # Linux
    fusermount -u /path/to/local/mount
    # OS X
    umount /path/to/local/mount

### Limitations ###

This can only write files seqentially, it can only seek when reading.
This means that many applications won't work with their files on an
rclone mount.

The bucket based remotes (eg Swift, S3, Google Compute Storage, B2,
Hubic) won't work from the root - you will need to specify a bucket,
or a path within the bucket.  So `swift:` won't work whereas
`swift:bucket` will as will `swift:bucket/path`.
None of these support the concept of directories, so empty
directories will have a tendency to disappear once they fall out of
the directory cache.

Only supported on Linux, FreeBSD and OS X at the moment.

### rclone mount vs rclone sync/copy ##

File systems expect things to be 100% reliable, whereas cloud storage
systems are a long way from 100% reliable. The rclone sync/copy
commands cope with this with lots of retries.  However rclone mount
can't use retries in the same way without making local copies of the
uploads.  This might happen in the future, but for the moment rclone
mount won't do that, so will be less reliable than the rclone command.

### Filters ###

Note that all the rclone filters can be used to select a subset of the
files to be visible in the mount.

### Directory Cache ###

Using the `--dir-cache-time` flag, you can set how long a
directory should be considered up to date and not refreshed from the
backend. Changes made locally in the mount may appear immediately or
invalidate the cache. However, changes done on the remote will only
be picked up once the cache expires.

Alternatively, you can send a `SIGHUP` signal to rclone for
it to flush all directory caches, regardless of how old they are.
Assuming only one rclone instance is running, you can reset the cache
like this:

    kill -SIGHUP $(pidof rclone)

### Bugs ###

  * All the remotes should work for read, but some may not for write
    * those which need to know the size in advance won't - eg B2
    * maybe should pass in size as -1 to mean work it out
    * Or put in an an upload cache to cache the files on disk first


```
rclone mount remote:path /path/to/mountpoint [flags]
```

### Options

```
      --allow-non-empty           Allow mounting over a non-empty directory.
      --allow-other               Allow access to other users.
      --allow-root                Allow access to root user.
      --debug-fuse                Debug the FUSE internals - needs -v.
      --default-permissions       Makes kernel enforce access control based on the file mode.
      --dir-cache-time duration   Time to cache directory entries for. (default 5m0s)
      --gid uint32                Override the gid field set by the filesystem. (default 502)
      --max-read-ahead int        The number of bytes that can be prefetched for sequential reads. (default 128k)
      --no-checksum               Don't compare checksums on up/download.
      --no-modtime                Don't read/write the modification time (can speed things up).
      --no-seek                   Don't allow seeking in files.
      --poll-interval duration    Time to wait between polling for changes. Must be smaller than dir-cache-time. Only on supported remotes. Set to 0 to disable. (default 1m0s)
      --read-only                 Mount read-only.
      --uid uint32                Override the uid field set by the filesystem. (default 502)
      --umask int                 Override the permission bits set by the filesystem. (default 2)
      --write-back-cache          Makes kernel buffer writes before sending them to rclone. Without this, writethrough caching is used.
```

## rclone moveto

Move file or directory from source to dest.

### Synopsis



If source:path is a file or directory then it moves it to a file or
directory named dest:path.

This can be used to rename files or upload single files to other than
their existing name.  If the source is a directory then it acts exacty
like the move command.

So

    rclone moveto src dst

where src and dst are rclone paths, either remote:path or
/path/to/local or C:\windows\path\if\on\windows.

This will:

    if src is file
        move it to dst, overwriting an existing file if it exists
    if src is directory
        move it to dst, overwriting existing files if they exist
        see move command for full details

This doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and
modification time or MD5SUM.  src will be deleted on successful
transfer.

**Important**: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the
--dry-run flag.


```
rclone moveto source:path dest:path
```

## rclone ncdu

Explore a remote with a text based user interface.

### Synopsis



This displays a text based user interface allowing the navigation of a
remote. It is most useful for answering the question - "What is using
all my disk space?".

To make the user interface it first scans the entire remote given and
builds an in memory representation.  rclone ncdu can be used during
this scanning phase and you will see it building up the directory
structure as it goes along.

Here are the keys - press '?' to toggle the help on and off

     ↑,↓ or k,j to Move
     →,l to enter
     ←,h to return
     c toggle counts
     g toggle graph
     n,s,C sort by name,size,count
     ? to toggle help on and off
     q/ESC/c-C to quit

This an homage to the [ncdu tool](https://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu) but for
rclone remotes.  It is missing lots of features at the moment, most
importantly deleting files, but is useful as it stands.


```
rclone ncdu remote:path
```

## rclone obscure

Obscure password for use in the rclone.conf

### Synopsis


Obscure password for use in the rclone.conf

```
rclone obscure password
```

## rclone rmdirs

Remove any empty directoryies under the path.

### Synopsis


This removes any empty directories (or directories that only contain
empty directories) under the path that it finds, including the path if
it has nothing in.

This is useful for tidying up remotes that rclone has left a lot of
empty directories in.



```
rclone rmdirs remote:path
```


Copying single files
--------------------

rclone normally syncs or copies directories.  However if the source
remote points to a file, rclone will just copy that file.  The
destination remote must point to a directory - rclone will give the
error `Failed to create file system for "remote:file": is a file not a
directory` if it isn't.

For example, suppose you have a remote with a file in called
`test.jpg`, then you could copy just that file like this

    rclone copy remote:test.jpg /tmp/download

The file `test.jpg` will be placed inside `/tmp/download`.

This is equivalent to specifying

    rclone copy --no-traverse --files-from /tmp/files remote: /tmp/download

Where `/tmp/files` contains the single line

    test.jpg

It is recommended to use `copy` when copying single files not `sync`.
They have pretty much the same effect but `copy` will use a lot less
memory.

Quoting and the shell
---------------------

When you are typing commands to your computer you are using something
called the command line shell.  This interprets various characters in
an OS specific way.

Here are some gotchas which may help users unfamiliar with the shell rules

### Linux / OSX ###

If your names have spaces or shell metacharacters (eg `*`, `?`, `$`,
`'`, `"` etc) then you must quote them.  Use single quotes `'` by default.

    rclone copy 'Important files?' remote:backup

If you want to send a `'` you will need to use `"`, eg

    rclone copy "O'Reilly Reviews" remote:backup

The rules for quoting metacharacters are complicated and if you want
the full details you'll have to consult the manual page for your
shell.

### Windows ###

If your names have spaces in you need to put them in `"`, eg

    rclone copy "E:\folder name\folder name\folder name" remote:backup

If you are using the root directory on its own then don't quote it
(see [#464](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/464) for why), eg

    rclone copy E:\ remote:backup

Server Side Copy
----------------

Most remotes (but not all - see [the
overview](/overview/#optional-features)) support server side copy.

This means if you want to copy one folder to another then rclone won't
download all the files and re-upload them; it will instruct the server
to copy them in place.

Eg

    rclone copy s3:oldbucket s3:newbucket

Will copy the contents of `oldbucket` to `newbucket` without
downloading and re-uploading.

Remotes which don't support server side copy **will** download and
re-upload in this case.

Server side copies are used with `sync` and `copy` and will be
identified in the log when using the `-v` flag.  The may also be used
with `move` if the remote doesn't support server side move.

Server side copies will only be attempted if the remote names are the
same.

This can be used when scripting to make aged backups efficiently, eg

    rclone sync remote:current-backup remote:previous-backup
    rclone sync /path/to/files remote:current-backup

Options
-------

Rclone has a number of options to control its behaviour.

Options which use TIME use the go time parser.  A duration string is a
possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, each with optional
fraction and a unit suffix, such as "300ms", "-1.5h" or "2h45m". Valid
time units are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".

Options which use SIZE use kByte by default.  However a suffix of `b`
for bytes, `k` for kBytes, `M` for MBytes and `G` for GBytes may be
used.  These are the binary units, eg 1, 2\*\*10, 2\*\*20, 2\*\*30
respectively.

### --backup-dir=DIR ###

When using `sync`, `copy` or `move` any files which would have been
overwritten or deleted are moved in their original hierarchy into this
directory.

If `--suffix` is set, then the moved files will have the suffix added
to them.  If there is a file with the same path (after the suffix has
been added) in DIR, then it will be overwritten.

The remote in use must support server side move or copy and you must
use the same remote as the destination of the sync.  The backup
directory must not overlap the destination directory.

For example

    rclone sync /path/to/local remote:current --backup-dir remote:old

will sync `/path/to/local` to `remote:current`, but for any files
which would have been updated or deleted will be stored in
`remote:old`.

If running rclone from a script you might want to use today's date as
the directory name passed to `--backup-dir` to store the old files, or
you might want to pass `--suffix` with today's date.

### --bwlimit=BANDWIDTH_SPEC ###

This option controls the bandwidth limit. Limits can be specified
in two ways: As a single limit, or as a timetable.

Single limits last for the duration of the session. To use a single limit,
specify the desired bandwidth in kBytes/s, or use a suffix b|k|M|G.  The
default is `0` which means to not limit bandwidth.

For example to limit bandwidth usage to 10 MBytes/s use `--bwlimit 10M`

It is also possible to specify a "timetable" of limits, which will cause
certain limits to be applied at certain times. To specify a timetable, format your
entries as "HH:MM,BANDWIDTH HH:MM,BANDWITH...".

An example of a typical timetable to avoid link saturation during daytime
working hours could be:

`--bwlimit "08:00,512 12:00,10M 13:00,512 18:00,30M 23:00,off"`

In this example, the transfer bandwidth will be set to 512kBytes/sec at 8am.
At noon, it will raise to 10Mbytes/s, and drop back to 512kBytes/sec at 1pm.
At 6pm, the bandwidth limit will be set to 30MBytes/s, and at 11pm it will be
completely disabled (full speed). Anything between 11pm and 8am will remain
unlimited.

Bandwidth limits only apply to the data transfer. They don't apply to the
bandwidth of the directory listings etc.

Note that the units are Bytes/s not Bits/s.  Typically connections are
measured in Bits/s - to convert divide by 8.  For example let's say
you have a 10 Mbit/s connection and you wish rclone to use half of it
- 5 Mbit/s.  This is 5/8 = 0.625MByte/s so you would use a `--bwlimit
0.625M` parameter for rclone.

### --buffer-size=SIZE ###

Use this sized buffer to speed up file transfers.  Each `--transfer`
will use this much memory for buffering.

Set to 0 to disable the buffering for the minimum memory use.

### --checkers=N ###

The number of checkers to run in parallel.  Checkers do the equality
checking of files during a sync.  For some storage systems (eg s3,
swift, dropbox) this can take a significant amount of time so they are
run in parallel.

The default is to run 8 checkers in parallel.

### -c, --checksum ###

Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to
see if they are equal.  If you set this flag then rclone will check
the file hash and size to determine if files are equal.

This is useful when the remote doesn't support setting modified time
and a more accurate sync is desired than just checking the file size.

This is very useful when transferring between remotes which store the
same hash type on the object, eg Drive and Swift. For details of which
remotes support which hash type see the table in the [overview
section](https://rclone.org/overview/).

Eg `rclone --checksum sync s3:/bucket swift:/bucket` would run much
quicker than without the `--checksum` flag.

When using this flag, rclone won't update mtimes of remote files if
they are incorrect as it would normally.

### --config=CONFIG_FILE ###

Specify the location of the rclone config file.

Normally the config file is in your home directory as a file called
`.config/rclone/rclone.conf` (or `.rclone.conf` if created with an
older version). If `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is set it will be at
`$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/rclone/rclone.conf`

If you run `rclone -h` and look at the help for the `--config` option
you will see where the default location is for you.

Use this flag to override the config location, eg `rclone
--config=".myconfig" .config`.

### --contimeout=TIME ###

Set the connection timeout. This should be in go time format which
looks like `5s` for 5 seconds, `10m` for 10 minutes, or `3h30m`.

The connection timeout is the amount of time rclone will wait for a
connection to go through to a remote object storage system.  It is
`1m` by default.

### --dedupe-mode MODE ###

Mode to run dedupe command in.  One of `interactive`, `skip`, `first`, `newest`, `oldest`, `rename`.  The default is `interactive`.  See the dedupe command for more information as to what these options mean.

### -n, --dry-run ###

Do a trial run with no permanent changes.  Use this to see what rclone
would do without actually doing it.  Useful when setting up the `sync`
command which deletes files in the destination.

### --ignore-checksum ###

Normally rclone will check that the checksums of transferred files
match, and give an error "corrupted on transfer" if they don't.

You can use this option to skip that check.  You should only use it if
you have had the "corrupted on transfer" error message and you are
sure you might want to transfer potentially corrupted data.

### --ignore-existing ###

Using this option will make rclone unconditionally skip all files
that exist on the destination, no matter the content of these files.

While this isn't a generally recommended option, it can be useful
in cases where your files change due to encryption. However, it cannot
correct partial transfers in case a transfer was interrupted.

### --ignore-size ###

Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to
see if they are equal.  If you set this flag then rclone will check
only the modification time.  If `--checksum` is set then it only
checks the checksum.

It will also cause rclone to skip verifying the sizes are the same
after transfer.

This can be useful for transferring files to and from onedrive which
occasionally misreports the size of image files (see
[#399](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/399) for more info).

### -I, --ignore-times ###

Using this option will cause rclone to unconditionally upload all
files regardless of the state of files on the destination.

Normally rclone would skip any files that have the same
modification time and are the same size (or have the same checksum if
using `--checksum`).

### --log-file=FILE ###

Log all of rclone's output to FILE.  This is not active by default.
This can be useful for tracking down problems with syncs in
combination with the `-v` flag.  See the Logging section for more
info.

### --log-level LEVEL ###

This sets the log level for rclone.  The default log level is `INFO`.

`DEBUG` is equivalent to `-vv`. It outputs lots of debug info - useful
for bug reports and really finding out what rclone is doing.

`INFO` is equivalent to `-v`. It outputs information about each transfer
and prints stats once a minute by default.

`NOTICE` is the default log level if no logging flags are supplied. It
outputs very little when things are working normally. It outputs
warnings and significant events.

`ERROR` is equivalent to `-q`. It only output error messages.

### --low-level-retries NUMBER ###

This controls the number of low level retries rclone does.

A low level retry is used to retry a failing operation - typically one
HTTP request.  This might be uploading a chunk of a big file for
example.  You will see low level retries in the log with the `-v`
flag.

This shouldn't need to be changed from the default in normal
operations, however if you get a lot of low level retries you may wish
to reduce the value so rclone moves on to a high level retry (see the
`--retries` flag) quicker.

Disable low level retries with `--low-level-retries 1`.

### --max-depth=N ###

This modifies the recursion depth for all the commands except purge.

So if you do `rclone --max-depth 1 ls remote:path` you will see only
the files in the top level directory.  Using `--max-depth 2` means you
will see all the files in first two directory levels and so on.

For historical reasons the `lsd` command defaults to using a
`--max-depth` of 1 - you can override this with the command line flag.

You can use this command to disable recursion (with `--max-depth 1`).

Note that if you use this with `sync` and `--delete-excluded` the
files not recursed through are considered excluded and will be deleted
on the destination.  Test first with `--dry-run` if you are not sure
what will happen.

### --modify-window=TIME ###

When checking whether a file has been modified, this is the maximum
allowed time difference that a file can have and still be considered
equivalent.

The default is `1ns` unless this is overridden by a remote.  For
example OS X only stores modification times to the nearest second so
if you are reading and writing to an OS X filing system this will be
`1s` by default.

This command line flag allows you to override that computed default.

### --no-gzip-encoding ###

Don't set `Accept-Encoding: gzip`.  This means that rclone won't ask
the server for compressed files automatically. Useful if you've set
the server to return files with `Content-Encoding: gzip` but you
uploaded compressed files.

There is no need to set this in normal operation, and doing so will
decrease the network transfer efficiency of rclone.

### --no-update-modtime ###

When using this flag, rclone won't update modification times of remote
files if they are incorrect as it would normally.

This can be used if the remote is being synced with another tool also
(eg the Google Drive client).

### -q, --quiet ###

Normally rclone outputs stats and a completion message.  If you set
this flag it will make as little output as possible.

### --retries int ###

Retry the entire sync if it fails this many times it fails (default 3).

Some remotes can be unreliable and a few retries helps pick up the
files which didn't get transferred because of errors.

Disable retries with `--retries 1`.

### --size-only ###

Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to
see if they are equal.  If you set this flag then rclone will check
only the size.

This can be useful transferring files from dropbox which have been
modified by the desktop sync client which doesn't set checksums of
modification times in the same way as rclone.

### --stats=TIME ###

Commands which transfer data (`sync`, `copy`, `copyto`, `move`,
`moveto`) will print data transfer stats at regular intervals to show
their progress.

This sets the interval.

The default is `1m`. Use 0 to disable.

If you set the stats interval then all command can show stats.  This
can be useful when running other commands, `check` or `mount` for
example.

### --stats-unit=bits|bytes ###

By default data transfer rates will be printed in bytes/second.

This option allows the data rate to be printed in bits/second.

Data transfer volume will still be reported in bytes.

The rate is reported as a binary unit, not SI unit. So 1 Mbit/s
equals 1,048,576 bits/s and not 1,000,000 bits/s.

The default is `bytes`.

### --suffix=SUFFIX ###

This is for use with `--backup-dir` only.  If this isn't set then
`--backup-dir` will move files with their original name.  If it is set
then the files will have SUFFIX added on to them.

See `--backup-dir` for more info.

### --syslog ###

On capable OSes (not Windows or Plan9) send all log output to syslog.

This can be useful for running rclone in script or `rclone mount`.

### --syslog-facility string ###

If using `--syslog` this sets the syslog facility (eg `KERN`, `USER`).
See `man syslog` for a list of possible facilities.  The default
facility is `DAEMON`.

### --track-renames ###

By default rclone doesn't not keep track of renamed files, so if you
rename a file locally then sync it to a remote, rclone will delete the
old file on the remote and upload a new copy.

If you use this flag, and the remote supports server side copy or
server side move, and the source and destination have a compatible
hash, then this will track renames during `sync`, `copy`, and `move`
operations and perform renaming server-side.

Files will be matched by size and hash - if both match then a rename
will be considered.

If the destination does not support server-side copy or move, rclone
will fall back to the default behaviour and log an error level message
to the console.

Note that `--track-renames` is incompatible with `--no-traverse` and
that it uses extra memory to keep track of all the rename candidates.

Note also that `--track-renames` is incompatible with
`--delete-before` and will select `--delete-after` instead of
`--delete-during`.

### --delete-(before,during,after) ###

This option allows you to specify when files on your destination are
deleted when you sync folders.

Specifying the value `--delete-before` will delete all files present
on the destination, but not on the source *before* starting the
transfer of any new or updated files. This uses two passes through the
file systems, one for the deletions and one for the copies.

Specifying `--delete-during` will delete files while checking and
uploading files. This is the fastest option and uses the least memory.

Specifying `--delete-after` (the default value) will delay deletion of
files until all new/updated files have been successfully transferred.
The files to be deleted are collected in the copy pass then deleted
after the copy pass has completed successfully.  The files to be
deleted are held in memory so this mode may use more memory.  This is
the safest mode as it will only delete files if there have been no
errors subsequent to that.  If there have been errors before the
deletions start then you will get the message `not deleting files as
there were IO errors`.

### --fast-list ###

When doing anything which involves a directory listing (eg `sync`,
`copy`, `ls` - in fact nearly every command), rclone normally lists a
directory and processes it before using more directory lists to
process any subdirectories.  This can be parallelised and works very
quickly using the least amount of memory.

However some remotes have a way of listing all files beneath a
directory in one (or a small number) of transactions.  These tend to
be the bucket based remotes (eg s3, b2, gcs, swift, hubic).

If you use the `--fast-list` flag then rclone will use this method for
listing directories.  This will have the following consequences for
the listing:

  * It **will** use fewer transactions (important if you pay for them)
  * It **will** use more memory.  Rclone has to load the whole listing into memory.
  * It *may* be faster because it uses fewer transactions
  * It *may* be slower because it can't be parallelized

rclone should always give identical results with and without
`--fast-list`.

If you pay for transactions and can fit your entire sync listing into
memory then `--fast-list` is recommended.  If you have a very big sync
to do then don't use `--fast-list` otherwise you will run out of
memory.

If you use `--fast-list` on a remote which doesn't support it, then
rclone will just ignore it.

### --timeout=TIME ###

This sets the IO idle timeout.  If a transfer has started but then
becomes idle for this long it is considered broken and disconnected.

The default is `5m`.  Set to 0 to disable.

### --transfers=N ###

The number of file transfers to run in parallel.  It can sometimes be
useful to set this to a smaller number if the remote is giving a lot
of timeouts or bigger if you have lots of bandwidth and a fast remote.

The default is to run 4 file transfers in parallel.

### -u, --update ###

This forces rclone to skip any files which exist on the destination
and have a modified time that is newer than the source file.

If an existing destination file has a modification time equal (within
the computed modify window precision) to the source file's, it will be
updated if the sizes are different.

On remotes which don't support mod time directly the time checked will
be the uploaded time.  This means that if uploading to one of these
remotes, rclone will skip any files which exist on the destination and
have an uploaded time that is newer than the modification time of the
source file.

This can be useful when transferring to a remote which doesn't support
mod times directly as it is more accurate than a `--size-only` check
and faster than using `--checksum`.

### -v, -vv, --verbose ###

With `-v` rclone will tell you about each file that is transferred and
a small number of significant events.

With `-vv` rclone will become very verbose telling you about every
file it considers and transfers.  Please send bug reports with a log
with this setting.

### -V, --version ###

Prints the version number

Configuration Encryption
------------------------
Your configuration file contains information for logging in to 
your cloud services. This means that you should keep your 
`.rclone.conf` file in a secure location.

If you are in an environment where that isn't possible, you can
add a password to your configuration. This means that you will
have to enter the password every time you start rclone.

To add a password to your rclone configuration, execute `rclone config`.

```
>rclone config
Current remotes:

e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/s/q>
```

Go into `s`, Set configuration password:
```
e/n/d/s/q> s
Your configuration is not encrypted.
If you add a password, you will protect your login information to cloud services.
a) Add Password
q) Quit to main menu
a/q> a
Enter NEW configuration password:
password:
Confirm NEW password:
password:
Password set
Your configuration is encrypted.
c) Change Password
u) Unencrypt configuration
q) Quit to main menu
c/u/q>
```

Your configuration is now encrypted, and every time you start rclone
you will now be asked for the password. In the same menu you can 
change the password or completely remove encryption from your
configuration.

There is no way to recover the configuration if you lose your password.

rclone uses [nacl secretbox](https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/crypto/nacl/secretbox) 
which in turn uses XSalsa20 and Poly1305 to encrypt and authenticate 
your configuration with secret-key cryptography.
The password is SHA-256 hashed, which produces the key for secretbox.
The hashed password is not stored.

While this provides very good security, we do not recommend storing
your encrypted rclone configuration in public if it contains sensitive
information, maybe except if you use a very strong password.

If it is safe in your environment, you can set the `RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS`
environment variable to contain your password, in which case it will be
used for decrypting the configuration.

You can set this for a session from a script.  For unix like systems
save this to a file called `set-rclone-password`:

```
#!/bin/echo Source this file don't run it

read -s RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS
export RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS
```

Then source the file when you want to use it.  From the shell you
would do `source set-rclone-password`.  It will then ask you for the
password and set it in the environment variable.

If you are running rclone inside a script, you might want to disable 
password prompts. To do that, pass the parameter 
`--ask-password=false` to rclone. This will make rclone fail instead
of asking for a password if `RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS` doesn't contain
a valid password.


Developer options
-----------------

These options are useful when developing or debugging rclone.  There
are also some more remote specific options which aren't documented
here which are used for testing.  These start with remote name eg
`--drive-test-option` - see the docs for the remote in question.

### --cpuprofile=FILE ###

Write CPU profile to file.  This can be analysed with `go tool pprof`.

### --dump-auth ###

Dump HTTP headers - will contain sensitive info such as
`Authorization:` headers - use `--dump-headers` to dump without
`Authorization:` headers.  Can be very verbose.  Useful for debugging
only.

### --dump-bodies ###

Dump HTTP headers and bodies - may contain sensitive info.  Can be
very verbose.  Useful for debugging only.

### --dump-filters ###

Dump the filters to the output.  Useful to see exactly what include
and exclude options are filtering on.

### --dump-headers ###

Dump HTTP headers with `Authorization:` lines removed. May still
contain sensitive info.  Can be very verbose.  Useful for debugging
only.

Use `--dump-auth` if you do want the `Authorization:` headers.

### --memprofile=FILE ###

Write memory profile to file. This can be analysed with `go tool pprof`.

### --no-check-certificate=true/false ###

`--no-check-certificate` controls whether a client verifies the
server's certificate chain and host name.
If `--no-check-certificate` is true, TLS accepts any certificate
presented by the server and any host name in that certificate.
In this mode, TLS is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks.

This option defaults to `false`.

**This should be used only for testing.**

### --no-traverse ###

The `--no-traverse` flag controls whether the destination file system
is traversed when using the `copy` or `move` commands.
`--no-traverse` is not compatible with `sync` and will be ignored if
you supply it with `sync`.

If you are only copying a small number of files and/or have a large
number of files on the destination then `--no-traverse` will stop
rclone listing the destination and save time.

However if you are copying a large number of files, especially if you
are doing a copy where lots of the files haven't changed and won't
need copying then you shouldn't use `--no-traverse`.

It can also be used to reduce the memory usage of rclone when copying
- `rclone --no-traverse copy src dst` won't load either the source or
destination listings into memory so will use the minimum amount of
memory.

Filtering
---------

For the filtering options

  * `--delete-excluded`
  * `--filter`
  * `--filter-from`
  * `--exclude`
  * `--exclude-from`
  * `--include`
  * `--include-from`
  * `--files-from`
  * `--min-size`
  * `--max-size`
  * `--min-age`
  * `--max-age`
  * `--dump-filters`

See the [filtering section](https://rclone.org/filtering/).

Logging
-------

rclone has 4 levels of logging, `Error`, `Notice`, `Info` and `Debug`.

By default rclone logs to standard error.  This means you can redirect
standard error and still see the normal output of rclone commands (eg
`rclone ls`).

By default rclone will produce `Error` and `Notice` level messages.

If you use the `-q` flag, rclone will only produce `Error` messages.

If you use the `-v` flag, rclone will produce `Error`, `Notice` and
`Info` messages.

If you use the `-vv` flag, rclone will produce `Error`, `Notice`,
`Info` and `Debug` messages.

You can also control the log levels with the `--log-level` flag.

If you use the `--log-file=FILE` option, rclone will redirect `Error`,
`Info` and `Debug` messages along with standard error to FILE.

If you use the `--syslog` flag then rclone will log to syslog and the
`--syslog-facility` control which facility it uses.

Rclone prefixes all log messages with their level in capitals, eg INFO
which makes it easy to grep the log file for different kinds of
information.

Exit Code
---------

If any errors occurred during the command, rclone will exit with a
non-zero exit code.  This allows scripts to detect when rclone
operations have failed.

During the startup phase rclone will exit immediately if an error is
detected in the configuration.  There will always be a log message
immediately before exiting.

When rclone is running it will accumulate errors as it goes along, and
only exit with an non-zero exit code if (after retries) there were
still failed transfers.  For every error counted there will be a high
priority log message (visible with `-q`) showing the message and
which file caused the problem. A high priority message is also shown
when starting a retry so the user can see that any previous error
messages may not be valid after the retry. If rclone has done a retry
it will log a high priority message if the retry was successful.

Environment Variables
---------------------

Rclone can be configured entirely using environment variables.  These
can be used to set defaults for options or config file entries.

### Options ###

Every option in rclone can have its default set by environment
variable.

To find the name of the environment variable, first take the long
option name, strip the leading `--`, change `-` to `_`, make
upper case and prepend `RCLONE_`.

For example to always set `--stats 5s`, set the environment variable
`RCLONE_STATS=5s`.  If you set stats on the command line this will
override the environment variable setting.

Or to always use the trash in drive `--drive-use-trash`, set
`RCLONE_DRIVE_USE_TRASH=true`.

The same parser is used for the options and the environment variables
so they take exactly the same form.

### Config file ###

You can set defaults for values in the config file on an individual
remote basis.  If you want to use this feature, you will need to
discover the name of the config items that you want.  The easiest way
is to run through `rclone config` by hand, then look in the config
file to see what the values are (the config file can be found by
looking at the help for `--config` in `rclone help`).

To find the name of the environment variable, you need to set, take
`RCLONE_` + name of remote + `_` + name of config file option and make
it all uppercase.

For example to configure an S3 remote named `mys3:` without a config
file (using unix ways of setting environment variables):

```
$ export RCLONE_CONFIG_MYS3_TYPE=s3
$ export RCLONE_CONFIG_MYS3_ACCESS_KEY_ID=XXX
$ export RCLONE_CONFIG_MYS3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=XXX
$ rclone lsd MYS3:
          -1 2016-09-21 12:54:21        -1 my-bucket
$ rclone listremotes | grep mys3
mys3:
```

Note that if you want to create a remote using environment variables
you must create the `..._TYPE` variable as above.

### Other environment variables ###

  * RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS` set to contain your config file password (see [Configuration Encryption](#configuration-encryption) section)
  * HTTP_PROXY, HTTPS_PROXY and NO_PROXY (or the lowercase versions thereof).
    * HTTPS_PROXY takes precedence over HTTP_PROXY for https requests.
    * The environment values may be either a complete URL or a "host[:port]" for, in which case the "http" scheme is assumed.

# Configuring rclone on a remote / headless machine #

Some of the configurations (those involving oauth2) require an
Internet connected web browser.

If you are trying to set rclone up on a remote or headless box with no
browser available on it (eg a NAS or a server in a datacenter) then
you will need to use an alternative means of configuration.  There are
two ways of doing it, described below.

## Configuring using rclone authorize ##

On the headless box

```
...
Remote config
Use auto config?
 * Say Y if not sure
 * Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> n
For this to work, you will need rclone available on a machine that has a web browser available.
Execute the following on your machine:
	rclone authorize "amazon cloud drive"
Then paste the result below:
result>
```

Then on your main desktop machine

```
rclone authorize "amazon cloud drive"
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
Paste the following into your remote machine --->
SECRET_TOKEN
<---End paste
```

Then back to the headless box, paste in the code

```
result> SECRET_TOKEN
--------------------
[acd12]
client_id = 
client_secret = 
token = SECRET_TOKEN
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d>
```

## Configuring by copying the config file ##

Rclone stores all of its config in a single configuration file.  This
can easily be copied to configure a remote rclone.

So first configure rclone on your desktop machine

    rclone config

to set up the config file.

Find the config file by running `rclone -h` and looking for the help for the `--config` option

```
$ rclone -h
[snip]
      --config="/home/user/.rclone.conf": Config file.
[snip]
```

Now transfer it to the remote box (scp, cut paste, ftp, sftp etc) and
place it in the correct place (use `rclone -h` on the remote box to
find out where).

# Filtering, includes and excludes #

Rclone has a sophisticated set of include and exclude rules. Some of
these are based on patterns and some on other things like file size.

The filters are applied for the `copy`, `sync`, `move`, `ls`, `lsl`,
`md5sum`, `sha1sum`, `size`, `delete` and `check` operations.
Note that `purge` does not obey the filters.

Each path as it passes through rclone is matched against the include
and exclude rules like `--include`, `--exclude`, `--include-from`,
`--exclude-from`, `--filter`, or `--filter-from`. The simplest way to
try them out is using the `ls` command, or `--dry-run` together with
`-v`.

## Patterns ##

The patterns used to match files for inclusion or exclusion are based
on "file globs" as used by the unix shell.

If the pattern starts with a `/` then it only matches at the top level
of the directory tree, **relative to the root of the remote** (not
necessarily the root of the local drive). If it doesn't start with `/`
then it is matched starting at the **end of the path**, but it will
only match a complete path element:

    file.jpg  - matches "file.jpg"
              - matches "directory/file.jpg"
              - doesn't match "afile.jpg"
              - doesn't match "directory/afile.jpg"
    /file.jpg - matches "file.jpg" in the root directory of the remote
              - doesn't match "afile.jpg"
              - doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"

**Important** Note that you must use `/` in patterns and not `\` even
if running on Windows.

A `*` matches anything but not a `/`.

    *.jpg  - matches "file.jpg"
           - matches "directory/file.jpg"
           - doesn't match "file.jpg/something"

Use `**` to match anything, including slashes (`/`).

    dir/** - matches "dir/file.jpg"
           - matches "dir/dir1/dir2/file.jpg"
           - doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"
           - doesn't match "adir/file.jpg"

A `?` matches any character except a slash `/`.

    l?ss  - matches "less"
          - matches "lass"
          - doesn't match "floss"

A `[` and `]` together make a a character class, such as `[a-z]` or
`[aeiou]` or `[[:alpha:]]`.  See the [go regexp
docs](https://golang.org/pkg/regexp/syntax/) for more info on these.

    h[ae]llo - matches "hello"
             - matches "hallo"
             - doesn't match "hullo"

A `{` and `}` define a choice between elements.  It should contain a
comma seperated list of patterns, any of which might match.  These
patterns can contain wildcards.

    {one,two}_potato - matches "one_potato"
                     - matches "two_potato"
                     - doesn't match "three_potato"
                     - doesn't match "_potato"

Special characters can be escaped with a `\` before them.

    \*.jpg       - matches "*.jpg"
    \\.jpg       - matches "\.jpg"
    \[one\].jpg  - matches "[one].jpg"

Note also that rclone filter globs can only be used in one of the
filter command line flags, not in the specification of the remote, so
`rclone copy "remote:dir*.jpg" /path/to/dir` won't work - what is
required is `rclone --include "*.jpg" copy remote:dir /path/to/dir`

### Directories ###

Rclone keeps track of directories that could match any file patterns.

Eg if you add the include rule

    /a/*.jpg

Rclone will synthesize the directory include rule

    /a/

If you put any rules which end in `/` then it will only match
directories.

Directory matches are **only** used to optimise directory access
patterns - you must still match the files that you want to match.
Directory matches won't optimise anything on bucket based remotes (eg
s3, swift, google compute storage, b2) which don't have a concept of
directory.

### Differences between rsync and rclone patterns ###

Rclone implements bash style `{a,b,c}` glob matching which rsync doesn't.

Rclone always does a wildcard match so `\` must always escape a `\`.

## How the rules are used ##

Rclone maintains a combined list of include rules and exclude rules.

Each file is matched in order, starting from the top, against the rule
in the list until it finds a match.  The file is then included or
excluded according to the rule type.

If the matcher fails to find a match after testing against all the
entries in the list then the path is included.

For example given the following rules, `+` being include, `-` being
exclude,

    - secret*.jpg
    + *.jpg
    + *.png
    + file2.avi
    - *

This would include

  * `file1.jpg`
  * `file3.png`
  * `file2.avi`

This would exclude

  * `secret17.jpg`
  * non `*.jpg` and `*.png`

A similar process is done on directory entries before recursing into
them.  This only works on remotes which have a concept of directory
(Eg local, google drive, onedrive, amazon drive) and not on bucket
based remotes (eg s3, swift, google compute storage, b2).

## Adding filtering rules ##

Filtering rules are added with the following command line flags.

### Repeating options ##

You can repeat the following options to add more than one rule of that
type.

  * `--include`
  * `--include-from`
  * `--exclude`
  * `--exclude-from`
  * `--filter`
  * `--filter-from`

Note that all the options of the same type are processed together in
the order above, regardless of what order they were placed on the
command line.

So all `--include` options are processed first in the order they
appeared on the command line, then all `--include-from` options etc.

To mix up the order includes and excludes, the `--filter` flag can be
used.

### `--exclude` - Exclude files matching pattern ###

Add a single exclude rule with `--exclude`.

This flag can be repeated.  See above for the order the flags are
processed in.

Eg `--exclude *.bak` to exclude all bak files from the sync.

### `--exclude-from` - Read exclude patterns from file ###

Add exclude rules from a file.

This flag can be repeated.  See above for the order the flags are
processed in.

Prepare a file like this `exclude-file.txt`

    # a sample exclude rule file
    *.bak
    file2.jpg

Then use as `--exclude-from exclude-file.txt`.  This will sync all
files except those ending in `bak` and `file2.jpg`.

This is useful if you have a lot of rules.

### `--include` - Include files matching pattern ###

Add a single include rule with `--include`.

This flag can be repeated.  See above for the order the flags are
processed in.

Eg `--include *.{png,jpg}` to include all `png` and `jpg` files in the
backup and no others.

This adds an implicit `--exclude *` at the very end of the filter
list. This means you can mix `--include` and `--include-from` with the
other filters (eg `--exclude`) but you must include all the files you
want in the include statement.  If this doesn't provide enough
flexibility then you must use `--filter-from`.

### `--include-from` - Read include patterns from file ###

Add include rules from a file.

This flag can be repeated.  See above for the order the flags are
processed in.

Prepare a file like this `include-file.txt`

    # a sample include rule file
    *.jpg
    *.png
    file2.avi

Then use as `--include-from include-file.txt`.  This will sync all
`jpg`, `png` files and `file2.avi`.

This is useful if you have a lot of rules.

This adds an implicit `--exclude *` at the very end of the filter
list. This means you can mix `--include` and `--include-from` with the
other filters (eg `--exclude`) but you must include all the files you
want in the include statement.  If this doesn't provide enough
flexibility then you must use `--filter-from`.

### `--filter` - Add a file-filtering rule ###

This can be used to add a single include or exclude rule.  Include
rules start with `+ ` and exclude rules start with `- `.  A special
rule called `!` can be used to clear the existing rules.

This flag can be repeated.  See above for the order the flags are
processed in.

Eg `--filter "- *.bak"` to exclude all bak files from the sync.

### `--filter-from` - Read filtering patterns from a file ###

Add include/exclude rules from a file.

This flag can be repeated.  See above for the order the flags are
processed in.

Prepare a file like this `filter-file.txt`

    # a sample exclude rule file
    - secret*.jpg
    + *.jpg
    + *.png
    + file2.avi
    # exclude everything else
    - *

Then use as `--filter-from filter-file.txt`.  The rules are processed
in the order that they are defined.

This example will include all `jpg` and `png` files, exclude any files
matching `secret*.jpg` and include `file2.avi`.  Everything else will
be excluded from the sync.

### `--files-from` - Read list of source-file names ###

This reads a list of file names from the file passed in and **only**
these files are transferred.  The filtering rules are ignored
completely if you use this option.

This option can be repeated to read from more than one file.  These
are read in the order that they are placed on the command line.

Prepare a file like this `files-from.txt`

    # comment
    file1.jpg
    file2.jpg

Then use as `--files-from files-from.txt`.  This will only transfer
`file1.jpg` and `file2.jpg` providing they exist.

For example, let's say you had a few files you want to back up
regularly with these absolute paths:

    /home/user1/important
    /home/user1/dir/file
    /home/user2/stuff

To copy these you'd find a common subdirectory - in this case `/home`
and put the remaining files in `files-from.txt` with or without
leading `/`, eg

    user1/important
    user1/dir/file
    user2/stuff

You could then copy these to a remote like this

    rclone copy --files-from files-from.txt /home remote:backup

The 3 files will arrive in `remote:backup` with the paths as in the
`files-from.txt`.

You could of course choose `/` as the root too in which case your
`files-from.txt` might look like this.

    /home/user1/important
    /home/user1/dir/file
    /home/user2/stuff

And you would transfer it like this

    rclone copy --files-from files-from.txt / remote:backup

In this case there will be an extra `home` directory on the remote.

### `--min-size` - Don't transfer any file smaller than this ###

This option controls the minimum size file which will be transferred.
This defaults to `kBytes` but a suffix of `k`, `M`, or `G` can be
used.

For example `--min-size 50k` means no files smaller than 50kByte will be
transferred.

### `--max-size` - Don't transfer any file larger than this ###

This option controls the maximum size file which will be transferred.
This defaults to `kBytes` but a suffix of `k`, `M`, or `G` can be
used.

For example `--max-size 1G` means no files larger than 1GByte will be
transferred.

### `--max-age` - Don't transfer any file older than this ###

This option controls the maximum age of files to transfer.  Give in
seconds or with a suffix of:

  * `ms` - Milliseconds
  * `s` - Seconds
  * `m` - Minutes
  * `h` - Hours
  * `d` - Days
  * `w` - Weeks
  * `M` - Months
  * `y` - Years

For example `--max-age 2d` means no files older than 2 days will be
transferred.

### `--min-age` - Don't transfer any file younger than this ###

This option controls the minimum age of files to transfer.  Give in
seconds or with a suffix (see `--max-age` for list of suffixes)

For example `--min-age 2d` means no files younger than 2 days will be
transferred.

### `--delete-excluded` - Delete files on dest excluded from sync ###

**Important** this flag is dangerous - use with `--dry-run` and `-v` first.

When doing `rclone sync` this will delete any files which are excluded
from the sync on the destination.

If for example you did a sync from `A` to `B` without the `--min-size 50k` flag

    rclone sync A: B:

Then you repeated it like this with the `--delete-excluded`

    rclone --min-size 50k --delete-excluded sync A: B:

This would delete all files on `B` which are less than 50 kBytes as
these are now excluded from the sync.

Always test first with `--dry-run` and `-v` before using this flag.

### `--dump-filters` - dump the filters to the output ###

This dumps the defined filters to the output as regular expressions.

Useful for debugging.

## Quoting shell metacharacters ##

The examples above may not work verbatim in your shell as they have
shell metacharacters in them (eg `*`), and may require quoting.

Eg linux, OSX

  * `--include \*.jpg`
  * `--include '*.jpg'`
  * `--include='*.jpg'`

In Windows the expansion is done by the command not the shell so this
should work fine

  * `--include *.jpg`

# Overview of cloud storage systems #

Each cloud storage system is slighly different.  Rclone attempts to
provide a unified interface to them, but some underlying differences
show through.

## Features ##

Here is an overview of the major features of each cloud storage system.

| Name                   | Hash    | ModTime | Case Insensitive | Duplicate Files | MIME Type |
| ---------------------- |:-------:|:-------:|:----------------:|:---------------:|:---------:|
| Google Drive           | MD5     | Yes     | No               | Yes             | R/W       |
| Amazon S3              | MD5     | Yes     | No               | No              | R/W       |
| Openstack Swift        | MD5     | Yes     | No               | No              | R/W       |
| Dropbox                | DBHASH †| Yes     | Yes              | No              | -         |
| Google Cloud Storage   | MD5     | Yes     | No               | No              | R/W       |
| Amazon Drive           | MD5     | No      | Yes              | No              | R         |
| Microsoft OneDrive     | SHA1    | Yes     | Yes              | No              | R         |
| Hubic                  | MD5     | Yes     | No               | No              | R/W       |
| Backblaze B2           | SHA1    | Yes     | No               | No              | R/W       |
| Yandex Disk            | MD5     | Yes     | No               | No              | R/W       |
| SFTP                   | -       | Yes     | Depends          | No              | -         |
| FTP                    | -       | No      | Yes              | No              | -         |
| The local filesystem   | All     | Yes     | Depends          | No              | -         |

### Hash ###

The cloud storage system supports various hash types of the objects.  
The hashes are used when transferring data as an integrity check and
can be specifically used with the `--checksum` flag in syncs and in
the `check` command.

To use the checksum checks between filesystems they must support a 
common hash type.

† Note that Dropbox supports [its own custom
hash](https://www.dropbox.com/developers/reference/content-hash).
This is an SHA256 sum of all the 4MB block SHA256s.

### ModTime ###

The cloud storage system supports setting modification times on
objects.  If it does then this enables a using the modification times
as part of the sync.  If not then only the size will be checked by
default, though the MD5SUM can be checked with the `--checksum` flag.

All cloud storage systems support some kind of date on the object and
these will be set when transferring from the cloud storage system.

### Case Insensitive ###

If a cloud storage systems is case sensitive then it is possible to
have two files which differ only in case, eg `file.txt` and
`FILE.txt`.  If a cloud storage system is case insensitive then that
isn't possible.

This can cause problems when syncing between a case insensitive
system and a case sensitive system.  The symptom of this is that no
matter how many times you run the sync it never completes fully.

The local filesystem and SFTP may or may not be case sensitive
depending on OS.

  * Windows - usually case insensitive, though case is preserved
  * OSX - usually case insensitive, though it is possible to format case sensitive
  * Linux - usually case sensitive, but there are case insensitive file systems (eg FAT formatted USB keys)

Most of the time this doesn't cause any problems as people tend to
avoid files whose name differs only by case even on case sensitive
systems.

### Duplicate files ###

If a cloud storage system allows duplicate files then it can have two
objects with the same name.

This confuses rclone greatly when syncing - use the `rclone dedupe`
command to rename or remove duplicates.

### MIME Type ###

MIME types (also known as media types) classify types of documents
using a simple text classification, eg `text/html` or
`application/pdf`.

Some cloud storage systems support reading (`R`) the MIME type of
objects and some support writing (`W`) the MIME type of objects.

The MIME type can be important if you are serving files directly to
HTTP from the storage system.

If you are copying from a remote which supports reading (`R`) to a
remote which supports writing (`W`) then rclone will preserve the MIME
types.  Otherwise they will be guessed from the extension, or the
remote itself may assign the MIME type.

## Optional Features ##

All the remotes support a basic set of features, but there are some
optional features supported by some remotes used to make some
operations more efficient.

| Name                   | Purge | Copy | Move | DirMove | CleanUp | ListR |
| ---------------------- |:-----:|:----:|:----:|:-------:|:-------:|:-----:|
| Google Drive           | Yes   | Yes  | Yes  | Yes     | No  [#575](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/575) |  No    |
| Amazon S3              | No    | Yes  | No   | No      | No      | Yes   |
| Openstack Swift        | Yes † | Yes  | No   | No      | No      | Yes   |
| Dropbox                | Yes   | Yes  | Yes  | Yes     | No  [#575](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/575) | No    |
| Google Cloud Storage   | Yes   | Yes  | No   | No      | No      | Yes   |
| Amazon Drive           | Yes   | No   | Yes  | Yes     | No [#575](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/575) | No    |
| Microsoft OneDrive     | Yes   | Yes  | Yes  | No [#197](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/197)    | No [#575](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/575) | No    |
| Hubic                  | Yes † | Yes  | No   | No      | No      | Yes   |
| Backblaze B2           | No    | No   | No   | No      | Yes     | Yes   |
| Yandex Disk            | Yes   | No   | No   | No      | No  [#575](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/575) | Yes   |
| SFTP                   | No    | No   | Yes  | Yes     | No      | No    |
| FTP                    | No    | No   | Yes  | Yes     | No      | No    |
| The local filesystem   | Yes   | No   | Yes  | Yes     | No      | No    |


### Purge ###

This deletes a directory quicker than just deleting all the files in
the directory.

† Note Swift and Hubic implement this in order to delete directory
markers but they don't actually have a quicker way of deleting files
other than deleting them individually.

### Copy ###

Used when copying an object to and from the same remote.  This known
as a server side copy so you can copy a file without downloading it
and uploading it again.  It is used if you use `rclone copy` or
`rclone move` if the remote doesn't support `Move` directly.

If the server doesn't support `Copy` directly then for copy operations
the file is downloaded then re-uploaded.

### Move ###

Used when moving/renaming an object on the same remote.  This is known
as a server side move of a file.  This is used in `rclone move` if the
server doesn't support `DirMove`.

If the server isn't capable of `Move` then rclone simulates it with
`Copy` then delete.  If the server doesn't support `Copy` then rclone
will download the file and re-upload it.

### DirMove ###

This is used to implement `rclone move` to move a directory if
possible.  If it isn't then it will use `Move` on each file (which
falls back to `Copy` then download and upload - see `Move` section).

### CleanUp ###

This is used for emptying the trash for a remote by `rclone cleanup`.

If the server can't do `CleanUp` then `rclone cleanup` will return an
error.

### ListR ###

The remote supports a recursive list to list all the contents beneath
a directory quickly.  This enables the `--fast-list` flag to work.
See the [rclone docs](/docs/#fast-list) for more details.

Google Drive
-----------------------------------------

Paths are specified as `drive:path`

Drive paths may be as deep as required, eg `drive:directory/subdirectory`.

The initial setup for drive involves getting a token from Google drive
which you need to do in your browser.  `rclone config` walks you
through it.

Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`.  First run:

     rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process:

```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / FTP Connection
   \ "ftp"
 7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 8 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 9 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
13 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
14 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 8
Google Application Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id> 
Google Application Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret> 
Remote config
Use auto config?
 * Say Y if not sure
 * Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine or Y didn't work
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
Configure this as a team drive?
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> n
--------------------
[remote]
client_id = 
client_secret = 
token = {"AccessToken":"xxxx.x.xxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","RefreshToken":"1/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","Expiry":"2014-03-16T13:57:58.955387075Z","Extra":null}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Google if you use auto config mode. This only
runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back
the verification code.  This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this
it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host
firewall, or use manual mode.

You can then use it like this,

List directories in top level of your drive

    rclone lsd remote:

List all the files in your drive

    rclone ls remote:

To copy a local directory to a drive directory called backup

    rclone copy /home/source remote:backup

### Team drives ###

If you want to configure the remote to point to a Google Team Drive
then answer `y` to the question `Configure this as a team drive?`.

This will fetch the list of Team Drives from google and allow you to
configure which one you want to use.  You can also type in a team
drive ID if you prefer.

For example:

```
Configure this as a team drive?
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
Fetching team drive list...
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Rclone Test
   \ "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"
 2 / Rclone Test 2
   \ "yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy"
 3 / Rclone Test 3
   \ "zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz"
Enter a Team Drive ID> 1
--------------------
[remote]
client_id = 
client_secret = 
token = {"AccessToken":"xxxx.x.xxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","RefreshToken":"1/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","Expiry":"2014-03-16T13:57:58.955387075Z","Extra":null}
team_drive = xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

### Modified time ###

Google drive stores modification times accurate to 1 ms.

### Revisions ###

Google drive stores revisions of files.  When you upload a change to
an existing file to google drive using rclone it will create a new
revision of that file.

Revisions follow the standard google policy which at time of writing
was

  * They are deleted after 30 days or 100 revisions (whatever comes first).
  * They do not count towards a user storage quota.

### Deleting files ###

By default rclone will delete files permanently when requested.  If
sending them to the trash is required instead then use the
`--drive-use-trash` flag.

### Specific options ###

Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.

#### --drive-chunk-size=SIZE ####

Upload chunk size. Must a power of 2 >= 256k. Default value is 8 MB.

Making this larger will improve performance, but note that each chunk
is buffered in memory one per transfer.

Reducing this will reduce memory usage but decrease performance.

#### --drive-full-list ####

No longer does anything - kept for backwards compatibility.

#### --drive-upload-cutoff=SIZE ####

File size cutoff for switching to chunked upload.  Default is 8 MB.

#### --drive-use-trash ####

Send files to the trash instead of deleting permanently. Defaults to
off, namely deleting files permanently.

#### --drive-auth-owner-only ####

Only consider files owned by the authenticated user. Requires
that --drive-full-list=true (default).

#### --drive-formats ####

Google documents can only be exported from Google drive.  When rclone
downloads a Google doc it chooses a format to download depending upon
this setting.

By default the formats are `docx,xlsx,pptx,svg` which are a sensible
default for an editable document.

When choosing a format, rclone runs down the list provided in order
and chooses the first file format the doc can be exported as from the
list. If the file can't be exported to a format on the formats list,
then rclone will choose a format from the default list.

If you prefer an archive copy then you might use `--drive-formats
pdf`, or if you prefer openoffice/libreoffice formats you might use
`--drive-formats ods,odt,odp`.

Note that rclone adds the extension to the google doc, so if it is
calles `My Spreadsheet` on google docs, it will be exported as `My
Spreadsheet.xlsx` or `My Spreadsheet.pdf` etc.

Here are the possible extensions with their corresponding mime types.

| Extension | Mime Type | Description |
| --------- |-----------| ------------|
| csv  | text/csv | Standard CSV format for Spreadsheets |
| doc  | application/msword | Micosoft Office Document |
| docx | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document | Microsoft Office Document |
| epub | application/epub+zip | E-book format |
| html | text/html | An HTML Document |
| jpg  | image/jpeg | A JPEG Image File |
| odp  | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation | Openoffice Presentation |
| ods  | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet | Openoffice Spreadsheet |
| ods  | application/x-vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet | Openoffice Spreadsheet |
| odt  | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text | Openoffice Document |
| pdf  | application/pdf | Adobe PDF Format |
| png  | image/png | PNG Image Format|
| pptx | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation | Microsoft Office Powerpoint |
| rtf  | application/rtf | Rich Text Format |
| svg  | image/svg+xml | Scalable Vector Graphics Format |
| tsv  | text/tab-separated-values | Standard TSV format for spreadsheets |
| txt  | text/plain | Plain Text |
| xls  | application/vnd.ms-excel | Microsoft Office Spreadsheet |
| xlsx | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet | Microsoft Office Spreadsheet |
| zip  | application/zip | A ZIP file of HTML, Images CSS |

#### --drive-skip-gdocs ####

Skip google documents in all listings. If given, gdocs practically become invisible to rclone.

### Limitations ###

Drive has quite a lot of rate limiting.  This causes rclone to be
limited to transferring about 2 files per second only.  Individual
files may be transferred much faster at 100s of MBytes/s but lots of
small files can take a long time.

### Making your own client_id ###

When you use rclone with Google drive in its default configuration you
are using rclone's client_id.  This is shared between all the rclone
users.  There is a global rate limit on the number of queries per
second that each client_id can do set by Google.  rclone already has a
high quota and I will continue to make sure it is high enough by
contacting Google.

However you might find you get better performance making your own
client_id if you are a heavy user. Or you may not depending on exactly
how Google have been raising rclone's rate limit.

Here is how to create your own Google Drive client ID for rclone:

1. Log into the [Google API
Console](https://console.developers.google.com/) with your Google
account. It doesn't matter what Google account you use. (It need not
be the same account as the Google Drive you want to access)

2. Select a project or create a new project.

3. Under Overview, Google APIs, Google Apps APIs, click "Drive API",
then "Enable".

4. Click "Credentials" in the left-side panel (not "Go to
credentials", which opens the wizard), then "Create credentials", then
"OAuth client ID".  It will prompt you to set the OAuth consent screen
product name, if you haven't set one already.

5. Choose an application type of "other", and click "Create". (the
default name is fine)

6. It will show you a client ID and client secret.  Use these values
in rclone config to add a new remote or edit an existing remote.

(Thanks to @balazer on github for these instructions.)

Amazon S3
---------------------------------------

Paths are specified as `remote:bucket` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.)  You may put subdirectories in too, eg `remote:bucket/path/to/dir`.

Here is an example of making an s3 configuration.  First run

    rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process.

```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 7 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 8 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
 9 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 2
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2 meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Enter AWS credentials in the next step
   \ "false"
 2 / Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
   \ "true"
env_auth> 1
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id> access_key
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
secret_access_key> secret_key
Region to connect to.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
   / The default endpoint - a good choice if you are unsure.
 1 | US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
   | Leave location constraint empty.
   \ "us-east-1"
   / US West (Oregon) Region
 2 | Needs location constraint us-west-2.
   \ "us-west-2"
   / US West (Northern California) Region
 3 | Needs location constraint us-west-1.
   \ "us-west-1"
   / EU (Ireland) Region Region
 4 | Needs location constraint EU or eu-west-1.
   \ "eu-west-1"
   / EU (Frankfurt) Region
 5 | Needs location constraint eu-central-1.
   \ "eu-central-1"
   / Asia Pacific (Singapore) Region
 6 | Needs location constraint ap-southeast-1.
   \ "ap-southeast-1"
   / Asia Pacific (Sydney) Region
 7 | Needs location constraint ap-southeast-2.
   \ "ap-southeast-2"
   / Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region
 8 | Needs location constraint ap-northeast-1.
   \ "ap-northeast-1"
   / Asia Pacific (Seoul)
 9 | Needs location constraint ap-northeast-2.
   \ "ap-northeast-2"
   / Asia Pacific (Mumbai)
10 | Needs location constraint ap-south-1.
   \ "ap-south-1"
   / South America (Sao Paulo) Region
11 | Needs location constraint sa-east-1.
   \ "sa-east-1"
   / If using an S3 clone that only understands v2 signatures
12 | eg Ceph/Dreamhost
   | set this and make sure you set the endpoint.
   \ "other-v2-signature"
   / If using an S3 clone that understands v4 signatures set this
13 | and make sure you set the endpoint.
   \ "other-v4-signature"
region> 1
Endpoint for S3 API.
Leave blank if using AWS to use the default endpoint for the region.
Specify if using an S3 clone such as Ceph.
endpoint>
Location constraint - must be set to match the Region. Used when creating buckets only.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Empty for US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
   \ ""
 2 / US West (Oregon) Region.
   \ "us-west-2"
 3 / US West (Northern California) Region.
   \ "us-west-1"
 4 / EU (Ireland) Region.
   \ "eu-west-1"
 5 / EU Region.
   \ "EU"
 6 / Asia Pacific (Singapore) Region.
   \ "ap-southeast-1"
 7 / Asia Pacific (Sydney) Region.
   \ "ap-southeast-2"
 8 / Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region.
   \ "ap-northeast-1"
 9 / Asia Pacific (Seoul)
   \ "ap-northeast-2"
10 / Asia Pacific (Mumbai)
   \ "ap-south-1"
11 / South America (Sao Paulo) Region.
   \ "sa-east-1"
location_constraint> 1
Canned ACL used when creating buckets and/or storing objects in S3.
For more info visit https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html#canned-acl
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. No one else has access rights (default).
   \ "private"
 2 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AllUsers group gets READ access.
   \ "public-read"
   / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AllUsers group gets READ and WRITE access.
 3 | Granting this on a bucket is generally not recommended.
   \ "public-read-write"
 4 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AuthenticatedUsers group gets READ access.
   \ "authenticated-read"
   / Object owner gets FULL_CONTROL. Bucket owner gets READ access.
 5 | If you specify this canned ACL when creating a bucket, Amazon S3 ignores it.
   \ "bucket-owner-read"
   / Both the object owner and the bucket owner get FULL_CONTROL over the object.
 6 | If you specify this canned ACL when creating a bucket, Amazon S3 ignores it.
   \ "bucket-owner-full-control"
acl> private
The server-side encryption algorithm used when storing this object in S3.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / None
   \ ""
 2 / AES256
   \ "AES256"
server_side_encryption>
The storage class to use when storing objects in S3.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Default
   \ ""
 2 / Standard storage class
   \ "STANDARD"
 3 / Reduced redundancy storage class
   \ "REDUCED_REDUNDANCY"
 4 / Standard Infrequent Access storage class
   \ "STANDARD_IA"
storage_class>
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = access_key
secret_access_key = secret_key
region = us-east-1
endpoint =
location_constraint =
acl = private
server_side_encryption =
storage_class =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this

See all buckets

    rclone lsd remote:

Make a new bucket

    rclone mkdir remote:bucket

List the contents of a bucket

    rclone ls remote:bucket

Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote bucket, deleting any excess
files in the bucket.

    rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucket

### --fast-list ###

This remote supports `--fast-list` which allows you to use fewer
transactions in exchange for more memory. See the [rclone
docs](/docs/#fast-list) for more details.

### Modified time ###

The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as
`X-Amz-Meta-Mtime` as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1 ns.

### Multipart uploads ###

rclone supports multipart uploads with S3 which means that it can
upload files bigger than 5GB. Note that files uploaded with multipart
upload don't have an MD5SUM.

### Buckets and Regions ###

With Amazon S3 you can list buckets (`rclone lsd`) using any region,
but you can only access the content of a bucket from the region it was
created in.  If you attempt to access a bucket from the wrong region,
you will get an error, `incorrect region, the bucket is not in 'XXX'
region`.

### Authentication ###
There are two ways to supply `rclone` with a set of AWS
credentials. In order of precedence:

 - Directly in the rclone configuration file (as configured by `rclone config`)
   - set `access_key_id` and `secret_access_key`
 - Runtime configuration:
   - set `env_auth` to `true` in the config file
   - Exporting the following environment variables before running `rclone`
     - Access Key ID: `AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID` or `AWS_ACCESS_KEY`
     - Secret Access Key: `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY` or `AWS_SECRET_KEY`
   - Running `rclone` on an EC2 instance with an IAM role

If none of these option actually end up providing `rclone` with AWS
credentials then S3 interaction will be non-authenticated (see below).

### S3 Permissions ###

When using the `sync` subcommand of `rclone` the following minimum 
permissions are required to be available on the bucket being written to:

* `ListBucket`
* `DeleteObject`
* `GetObject`
* `PutObject`
* `PutObjectACL`

Example policy:

```
{
    "Version": "2012-10-17",
    "Statement": [
        {
            "Effect": "Allow",
            "Principal": {
                "AWS": "arn:aws:iam::USER_SID:user/USER_NAME"
            },
            "Action": [
                "s3:ListBucket",
                "s3:DeleteObject",
                "s3:GetObject",
                "s3:PutObject",
                "s3:PutObjectAcl"
            ],
            "Resource": [
              "arn:aws:s3:::BUCKET_NAME/*",
              "arn:aws:s3:::BUCKET_NAME"
            ]
        }
    ]
}
```

Notes on above:

1. This is a policy that can be used when creating bucket. It assumes
   that `USER_NAME` has been created.
2. The Resource entry must include both resource ARNs, as one implies 
   the bucket and the other implies the bucket's objects.

For reference, [here's an Ansible script](https://gist.github.com/ebridges/ebfc9042dd7c756cd101cfa807b7ae2b) 
that will generate one or more buckets that will work with `rclone sync`.

### Specific options ###

Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.

#### --s3-acl=STRING ####

Canned ACL used when creating buckets and/or storing objects in S3.

For more info visit the [canned ACL docs](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html#canned-acl).

#### --s3-storage-class=STRING ####

Storage class to upload new objects with.

Available options include:

 - STANDARD - default storage class
 - STANDARD_IA - for less frequently accessed data (e.g backups)
 - REDUCED_REDUNDANCY (only for noncritical, reproducible data, has lower redundancy)

### Anonymous access to public buckets ###

If you want to use rclone to access a public bucket, configure with a
blank `access_key_id` and `secret_access_key`.  Eg

```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
q) Quit config
n/q> n
name> anons3
What type of source is it?
Choose a number from below
 1) amazon cloud drive
 2) b2
 3) drive
 4) dropbox
 5) google cloud storage
 6) swift
 7) hubic
 8) local
 9) onedrive
10) s3
11) yandex
type> 10
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2 meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 * Enter AWS credentials in the next step
 1) false
 * Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
 2) true
env_auth> 1
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id>
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
secret_access_key>
...
```

Then use it as normal with the name of the public bucket, eg

    rclone lsd anons3:1000genomes

You will be able to list and copy data but not upload it.

### Ceph ###

Ceph is an object storage system which presents an Amazon S3 interface.

To use rclone with ceph, you need to set the following parameters in
the config.

```
access_key_id = Whatever
secret_access_key = Whatever
endpoint = https://ceph.endpoint.goes.here/
region = other-v2-signature
```

Note also that Ceph sometimes puts `/` in the passwords it gives
users.  If you read the secret access key using the command line tools
you will get a JSON blob with the `/` escaped as `\/`.  Make sure you
only write `/` in the secret access key.

Eg the dump from Ceph looks something like this (irrelevant keys
removed).

```
{
    "user_id": "xxx",
    "display_name": "xxxx",
    "keys": [
        {
            "user": "xxx",
            "access_key": "xxxxxx",
            "secret_key": "xxxxxx\/xxxx"
        }
    ],
}
```

Because this is a json dump, it is encoding the `/` as `\/`, so if you
use the secret key as `xxxxxx/xxxx`  it will work fine.

### Minio ###

[Minio](https://minio.io/) is an object storage server built for cloud application developers and devops.

It is very easy to install and provides an S3 compatible server which can be used by rclone.

To use it, install Minio following the instructions from the web site.

When it configures itself Minio will print something like this

```
AccessKey: WLGDGYAQYIGI833EV05A  SecretKey: BYvgJM101sHngl2uzjXS/OBF/aMxAN06JrJ3qJlF Region: us-east-1

Minio Object Storage:
     http://127.0.0.1:9000
     http://10.0.0.3:9000

Minio Browser:
     http://127.0.0.1:9000
     http://10.0.0.3:9000
```

These details need to go into `rclone config` like this.  Note that it
is important to put the region in as stated above.

```
env_auth> 1
access_key_id> WLGDGYAQYIGI833EV05A
secret_access_key> BYvgJM101sHngl2uzjXS/OBF/aMxAN06JrJ3qJlF   
region> us-east-1
endpoint> http://10.0.0.3:9000
location_constraint>
server_side_encryption>
```

Which makes the config file look like this

```
[minio]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = WLGDGYAQYIGI833EV05A
secret_access_key = BYvgJM101sHngl2uzjXS/OBF/aMxAN06JrJ3qJlF
region = us-east-1
endpoint = http://10.0.0.3:9000
location_constraint =
server_side_encryption =
```

Minio doesn't support all the features of S3 yet.  In particular it
doesn't support MD5 checksums (ETags) or metadata.  This means rclone
can't check MD5SUMs or store the modified date.  However you can work
around this with the `--size-only` flag of rclone.

So once set up, for example to copy files into a bucket

    rclone --size-only copy /path/to/files minio:bucket

Swift
----------------------------------------

Swift refers to [Openstack Object Storage](https://www.openstack.org/software/openstack-storage/).
Commercial implementations of that being:

  * [Rackspace Cloud Files](https://www.rackspace.com/cloud/files/)
  * [Memset Memstore](https://www.memset.com/cloud/storage/)

Paths are specified as `remote:container` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.)  You may put subdirectories in too, eg `remote:container/path/to/dir`.

Here is an example of making a swift configuration.  First run

    rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process.

```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 7 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 8 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
 9 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 11
User name to log in.
user> user_name
API key or password.
key> password_or_api_key
Authentication URL for server.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Rackspace US
   \ "https://auth.api.rackspacecloud.com/v1.0"
 2 / Rackspace UK
   \ "https://lon.auth.api.rackspacecloud.com/v1.0"
 3 / Rackspace v2
   \ "https://identity.api.rackspacecloud.com/v2.0"
 4 / Memset Memstore UK
   \ "https://auth.storage.memset.com/v1.0"
 5 / Memset Memstore UK v2
   \ "https://auth.storage.memset.com/v2.0"
 6 / OVH
   \ "https://auth.cloud.ovh.net/v2.0"
auth> 1
User domain - optional (v3 auth)
domain> Default
Tenant name - optional for v1 auth, required otherwise
tenant> tenant_name
Tenant domain - optional (v3 auth)
tenant_domain>
Region name - optional
region>
Storage URL - optional
storage_url>
AuthVersion - optional - set to (1,2,3) if your auth URL has no version
auth_version>
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
user = user_name
key = password_or_api_key
auth = https://auth.api.rackspacecloud.com/v1.0
domain = Default
tenant =
tenant_domain =
region =
storage_url =
auth_version =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this

See all containers

    rclone lsd remote:

Make a new container

    rclone mkdir remote:container

List the contents of a container

    rclone ls remote:container

Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote container, deleting any
excess files in the container.

    rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:container

### Configuration from an Openstack credentials file ###

An Opentstack credentials file typically looks something something
like this (without the comments)

```
export OS_AUTH_URL=https://a.provider.net/v2.0
export OS_TENANT_ID=ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
export OS_TENANT_NAME="1234567890123456"
export OS_USERNAME="123abc567xy"
echo "Please enter your OpenStack Password: "
read -sr OS_PASSWORD_INPUT
export OS_PASSWORD=$OS_PASSWORD_INPUT
export OS_REGION_NAME="SBG1"
if [ -z "$OS_REGION_NAME" ]; then unset OS_REGION_NAME; fi
```

The config file needs to look something like this where `$OS_USERNAME`
represents the value of the `OS_USERNAME` variable - `123abc567xy` in
the example above.

```
[remote]
type = swift
user = $OS_USERNAME
key = $OS_PASSWORD
auth = $OS_AUTH_URL
tenant = $OS_TENANT_NAME
```

Note that you may (or may not) need to set `region` too - try without first.

### --fast-list ###

This remote supports `--fast-list` which allows you to use fewer
transactions in exchange for more memory. See the [rclone
docs](/docs/#fast-list) for more details.

### Specific options ###

Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.

#### --swift-chunk-size=SIZE ####

Above this size files will be chunked into a _segments container.  The
default for this is 5GB which is its maximum value.

### Modified time ###

The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as
`X-Object-Meta-Mtime` as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1
ns.

This is a defacto standard (used in the official python-swiftclient
amongst others) for storing the modification time for an object.

### Limitations ###

The Swift API doesn't return a correct MD5SUM for segmented files
(Dynamic or Static Large Objects) so rclone won't check or use the
MD5SUM for these.

### Troubleshooting ###

#### Rclone gives Failed to create file system for "remote:": Bad Request ####

Due to an oddity of the underlying swift library, it gives a "Bad
Request" error rather than a more sensible error when the
authentication fails for Swift.

So this most likely means your username / password is wrong.  You can
investigate further with the `--dump-bodies` flag.

This may also be caused by specifying the region when you shouldn't
have (eg OVH).

#### Rclone gives Failed to create file system: Response didn't have storage storage url and auth token ####

This is most likely caused by forgetting to specify your tenant when
setting up a swift remote.

Dropbox
---------------------------------

Paths are specified as `remote:path`

Dropbox paths may be as deep as required, eg
`remote:directory/subdirectory`.

The initial setup for dropbox involves getting a token from Dropbox
which you need to do in your browser.  `rclone config` walks you
through it.

Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`.  First run:

     rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process:

```
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
q) Quit config
e/n/d/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 7 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 8 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
 9 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 4
Dropbox App Key - leave blank normally.
app_key>
Dropbox App Secret - leave blank normally.
app_secret>
Remote config
Please visit:
https://www.dropbox.com/1/oauth2/authorize?client_id=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&response_type=code
Enter the code: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX_XXXXXXXXXX
--------------------
[remote]
app_key =
app_secret =
token = XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX_XXXX_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

You can then use it like this,

List directories in top level of your dropbox

    rclone lsd remote:

List all the files in your dropbox

    rclone ls remote:

To copy a local directory to a dropbox directory called backup

    rclone copy /home/source remote:backup

### Modified time and Hashes ###

Dropbox supports modified times, but the only way to set a
modification time is to re-upload the file.

This means that if you uploaded your data with an older version of
rclone which didn't support the v2 API and modified times, rclone will
decide to upload all your old data to fix the modification times.  If
you don't want this to happen use `--size-only` or `--checksum` flag
to stop it.

Dropbox supports [its own hash
type](https://www.dropbox.com/developers/reference/content-hash) which
is checked for all transfers.

### Specific options ###

Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.

#### --dropbox-chunk-size=SIZE ####

Upload chunk size. Max 150M. The default is 128MB.  Note that this
isn't buffered into memory.

### Limitations ###

Note that Dropbox is case insensitive so you can't have a file called
"Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".

There are some file names such as `thumbs.db` which Dropbox can't
store.  There is a full list of them in the ["Ignored Files" section
of this document](https://www.dropbox.com/en/help/145).  Rclone will
issue an error message `File name disallowed - not uploading` if it
attempt to upload one of those file names, but the sync won't fail.

If you have more than 10,000 files in a directory then `rclone purge
dropbox:dir` will return the error `Failed to purge: There are too
many files involved in this operation`.  As a work-around do an
`rclone delete dropbox:dir` followed by an `rclone rmdir dropbox:dir`.

Google Cloud Storage
-------------------------------------------------

Paths are specified as `remote:bucket` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.)  You may put subdirectories in too, eg `remote:bucket/path/to/dir`.

The initial setup for google cloud storage involves getting a token from Google Cloud Storage
which you need to do in your browser.  `rclone config` walks you
through it.

Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`.  First run:

     rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process:

```
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
q) Quit config
e/n/d/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 7 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 8 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
 9 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 6
Google Application Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Google Application Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Project number optional - needed only for list/create/delete buckets - see your developer console.
project_number> 12345678
Service Account Credentials JSON file path - needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login.
service_account_file>
Access Control List for new objects.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and all Authenticated Users get READER access.
   \ "authenticatedRead"
 2 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team owners get OWNER access.
   \ "bucketOwnerFullControl"
 3 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team owners get READER access.
   \ "bucketOwnerRead"
 4 / Object owner gets OWNER access [default if left blank].
   \ "private"
 5 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team members get access according to their roles.
   \ "projectPrivate"
 6 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and all Users get READER access.
   \ "publicRead"
object_acl> 4
Access Control List for new buckets.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Authenticated Users get READER access.
   \ "authenticatedRead"
 2 / Project team owners get OWNER access [default if left blank].
   \ "private"
 3 / Project team members get access according to their roles.
   \ "projectPrivate"
 4 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Users get READER access.
   \ "publicRead"
 5 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Users get WRITER access.
   \ "publicReadWrite"
bucket_acl> 2
Remote config
Use auto config?
 * Say Y if not sure
 * Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine or Y didn't work
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
type = google cloud storage
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"AccessToken":"xxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","RefreshToken":"x/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxx","Expiry":"2014-07-17T20:49:14.929208288+01:00","Extra":null}
project_number = 12345678
object_acl = private
bucket_acl = private
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Google if you use auto config mode. This only
runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back
the verification code.  This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this
it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host
firewall, or use manual mode.

This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this

See all the buckets in your project

    rclone lsd remote:

Make a new bucket

    rclone mkdir remote:bucket

List the contents of a bucket

    rclone ls remote:bucket

Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote bucket, deleting any excess
files in the bucket.

    rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucket

### Service Account support ###

You can set up rclone with Google Cloud Storage in an unattended mode,
i.e. not tied to a specific end-user Google account. This is useful
when you want to synchronise files onto machines that don't have
actively logged-in users, for example build machines.

To get credentials for Google Cloud Platform
[IAM Service Accounts](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts),
please head to the
[Service Account](https://console.cloud.google.com/permissions/serviceaccounts)
section of the Google Developer Console. Service Accounts behave just
like normal `User` permissions in
[Google Cloud Storage ACLs](https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/access-control),
so you can limit their access (e.g. make them read only). After
creating an account, a JSON file containing the Service Account's
credentials will be downloaded onto your machines. These credentials
are what rclone will use for authentication.

To use a Service Account instead of OAuth2 token flow, enter the path
to your Service Account credentials at the `service_account_file`
prompt and rclone won't use the browser based authentication
flow.

### --fast-list ###

This remote supports `--fast-list` which allows you to use fewer
transactions in exchange for more memory. See the [rclone
docs](/docs/#fast-list) for more details.

### Modified time ###

Google google cloud storage stores md5sums natively and rclone stores
modification times as metadata on the object, under the "mtime" key in
RFC3339 format accurate to 1ns.

Amazon Drive
-----------------------------------------

Paths are specified as `remote:path`

Paths may be as deep as required, eg `remote:directory/subdirectory`.

The initial setup for Amazon Drive involves getting a token from
Amazon which you need to do in your browser.  `rclone config` walks
you through it.

The configuration process for Amazon Drive may involve using an [oauth
proxy](https://github.com/ncw/oauthproxy). This is used to keep the
Amazon credentials out of the source code.  The proxy runs in Google's
very secure App Engine environment and doesn't store any credentials
which pass through it.

**NB** rclone doesn't not currently have its own Amazon Drive
credentials (see [the
forum](https://forum.rclone.org/t/rclone-has-been-banned-from-amazon-drive/)
for why) so you will either need to have your own `client_id` and
`client_secret` with Amazon Drive, or use a a third party ouath proxy
in which case you will need to enter `client_id`, `client_secret`,
`auth_url` and `token_url`.

Note also if you are not using Amazon's `auth_url` and `token_url`,
(ie you filled in something for those) then if setting up on a remote
machine you can only use the [copying the config method of
configuration](https://rclone.org/remote_setup/#configuring-by-copying-the-config-file)
- `rclone authorize` will not work.

Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`.  First run:

     rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process:

```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / FTP Connection
   \ "ftp"
 7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 8 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 9 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
13 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
14 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 1
Amazon Application Client Id - required.
client_id> your client ID goes here
Amazon Application Client Secret - required.
client_secret> your client secret goes here
Auth server URL - leave blank to use Amazon's.
auth_url> Optional auth URL
Token server url - leave blank to use Amazon's.
token_url> Optional token URL
Remote config
Make sure your Redirect URL is set to "http://127.0.0.1:53682/" in your custom config.
Use auto config?
 * Say Y if not sure
 * Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id = your client ID goes here
client_secret = your client secret goes here
auth_url = Optional auth URL
token_url = Optional token URL
token = {"access_token":"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","token_type":"bearer","refresh_token":"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","expiry":"2015-09-06T16:07:39.658438471+01:00"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

See the [remote setup docs](https://rclone.org/remote_setup/) for how to set it up on a
machine with no Internet browser available.

Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Amazon. This only runs from the moment it
opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification
code.  This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this it may require
you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.

Once configured you can then use `rclone` like this,

List directories in top level of your Amazon Drive

    rclone lsd remote:

List all the files in your Amazon Drive

    rclone ls remote:

To copy a local directory to an Amazon Drive directory called backup

    rclone copy /home/source remote:backup

### Modified time and MD5SUMs ###

Amazon Drive doesn't allow modification times to be changed via
the API so these won't be accurate or used for syncing.

It does store MD5SUMs so for a more accurate sync, you can use the
`--checksum` flag.

### Deleting files ###

Any files you delete with rclone will end up in the trash.  Amazon
don't provide an API to permanently delete files, nor to empty the
trash, so you will have to do that with one of Amazon's apps or via
the Amazon Drive website. As of November 17, 2016, files are 
automatically deleted by Amazon from the trash after 30 days.

### Using with non `.com` Amazon accounts ###

Let's say you usually use `amazon.co.uk`. When you authenticate with
rclone it will take you to an `amazon.com` page to log in.  Your
`amazon.co.uk` email and password should work here just fine.

### Specific options ###

Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.

#### --acd-templink-threshold=SIZE ####

Files this size or more will be downloaded via their `tempLink`. This
is to work around a problem with Amazon Drive which blocks downloads
of files bigger than about 10GB.  The default for this is 9GB which
shouldn't need to be changed.

To download files above this threshold, rclone requests a `tempLink`
which downloads the file through a temporary URL directly from the
underlying S3 storage.

#### --acd-upload-wait-per-gb=TIME ####

Sometimes Amazon Drive gives an error when a file has been fully
uploaded but the file appears anyway after a little while.  This
happens sometimes for files over 1GB in size and nearly every time for
files bigger than 10GB. This parameter controls the time rclone waits
for the file to appear.

The default value for this parameter is 3 minutes per GB, so by
default it will wait 3 minutes for every GB uploaded to see if the
file appears.

You can disable this feature by setting it to 0. This may cause
conflict errors as rclone retries the failed upload but the file will
most likely appear correctly eventually.

These values were determined empirically by observing lots of uploads
of big files for a range of file sizes.

Upload with the `-v` flag to see more info about what rclone is doing
in this situation.

### Limitations ###

Note that Amazon Drive is case insensitive so you can't have a
file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".

Amazon Drive has rate limiting so you may notice errors in the
sync (429 errors).  rclone will automatically retry the sync up to 3
times by default (see `--retries` flag) which should hopefully work
around this problem.

Amazon Drive has an internal limit of file sizes that can be uploaded
to the service. This limit is not officially published, but all files
larger than this will fail.

At the time of writing (Jan 2016) is in the area of 50GB per file.
This means that larger files are likely to fail.

Unfortunately there is no way for rclone to see that this failure is
because of file size, so it will retry the operation, as any other
failure. To avoid this problem, use `--max-size 50000M` option to limit
the maximum size of uploaded files. Note that `--max-size` does not split
files into segments, it only ignores files over this size.

Microsoft OneDrive
-----------------------------------------

Paths are specified as `remote:path`

Paths may be as deep as required, eg `remote:directory/subdirectory`.

The initial setup for OneDrive involves getting a token from
Microsoft which you need to do in your browser.  `rclone config` walks
you through it.

Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`.  First run:

     rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process:

```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 7 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 8 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
 9 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 10
Microsoft App Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Microsoft App Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
 * Say Y if not sure
 * Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"XXXXXX"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

See the [remote setup docs](https://rclone.org/remote_setup/) for how to set it up on a
machine with no Internet browser available.

Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Microsoft. This only runs from the moment it
opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification
code.  This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this it may require
you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.

Once configured you can then use `rclone` like this,

List directories in top level of your OneDrive

    rclone lsd remote:

List all the files in your OneDrive

    rclone ls remote:

To copy a local directory to an OneDrive directory called backup

    rclone copy /home/source remote:backup

### Modified time and hashes ###

OneDrive allows modification times to be set on objects accurate to 1
second.  These will be used to detect whether objects need syncing or
not.

One drive supports SHA1 type hashes, so you can use `--checksum` flag.


### Deleting files ###

Any files you delete with rclone will end up in the trash.  Microsoft
doesn't provide an API to permanently delete files, nor to empty the
trash, so you will have to do that with one of Microsoft's apps or via
the OneDrive website.

### Specific options ###

Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.

#### --onedrive-chunk-size=SIZE ####

Above this size files will be chunked - must be multiple of 320k. The
default is 10MB.  Note that the chunks will be buffered into memory.

#### --onedrive-upload-cutoff=SIZE ####

Cutoff for switching to chunked upload - must be <= 100MB. The default
is 10MB.

### Limitations ###

Note that OneDrive is case insensitive so you can't have a
file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".

Rclone only supports your default OneDrive, and doesn't work with One
Drive for business.  Both these issues may be fixed at some point
depending on user demand!

There are quite a few characters that can't be in OneDrive file
names.  These can't occur on Windows platforms, but on non-Windows
platforms they are common.  Rclone will map these names to and from an
identical looking unicode equivalent.  For example if a file has a `?`
in it will be mapped to `？` instead.

The largest allowed file size is 10GiB (10,737,418,240 bytes).

Hubic
-----------------------------------------

Paths are specified as `remote:path`

Paths are specified as `remote:container` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.)  You may put subdirectories in too, eg `remote:container/path/to/dir`.

The initial setup for Hubic involves getting a token from Hubic which
you need to do in your browser.  `rclone config` walks you through it.

Here is an example of how to make a remote called `remote`.  First run:

     rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process:

```
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 7 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 8 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
 9 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 8
Hubic Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Hubic Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
 * Say Y if not sure
 * Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"XXXXXX"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

See the [remote setup docs](https://rclone.org/remote_setup/) for how to set it up on a
machine with no Internet browser available.

Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Hubic. This only runs from the moment it opens
your browser to the moment you get back the verification code.  This
is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this it may require you to unblock
it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.

Once configured you can then use `rclone` like this,

List containers in the top level of your Hubic

    rclone lsd remote:

List all the files in your Hubic

    rclone ls remote:

To copy a local directory to an Hubic directory called backup

    rclone copy /home/source remote:backup

If you want the directory to be visible in the official *Hubic
browser*, you need to copy your files to the `default` directory

    rclone copy /home/source remote:default/backup

### --fast-list ###

This remote supports `--fast-list` which allows you to use fewer
transactions in exchange for more memory. See the [rclone
docs](/docs/#fast-list) for more details.

### Modified time ###

The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as
`X-Object-Meta-Mtime` as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1
ns.

This is a defacto standard (used in the official python-swiftclient
amongst others) for storing the modification time for an object.

Note that Hubic wraps the Swift backend, so most of the properties of
are the same.

### Limitations ###

This uses the normal OpenStack Swift mechanism to refresh the Swift
API credentials and ignores the expires field returned by the Hubic
API.

The Swift API doesn't return a correct MD5SUM for segmented files
(Dynamic or Static Large Objects) so rclone won't check or use the
MD5SUM for these.

Backblaze B2
----------------------------------------

B2 is [Backblaze's cloud storage system](https://www.backblaze.com/b2/).

Paths are specified as `remote:bucket` (or `remote:` for the `lsd`
command.)  You may put subdirectories in too, eg `remote:bucket/path/to/dir`.

Here is an example of making a b2 configuration.  First run

    rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process.  You will
need your account number (a short hex number) and key (a long hex
number) which you can get from the b2 control panel.

```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
q) Quit config
n/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 7 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 8 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
 9 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 3
Account ID
account> 123456789abc
Application Key
key> 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789
Endpoint for the service - leave blank normally.
endpoint>
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
account = 123456789abc
key = 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789
endpoint =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this

See all buckets

    rclone lsd remote:

Make a new bucket

    rclone mkdir remote:bucket

List the contents of a bucket

    rclone ls remote:bucket

Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote bucket, deleting any
excess files in the bucket.

    rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucket

### --fast-list ###

This remote supports `--fast-list` which allows you to use fewer
transactions in exchange for more memory. See the [rclone
docs](/docs/#fast-list) for more details.

### Modified time ###

The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as
`X-Bz-Info-src_last_modified_millis` as milliseconds since 1970-01-01
in the Backblaze standard.  Other tools should be able to use this as
a modified time.

Modified times are used in syncing and are fully supported except in
the case of updating a modification time on an existing object.  In
this case the object will be uploaded again as B2 doesn't have an API
method to set the modification time independent of doing an upload.

### SHA1 checksums ###

The SHA1 checksums of the files are checked on upload and download and
will be used in the syncing process.

Large files which are uploaded in chunks will store their SHA1 on the
object as `X-Bz-Info-large_file_sha1` as recommended by Backblaze.

### Transfers ###

Backblaze recommends that you do lots of transfers simultaneously for
maximum speed.  In tests from my SSD equiped laptop the optimum
setting is about `--transfers 32` though higher numbers may be used
for a slight speed improvement. The optimum number for you may vary
depending on your hardware, how big the files are, how much you want
to load your computer, etc.  The default of `--transfers 4` is
definitely too low for Backblaze B2 though.

Note that uploading big files (bigger than 200 MB by default) will use
a 96 MB RAM buffer by default.  There can be at most `--transfers` of
these in use at any moment, so this sets the upper limit on the memory
used.

### Versions ###

When rclone uploads a new version of a file it creates a [new version
of it](https://www.backblaze.com/b2/docs/file_versions.html).
Likewise when you delete a file, the old version will still be
available.

Old versions of files are visible using the `--b2-versions` flag.

If you wish to remove all the old versions then you can use the
`rclone cleanup remote:bucket` command which will delete all the old
versions of files, leaving the current ones intact.  You can also
supply a path and only old versions under that path will be deleted,
eg `rclone cleanup remote:bucket/path/to/stuff`.

When you `purge` a bucket, the current and the old versions will be
deleted then the bucket will be deleted.

However `delete` will cause the current versions of the files to
become hidden old versions.

Here is a session showing the listing and and retreival of an old
version followed by a `cleanup` of the old versions.

Show current version and all the versions with `--b2-versions` flag.

```
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
        9 one.txt

$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
        9 one.txt
        8 one-v2016-07-04-141032-000.txt
       16 one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
       15 one-v2016-07-02-155621-000.txt
```

Retreive an old verson

```
$ rclone -q --b2-versions copy b2:cleanup-test/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt /tmp

$ ls -l /tmp/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ncw ncw 16 Jul  2 17:46 /tmp/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
```

Clean up all the old versions and show that they've gone.

```
$ rclone -q cleanup b2:cleanup-test

$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
        9 one.txt

$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
        9 one.txt
```

### Data usage ###

It is useful to know how many requests are sent to the server in different scenarios.

All copy commands send the following 4 requests:

```
/b2api/v1/b2_authorize_account
/b2api/v1/b2_create_bucket
/b2api/v1/b2_list_buckets
/b2api/v1/b2_list_file_names
```

The `b2_list_file_names` request will be sent once for every 1k files
in the remote path, providing the checksum and modification time of
the listed files. As of version 1.33 issue
[#818](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/818) causes extra requests
to be sent when using B2 with Crypt. When a copy operation does not
require any files to be uploaded, no more requests will be sent.

Uploading files that do not require chunking, will send 2 requests per
file upload:

```
/b2api/v1/b2_get_upload_url
/b2api/v1/b2_upload_file/
```

Uploading files requiring chunking, will send 2 requests (one each to
start and finish the upload) and another 2 requests for each chunk:

```
/b2api/v1/b2_start_large_file
/b2api/v1/b2_get_upload_part_url
/b2api/v1/b2_upload_part/
/b2api/v1/b2_finish_large_file
```

### B2 with crypt ###

When using B2 with `crypt` files are encrypted into a temporary
location and streamed from there. This is required to calculate the
encrypted file's checksum before beginning the upload. On Windows the
%TMPDIR% environment variable is used as the temporary location. If
the file requires chunking, both the chunking and encryption will take
place in memory.

### Specific options ###

Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.

#### --b2-chunk-size valuee=SIZE ####

When uploading large files chunk the file into this size.  Note that
these chunks are buffered in memory and there might a maximum of
`--transfers` chunks in progress at once.  100,000,000 Bytes is the
minimim size (default 96M).

#### --b2-upload-cutoff=SIZE ####

Cutoff for switching to chunked upload (default 190.735 MiB == 200
MB). Files above this size will be uploaded in chunks of
`--b2-chunk-size`.

This value should be set no larger than 4.657GiB (== 5GB) as this is
the largest file size that can be uploaded.


#### --b2-test-mode=FLAG ####

This is for debugging purposes only.

Setting FLAG to one of the strings below will cause b2 to return
specific errors for debugging purposes.

  * `fail_some_uploads`
  * `expire_some_account_authorization_tokens`
  * `force_cap_exceeded`

These will be set in the `X-Bz-Test-Mode` header which is documented
in the [b2 integrations
checklist](https://www.backblaze.com/b2/docs/integration_checklist.html).

#### --b2-versions ####

When set rclone will show and act on older versions of files.  For example

Listing without `--b2-versions`

```
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
        9 one.txt
```

And with

```
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
        9 one.txt
        8 one-v2016-07-04-141032-000.txt
       16 one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
       15 one-v2016-07-02-155621-000.txt
```

Showing that the current version is unchanged but older versions can
be seen.  These have the UTC date that they were uploaded to the
server to the nearest millisecond appended to them.

Note that when using `--b2-versions` no file write operations are
permitted, so you can't upload files or delete them.

Yandex Disk
----------------------------------------

[Yandex Disk](https://disk.yandex.com) is a cloud storage solution created by [Yandex](https://yandex.com).

Yandex paths may be as deep as required, eg `remote:directory/subdirectory`.

Here is an example of making a yandex configuration.  First run

    rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process:

```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 7 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 8 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
 9 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 13
Yandex Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Yandex Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
 * Say Y if not sure
 * Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","token_type":"bearer","expiry":"2016-12-29T12:27:11.362788025Z"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

See the [remote setup docs](https://rclone.org/remote_setup/) for how to set it up on a
machine with no Internet browser available.

Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the
token as returned from Yandex Disk. This only runs from the moment it
opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code.
This is on `http://127.0.0.1:53682/` and this it may require you to
unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.

Once configured you can then use `rclone` like this,

See top level directories

    rclone lsd remote:

Make a new directory

    rclone mkdir remote:directory

List the contents of a directory

    rclone ls remote:directory

Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote path, deleting any
excess files in the path.

    rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:directory

### --fast-list ###

This remote supports `--fast-list` which allows you to use fewer
transactions in exchange for more memory. See the [rclone
docs](/docs/#fast-list) for more details.

### Modified time ###

Modified times are supported and are stored accurate to 1 ns in custom
metadata called `rclone_modified` in RFC3339 with nanoseconds format.

### MD5 checksums ###

MD5 checksums are natively supported by Yandex Disk.

SFTP
----------------------------------------

SFTP is the [Secure (or SSH) File Transfer
Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSH_File_Transfer_Protocol).

It runs over SSH v2 and is standard with most modern SSH
installations.

Paths are specified as `remote:path`. If the path does not begin with
a `/` it is relative to the home directory of the user.  An empty path
`remote:` refers to the users home directory.

Here is an example of making a SFTP configuration.  First run

    rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process.  You will
need your account number (a short hex number) and key (a long hex
number) which you can get from the SFTP control panel.
```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / FTP Connection
   \ "ftp"
 7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 8 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 9 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
13 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
14 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> sftp
SSH host to connect to
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Connect to example.com
   \ "example.com"
host> example.com
SSH username, leave blank for current username, ncw
user> 
SSH port, leave blank to use default (22)
port> 
SSH password, leave blank to use ssh-agent
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
n) No leave this optional password blank
y/g/n> n
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
host = example.com
user = 
port = 
pass = 
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this

See all directories in the home directory

    rclone lsd remote:

Make a new directory

    rclone mkdir remote:path/to/directory

List the contents of a directory

    rclone ls remote:path/to/directory

Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote directory, deleting any
excess files in the directory.

    rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:directory

### Modified time ###

Modified times are stored on the server to 1 second precision.

Modified times are used in syncing and are fully supported.

### Limitations ###

SFTP does not support any checksums.

The only ssh agent supported under Windows is Putty's pagent.

SFTP isn't supported under plan9 until [this
issue](https://github.com/pkg/sftp/issues/156) is fixed.

Note that since SFTP isn't HTTP based the following flags don't work
with it: `--dump-headers`, `--dump-bodies`, `--dump-auth`

Note that `--timeout` isn't supported (but `--contimeout` is).

Crypt
----------------------------------------

The `crypt` remote encrypts and decrypts another remote.

To use it first set up the underlying remote following the config
instructions for that remote.  You can also use a local pathname
instead of a remote which will encrypt and decrypt from that directory
which might be useful for encrypting onto a USB stick for example.

First check your chosen remote is working - we'll call it
`remote:path` in these docs.  Note that anything inside `remote:path`
will be encrypted and anything outside won't.  This means that if you
are using a bucket based remote (eg S3, B2, swift) then you should
probably put the bucket in the remote `s3:bucket`. If you just use
`s3:` then rclone will make encrypted bucket names too (if using file
name encryption) which may or may not be what you want.

Now configure `crypt` using `rclone config`. We will call this one
`secret` to differentiate it from the `remote`.

```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n   
name> secret
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 7 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 8 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
 9 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> 5
Remote to encrypt/decrypt.
Normally should contain a ':' and a path, eg "myremote:path/to/dir",
"myremote:bucket" or maybe "myremote:" (not recommended).
remote> remote:path
How to encrypt the filenames.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Don't encrypt the file names.  Adds a ".bin" extension only.
   \ "off"
 2 / Encrypt the filenames see the docs for the details.
   \ "standard"
 3 / Very simple filename obfuscation.
   \ "obfuscate"
filename_encryption> 2
Password or pass phrase for encryption.
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
y/g> y
Enter the password:
password:
Confirm the password:
password:
Password or pass phrase for salt. Optional but recommended.
Should be different to the previous password.
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
n) No leave this optional password blank
y/g/n> g
Password strength in bits.
64 is just about memorable
128 is secure
1024 is the maximum
Bits> 128
Your password is: JAsJvRcgR-_veXNfy_sGmQ
Use this password?
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
Remote config
--------------------
[secret]
remote = remote:path
filename_encryption = standard
password = *** ENCRYPTED ***
password2 = *** ENCRYPTED ***
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

**Important** The password is stored in the config file is lightly
obscured so it isn't immediately obvious what it is.  It is in no way
secure unless you use config file encryption.

A long passphrase is recommended, or you can use a random one.  Note
that if you reconfigure rclone with the same passwords/passphrases
elsewhere it will be compatible - all the secrets used are derived
from those two passwords/passphrases.

Note that rclone does not encrypt

  * file length - this can be calcuated within 16 bytes
  * modification time - used for syncing

## Specifying the remote ##

In normal use, make sure the remote has a `:` in. If you specify the
remote without a `:` then rclone will use a local directory of that
name.  So if you use a remote of `/path/to/secret/files` then rclone
will encrypt stuff to that directory.  If you use a remote of `name`
then rclone will put files in a directory called `name` in the current
directory.

If you specify the remote as `remote:path/to/dir` then rclone will
store encrypted files in `path/to/dir` on the remote. If you are using
file name encryption, then when you save files to
`secret:subdir/subfile` this will store them in the unencrypted path
`path/to/dir` but the `subdir/subpath` bit will be encrypted.

Note that unless you want encrypted bucket names (which are difficult
to manage because you won't know what directory they represent in web
interfaces etc), you should probably specify a bucket, eg
`remote:secretbucket` when using bucket based remotes such as S3,
Swift, Hubic, B2, GCS.

## Example ##

To test I made a little directory of files using "standard" file name
encryption.

```
plaintext/
├── file0.txt
├── file1.txt
└── subdir
    ├── file2.txt
    ├── file3.txt
    └── subsubdir
        └── file4.txt
```

Copy these to the remote and list them back

```
$ rclone -q copy plaintext secret:
$ rclone -q ls secret:
        7 file1.txt
        6 file0.txt
        8 subdir/file2.txt
       10 subdir/subsubdir/file4.txt
        9 subdir/file3.txt
```

Now see what that looked like when encrypted

```
$ rclone -q ls remote:path
       55 hagjclgavj2mbiqm6u6cnjjqcg
       54 v05749mltvv1tf4onltun46gls
       57 86vhrsv86mpbtd3a0akjuqslj8/dlj7fkq4kdq72emafg7a7s41uo
       58 86vhrsv86mpbtd3a0akjuqslj8/7uu829995du6o42n32otfhjqp4/b9pausrfansjth5ob3jkdqd4lc
       56 86vhrsv86mpbtd3a0akjuqslj8/8njh1sk437gttmep3p70g81aps
```

Note that this retains the directory structure which means you can do this

```
$ rclone -q ls secret:subdir
        8 file2.txt
        9 file3.txt
       10 subsubdir/file4.txt
```

If don't use file name encryption then the remote will look like this
- note the `.bin` extensions added to prevent the cloud provider
attempting to interpret the data.

```
$ rclone -q ls remote:path
       54 file0.txt.bin
       57 subdir/file3.txt.bin
       56 subdir/file2.txt.bin
       58 subdir/subsubdir/file4.txt.bin
       55 file1.txt.bin
```

### File name encryption modes ###

Here are some of the features of the file name encryption modes

Off

  * doesn't hide file names or directory structure
  * allows for longer file names (~246 characters)
  * can use sub paths and copy single files

Standard

  * file names encrypted
  * file names can't be as long (~156 characters)
  * can use sub paths and copy single files
  * directory structure visibile
  * identical files names will have identical uploaded names
  * can use shortcuts to shorten the directory recursion

Obfuscation

This is a simple "rotate" of the filename, with each file having a rot
distance based on the filename. We store the distance at the beginning
of the filename. So a file called "hello" may become "53.jgnnq"

This is not a strong encryption of filenames, but it may stop automated
scanning tools from picking up on filename patterns. As such it's an
intermediate between "off" and "standard". The advantage is that it
allows for longer path segment names.

There is a possibility with some unicode based filenames that the
obfuscation is weak and may map lower case characters to upper case
equivalents.  You can not rely on this for strong protection.

  * file names very lightly obfuscated
  * file names can be longer than standard encryption
  * can use sub paths and copy single files
  * directory structure visibile
  * identical files names will have identical uploaded names

Cloud storage systems have various limits on file name length and
total path length which you are more likely to hit using "Standard"
file name encryption.  If you keep your file names to below 156
characters in length then you should be OK on all providers.

There may be an even more secure file name encryption mode in the
future which will address the long file name problem.

### Modified time and hashes ###

Crypt stores modification times using the underlying remote so support
depends on that.

Hashes are not stored for crypt.  However the data integrity is
protected by an extremely strong crypto authenticator.

Note that you should use the `rclone cryptcheck` command to check the
integrity of a crypted remote instead of `rclone check` which can't
check the checksums properly.

### Specific options ###

Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage
system.

#### --crypt-show-mapping ####

If this flag is set then for each file that the remote is asked to
list, it will log (at level INFO) a line stating the decrypted file
name and the encrypted file name.

This is so you can work out which encrypted names are which decrypted
names just in case you need to do something with the encrypted file
names, or for debugging purposes.

## Backing up a crypted remote ##

If you wish to backup a crypted remote, it it recommended that you use
`rclone sync` on the encrypted files, and make sure the passwords are
the same in the new encrypted remote.

This will have the following advantages

  * `rclone sync` will check the checksums while copying
  * you can use `rclone check` between the encrypted remotes
  * you don't decrypt and encrypt unecessarily

For example, let's say you have your original remote at `remote:` with
the encrypted version at `eremote:` with path `remote:crypt`.  You
would then set up the new remote `remote2:` and then the encrypted
version `eremote2:` with path `remote2:crypt` using the same passwords
as `eremote:`.

To sync the two remotes you would do

    rclone sync remote:crypt remote2:crypt

And to check the integrity you would do

    rclone check remote:crypt remote2:crypt

## File formats ##

### File encryption ###

Files are encrypted 1:1 source file to destination object.  The file
has a header and is divided into chunks.

#### Header ####

  * 8 bytes magic string `RCLONE\x00\x00`
  * 24 bytes Nonce (IV)

The initial nonce is generated from the operating systems crypto
strong random number genrator.  The nonce is incremented for each
chunk read making sure each nonce is unique for each block written.
The chance of a nonce being re-used is miniscule.  If you wrote an
exabyte of data (10¹⁸ bytes) you would have a probability of
approximately 2×10⁻³² of re-using a nonce.

#### Chunk ####

Each chunk will contain 64kB of data, except for the last one which
may have less data.  The data chunk is in standard NACL secretbox
format. Secretbox uses XSalsa20 and Poly1305 to encrypt and
authenticate messages.

Each chunk contains:

  * 16 Bytes of Poly1305 authenticator
  * 1 - 65536 bytes XSalsa20 encrypted data

64k chunk size was chosen as the best performing chunk size (the
authenticator takes too much time below this and the performance drops
off due to cache effects above this).  Note that these chunks are
buffered in memory so they can't be too big.

This uses a 32 byte (256 bit key) key derived from the user password.

#### Examples ####

1 byte file will encrypt to

  * 32 bytes header
  * 17 bytes data chunk

49 bytes total

1MB (1048576 bytes) file will encrypt to

  * 32 bytes header
  * 16 chunks of 65568 bytes

1049120 bytes total (a 0.05% overhead).  This is the overhead for big
files.

### Name encryption ###

File names are encrypted segment by segment - the path is broken up
into `/` separated strings and these are encrypted individually.

File segments are padded using using PKCS#7 to a multiple of 16 bytes
before encryption.

They are then encrypted with EME using AES with 256 bit key. EME
(ECB-Mix-ECB) is a wide-block encryption mode presented in the 2003
paper "A Parallelizable Enciphering Mode" by Halevi and Rogaway.

This makes for determinstic encryption which is what we want - the
same filename must encrypt to the same thing otherwise we can't find
it on the cloud storage system.

This means that

  * filenames with the same name will encrypt the same
  * filenames which start the same won't have a common prefix

This uses a 32 byte key (256 bits) and a 16 byte (128 bits) IV both of
which are derived from the user password.

After encryption they are written out using a modified version of
standard `base32` encoding as described in RFC4648.  The standard
encoding is modified in two ways:

  * it becomes lower case (no-one likes upper case filenames!)
  * we strip the padding character `=`

`base32` is used rather than the more efficient `base64` so rclone can be
used on case insensitive remotes (eg Windows, Amazon Drive).

### Key derivation ###

Rclone uses `scrypt` with parameters `N=16384, r=8, p=1` with a an
optional user supplied salt (password2) to derive the 32+32+16 = 80
bytes of key material required.  If the user doesn't supply a salt
then rclone uses an internal one.

`scrypt` makes it impractical to mount a dictionary attack on rclone
encrypted data.  For full protection agains this you should always use
a salt.

FTP
------------------------------

FTP is the File Transfer Protocol. FTP support is provided using the
[github.com/jlaffaye/ftp](https://godoc.org/github.com/jlaffaye/ftp)
package.

Here is an example of making an FTP configuration.  First run

    rclone config

This will guide you through an interactive setup process. An FTP remote only
needs a host together with and a username and a password. With anonymous FTP
server, you will need to use `anonymous` as username and your email address as
the password.

```
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Amazon Drive
   \ "amazon cloud drive"
 2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
   \ "s3"
 3 / Backblaze B2
   \ "b2"
 4 / Dropbox
   \ "dropbox"
 5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
   \ "crypt"
 6 / FTP Connection 
   \ "ftp"
 7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
   \ "google cloud storage"
 8 / Google Drive
   \ "drive"
 9 / Hubic
   \ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
   \ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
   \ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
   \ "swift"
13 / SSH/SFTP Connection
   \ "sftp"
14 / Yandex Disk
   \ "yandex"
Storage> ftp
FTP host to connect to
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
 1 / Connect to ftp.example.com
   \ "ftp.example.com"
host> ftp.example.com
FTP username, leave blank for current username, ncw
user>
FTP port, leave blank to use default (21)
port>
FTP password
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
y/g> y
Enter the password:
password:
Confirm the password:
password:
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
host = ftp.example.com
user = 
port =
pass = *** ENCRYPTED ***
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
```

This remote is called `remote` and can now be used like this

See all directories in the home directory

    rclone lsd remote:

Make a new directory

    rclone mkdir remote:path/to/directory

List the contents of a directory

    rclone ls remote:path/to/directory

Sync `/home/local/directory` to the remote directory, deleting any
excess files in the directory.

    rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:directory

### Modified time ###

FTP does not support modified times.  Any times you see on the server
will be time of upload.

### Checksums ###

FTP does not support any checksums.

### Limitations ###

Note that since FTP isn't HTTP based the following flags don't work
with it: `--dump-headers`, `--dump-bodies`, `--dump-auth`

Note that `--timeout` isn't supported (but `--contimeout` is).

FTP could support server side move but doesn't yet.

Local Filesystem
-------------------------------------------

Local paths are specified as normal filesystem paths, eg `/path/to/wherever`, so

    rclone sync /home/source /tmp/destination

Will sync `/home/source` to `/tmp/destination`

These can be configured into the config file for consistencies sake,
but it is probably easier not to.

### Modified time ###

Rclone reads and writes the modified time using an accuracy determined by
the OS.  Typically this is 1ns on Linux, 10 ns on Windows and 1 Second
on OS X.

### Filenames ###

Filenames are expected to be encoded in UTF-8 on disk.  This is the
normal case for Windows and OS X.

There is a bit more uncertainty in the Linux world, but new
distributions will have UTF-8 encoded files names. If you are using an
old Linux filesystem with non UTF-8 file names (eg latin1) then you
can use the `convmv` tool to convert the filesystem to UTF-8. This
tool is available in most distributions' package managers.

If an invalid (non-UTF8) filename is read, the invalid caracters will
be replaced with the unicode replacement character, '<27>'.  `rclone`
will emit a debug message in this case (use `-v` to see), eg

```
Local file system at .: Replacing invalid UTF-8 characters in "gro\xdf"
```

### Long paths on Windows ###

Rclone handles long paths automatically, by converting all paths to long
[UNC paths](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247(v=vs.85).aspx#maxpath)
which allows paths up to 32,767 characters.

This is why you will see that your paths, for instance `c:\files` is
converted to the UNC path `\\?\c:\files` in the output,
and `\\server\share` is converted to `\\?\UNC\server\share`.

However, in rare cases this may cause problems with buggy file
system drivers like [EncFS](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/261).
To disable UNC conversion globally, add this to your `.rclone.conf` file:

```
[local]
nounc = true
```

If you want to selectively disable UNC, you can add it to a separate entry like this:

```
[nounc]
type = local
nounc = true
```
And use rclone like this:

`rclone copy c:\src nounc:z:\dst`

This will use UNC paths on `c:\src` but not on `z:\dst`.
Of course this will cause problems if the absolute path length of a
file exceeds 258 characters on z, so only use this option if you have to.

### Specific options ###

Here are the command line options specific to local storage

#### --copy-links, -L ####

Normally rclone will ignore symlinks or junction points (which behave
like symlinks under Windows).

If you supply this flag then rclone will follow the symlink and copy
the pointed to file or directory.

This flag applies to all commands.

For example, supposing you have a directory structure like this

```
$ tree /tmp/a
/tmp/a
├── b -> ../b
├── expected -> ../expected
├── one
└── two
    └── three
```

Then you can see the difference with and without the flag like this

```
$ rclone ls /tmp/a
        6 one
        6 two/three
```

and

```
$ rclone -L ls /tmp/a
     4174 expected
        6 one
        6 two/three
        6 b/two
        6 b/one
```

#### --no-local-unicode-normalization ####

By default rclone normalizes (NFC) the unicode representation of filenames and
directories. This flag disables that normalization and uses the same
representation as the local filesystem.

This can be useful if you need to retain the local unicode representation and
you are using a cloud provider which supports unnormalized names (e.g. S3 or ACD).

This should also work with any provider if you are using crypt and have file
name encryption (the default) or obfuscation turned on.

#### --one-file-system, -x ####

This tells rclone to stay in the filesystem specified by the root and
not to recurse into different file systems.

For example if you have a directory heirachy like this

```
root
├── disk1     - disk1 mounted on the root
│   └── file3 - stored on disk1
├── disk2     - disk2 mounted on the root
│   └── file4 - stored on disk12
├── file1     - stored on the root disk
└── file2     - stored on the root disk
```

Using `rclone --one-file-system copy root remote:` will only copy `file1` and `file2`.  Eg

```
$ rclone -q --one-file-system ls root
        0 file1
        0 file2
```

```
$ rclone -q ls root
        0 disk1/file3
        0 disk2/file4
        0 file1
        0 file2
```

**NB** Rclone (like most unix tools such as `du`, `rsync` and `tar`)
treats a bind mount to the same device as being on the same
filesystem.

**NB** This flag is only available on Unix based systems.  On systems
where it isn't supported (eg Windows) it will not appear as an valid
flag.

Changelog
---------

  * v1.36 - 2017-03-18
    * New Features
      * SFTP remote (Jack Schmidt)
      * Re-implement sync routine to work a directory at a time reducing memory usage
      * Logging revamped to be more inline with rsync - now much quieter
          * -v only shows transfers
          * -vv is for full debug
          * --syslog to log to syslog on capable platforms
      * Implement --backup-dir and --suffix
      * Implement --track-renames (initial implementation by Bjørn Erik Pedersen)
      * Add time-based bandwidth limits (Lukas Loesche)
      * rclone cryptcheck: checks integrity of crypt remotes
      * Allow all config file variables and options to be set from environment variables
      * Add --buffer-size parameter to control buffer size for copy
      * Make --delete-after the default
      * Add --ignore-checksum flag (fixed by Hisham Zarka)
      * rclone check: Add --download flag to check all the data, not just hashes
      * rclone cat: add --head, --tail, --offset, --count and --discard
      * rclone config: when choosing from a list, allow the value to be entered too
      * rclone config: allow rename and copy of remotes
      * rclone obscure: for generating encrypted passwords for rclone's config (T.C. Ferguson)
      * Comply with XDG Base Directory specification (Dario Giovannetti)
        * this moves the default location of the config file in a backwards compatible way
      * Release changes
        * Ubuntu snap support (Dedsec1)
        * Compile with go 1.8
        * MIPS/Linux big and little endian support
    * Bug Fixes
      * Fix copyto copying things to the wrong place if the destination dir didn't exist
      * Fix parsing of remotes in moveto and copyto
      * Fix --delete-before deleting files on copy
      * Fix --files-from with an empty file copying everything
      * Fix sync: don't update mod times if --dry-run set
      * Fix MimeType propagation
      * Fix filters to add ** rules to directory rules
    * Local
      * Implement -L, --copy-links flag to allow rclone to follow symlinks
      * Open files in write only mode so rclone can write to an rclone mount
      * Fix unnormalised unicode causing problems reading directories
      * Fix interaction between -x flag and --max-depth
    * Mount
      * Implement proper directory handling (mkdir, rmdir, renaming)
      * Make include and exclude filters apply to mount
      * Implement read and write async buffers - control with --buffer-size
      * Fix fsync on for directories
      * Fix retry on network failure when reading off crypt
    * Crypt
      * Add --crypt-show-mapping to show encrypted file mapping
      * Fix crypt writer getting stuck in a loop
        * **IMPORTANT** this bug had the potential to cause data corruption when
          * reading data from a network based remote and
          * writing to a crypt on Google Drive
        * Use the cryptcheck command to validate your data if you are concerned
        * If syncing two crypt remotes, sync the unencrypted remote
    * Amazon Drive
      * Fix panics on Move (rename)
      * Fix panic on token expiry
    * B2
      * Fix inconsistent listings and rclone check
      * Fix uploading empty files with go1.8
      * Constrain memory usage when doing multipart uploads
      * Fix upload url not being refreshed properly
    * Drive
      * Fix Rmdir on directories with trashed files
      * Fix "Ignoring unknown object" when downloading
      * Add --drive-list-chunk
      * Add --drive-skip-gdocs (Károly Oláh)
    * OneDrive
      * Implement Move
      * Fix Copy
        * Fix overwrite detection in Copy
        * Fix waitForJob to parse errors correctly
      * Use token renewer to stop auth errors on long uploads
      * Fix uploading empty files with go1.8
    * Google Cloud Storage
      * Fix depth 1 directory listings
    * Yandex
      * Fix single level directory listing
    * Dropbox
      * Normalise the case for single level directory listings
      * Fix depth 1 listing
    * S3
      * Added ca-central-1 region (Jon Yergatian)
  * v1.35 - 2017-01-02
    * New Features
      * moveto and copyto commands for choosing a destination name on copy/move
      * rmdirs command to recursively delete empty directories
      * Allow repeated --include/--exclude/--filter options
      * Only show transfer stats on commands which transfer stuff
        * show stats on any command using the `--stats` flag
      * Allow overlapping directories in move when server side dir move is supported
      * Add --stats-unit option - thanks Scott McGillivray
    * Bug Fixes
      * Fix the config file being overwritten when two rclones are running
      * Make rclone lsd obey the filters properly
      * Fix compilation on mips
      * Fix not transferring files that don't differ in size
      * Fix panic on nil retry/fatal error
    * Mount
      * Retry reads on error - should help with reliability a lot
      * Report the modification times for directories from the remote
      * Add bandwidth accounting and limiting (fixes --bwlimit)
      * If --stats provided will show stats and which files are transferring
      * Support R/W files if truncate is set.
      * Implement statfs interface so df works
      * Note that write is now supported on Amazon Drive
      * Report number of blocks in a file - thanks Stefan Breunig
    * Crypt
      * Prevent the user pointing crypt at itself
      * Fix failed to authenticate decrypted block errors
        * these will now return the underlying unexpected EOF instead
    * Amazon Drive
      * Add support for server side move and directory move - thanks Stefan Breunig
      * Fix nil pointer deref on size attribute
    * B2
      * Use new prefix and delimiter parameters in directory listings
        * This makes --max-depth 1 dir listings as used in mount much faster
      * Reauth the account while doing uploads too - should help with token expiry
    * Drive
      * Make DirMove more efficient and complain about moving the root
      * Create destination directory on Move()
  * v1.34 - 2016-11-06
    * New Features
      * Stop single file and `--files-from` operations iterating through the source bucket.
      * Stop removing failed upload to cloud storage remotes
      * Make ContentType be preserved for cloud to cloud copies
      * Add support to toggle bandwidth limits via SIGUSR2 - thanks Marco Paganini
      * `rclone check` shows count of hashes that couldn't be checked
      * `rclone listremotes` command
      * Support linux/arm64 build - thanks Fredrik Fornwall
      * Remove `Authorization:` lines from `--dump-headers` output
    * Bug Fixes
      * Ignore files with control characters in the names
      * Fix `rclone move` command
        * Delete src files which already existed in dst
        * Fix deletion of src file when dst file older
      * Fix `rclone check` on crypted file systems
      * Make failed uploads not count as "Transferred"
      * Make sure high level retries show with `-q`
      * Use a vendor directory with godep for repeatable builds
    * `rclone mount` - FUSE
      * Implement FUSE mount options
        * `--no-modtime`, `--debug-fuse`, `--read-only`, `--allow-non-empty`, `--allow-root`, `--allow-other`
        * `--default-permissions`, `--write-back-cache`, `--max-read-ahead`, `--umask`, `--uid`, `--gid`
      * Add `--dir-cache-time` to control caching of directory entries
      * Implement seek for files opened for read (useful for video players)
        * with `-no-seek` flag to disable
      * Fix crash on 32 bit ARM (alignment of 64 bit counter)
      * ...and many more internal fixes and improvements!
    * Crypt
      * Don't show encrypted password in configurator to stop confusion
    * Amazon Drive
      * New wait for upload option `--acd-upload-wait-per-gb`
        * upload timeouts scale by file size and can be disabled
      * Add 502 Bad Gateway to list of errors we retry
      * Fix overwriting a file with a zero length file
      * Fix ACD file size warning limit - thanks Felix Bünemann
    * Local
      * Unix: implement `-x`/`--one-file-system` to stay on a single file system
        * thanks Durval Menezes and Luiz Carlos Rumbelsperger Viana
      * Windows: ignore the symlink bit on files
      * Windows: Ignore directory based junction points
    * B2
      * Make sure each upload has at least one upload slot - fixes strange upload stats
      * Fix uploads when using crypt
      * Fix download of large files (sha1 mismatch)
      * Return error when we try to create a bucket which someone else owns
      * Update B2 docs with Data usage, and Crypt section - thanks Tomasz Mazur
    * S3
      * Command line and config file support for
        * Setting/overriding ACL  - thanks Radek Senfeld
        * Setting storage class - thanks Asko Tamm
    * Drive
      * Make exponential backoff work exactly as per Google specification
      * add `.epub`, `.odp` and `.tsv` as export formats.
    * Swift
      * Don't read metadata for directory marker objects
  * v1.33 - 2016-08-24
    * New Features
      * Implement encryption
        * data encrypted in NACL secretbox format
        * with optional file name encryption
      * New commands
        * rclone mount - implements FUSE mounting of remotes (EXPERIMENTAL)
          * works on Linux, FreeBSD and OS X (need testers for the last 2!)
        * rclone cat - outputs remote file or files to the terminal
        * rclone genautocomplete - command to make a bash completion script for rclone
      * Editing a remote using `rclone config` now goes through the wizard
      * Compile with go 1.7 - this fixes rclone on macOS Sierra and on 386 processors
      * Use cobra for sub commands and docs generation
    * drive
      * Document how to make your own client_id
    * s3
      * User-configurable Amazon S3 ACL (thanks Radek Šenfeld)
    * b2
      * Fix stats accounting for upload - no more jumping to 100% done
      * On cleanup delete hide marker if it is the current file
      * New B2 API endpoint (thanks Per Cederberg)
      * Set maximum backoff to 5 Minutes
    * onedrive
      * Fix URL escaping in file names - eg uploading files with `+` in them.
    * amazon cloud drive
      * Fix token expiry during large uploads
      * Work around 408 REQUEST_TIMEOUT and 504 GATEWAY_TIMEOUT errors
    * local
      * Fix filenames with invalid UTF-8 not being uploaded
      * Fix problem with some UTF-8 characters on OS X
  * v1.32 - 2016-07-13
    * Backblaze B2
      * Fix upload of files large files not in root
  * v1.31 - 2016-07-13
    * New Features
      * Reduce memory on sync by about 50%
      * Implement --no-traverse flag to stop copy traversing the destination remote.
        * This can be used to reduce memory usage down to the smallest possible.
        * Useful to copy a small number of files into a large destination folder.
      * Implement cleanup command for emptying trash / removing old versions of files
        * Currently B2 only
      * Single file handling improved
        * Now copied with --files-from
        * Automatically sets --no-traverse when copying a single file
      * Info on using installing with ansible - thanks Stefan Weichinger
      * Implement --no-update-modtime flag to stop rclone fixing the remote modified times.
    * Bug Fixes
      * Fix move command - stop it running for overlapping Fses - this was causing data loss.
    * Local
      * Fix incomplete hashes - this was causing problems for B2.
    * Amazon Drive
      * Rename Amazon Cloud Drive to Amazon Drive - no changes to config file needed.
    * Swift
      * Add support for non-default project domain - thanks Antonio Messina.
    * S3
      * Add instructions on how to use rclone with minio.
      * Add ap-northeast-2 (Seoul) and ap-south-1 (Mumbai) regions.
      * Skip setting the modified time for objects > 5GB as it isn't possible.
    * Backblaze B2
      * Add --b2-versions flag so old versions can be listed and retreived.
      * Treat 403 errors (eg cap exceeded) as fatal.
      * Implement cleanup command for deleting old file versions.
      * Make error handling compliant with B2 integrations notes.
      * Fix handling of token expiry.
      * Implement --b2-test-mode to set `X-Bz-Test-Mode` header.
      * Set cutoff for chunked upload to 200MB as per B2 guidelines.
      * Make upload multi-threaded.
    * Dropbox
      * Don't retry 461 errors.
  * v1.30 - 2016-06-18
    * New Features
      * Directory listing code reworked for more features and better error reporting (thanks to Klaus Post for help).  This enables
        * Directory include filtering for efficiency
        * --max-depth parameter
        * Better error reporting
        * More to come
      * Retry more errors
      * Add --ignore-size flag - for uploading images to onedrive
      * Log -v output to stdout by default
      * Display the transfer stats in more human readable form
      * Make 0 size files specifiable with `--max-size 0b`
      * Add `b` suffix so we can specify bytes in --bwlimit, --min-size etc
      * Use "password:" instead of "password>" prompt - thanks Klaus Post and Leigh Klotz
    * Bug Fixes
      * Fix retry doing one too many retries
    * Local
      * Fix problems with OS X and UTF-8 characters
    * Amazon Drive
      * Check a file exists before uploading to help with 408 Conflict errors
      * Reauth on 401 errors - this has been causing a lot of problems
      * Work around spurious 403 errors
      * Restart directory listings on error
    * Google Drive
      * Check a file exists before uploading to help with duplicates
      * Fix retry of multipart uploads
    * Backblaze B2
      * Implement large file uploading
    * S3
      * Add AES256 server-side encryption for - thanks Justin R. Wilson
    * Google Cloud Storage
      * Make sure we don't use conflicting content types on upload
      * Add service account support - thanks Michal Witkowski
    * Swift
      * Add auth version parameter
      * Add domain option for openstack (v3 auth) - thanks Fabian Ruff
  * v1.29 - 2016-04-18
    * New Features
      * Implement `-I, --ignore-times` for unconditional upload
      * Improve `dedupe`command
        * Now removes identical copies without asking
        * Now obeys `--dry-run`
        * Implement `--dedupe-mode` for non interactive running
          * `--dedupe-mode interactive` - interactive the default.
          * `--dedupe-mode skip` - removes identical files then skips anything left.
          * `--dedupe-mode first` - removes identical files then keeps the first one.
          * `--dedupe-mode newest` - removes identical files then keeps the newest one.
          * `--dedupe-mode oldest` - removes identical files then keeps the oldest one.
          * `--dedupe-mode rename` - removes identical files then renames the rest to be different.
    * Bug fixes
      * Make rclone check obey the `--size-only` flag.
      * Use "application/octet-stream" if discovered mime type is invalid.
      * Fix missing "quit" option when there are no remotes.
    * Google Drive
      * Increase default chunk size to 8 MB - increases upload speed of big files
      * Speed up directory listings and make more reliable
      * Add missing retries for Move and DirMove - increases reliability
      * Preserve mime type on file update
    * Backblaze B2
      * Enable mod time syncing
        * This means that B2 will now check modification times
        * It will upload new files to update the modification times
        * (there isn't an API to just set the mod time.)
        * If you want the old behaviour use `--size-only`.
      * Update API to new version
      * Fix parsing of mod time when not in metadata
    * Swift/Hubic
      * Don't return an MD5SUM for static large objects
    * S3
      * Fix uploading files bigger than 50GB
  * v1.28 - 2016-03-01
    * New Features
      * Configuration file encryption - thanks Klaus Post
      * Improve `rclone config` adding more help and making it easier to understand
      * Implement `-u`/`--update` so creation times can be used on all remotes
      * Implement `--low-level-retries` flag
      * Optionally disable gzip compression on downloads with `--no-gzip-encoding`
    * Bug fixes
      * Don't make directories if `--dry-run` set
      * Fix and document the `move` command
      * Fix redirecting stderr on unix-like OSes when using `--log-file`
      * Fix `delete` command to wait until all finished - fixes missing deletes.
    * Backblaze B2
      * Use one upload URL per go routine fixes `more than one upload using auth token`
      * Add pacing, retries and reauthentication - fixes token expiry problems
      * Upload without using a temporary file from local (and remotes which support SHA1)
      * Fix reading metadata for all files when it shouldn't have been
    * Drive
      * Fix listing drive documents at root
      * Disable copy and move for Google docs
    * Swift
      * Fix uploading of chunked files with non ASCII characters
      * Allow setting of `storage_url` in the config - thanks Xavier Lucas
    * S3
      * Allow IAM role and credentials from environment variables - thanks Brian Stengaard
      * Allow low privilege users to use S3 (check if directory exists during Mkdir) - thanks Jakub Gedeon
    * Amazon Drive
      * Retry on more things to make directory listings more reliable
  * v1.27 - 2016-01-31
    * New Features
      * Easier headless configuration with `rclone authorize`
      * Add support for multiple hash types - we now check SHA1 as well as MD5 hashes.
      * `delete` command which does obey the filters (unlike `purge`)
      * `dedupe` command to deduplicate a remote.  Useful with Google Drive.
      * Add `--ignore-existing` flag to skip all files that exist on destination.
      * Add `--delete-before`, `--delete-during`, `--delete-after` flags.
      * Add `--memprofile` flag to debug memory use.
      * Warn the user about files with same name but different case
      * Make `--include` rules add their implict exclude * at the end of the filter list
      * Deprecate compiling with go1.3
    * Amazon Drive
      * Fix download of files > 10 GB
      * Fix directory traversal ("Next token is expired") for large directory listings
      * Remove 409 conflict from error codes we will retry - stops very long pauses
    * Backblaze B2
      * SHA1 hashes now checked by rclone core
    * Drive
      * Add `--drive-auth-owner-only` to only consider files owned by the user - thanks Björn Harrtell
      * Export Google documents
    * Dropbox
      * Make file exclusion error controllable with -q
    * Swift
      * Fix upload from unprivileged user.
    * S3
      * Fix updating of mod times of files with `+` in.
    * Local
      * Add local file system option to disable UNC on Windows.
  * v1.26 - 2016-01-02
    * New Features
      * Yandex storage backend - thank you Dmitry Burdeev ("dibu")
      * Implement Backblaze B2 storage backend
      * Add --min-age and --max-age flags - thank you Adriano Aurélio Meirelles
      * Make ls/lsl/md5sum/size/check obey includes and excludes
    * Fixes
      * Fix crash in http logging
      * Upload releases to github too
    * Swift
      * Fix sync for chunked files
    * OneDrive
      * Re-enable server side copy
      * Don't mask HTTP error codes with JSON decode error
    * S3
      * Fix corrupting Content-Type on mod time update (thanks Joseph Spurrier)
  * v1.25 - 2015-11-14
    * New features
      * Implement Hubic storage system
    * Fixes
      * Fix deletion of some excluded files without --delete-excluded
        * This could have deleted files unexpectedly on sync
        * Always check first with `--dry-run`!
    * Swift
      * Stop SetModTime losing metadata (eg X-Object-Manifest)
        * This could have caused data loss for files > 5GB in size
      * Use ContentType from Object to avoid lookups in listings
    * OneDrive
      * disable server side copy as it seems to be broken at Microsoft
  * v1.24 - 2015-11-07
    * New features
      * Add support for Microsoft OneDrive
      * Add `--no-check-certificate` option to disable server certificate verification
      * Add async readahead buffer for faster transfer of big files
    * Fixes
      * Allow spaces in remotes and check remote names for validity at creation time
      * Allow '&' and disallow ':' in Windows filenames.
    * Swift
      * Ignore directory marker objects where appropriate - allows working with Hubic
      * Don't delete the container if fs wasn't at root
    * S3
      * Don't delete the bucket if fs wasn't at root
    * Google Cloud Storage
      * Don't delete the bucket if fs wasn't at root
  * v1.23 - 2015-10-03
    * New features
      * Implement `rclone size` for measuring remotes
    * Fixes
      * Fix headless config for drive and gcs
      * Tell the user they should try again if the webserver method failed
      * Improve output of `--dump-headers`
    * S3
      * Allow anonymous access to public buckets
    * Swift
      * Stop chunked operations logging "Failed to read info: Object Not Found"
      * Use Content-Length on uploads for extra reliability
  * v1.22 - 2015-09-28
    * Implement rsync like include and exclude flags
    * swift
      * Support files > 5GB - thanks Sergey Tolmachev
  * v1.21 - 2015-09-22
    * New features
      * Display individual transfer progress
      * Make lsl output times in localtime
    * Fixes
      * Fix allowing user to override credentials again in Drive, GCS and ACD
    * Amazon Drive
      * Implement compliant pacing scheme
    * Google Drive
      * Make directory reads concurrent for increased speed.
  * v1.20 - 2015-09-15
    * New features
      * Amazon Drive support
      * Oauth support redone - fix many bugs and improve usability
        * Use "golang.org/x/oauth2" as oauth libary of choice
        * Improve oauth usability for smoother initial signup
        * drive, googlecloudstorage: optionally use auto config for the oauth token
      * Implement --dump-headers and --dump-bodies debug flags
      * Show multiple matched commands if abbreviation too short
      * Implement server side move where possible
    * local
      * Always use UNC paths internally on Windows - fixes a lot of bugs
    * dropbox
      * force use of our custom transport which makes timeouts work
    * Thanks to Klaus Post for lots of help with this release
  * v1.19 - 2015-08-28
    * New features
      * Server side copies for s3/swift/drive/dropbox/gcs
      * Move command - uses server side copies if it can
      * Implement --retries flag - tries 3 times by default
      * Build for plan9/amd64 and solaris/amd64 too
    * Fixes
      * Make a current version download with a fixed URL for scripting
      * Ignore rmdir in limited fs rather than throwing error
    * dropbox
      * Increase chunk size to improve upload speeds massively
      * Issue an error message when trying to upload bad file name
  * v1.18 - 2015-08-17
    * drive
      * Add `--drive-use-trash` flag so rclone trashes instead of deletes
      * Add "Forbidden to download" message for files with no downloadURL
    * dropbox
      * Remove datastore
        * This was deprecated and it caused a lot of problems
        * Modification times and MD5SUMs no longer stored
      * Fix uploading files > 2GB
    * s3
      * use official AWS SDK from github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go
      * **NB** will most likely require you to delete and recreate remote
      * enable multipart upload which enables files > 5GB
      * tested with Ceph / RadosGW / S3 emulation
      * many thanks to Sam Liston and Brian Haymore at the [Utah
        Center for High Performance Computing](https://www.chpc.utah.edu/) for a Ceph test account
    * misc
      * Show errors when reading the config file
      * Do not print stats in quiet mode - thanks Leonid Shalupov
      * Add FAQ
      * Fix created directories not obeying umask
      * Linux installation instructions - thanks Shimon Doodkin
  * v1.17 - 2015-06-14
    * dropbox: fix case insensitivity issues - thanks Leonid Shalupov
  * v1.16 - 2015-06-09
    * Fix uploading big files which was causing timeouts or panics
    * Don't check md5sum after download with --size-only
  * v1.15 - 2015-06-06
    * Add --checksum flag to only discard transfers by MD5SUM - thanks Alex Couper
    * Implement --size-only flag to sync on size not checksum & modtime
    * Expand docs and remove duplicated information
    * Document rclone's limitations with directories
    * dropbox: update docs about case insensitivity
  * v1.14 - 2015-05-21
    * local: fix encoding of non utf-8 file names - fixes a duplicate file problem
    * drive: docs about rate limiting
    * google cloud storage: Fix compile after API change in "google.golang.org/api/storage/v1"
  * v1.13 - 2015-05-10
    * Revise documentation (especially sync)
    * Implement --timeout and --conntimeout
    * s3: ignore etags from multipart uploads which aren't md5sums
  * v1.12 - 2015-03-15
    * drive: Use chunked upload for files above a certain size
    * drive: add --drive-chunk-size and --drive-upload-cutoff parameters
    * drive: switch to insert from update when a failed copy deletes the upload
    * core: Log duplicate files if they are detected
  * v1.11 - 2015-03-04
    * swift: add region parameter
    * drive: fix crash on failed to update remote mtime
    * In remote paths, change native directory separators to /
    * Add synchronization to ls/lsl/lsd output to stop corruptions
    * Ensure all stats/log messages to go stderr
    * Add --log-file flag to log everything (including panics) to file
    * Make it possible to disable stats printing with --stats=0
    * Implement --bwlimit to limit data transfer bandwidth
  * v1.10 - 2015-02-12
    * s3: list an unlimited number of items
    * Fix getting stuck in the configurator
  * v1.09 - 2015-02-07
    * windows: Stop drive letters (eg C:) getting mixed up with remotes (eg drive:)
    * local: Fix directory separators on Windows
    * drive: fix rate limit exceeded errors
  * v1.08 - 2015-02-04
    * drive: fix subdirectory listing to not list entire drive
    * drive: Fix SetModTime
    * dropbox: adapt code to recent library changes
  * v1.07 - 2014-12-23
    * google cloud storage: fix memory leak
  * v1.06 - 2014-12-12
    * Fix "Couldn't find home directory" on OSX
    * swift: Add tenant parameter
    * Use new location of Google API packages
  * v1.05 - 2014-08-09
    * Improved tests and consequently lots of minor fixes
    * core: Fix race detected by go race detector
    * core: Fixes after running errcheck
    * drive: reset root directory on Rmdir and Purge
    * fs: Document that Purger returns error on empty directory, test and fix
    * google cloud storage: fix ListDir on subdirectory
    * google cloud storage: re-read metadata in SetModTime
    * s3: make reading metadata more reliable to work around eventual consistency problems
    * s3: strip trailing / from ListDir()
    * swift: return directories without / in ListDir
  * v1.04 - 2014-07-21
    * google cloud storage: Fix crash on Update
  * v1.03 - 2014-07-20
    * swift, s3, dropbox: fix updated files being marked as corrupted
    * Make compile with go 1.1 again
  * v1.02 - 2014-07-19
    * Implement Dropbox remote
    * Implement Google Cloud Storage remote
    * Verify Md5sums and Sizes after copies
    * Remove times from "ls" command - lists sizes only
    * Add add "lsl" - lists times and sizes
    * Add "md5sum" command
  * v1.01 - 2014-07-04
    * drive: fix transfer of big files using up lots of memory
  * v1.00 - 2014-07-03
    * drive: fix whole second dates
  * v0.99 - 2014-06-26
    * Fix --dry-run not working
    * Make compatible with go 1.1
  * v0.98 - 2014-05-30
    * s3: Treat missing Content-Length as 0 for some ceph installations
    * rclonetest: add file with a space in
  * v0.97 - 2014-05-05
    * Implement copying of single files
    * s3 & swift: support paths inside containers/buckets
  * v0.96 - 2014-04-24
    * drive: Fix multiple files of same name being created
    * drive: Use o.Update and fs.Put to optimise transfers
    * Add version number, -V and --version
  * v0.95 - 2014-03-28
    * rclone.org: website, docs and graphics
    * drive: fix path parsing
  * v0.94 - 2014-03-27
    * Change remote format one last time
    * GNU style flags
  * v0.93 - 2014-03-16
    * drive: store token in config file
    * cross compile other versions
    * set strict permissions on config file
  * v0.92 - 2014-03-15
    * Config fixes and --config option
  * v0.91 - 2014-03-15
    * Make config file
  * v0.90 - 2013-06-27
    * Project named rclone
  * v0.00 - 2012-11-18
    * Project started

Bugs and Limitations
--------------------

### Empty directories are left behind / not created ##

With remotes that have a concept of directory, eg Local and Drive,
empty directories may be left behind, or not created when one was
expected.

This is because rclone doesn't have a concept of a directory - it only
works on objects.  Most of the object storage systems can't actually
store a directory so there is nowhere for rclone to store anything
about directories.

You can work round this to some extent with the`purge` command which
will delete everything under the path, **inluding** empty directories.

This may be fixed at some point in
[Issue #100](https://github.com/ncw/rclone/issues/100)

### Directory timestamps aren't preserved ##

For the same reason as the above, rclone doesn't have a concept of a
directory - it only works on objects, therefore it can't preserve the
timestamps of directories.

Frequently Asked Questions
--------------------------

### Do all cloud storage systems support all rclone commands ###

Yes they do.  All the rclone commands (eg `sync`, `copy` etc) will
work on all the remote storage systems.

### Can I copy the config from one machine to another ###

Sure!  Rclone stores all of its config in a single file.  If you want
to find this file, the simplest way is to run `rclone -h` and look at
the help for the `--config` flag which will tell you where it is.

See the [remote setup docs](https://rclone.org/remote_setup/) for more info.

### How do I configure rclone on a remote / headless box with no browser? ###

This has now been documented in its own [remote setup page](https://rclone.org/remote_setup/).

### Can rclone sync directly from drive to s3 ###

Rclone can sync between two remote cloud storage systems just fine.

Note that it effectively downloads the file and uploads it again, so
the node running rclone would need to have lots of bandwidth.

The syncs would be incremental (on a file by file basis).

Eg

    rclone sync drive:Folder s3:bucket


### Using rclone from multiple locations at the same time ###

You can use rclone from multiple places at the same time if you choose
different subdirectory for the output, eg

```
Server A> rclone sync /tmp/whatever remote:ServerA
Server B> rclone sync /tmp/whatever remote:ServerB
```

If you sync to the same directory then you should use rclone copy
otherwise the two rclones may delete each others files, eg

```
Server A> rclone copy /tmp/whatever remote:Backup
Server B> rclone copy /tmp/whatever remote:Backup
```

The file names you upload from Server A and Server B should be
different in this case, otherwise some file systems (eg Drive) may
make duplicates.

### Why doesn't rclone support partial transfers / binary diffs like rsync? ###

Rclone stores each file you transfer as a native object on the remote
cloud storage system.  This means that you can see the files you
upload as expected using alternative access methods (eg using the
Google Drive web interface).  There is a 1:1 mapping between files on
your hard disk and objects created in the cloud storage system.

Cloud storage systems (at least none I've come across yet) don't
support partially uploading an object. You can't take an existing
object, and change some bytes in the middle of it.

It would be possible to make a sync system which stored binary diffs
instead of whole objects like rclone does, but that would break the
1:1 mapping of files on your hard disk to objects in the remote cloud
storage system.

All the cloud storage systems support partial downloads of content, so
it would be possible to make partial downloads work.  However to make
this work efficiently this would require storing a significant amount
of metadata, which breaks the desired 1:1 mapping of files to objects.

### Can rclone do bi-directional sync? ###

No, not at present.  rclone only does uni-directional sync from A ->
B. It may do in the future though since it has all the primitives - it
just requires writing the algorithm to do it.

### Can I use rclone with an HTTP proxy? ###

Yes. rclone will use the environment variables `HTTP_PROXY`,
`HTTPS_PROXY` and `NO_PROXY`, similar to cURL and other programs.

`HTTPS_PROXY` takes precedence over `HTTP_PROXY` for https requests.

The environment values may be either a complete URL or a "host[:port]",
in which case the "http" scheme is assumed.

The `NO_PROXY` allows you to disable the proxy for specific hosts.
Hosts must be comma separated, and can contain domains or parts.
For instance "foo.com" also matches "bar.foo.com".

### Rclone gives x509: failed to load system roots and no roots provided error ###

This means that `rclone` can't file the SSL root certificates.  Likely
you are running `rclone` on a NAS with a cut-down Linux OS, or
possibly on Solaris.

Rclone (via the Go runtime) tries to load the root certificates from
these places on Linux.

    "/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt", // Debian/Ubuntu/Gentoo etc.
    "/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt",   // Fedora/RHEL
    "/etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem",             // OpenSUSE
    "/etc/pki/tls/cacert.pem",            // OpenELEC

So doing something like this should fix the problem.  It also sets the
time which is important for SSL to work properly.

```
mkdir -p /etc/ssl/certs/
curl -o /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bagder/ca-bundle/master/ca-bundle.crt
ntpclient -s -h pool.ntp.org
```

Note that you may need to add the `--insecure` option to the `curl` command line if it doesn't work without.

```
curl --insecure -o /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bagder/ca-bundle/master/ca-bundle.crt
```

### Rclone gives Failed to load config file: function not implemented error ###

Likely this means that you are running rclone on Linux version not
supported by the go runtime, ie earlier than version 2.6.23.

See the [system requirements section in the go install
docs](https://golang.org/doc/install) for full details.

### All my uploaded docx/xlsx/pptx files appear as archive/zip ###

This is caused by uploading these files from a Windows computer which
hasn't got the Microsoft Office suite installed.  The easiest way to
fix is to install the Word viewer and the Microsoft Office
Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 and later
versions' file formats

License
-------

This is free software under the terms of MIT the license (check the
COPYING file included with the source code).

```
Copyright (C) 2012 by Nick Craig-Wood https://www.craig-wood.com/nick/

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
```

Authors
-------

  * Nick Craig-Wood <nick@craig-wood.com>

Contributors
------------

  * Alex Couper <amcouper@gmail.com>
  * Leonid Shalupov <leonid@shalupov.com> <shalupov@diverse.org.ru>
  * Shimon Doodkin <helpmepro1@gmail.com>
  * Colin Nicholson <colin@colinn.com>
  * Klaus Post <klauspost@gmail.com>
  * Sergey Tolmachev <tolsi.ru@gmail.com>
  * Adriano Aurélio Meirelles <adriano@atinge.com>
  * C. Bess <cbess@users.noreply.github.com>
  * Dmitry Burdeev <dibu28@gmail.com>
  * Joseph Spurrier <github@josephspurrier.com>
  * Björn Harrtell <bjorn@wololo.org>
  * Xavier Lucas <xavier.lucas@corp.ovh.com>
  * Werner Beroux <werner@beroux.com>
  * Brian Stengaard <brian@stengaard.eu>
  * Jakub Gedeon <jgedeon@sofi.com>
  * Jim Tittsler <jwt@onjapan.net>
  * Michal Witkowski <michal@improbable.io>
  * Fabian Ruff <fabian.ruff@sap.com>
  * Leigh Klotz <klotz@quixey.com>
  * Romain Lapray <lapray.romain@gmail.com>
  * Justin R. Wilson <jrw972@gmail.com>
  * Antonio Messina <antonio.s.messina@gmail.com>
  * Stefan G. Weichinger <office@oops.co.at>
  * Per Cederberg <cederberg@gmail.com>
  * Radek Šenfeld <rush@logic.cz>
  * Fredrik Fornwall <fredrik@fornwall.net>
  * Asko Tamm <asko@deekit.net>
  * xor-zz <xor@gstocco.com>
  * Tomasz Mazur <tmazur90@gmail.com>
  * Marco Paganini <paganini@paganini.net>
  * Felix Bünemann <buenemann@louis.info>
  * Durval Menezes <jmrclone@durval.com>
  * Luiz Carlos Rumbelsperger Viana <maxd13_luiz_carlos@hotmail.com>
  * Stefan Breunig <stefan-github@yrden.de>
  * Alishan Ladhani <ali-l@users.noreply.github.com>
  * 0xJAKE <0xJAKE@users.noreply.github.com>
  * Thibault Molleman <thibaultmol@users.noreply.github.com>
  * Scott McGillivray <scott.mcgillivray@gmail.com>
  * Bjørn Erik Pedersen <bjorn.erik.pedersen@gmail.com>
  * Lukas Loesche <lukas@mesosphere.io>
  * emyarod <allllaboutyou@gmail.com>
  * T.C. Ferguson <tcf909@gmail.com>
  * Brandur <brandur@mutelight.org>
  * Dario Giovannetti <dev@dariogiovannetti.net>
  * Károly Oláh <okaresz@aol.com>
  * Jon Yergatian <jon@macfanatic.ca>
  * Jack Schmidt <github@mowsey.org>
  * Dedsec1 <Dedsec1@users.noreply.github.com>
  * Hisham Zarka <hzarka@gmail.com>
  * Jérôme Vizcaino <jerome.vizcaino@gmail.com>
  * Mike Tesch <mjt6129@rit.edu>
  * Marvin Watson <marvwatson@users.noreply.github.com>
  * Danny Tsai <danny8376@gmail.com>
  * Yoni Jah <yonjah+git@gmail.com> <yonjah+github@gmail.com>
  * Stephen Harris <github@spuddy.org>
  * Ihor Dvoretskyi <ihor.dvoretskyi@gmail.com>
  * Jon Craton <jncraton@gmail.com>
  * Hraban Luyat <hraban@0brg.net>
  * Michael Ledin <mledin89@gmail.com>
  * Martin Kristensen <me@azgul.com>
  * Too Much IO <toomuchio@users.noreply.github.com>
  * Anisse Astier <anisse@astier.eu>
  * Zahiar Ahmed <zahiar@live.com>
  * Igor Kharin <igorkharin@gmail.com>
  * Bill Zissimopoulos <billziss@navimatics.com>
  * Bob Potter <bobby.potter@gmail.com>
  * Steven Lu <tacticalazn@gmail.com>
  * Sjur Fredriksen <sjurtf@ifi.uio.no>
  * Ruwbin <hubus12345@gmail.com>
  * Fabian Möller <fabianm88@gmail.com>
  * Edward Q. Bridges <github@eqbridges.com>

# Contact the rclone project #

## Forum ##

Forum for general discussions and questions:

  * https://forum.rclone.org

## Gitub project ##

The project website is at:

  * https://github.com/ncw/rclone

There you can file bug reports, ask for help or contribute pull
requests.

## Google+ ##

Rclone has a Google+ page which announcements are posted to

  * <a href="https://google.com/+RcloneOrg" rel="publisher">Google+ page for general comments</a>

## Twitter ##

You can also follow me on twitter for rclone announcments

  * [@njcw](https://twitter.com/njcw)

## Email ##

Or if all else fails or you want to ask something private or
confidential email [Nick Craig-Wood](mailto:nick@craig-wood.com)