Rclone is a command line program to sync files and directories to and from:
Features
Links
Rclone is a Go program and comes as a single binary file.
rclone binary.rclone config to setup. See rclone config docs for more details.See below for some expanded Linux / macOS instructions.
See the Usage section of the docs for how to use rclone, or run rclone -h.
To install rclone on Linux/macOS/BSD systems, run:
curl https://rclone.org/install.sh | sudo bashFor beta installation, run:
curl https://rclone.org/install.sh | sudo bash -s betaNote that this script checks the version of rclone installed first and won't re-download if not needed.
Fetch and unpack
curl -O https://downloads.rclone.org/rclone-current-linux-amd64.zip
unzip rclone-current-linux-amd64.zip
cd rclone-*-linux-amd64Copy binary file
sudo cp rclone /usr/bin/
sudo chown root:root /usr/bin/rclone
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/rcloneInstall manpage
sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/share/man/man1
sudo cp rclone.1 /usr/local/share/man/man1/
sudo mandb Run rclone config to setup. See rclone config docs for more details.
rclone configDownload the latest version of rclone.
cd && curl -O https://downloads.rclone.org/rclone-current-osx-amd64.zipUnzip the download and cd to the extracted folder.
unzip -a rclone-current-osx-amd64.zip && cd rclone-*-osx-amd64Move rclone to your $PATH. You will be prompted for your password.
sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/bin
sudo mv rclone /usr/local/bin/(the mkdir command is safe to run, even if the directory already exists).
Remove the leftover files.
cd .. && rm -rf rclone-*-osx-amd64 rclone-current-osx-amd64.zipRun rclone config to setup. See rclone config docs for more details.
rclone configMake sure you have at least Go 1.6 installed. Make sure your GOPATH is set, then:
go get -u -v github.com/ncw/rcloneand this will build the binary in $GOPATH/bin. If you have built rclone before then you will want to update its dependencies first with this
go get -u -v github.com/ncw/rclone/...This can be done with Stefan Weichinger's ansible role.
Instructions
git clone https://github.com/stefangweichinger/ansible-rclone.git into your local roles-directory - hosts: rclone-hosts
roles:
- rcloneFirst, you'll need to configure rclone. As the object storage systems have quite complicated authentication these are kept in a config file. (See the --config entry for how to find the config file and choose its location.)
The easiest way to make the config is to run rclone with the config option:
rclone configSee the following for detailed instructions for
Rclone syncs a directory tree from one storage system to another.
Its syntax is like this
Syntax: [options] subcommand <parameters> <parameters...>Source and destination paths are specified by the name you gave the storage system in the config file then the sub path, eg "drive:myfolder" to look at "myfolder" in Google drive.
You can define as many storage paths as you like in the config file.
rclone uses a system of subcommands. For example
rclone ls remote:path # lists a re
rclone copy /local/path remote:path # copies /local/path to the remote
rclone sync /local/path remote:path # syncs /local/path to the remoteEnter an interactive configuration session.
Enter an interactive configuration session where you can setup new remotes and manage existing ones. You may also set or remove a password to protect your configuration.
rclone config [flags] -h, --help help for configCopy files from source to dest, skipping already copied
Copy the source to the destination. Doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. Doesn't delete files from the destination.
Note that it is always the contents of the directory that is synced, not the directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the contents of source:path that are copied, not the directory name and contents.
If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents go there.
For example
rclone copy source:sourcepath dest:destpathLet's say there are two files in sourcepath
sourcepath/one.txt
sourcepath/two.txtThis copies them to
destpath/one.txt
destpath/two.txtNot to
destpath/sourcepath/one.txt
destpath/sourcepath/two.txtIf you are familiar with rsync, rclone always works as if you had written a trailing / - meaning "copy the contents of this directory". This applies to all commands and whether you are talking about the source or destination.
rclone copy source:path dest:path [flags] -h, --help help for copyMake source and dest identical, modifying destination only.
Sync the source to the destination, changing the destination only. Doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. Destination is updated to match source, including deleting files if necessary.
Important: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the --dry-run flag to see exactly what would be copied and deleted.
Note that files in the destination won't be deleted if there were any errors at any point.
It is always the contents of the directory that is synced, not the directory so when source:path is a directory, it's the contents of source:path that are copied, not the directory name and contents. See extended explanation in the copy command above if unsure.
If dest:path doesn't exist, it is created and the source:path contents go there.
rclone sync source:path dest:path [flags] -h, --help help for syncMove files from source to dest.
Moves the contents of the source directory to the destination directory. Rclone will error if the source and destination overlap and the remote does not support a server side directory move operation.
If no filters are in use and if possible this will server side move source:path into dest:path. After this source:path will no longer longer exist.
Otherwise for each file in source:path selected by the filters (if any) this will move it into dest:path. If possible a server side move will be used, otherwise it will copy it (server side if possible) into dest:path then delete the original (if no errors on copy) in source:path.
If you want to delete empty source directories after move, use the --delete-empty-src-dirs flag.
Important: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the --dry-run flag.
rclone move source:path dest:path [flags] --delete-empty-src-dirs Delete empty source dirs after move
-h, --help help for moveRemove the contents of path.
Remove the contents of path. Unlike purge it obeys include/exclude filters so can be used to selectively delete files.
Eg delete all files bigger than 100MBytes
Check what would be deleted first (use either)
rclone --min-size 100M lsl remote:path
rclone --dry-run --min-size 100M delete remote:pathThen delete
rclone --min-size 100M delete remote:pathThat reads "delete everything with a minimum size of 100 MB", hence delete all files bigger than 100MBytes.
rclone delete remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for deleteRemove the path and all of its contents.
Remove the path and all of its contents. Note that this does not obey include/exclude filters - everything will be removed. Use delete if you want to selectively delete files.
rclone purge remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for purgeMake the path if it doesn't already exist.
Make the path if it doesn't already exist.
rclone mkdir remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for mkdirRemove the path if empty.
Remove the path. Note that you can't remove a path with objects in it, use purge for that.
rclone rmdir remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for rmdirChecks the files in the source and destination match.
Checks the files in the source and destination match. It compares sizes and hashes (MD5 or SHA1) and logs a report of files which don't match. It doesn't alter the source or destination.
If you supply the --size-only flag, it will only compare the sizes not the hashes as well. Use this for a quick check.
If you supply the --download flag, it will download the data from both remotes and check them against each other on the fly. This can be useful for remotes that don't support hashes or if you really want to check all the data.
rclone check source:path dest:path [flags] --download Check by downloading rather than with hash.
-h, --help help for checkList the objects in the path with size and path.
Lists the objects in the source path to standard output in a human readable format with size and path. Recurses by default.
Any of the filtering options can be applied to this commmand.
There are several related list commands
ls to list size and path of objects onlylsl to list modification time, size and path of objects onlylsd to list directories onlylsf to list objects and directories in easy to parse formatlsjson to list objects and directories in JSON formatls,lsl,lsd are designed to be human readable. lsf is designed to be human and machine readable. lsjson is designed to be machine readable.
Note that ls,lsl,lsd all recurse by default - use "--max-depth 1" to stop the recursion.
The other list commands lsf,lsjson do not recurse by default - use "-R" to make them recurse.
rclone ls remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for lsList all directories/containers/buckets in the path.
Lists the directories in the source path to standard output. Recurses by default.
Any of the filtering options can be applied to this commmand.
There are several related list commands
ls to list size and path of objects onlylsl to list modification time, size and path of objects onlylsd to list directories onlylsf to list objects and directories in easy to parse formatlsjson to list objects and directories in JSON formatls,lsl,lsd are designed to be human readable. lsf is designed to be human and machine readable. lsjson is designed to be machine readable.
Note that ls,lsl,lsd all recurse by default - use "--max-depth 1" to stop the recursion.
The other list commands lsf,lsjson do not recurse by default - use "-R" to make them recurse.
rclone lsd remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for lsdList the objects in path with modification time, size and path.
Lists the objects in the source path to standard output in a human readable format with modification time, size and path. Recurses by default.
Any of the filtering options can be applied to this commmand.
There are several related list commands
ls to list size and path of objects onlylsl to list modification time, size and path of objects onlylsd to list directories onlylsf to list objects and directories in easy to parse formatlsjson to list objects and directories in JSON formatls,lsl,lsd are designed to be human readable. lsf is designed to be human and machine readable. lsjson is designed to be machine readable.
Note that ls,lsl,lsd all recurse by default - use "--max-depth 1" to stop the recursion.
The other list commands lsf,lsjson do not recurse by default - use "-R" to make them recurse.
rclone lsl remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for lslProduces an md5sum file for all the objects in the path.
Produces an md5sum file for all the objects in the path. This is in the same format as the standard md5sum tool produces.
rclone md5sum remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for md5sumProduces an sha1sum file for all the objects in the path.
Produces an sha1sum file for all the objects in the path. This is in the same format as the standard sha1sum tool produces.
rclone sha1sum remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for sha1sumPrints the total size and number of objects in remote:path.
Prints the total size and number of objects in remote:path.
rclone size remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for sizeShow the version number.
Show the version number.
rclone version [flags] -h, --help help for versionClean up the remote if possible
Clean up the remote if possible. Empty the trash or delete old file versions. Not supported by all remotes.
rclone cleanup remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for cleanupInteractively find duplicate files and delete/rename them.
By default dedupe interactively finds duplicate files and offers to delete all but one or rename them to be different. Only useful with Google Drive which can have duplicate file names.
In the first pass it will merge directories with the same name. It will do this iteratively until all the identical directories have been merged.
The dedupe command will delete all but one of any identical (same md5sum) files it finds without confirmation. This means that for most duplicated files the dedupe command will not be interactive. You can use --dry-run to see what would happen without doing anything.
Here is an example run.
Before - with duplicates
$ rclone lsl drive:dupes
6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000 one.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:11.775000000 one.txt
564374 2016-03-05 16:23:06.731000000 one.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:18:26.092000000 one.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000 two.txt
1744073 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000 two.txt
564374 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000 two.txtNow the dedupe session
$ rclone dedupe drive:dupes
2016/03/05 16:24:37 Google drive root 'dupes': Looking for duplicates using interactive mode.
one.txt: Found 4 duplicates - deleting identical copies
one.txt: Deleting 2/3 identical duplicates (md5sum "1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36")
one.txt: 2 duplicates remain
1: 6048320 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000, md5sum 1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36
2: 564374 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:23:06.731000000, md5sum 7594e7dc9fc28f727c42ee3e0749de81
s) Skip and do nothing
k) Keep just one (choose which in next step)
r) Rename all to be different (by changing file.jpg to file-1.jpg)
s/k/r> k
Enter the number of the file to keep> 1
one.txt: Deleted 1 extra copies
two.txt: Found 3 duplicates - deleting identical copies
two.txt: 3 duplicates remain
1: 564374 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000, md5sum 7594e7dc9fc28f727c42ee3e0749de81
2: 6048320 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000, md5sum 1eedaa9fe86fd4b8632e2ac549403b36
3: 1744073 bytes, 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000, md5sum 851957f7fb6f0bc4ce76be966d336802
s) Skip and do nothing
k) Keep just one (choose which in next step)
r) Rename all to be different (by changing file.jpg to file-1.jpg)
s/k/r> r
two-1.txt: renamed from: two.txt
two-2.txt: renamed from: two.txt
two-3.txt: renamed from: two.txtThe result being
$ rclone lsl drive:dupes
6048320 2016-03-05 16:23:16.798000000 one.txt
564374 2016-03-05 16:22:52.118000000 two-1.txt
6048320 2016-03-05 16:22:46.185000000 two-2.txt
1744073 2016-03-05 16:22:38.104000000 two-3.txtDedupe can be run non interactively using the --dedupe-mode flag or by using an extra parameter with the same value
--dedupe-mode interactive - interactive as above.--dedupe-mode skip - removes identical files then skips anything left.--dedupe-mode first - removes identical files then keeps the first one.--dedupe-mode newest - removes identical files then keeps the newest one.--dedupe-mode oldest - removes identical files then keeps the oldest one.--dedupe-mode rename - removes identical files then renames the rest to be different.For example to rename all the identically named photos in your Google Photos directory, do
rclone dedupe --dedupe-mode rename "drive:Google Photos"Or
rclone dedupe rename "drive:Google Photos"rclone dedupe [mode] remote:path [flags] --dedupe-mode string Dedupe mode interactive|skip|first|newest|oldest|rename. (default "interactive")
-h, --help help for dedupeRemote authorization.
Remote authorization. Used to authorize a remote or headless rclone from a machine with a browser - use as instructed by rclone config.
rclone authorize [flags] -h, --help help for authorizePrint cache stats for a remote
Print cache stats for a remote in JSON format
rclone cachestats source: [flags] -h, --help help for cachestatsConcatenates any files and sends them to stdout.
rclone cat sends any files to standard output.
You can use it like this to output a single file
rclone cat remote:path/to/fileOr like this to output any file in dir or subdirectories.
rclone cat remote:path/to/dirOr like this to output any .txt files in dir or subdirectories.
rclone --include "*.txt" cat remote:path/to/dirUse the --head flag to print characters only at the start, --tail for the end and --offset and --count to print a section in the middle. Note that if offset is negative it will count from the end, so --offset -1 --count 1 is equivalent to --tail 1.
rclone cat remote:path [flags] --count int Only print N characters. (default -1)
--discard Discard the output instead of printing.
--head int Only print the first N characters.
-h, --help help for cat
--offset int Start printing at offset N (or from end if -ve).
--tail int Only print the last N characters.Create a new remote with name, type and options.
Create a new remote of
For example to make a swift remote of name myremote using auto config you would do:
rclone config create myremote swift env_auth truerclone config create <name> <type> [<key> <value>]* [flags] -h, --help help for createDelete an existing remote
Delete an existing remote
rclone config delete <name> [flags] -h, --help help for deleteDump the config file as JSON.
Dump the config file as JSON.
rclone config dump [flags] -h, --help help for dumpEnter an interactive configuration session.
Enter an interactive configuration session where you can setup new remotes and manage existing ones. You may also set or remove a password to protect your configuration.
rclone config edit [flags] -h, --help help for editShow path of configuration file in use.
Show path of configuration file in use.
rclone config file [flags] -h, --help help for fileUpdate password in an existing remote.
Update an existing remote's password. The password should be passed in in pairs of
For example to set password of a remote of name myremote you would do:
rclone config password myremote fieldname mypasswordrclone config password <name> [<key> <value>]+ [flags] -h, --help help for passwordList in JSON format all the providers and options.
List in JSON format all the providers and options.
rclone config providers [flags] -h, --help help for providersPrint (decrypted) config file, or the config for a single remote.
Print (decrypted) config file, or the config for a single remote.
rclone config show [<remote>] [flags] -h, --help help for showUpdate options in an existing remote.
Update an existing remote's options. The options should be passed in in pairs of
For example to update the env_auth field of a remote of name myremote you would do:
rclone config update myremote swift env_auth truerclone config update <name> [<key> <value>]+ [flags] -h, --help help for updateCopy files from source to dest, skipping already copied
If source:path is a file or directory then it copies it to a file or directory named dest:path.
This can be used to upload single files to other than their current name. If the source is a directory then it acts exactly like the copy command.
So
rclone copyto src dstwhere src and dst are rclone paths, either remote:path or /path/to/local or C:.
This will:
if src is file
copy it to dst, overwriting an existing file if it exists
if src is directory
copy it to dst, overwriting existing files if they exist
see copy command for full detailsThis doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. It doesn't delete files from the destination.
rclone copyto source:path dest:path [flags] -h, --help help for copytoCryptcheck checks the integrity of a crypted remote.
rclone cryptcheck checks a remote against a crypted remote. This is the equivalent of running rclone check, but able to check the checksums of the crypted remote.
For it to work the underlying remote of the cryptedremote must support some kind of checksum.
It works by reading the nonce from each file on the cryptedremote: and using that to encrypt each file on the remote:. It then checks the checksum of the underlying file on the cryptedremote: against the checksum of the file it has just encrypted.
Use it like this
rclone cryptcheck /path/to/files encryptedremote:pathYou can use it like this also, but that will involve downloading all the files in remote:path.
rclone cryptcheck remote:path encryptedremote:pathAfter it has run it will log the status of the encryptedremote:.
rclone cryptcheck remote:path cryptedremote:path [flags] -h, --help help for cryptcheckCryptdecode returns unencrypted file names.
rclone cryptdecode returns unencrypted file names when provided with a list of encrypted file names. List limit is 10 items.
If you supply the --reverse flag, it will return encrypted file names.
use it like this
rclone cryptdecode encryptedremote: encryptedfilename1 encryptedfilename2
rclone cryptdecode --reverse encryptedremote: filename1 filename2rclone cryptdecode encryptedremote: encryptedfilename [flags] -h, --help help for cryptdecode
--reverse Reverse cryptdecode, encrypts filenamesProduces a Dropbox hash file for all the objects in the path.
Produces a Dropbox hash file for all the objects in the path. The hashes are calculated according to Dropbox content hash rules. The output is in the same format as md5sum and sha1sum.
rclone dbhashsum remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for dbhashsumOutput completion script for a given shell.
Generates a shell completion script for rclone. Run with --help to list the supported shells.
-h, --help help for genautocompleteOutput bash completion script for rclone.
Generates a bash shell autocompletion script for rclone.
This writes to /etc/bash_completion.d/rclone by default so will probably need to be run with sudo or as root, eg
sudo rclone genautocomplete bashLogout and login again to use the autocompletion scripts, or source them directly
. /etc/bash_completionIf you supply a command line argument the script will be written there.
rclone genautocomplete bash [output_file] [flags] -h, --help help for bashOutput zsh completion script for rclone.
Generates a zsh autocompletion script for rclone.
This writes to /usr/share/zsh/vendor-completions/_rclone by default so will probably need to be run with sudo or as root, eg
sudo rclone genautocomplete zshLogout and login again to use the autocompletion scripts, or source them directly
autoload -U compinit && compinitIf you supply a command line argument the script will be written there.
rclone genautocomplete zsh [output_file] [flags] -h, --help help for zshOutput markdown docs for rclone to the directory supplied.
This produces markdown docs for the rclone commands to the directory supplied. These are in a format suitable for hugo to render into the rclone.org website.
rclone gendocs output_directory [flags] -h, --help help for gendocsList all the remotes in the config file.
rclone listremotes lists all the available remotes from the config file.
When uses with the -l flag it lists the types too.
rclone listremotes [flags] -h, --help help for listremotes
-l, --long Show the type as well as names.List directories and objects in remote:path formatted for parsing
List the contents of the source path (directories and objects) to standard output in a form which is easy to parse by scripts. By default this will just be the names of the objects and directories, one per line. The directories will have a / suffix.
Use the --format option to control what gets listed. By default this is just the path, but you can use these parameters to control the output:
p - path
s - size
t - modification time
h - hashSo if you wanted the path, size and modification time, you would use --format "pst", or maybe --format "tsp" to put the path last.
If you specify "h" in the format you will get the MD5 hash by default, use the "--hash" flag to change which hash you want. Note that this can be returned as an empty string if it isn't available on the object (and for directories), "ERROR" if there was an error reading it from the object and "UNSUPPORTED" if that object does not support that hash type.
For example to emulate the md5sum command you can use
rclone lsf -R --hash MD5 --format hp --separator " " --files-only .(Though "rclone md5sum ." is an easier way of typing this.)
By default the separator is ";" this can be changed with the --separator flag. Note that separators aren't escaped in the path so putting it last is a good strategy.
Any of the filtering options can be applied to this commmand.
There are several related list commands
ls to list size and path of objects onlylsl to list modification time, size and path of objects onlylsd to list directories onlylsf to list objects and directories in easy to parse formatlsjson to list objects and directories in JSON formatls,lsl,lsd are designed to be human readable. lsf is designed to be human and machine readable. lsjson is designed to be machine readable.
Note that ls,lsl,lsd all recurse by default - use "--max-depth 1" to stop the recursion.
The other list commands lsf,lsjson do not recurse by default - use "-R" to make them recurse.
rclone lsf remote:path [flags] -d, --dir-slash Append a slash to directory names. (default true)
--dirs-only Only list directories.
--files-only Only list files.
-F, --format string Output format - see help for details (default "p")
--hash h Use this hash when h is used in the format MD5|SHA-1|DropboxHash (default "MD5")
-h, --help help for lsf
-R, --recursive Recurse into the listing.
-s, --separator string Separator for the items in the format. (default ";")List directories and objects in the path in JSON format.
List directories and objects in the path in JSON format.
The output is an array of Items, where each Item looks like this
{ "Hashes" : { "SHA-1" : "f572d396fae9206628714fb2ce00f72e94f2258f", "MD5" : "b1946ac92492d2347c6235b4d2611184", "DropboxHash" : "ecb65bb98f9d905b70458986c39fcbad7715e5f2fcc3b1f07767d7c83e2438cc" }, "IsDir" : false, "ModTime" : "2017-05-31T16:15:57.034468261+01:00", "Name" : "file.txt", "Encrypted" : "v0qpsdq8anpci8n929v3uu9338", "Path" : "full/path/goes/here/file.txt", "Size" : 6 }
If --hash is not specified the Hashes property won't be emitted.
If --no-modtime is specified then ModTime will be blank.
If --encrypted is not specified the Encrypted won't be emitted.
The Path field will only show folders below the remote path being listed. If "remote:path" contains the file "subfolder/file.txt", the Path for "file.txt" will be "subfolder/file.txt", not "remote:path/subfolder/file.txt". When used without --recursive the Path will always be the same as Name.
The time is in RFC3339 format with nanosecond precision.
The whole output can be processed as a JSON blob, or alternatively it can be processed line by line as each item is written one to a line.
Any of the filtering options can be applied to this commmand.
There are several related list commands
ls to list size and path of objects onlylsl to list modification time, size and path of objects onlylsd to list directories onlylsf to list objects and directories in easy to parse formatlsjson to list objects and directories in JSON formatls,lsl,lsd are designed to be human readable. lsf is designed to be human and machine readable. lsjson is designed to be machine readable.
Note that ls,lsl,lsd all recurse by default - use "--max-depth 1" to stop the recursion.
The other list commands lsf,lsjson do not recurse by default - use "-R" to make them recurse.
rclone lsjson remote:path [flags] -M, --encrypted Show the encrypted names.
--hash Include hashes in the output (may take longer).
-h, --help help for lsjson
--no-modtime Don't read the modification time (can speed things up).
-R, --recursive Recurse into the listing.Mount the remote as a mountpoint. EXPERIMENTAL
rclone mount allows Linux, FreeBSD, macOS and Windows to mount any of Rclone's cloud storage systems as a file system with FUSE.
This is EXPERIMENTAL - use with care.
First set up your remote using rclone config. Check it works with rclone ls etc.
Start the mount like this
rclone mount remote:path/to/files /path/to/local/mountOr on Windows like this where X: is an unused drive letter
rclone mount remote:path/to/files X:When the program ends, either via Ctrl+C or receiving a SIGINT or SIGTERM signal, the mount is automatically stopped.
The umount operation can fail, for example when the mountpoint is busy. When that happens, it is the user's responsibility to stop the mount manually with
# Linux
fusermount -u /path/to/local/mount
# OS X
umount /path/to/local/mountTo run rclone mount on Windows, you will need to download and install WinFsp.
WinFsp is an open source Windows File System Proxy which makes it easy to write user space file systems for Windows. It provides a FUSE emulation layer which rclone uses combination with cgofuse. Both of these packages are by Bill Zissimopoulos who was very helpful during the implementation of rclone mount for Windows.
Note that drives created as Administrator are not visible by other accounts (including the account that was elevated as Administrator). So if you start a Windows drive from an Administrative Command Prompt and then try to access the same drive from Explorer (which does not run as Administrator), you will not be able to see the new drive.
The easiest way around this is to start the drive from a normal command prompt. It is also possible to start a drive from the SYSTEM account (using the WinFsp.Launcher infrastructure) which creates drives accessible for everyone on the system or alternatively using the nssm service manager.
Without the use of "--vfs-cache-mode" this can only write files sequentially, it can only seek when reading. This means that many applications won't work with their files on an rclone mount without "--vfs-cache-mode writes" or "--vfs-cache-mode full". See the File Caching section for more info.
The bucket based remotes (eg Swift, S3, Google Compute Storage, B2, Hubic) won't work from the root - you will need to specify a bucket, or a path within the bucket. So swift: won't work whereas swift:bucket will as will swift:bucket/path. None of these support the concept of directories, so empty directories will have a tendency to disappear once they fall out of the directory cache.
Only supported on Linux, FreeBSD, OS X and Windows at the moment.
File systems expect things to be 100% reliable, whereas cloud storage systems are a long way from 100% reliable. The rclone sync/copy commands cope with this with lots of retries. However rclone mount can't use retries in the same way without making local copies of the uploads. Look at the EXPERIMENTAL file caching for solutions to make mount mount more reliable.
You can use the flag --attr-timeout to set the time the kernel caches the attributes (size, modification time etc) for directory entries.
The default is 0s - no caching - which is recommended for filesystems which can change outside the control of the kernel.
If you set it higher ('1s' or '1m' say) then the kernel will call back to rclone less often making it more efficient, however there may be strange effects when files change on the remote.
This is the same as setting the attr_timeout option in mount.fuse.
Note that all the rclone filters can be used to select a subset of the files to be visible in the mount.
When running rclone mount as a systemd service, it is possible to use Type=notify. In this case the service will enter the started state after the mountpoint has been successfully set up. Units having the rclone mount service specified as a requirement will see all files and folders immediately in this mode.
Using the --dir-cache-time flag, you can set how long a directory should be considered up to date and not refreshed from the backend. Changes made locally in the mount may appear immediately or invalidate the cache. However, changes done on the remote will only be picked up once the cache expires.
Alternatively, you can send a SIGHUP signal to rclone for it to flush all directory caches, regardless of how old they are. Assuming only one rclone instance is running, you can reset the cache like this:
kill -SIGHUP $(pidof rclone)If you configure rclone with a remote control then you can use rclone rc to flush the whole directory cache:
rclone rc vfs/forgetOr individual files or directories:
rclone rc vfs/forget file=path/to/file dir=path/to/dirNB File caching is EXPERIMENTAL - use with care!
These flags control the VFS file caching options. The VFS layer is used by rclone mount to make a cloud storage system work more like a normal file system.
You'll need to enable VFS caching if you want, for example, to read and write simultaneously to a file. See below for more details.
Note that the VFS cache works in addition to the cache backend and you may find that you need one or the other or both.
--cache-dir string Directory rclone will use for caching.
--vfs-cache-max-age duration Max age of objects in the cache. (default 1h0m0s)
--vfs-cache-mode string Cache mode off|minimal|writes|full (default "off")
--vfs-cache-poll-interval duration Interval to poll the cache for stale objects. (default 1m0s)If run with -vv rclone will print the location of the file cache. The files are stored in the user cache file area which is OS dependent but can be controlled with --cache-dir or setting the appropriate environment variable.
The cache has 4 different modes selected by --vfs-cache-mode. The higher the cache mode the more compatible rclone becomes at the cost of using disk space.
Note that files are written back to the remote only when they are closed so if rclone is quit or dies with open files then these won't get written back to the remote. However they will still be in the on disk cache.
In this mode the cache will read directly from the remote and write directly to the remote without caching anything on disk.
This will mean some operations are not possible
This is very similar to "off" except that files opened for read AND write will be buffered to disks. This means that files opened for write will be a lot more compatible, but uses the minimal disk space.
These operations are not possible
In this mode files opened for read only are still read directly from the remote, write only and read/write files are buffered to disk first.
This mode should support all normal file system operations.
If an upload fails it will be retried up to --low-level-retries times.
In this mode all reads and writes are buffered to and from disk. When a file is opened for read it will be downloaded in its entirety first.
This may be appropriate for your needs, or you may prefer to look at the cache backend which does a much more sophisticated job of caching, including caching directory hierarchies and chunks of files.
In this mode, unlike the others, when a file is written to the disk, it will be kept on the disk after it is written to the remote. It will be purged on a schedule according to --vfs-cache-max-age.
This mode should support all normal file system operations.
If an upload or download fails it will be retried up to --low-level-retries times.
rclone mount remote:path /path/to/mountpoint [flags] --allow-non-empty Allow mounting over a non-empty directory.
--allow-other Allow access to other users.
--allow-root Allow access to root user.
--attr-timeout duration Time for which file/directory attributes are cached.
--daemon Run mount as a daemon (background mode).
--debug-fuse Debug the FUSE internals - needs -v.
--default-permissions Makes kernel enforce access control based on the file mode.
--dir-cache-time duration Time to cache directory entries for. (default 5m0s)
--fuse-flag stringArray Flags or arguments to be passed direct to libfuse/WinFsp. Repeat if required.
--gid uint32 Override the gid field set by the filesystem. (default 502)
-h, --help help for mount
--max-read-ahead int The number of bytes that can be prefetched for sequential reads. (default 128k)
--no-checksum Don't compare checksums on up/download.
--no-modtime Don't read/write the modification time (can speed things up).
--no-seek Don't allow seeking in files.
-o, --option stringArray Option for libfuse/WinFsp. Repeat if required.
--poll-interval duration Time to wait between polling for changes. Must be smaller than dir-cache-time. Only on supported remotes. Set to 0 to disable. (default 1m0s)
--read-only Mount read-only.
--uid uint32 Override the uid field set by the filesystem. (default 502)
--umask int Override the permission bits set by the filesystem.
--vfs-cache-max-age duration Max age of objects in the cache. (default 1h0m0s)
--vfs-cache-mode string Cache mode off|minimal|writes|full (default "off")
--vfs-cache-poll-interval duration Interval to poll the cache for stale objects. (default 1m0s)
--write-back-cache Makes kernel buffer writes before sending them to rclone. Without this, writethrough caching is used.Move file or directory from source to dest.
If source:path is a file or directory then it moves it to a file or directory named dest:path.
This can be used to rename files or upload single files to other than their existing name. If the source is a directory then it acts exacty like the move command.
So
rclone moveto src dstwhere src and dst are rclone paths, either remote:path or /path/to/local or C:.
This will:
if src is file
move it to dst, overwriting an existing file if it exists
if src is directory
move it to dst, overwriting existing files if they exist
see move command for full detailsThis doesn't transfer unchanged files, testing by size and modification time or MD5SUM. src will be deleted on successful transfer.
Important: Since this can cause data loss, test first with the --dry-run flag.
rclone moveto source:path dest:path [flags] -h, --help help for movetoExplore a remote with a text based user interface.
This displays a text based user interface allowing the navigation of a remote. It is most useful for answering the question - "What is using all my disk space?".
To make the user interface it first scans the entire remote given and builds an in memory representation. rclone ncdu can be used during this scanning phase and you will see it building up the directory structure as it goes along.
Here are the keys - press '?' to toggle the help on and off
↑,↓ or k,j to Move
→,l to enter
←,h to return
c toggle counts
g toggle graph
n,s,C sort by name,size,count
? to toggle help on and off
q/ESC/c-C to quitThis an homage to the ncdu tool but for rclone remotes. It is missing lots of features at the moment, most importantly deleting files, but is useful as it stands.
rclone ncdu remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for ncduObscure password for use in the rclone.conf
Obscure password for use in the rclone.conf
rclone obscure password [flags] -h, --help help for obscureRun a command against a running rclone.
This runs a command against a running rclone. By default it will use that specified in the --rc-addr command.
Arguments should be passed in as parameter=value.
The result will be returned as a JSON object by default.
Use "rclone rc list" to see a list of all possible commands.
rclone rc commands parameter [flags] -h, --help help for rc
--no-output If set don't output the JSON result.
--url string URL to connect to rclone remote control. (default "http://localhost:5572/")Copies standard input to file on remote.
rclone rcat reads from standard input (stdin) and copies it to a single remote file.
echo "hello world" | rclone rcat remote:path/to/file
ffmpeg - | rclone rcat --checksum remote:path/to/fileIf the remote file already exists, it will be overwritten.
rcat will try to upload small files in a single request, which is usually more efficient than the streaming/chunked upload endpoints, which use multiple requests. Exact behaviour depends on the remote. What is considered a small file may be set through --streaming-upload-cutoff. Uploading only starts after the cutoff is reached or if the file ends before that. The data must fit into RAM. The cutoff needs to be small enough to adhere the limits of your remote, please see there. Generally speaking, setting this cutoff too high will decrease your performance.
Note that the upload can also not be retried because the data is not kept around until the upload succeeds. If you need to transfer a lot of data, you're better off caching locally and then rclone move it to the destination.
rclone rcat remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for rcatRemove empty directories under the path.
This removes any empty directories (or directories that only contain empty directories) under the path that it finds, including the path if it has nothing in.
If you supply the --leave-root flag, it will not remove the root directory.
This is useful for tidying up remotes that rclone has left a lot of empty directories in.
rclone rmdirs remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for rmdirs
--leave-root Do not remove root directory if emptyServe a remote over a protocol.
rclone serve is used to serve a remote over a given protocol. This command requires the use of a subcommand to specify the protocol, eg
rclone serve http remote:Each subcommand has its own options which you can see in their help.
rclone serve <protocol> [opts] <remote> [flags] -h, --help help for serveServe the remote over HTTP.
rclone serve http implements a basic web server to serve the remote over HTTP. This can be viewed in a web browser or you can make a remote of type http read from it.
You can use the filter flags (eg --include, --exclude) to control what is served.
The server will log errors. Use -v to see access logs.
--bwlimit will be respected for file transfers. Use --stats to control the stats printing.
Use --addr to specify which IP address and port the server should listen on, eg --addr 1.2.3.4:8000 or --addr :8080 to listen to all IPs. By default it only listens on localhost.
If you set --addr to listen on a public or LAN accessible IP address then using Authentication if advised - see the next section for info.
--server-read-timeout and --server-write-timeout can be used to control the timeouts on the server. Note that this is the total time for a transfer.
--max-header-bytes controls the maximum number of bytes the server will accept in the HTTP header.
By default this will serve files without needing a login.
You can either use an htpasswd file which can take lots of users, or set a single username and password with the --user and --pass flags.
Use --htpasswd /path/to/htpasswd to provide an htpasswd file. This is in standard apache format and supports MD5, SHA1 and BCrypt for basic authentication. Bcrypt is recommended.
To create an htpasswd file:
touch htpasswd
htpasswd -B htpasswd user
htpasswd -B htpasswd anotherUserThe password file can be updated while rclone is running.
Use --realm to set the authentication realm.
By default this will serve over http. If you want you can serve over https. You will need to supply the --cert and --key flags. If you wish to do client side certificate validation then you will need to supply --client-ca also.
--cert should be a either a PEM encoded certificate or a concatenation of that with the CA certificate. --key should be the PEM encoded private key and --client-ca should be the PEM encoded client certificate authority certificate.
Using the --dir-cache-time flag, you can set how long a directory should be considered up to date and not refreshed from the backend. Changes made locally in the mount may appear immediately or invalidate the cache. However, changes done on the remote will only be picked up once the cache expires.
Alternatively, you can send a SIGHUP signal to rclone for it to flush all directory caches, regardless of how old they are. Assuming only one rclone instance is running, you can reset the cache like this:
kill -SIGHUP $(pidof rclone)If you configure rclone with a remote control then you can use rclone rc to flush the whole directory cache:
rclone rc vfs/forgetOr individual files or directories:
rclone rc vfs/forget file=path/to/file dir=path/to/dirNB File caching is EXPERIMENTAL - use with care!
These flags control the VFS file caching options. The VFS layer is used by rclone mount to make a cloud storage system work more like a normal file system.
You'll need to enable VFS caching if you want, for example, to read and write simultaneously to a file. See below for more details.
Note that the VFS cache works in addition to the cache backend and you may find that you need one or the other or both.
--cache-dir string Directory rclone will use for caching.
--vfs-cache-max-age duration Max age of objects in the cache. (default 1h0m0s)
--vfs-cache-mode string Cache mode off|minimal|writes|full (default "off")
--vfs-cache-poll-interval duration Interval to poll the cache for stale objects. (default 1m0s)If run with -vv rclone will print the location of the file cache. The files are stored in the user cache file area which is OS dependent but can be controlled with --cache-dir or setting the appropriate environment variable.
The cache has 4 different modes selected by --vfs-cache-mode. The higher the cache mode the more compatible rclone becomes at the cost of using disk space.
Note that files are written back to the remote only when they are closed so if rclone is quit or dies with open files then these won't get written back to the remote. However they will still be in the on disk cache.
In this mode the cache will read directly from the remote and write directly to the remote without caching anything on disk.
This will mean some operations are not possible
This is very similar to "off" except that files opened for read AND write will be buffered to disks. This means that files opened for write will be a lot more compatible, but uses the minimal disk space.
These operations are not possible
In this mode files opened for read only are still read directly from the remote, write only and read/write files are buffered to disk first.
This mode should support all normal file system operations.
If an upload fails it will be retried up to --low-level-retries times.
In this mode all reads and writes are buffered to and from disk. When a file is opened for read it will be downloaded in its entirety first.
This may be appropriate for your needs, or you may prefer to look at the cache backend which does a much more sophisticated job of caching, including caching directory hierarchies and chunks of files.
In this mode, unlike the others, when a file is written to the disk, it will be kept on the disk after it is written to the remote. It will be purged on a schedule according to --vfs-cache-max-age.
This mode should support all normal file system operations.
If an upload or download fails it will be retried up to --low-level-retries times.
rclone serve http remote:path [flags] --addr string IPaddress:Port or :Port to bind server to. (default "localhost:8080")
--cert string SSL PEM key (concatenation of certificate and CA certificate)
--client-ca string Client certificate authority to verify clients with
--dir-cache-time duration Time to cache directory entries for. (default 5m0s)
--gid uint32 Override the gid field set by the filesystem. (default 502)
-h, --help help for http
--htpasswd string htpasswd file - if not provided no authentication is done
--key string SSL PEM Private key
--max-header-bytes int Maximum size of request header (default 4096)
--no-checksum Don't compare checksums on up/download.
--no-modtime Don't read/write the modification time (can speed things up).
--no-seek Don't allow seeking in files.
--pass string Password for authentication.
--poll-interval duration Time to wait between polling for changes. Must be smaller than dir-cache-time. Only on supported remotes. Set to 0 to disable. (default 1m0s)
--read-only Mount read-only.
--realm string realm for authentication (default "rclone")
--server-read-timeout duration Timeout for server reading data (default 1h0m0s)
--server-write-timeout duration Timeout for server writing data (default 1h0m0s)
--uid uint32 Override the uid field set by the filesystem. (default 502)
--umask int Override the permission bits set by the filesystem. (default 2)
--user string User name for authentication.
--vfs-cache-max-age duration Max age of objects in the cache. (default 1h0m0s)
--vfs-cache-mode string Cache mode off|minimal|writes|full (default "off")
--vfs-cache-poll-interval duration Interval to poll the cache for stale objects. (default 1m0s)Serve the remote for restic's REST API.
rclone serve restic implements restic's REST backend API over HTTP. This allows restic to use rclone as a data storage mechanism for cloud providers that restic does not support directly.
Restic is a command line program for doing backups.
The server will log errors. Use -v to see access logs.
--bwlimit will be respected for file transfers. Use --stats to control the stats printing.
First set up a remote for your chosen cloud provider.
Once you have set up the remote, check it is working with, for example "rclone lsd remote:". You may have called the remote something other than "remote:" - just substitute whatever you called it in the following instructions.
Now start the rclone restic server
rclone serve restic -v remote:backupWhere you can replace "backup" in the above by whatever path in the remote you wish to use.
By default this will serve on "localhost:8080" you can change this with use of the "--addr" flag.
You might wish to start this server on boot.
Now you can follow the restic instructions on setting up restic.
Note that you will need restic 0.8.2 or later to interoperate with rclone.
For the example above you will want to use "http://localhost:8080/" as the URL for the REST server.
For example:
$ export RESTIC_REPOSITORY=rest:http://localhost:8080/
$ export RESTIC_PASSWORD=yourpassword
$ restic init
created restic backend 8b1a4b56ae at rest:http://localhost:8080/
Please note that knowledge of your password is required to access
the repository. Losing your password means that your data is
irrecoverably lost.
$ restic backup /path/to/files/to/backup
scan [/path/to/files/to/backup]
scanned 189 directories, 312 files in 0:00
[0:00] 100.00% 38.128 MiB / 38.128 MiB 501 / 501 items 0 errors ETA 0:00
duration: 0:00
snapshot 45c8fdd8 savedNote that you can use the endpoint to host multiple repositories. Do this by adding a directory name or path after the URL. Note that these must end with /. Eg
$ export RESTIC_REPOSITORY=rest:http://localhost:8080/user1repo/
# backup user1 stuff
$ export RESTIC_REPOSITORY=rest:http://localhost:8080/user2repo/
# backup user2 stuffUse --addr to specify which IP address and port the server should listen on, eg --addr 1.2.3.4:8000 or --addr :8080 to listen to all IPs. By default it only listens on localhost.
If you set --addr to listen on a public or LAN accessible IP address then using Authentication if advised - see the next section for info.
--server-read-timeout and --server-write-timeout can be used to control the timeouts on the server. Note that this is the total time for a transfer.
--max-header-bytes controls the maximum number of bytes the server will accept in the HTTP header.
By default this will serve files without needing a login.
You can either use an htpasswd file which can take lots of users, or set a single username and password with the --user and --pass flags.
Use --htpasswd /path/to/htpasswd to provide an htpasswd file. This is in standard apache format and supports MD5, SHA1 and BCrypt for basic authentication. Bcrypt is recommended.
To create an htpasswd file:
touch htpasswd
htpasswd -B htpasswd user
htpasswd -B htpasswd anotherUserThe password file can be updated while rclone is running.
Use --realm to set the authentication realm.
By default this will serve over http. If you want you can serve over https. You will need to supply the --cert and --key flags. If you wish to do client side certificate validation then you will need to supply --client-ca also.
--cert should be a either a PEM encoded certificate or a concatenation of that with the CA certificate. --key should be the PEM encoded private key and --client-ca should be the PEM encoded client certificate authority certificate.
rclone serve restic remote:path [flags] --addr string IPaddress:Port or :Port to bind server to. (default "localhost:8080")
--cert string SSL PEM key (concatenation of certificate and CA certificate)
--client-ca string Client certificate authority to verify clients with
-h, --help help for restic
--htpasswd string htpasswd file - if not provided no authentication is done
--key string SSL PEM Private key
--max-header-bytes int Maximum size of request header (default 4096)
--pass string Password for authentication.
--realm string realm for authentication (default "rclone")
--server-read-timeout duration Timeout for server reading data (default 1h0m0s)
--server-write-timeout duration Timeout for server writing data (default 1h0m0s)
--stdio run an HTTP2 server on stdin/stdout
--user string User name for authentication.Serve remote:path over webdav.
rclone serve webdav implements a basic webdav server to serve the remote over HTTP via the webdav protocol. This can be viewed with a webdav client or you can make a remote of type webdav to read and write it.
NB at the moment each directory listing reads the start of each file which is undesirable: see https://github.com/golang/go/issues/22577
Use --addr to specify which IP address and port the server should listen on, eg --addr 1.2.3.4:8000 or --addr :8080 to listen to all IPs. By default it only listens on localhost.
If you set --addr to listen on a public or LAN accessible IP address then using Authentication if advised - see the next section for info.
--server-read-timeout and --server-write-timeout can be used to control the timeouts on the server. Note that this is the total time for a transfer.
--max-header-bytes controls the maximum number of bytes the server will accept in the HTTP header.
By default this will serve files without needing a login.
You can either use an htpasswd file which can take lots of users, or set a single username and password with the --user and --pass flags.
Use --htpasswd /path/to/htpasswd to provide an htpasswd file. This is in standard apache format and supports MD5, SHA1 and BCrypt for basic authentication. Bcrypt is recommended.
To create an htpasswd file:
touch htpasswd
htpasswd -B htpasswd user
htpasswd -B htpasswd anotherUserThe password file can be updated while rclone is running.
Use --realm to set the authentication realm.
By default this will serve over http. If you want you can serve over https. You will need to supply the --cert and --key flags. If you wish to do client side certificate validation then you will need to supply --client-ca also.
--cert should be a either a PEM encoded certificate or a concatenation of that with the CA certificate. --key should be the PEM encoded private key and --client-ca should be the PEM encoded client certificate authority certificate.
Using the --dir-cache-time flag, you can set how long a directory should be considered up to date and not refreshed from the backend. Changes made locally in the mount may appear immediately or invalidate the cache. However, changes done on the remote will only be picked up once the cache expires.
Alternatively, you can send a SIGHUP signal to rclone for it to flush all directory caches, regardless of how old they are. Assuming only one rclone instance is running, you can reset the cache like this:
kill -SIGHUP $(pidof rclone)If you configure rclone with a remote control then you can use rclone rc to flush the whole directory cache:
rclone rc vfs/forgetOr individual files or directories:
rclone rc vfs/forget file=path/to/file dir=path/to/dirNB File caching is EXPERIMENTAL - use with care!
These flags control the VFS file caching options. The VFS layer is used by rclone mount to make a cloud storage system work more like a normal file system.
You'll need to enable VFS caching if you want, for example, to read and write simultaneously to a file. See below for more details.
Note that the VFS cache works in addition to the cache backend and you may find that you need one or the other or both.
--cache-dir string Directory rclone will use for caching.
--vfs-cache-max-age duration Max age of objects in the cache. (default 1h0m0s)
--vfs-cache-mode string Cache mode off|minimal|writes|full (default "off")
--vfs-cache-poll-interval duration Interval to poll the cache for stale objects. (default 1m0s)If run with -vv rclone will print the location of the file cache. The files are stored in the user cache file area which is OS dependent but can be controlled with --cache-dir or setting the appropriate environment variable.
The cache has 4 different modes selected by --vfs-cache-mode. The higher the cache mode the more compatible rclone becomes at the cost of using disk space.
Note that files are written back to the remote only when they are closed so if rclone is quit or dies with open files then these won't get written back to the remote. However they will still be in the on disk cache.
In this mode the cache will read directly from the remote and write directly to the remote without caching anything on disk.
This will mean some operations are not possible
This is very similar to "off" except that files opened for read AND write will be buffered to disks. This means that files opened for write will be a lot more compatible, but uses the minimal disk space.
These operations are not possible
In this mode files opened for read only are still read directly from the remote, write only and read/write files are buffered to disk first.
This mode should support all normal file system operations.
If an upload fails it will be retried up to --low-level-retries times.
In this mode all reads and writes are buffered to and from disk. When a file is opened for read it will be downloaded in its entirety first.
This may be appropriate for your needs, or you may prefer to look at the cache backend which does a much more sophisticated job of caching, including caching directory hierarchies and chunks of files.
In this mode, unlike the others, when a file is written to the disk, it will be kept on the disk after it is written to the remote. It will be purged on a schedule according to --vfs-cache-max-age.
This mode should support all normal file system operations.
If an upload or download fails it will be retried up to --low-level-retries times.
rclone serve webdav remote:path [flags] --addr string IPaddress:Port or :Port to bind server to. (default "localhost:8080")
--cert string SSL PEM key (concatenation of certificate and CA certificate)
--client-ca string Client certificate authority to verify clients with
--dir-cache-time duration Time to cache directory entries for. (default 5m0s)
--gid uint32 Override the gid field set by the filesystem. (default 502)
-h, --help help for webdav
--htpasswd string htpasswd file - if not provided no authentication is done
--key string SSL PEM Private key
--max-header-bytes int Maximum size of request header (default 4096)
--no-checksum Don't compare checksums on up/download.
--no-modtime Don't read/write the modification time (can speed things up).
--no-seek Don't allow seeking in files.
--pass string Password for authentication.
--poll-interval duration Time to wait between polling for changes. Must be smaller than dir-cache-time. Only on supported remotes. Set to 0 to disable. (default 1m0s)
--read-only Mount read-only.
--realm string realm for authentication (default "rclone")
--server-read-timeout duration Timeout for server reading data (default 1h0m0s)
--server-write-timeout duration Timeout for server writing data (default 1h0m0s)
--uid uint32 Override the uid field set by the filesystem. (default 502)
--umask int Override the permission bits set by the filesystem. (default 2)
--user string User name for authentication.
--vfs-cache-max-age duration Max age of objects in the cache. (default 1h0m0s)
--vfs-cache-mode string Cache mode off|minimal|writes|full (default "off")
--vfs-cache-poll-interval duration Interval to poll the cache for stale objects. (default 1m0s)Create new file or change file modification time.
Create new file or change file modification time.
rclone touch remote:path [flags] -h, --help help for touch
-C, --no-create Do not create the file if it does not exist.
-t, --timestamp string Change the modification times to the specified time instead of the current time of day. The argument is of the form 'YYMMDD' (ex. 17.10.30) or 'YYYY-MM-DDTHH:MM:SS' (ex. 2006-01-02T15:04:05)List the contents of the remote in a tree like fashion.
rclone tree lists the contents of a remote in a similar way to the unix tree command.
For example
$ rclone tree remote:path
/
├── file1
├── file2
├── file3
└── subdir
├── file4
└── file5
1 directories, 5 filesYou can use any of the filtering options with the tree command (eg --include and --exclude). You can also use --fast-list.
The tree command has many options for controlling the listing which are compatible with the tree command. Note that not all of them have short options as they conflict with rclone's short options.
rclone tree remote:path [flags] -a, --all All files are listed (list . files too).
-C, --color Turn colorization on always.
-d, --dirs-only List directories only.
--dirsfirst List directories before files (-U disables).
--full-path Print the full path prefix for each file.
-h, --help help for tree
--human Print the size in a more human readable way.
--level int Descend only level directories deep.
-D, --modtime Print the date of last modification.
-i, --noindent Don't print indentation lines.
--noreport Turn off file/directory count at end of tree listing.
-o, --output string Output to file instead of stdout.
-p, --protections Print the protections for each file.
-Q, --quote Quote filenames with double quotes.
-s, --size Print the size in bytes of each file.
--sort string Select sort: name,version,size,mtime,ctime.
--sort-ctime Sort files by last status change time.
-t, --sort-modtime Sort files by last modification time.
-r, --sort-reverse Reverse the order of the sort.
-U, --unsorted Leave files unsorted.
--version Sort files alphanumerically by version.rclone normally syncs or copies directories. However, if the source remote points to a file, rclone will just copy that file. The destination remote must point to a directory - rclone will give the error Failed to create file system for "remote:file": is a file not a directory if it isn't.
For example, suppose you have a remote with a file in called test.jpg, then you could copy just that file like this
rclone copy remote:test.jpg /tmp/downloadThe file test.jpg will be placed inside /tmp/download.
This is equivalent to specifying
rclone copy --files-from /tmp/files remote: /tmp/downloadWhere /tmp/files contains the single line
test.jpgIt is recommended to use copy when copying individual files, not sync. They have pretty much the same effect but copy will use a lot less memory.
When you are typing commands to your computer you are using something called the command line shell. This interprets various characters in an OS specific way.
Here are some gotchas which may help users unfamiliar with the shell rules
If your names have spaces or shell metacharacters (eg *, ?, $, ', " etc) then you must quote them. Use single quotes ' by default.
rclone copy 'Important files?' remote:backupIf you want to send a ' you will need to use ", eg
rclone copy "O'Reilly Reviews" remote:backupThe rules for quoting metacharacters are complicated and if you want the full details you'll have to consult the manual page for your shell.
If your names have spaces in you need to put them in ", eg
rclone copy "E:\folder name\folder name\folder name" remote:backupIf you are using the root directory on its own then don't quote it (see #464 for why), eg
rclone copy E:\ remote:backup: in the namesrclone uses : to mark a remote name. This is, however, a valid filename component in non-Windows OSes. The remote name parser will only search for a : up to the first / so if you need to act on a file or directory like this then use the full path starting with a /, or use ./ as a current directory prefix.
So to sync a directory called sync:me to a remote called remote: use
rclone sync ./sync:me remote:pathor
rclone sync /full/path/to/sync:me remote:pathMost remotes (but not all - see the overview) support server side copy.
This means if you want to copy one folder to another then rclone won't download all the files and re-upload them; it will instruct the server to copy them in place.
Eg
rclone copy s3:oldbucket s3:newbucketWill copy the contents of oldbucket to newbucket without downloading and re-uploading.
Remotes which don't support server side copy will download and re-upload in this case.
Server side copies are used with sync and copy and will be identified in the log when using the -v flag. The move command may also use them if remote doesn't support server side move directly. This is done by issuing a server side copy then a delete which is much quicker than a download and re-upload.
Server side copies will only be attempted if the remote names are the same.
This can be used when scripting to make aged backups efficiently, eg
rclone sync remote:current-backup remote:previous-backup
rclone sync /path/to/files remote:current-backupRclone has a number of options to control its behaviour.
Options which use TIME use the go time parser. A duration string is a possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, each with optional fraction and a unit suffix, such as "300ms", "-1.5h" or "2h45m". Valid time units are "ns", "us" (or "µs"), "ms", "s", "m", "h".
Options which use SIZE use kByte by default. However, a suffix of b for bytes, k for kBytes, M for MBytes and G for GBytes may be used. These are the binary units, eg 1, 2**10, 2**20, 2**30 respectively.
When using sync, copy or move any files which would have been overwritten or deleted are moved in their original hierarchy into this directory.
If --suffix is set, then the moved files will have the suffix added to them. If there is a file with the same path (after the suffix has been added) in DIR, then it will be overwritten.
The remote in use must support server side move or copy and you must use the same remote as the destination of the sync. The backup directory must not overlap the destination directory.
For example
rclone sync /path/to/local remote:current --backup-dir remote:oldwill sync /path/to/local to remote:current, but for any files which would have been updated or deleted will be stored in remote:old.
If running rclone from a script you might want to use today's date as the directory name passed to --backup-dir to store the old files, or you might want to pass --suffix with today's date.
Local address to bind to for outgoing connections. This can be an IPv4 address (1.2.3.4), an IPv6 address (1234::789A) or host name. If the host name doesn't resolve or resolves to more than one IP address it will give an error.
This option controls the bandwidth limit. Limits can be specified in two ways: As a single limit, or as a timetable.
Single limits last for the duration of the session. To use a single limit, specify the desired bandwidth in kBytes/s, or use a suffix b|k|M|G. The default is 0 which means to not limit bandwidth.
For example, to limit bandwidth usage to 10 MBytes/s use --bwlimit 10M
It is also possible to specify a "timetable" of limits, which will cause certain limits to be applied at certain times. To specify a timetable, format your entries as "HH:MM,BANDWIDTH HH:MM,BANDWIDTH...".
An example of a typical timetable to avoid link saturation during daytime working hours could be:
--bwlimit "08:00,512 12:00,10M 13:00,512 18:00,30M 23:00,off"
In this example, the transfer bandwidth will be set to 512kBytes/sec at 8am. At noon, it will raise to 10Mbytes/s, and drop back to 512kBytes/sec at 1pm. At 6pm, the bandwidth limit will be set to 30MBytes/s, and at 11pm it will be completely disabled (full speed). Anything between 11pm and 8am will remain unlimited.
Bandwidth limits only apply to the data transfer. They don't apply to the bandwidth of the directory listings etc.
Note that the units are Bytes/s, not Bits/s. Typically connections are measured in Bits/s - to convert divide by 8. For example, let's say you have a 10 Mbit/s connection and you wish rclone to use half of it - 5 Mbit/s. This is 5/8 = 0.625MByte/s so you would use a --bwlimit 0.625M parameter for rclone.
On Unix systems (Linux, MacOS, …) the bandwidth limiter can be toggled by sending a SIGUSR2 signal to rclone. This allows to remove the limitations of a long running rclone transfer and to restore it back to the value specified with --bwlimit quickly when needed. Assuming there is only one rclone instance running, you can toggle the limiter like this:
kill -SIGUSR2 $(pidof rclone)If you configure rclone with a remote control then you can use change the bwlimit dynamically:
rclone rc core/bwlimit rate=1MUse this sized buffer to speed up file transfers. Each --transfer will use this much memory for buffering.
Set to 0 to disable the buffering for the minimum memory usage.
The number of checkers to run in parallel. Checkers do the equality checking of files during a sync. For some storage systems (eg S3, Swift, Dropbox) this can take a significant amount of time so they are run in parallel.
The default is to run 8 checkers in parallel.
Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check the file hash and size to determine if files are equal.
This is useful when the remote doesn't support setting modified time and a more accurate sync is desired than just checking the file size.
This is very useful when transferring between remotes which store the same hash type on the object, eg Drive and Swift. For details of which remotes support which hash type see the table in the overview section.
Eg rclone --checksum sync s3:/bucket swift:/bucket would run much quicker than without the --checksum flag.
When using this flag, rclone won't update mtimes of remote files if they are incorrect as it would normally.
Specify the location of the rclone config file.
Normally the config file is in your home directory as a file called .config/rclone/rclone.conf (or .rclone.conf if created with an older version). If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is set it will be at $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/rclone/rclone.conf
If you run rclone -h and look at the help for the --config option you will see where the default location is for you.
Use this flag to override the config location, eg rclone --config=".myconfig" .config.
Set the connection timeout. This should be in go time format which looks like 5s for 5 seconds, 10m for 10 minutes, or 3h30m.
The connection timeout is the amount of time rclone will wait for a connection to go through to a remote object storage system. It is 1m by default.
Mode to run dedupe command in. One of interactive, skip, first, newest, oldest, rename. The default is interactive. See the dedupe command for more information as to what these options mean.
This disables a comma separated list of optional features. For example to disable server side move and server side copy use:
--disable move,copyThe features can be put in in any case.
To see a list of which features can be disabled use:
--disable helpSee the overview features and optional features to get an idea of which feature does what.
This flag can be useful for debugging and in exceptional circumstances (eg Google Drive limiting the total volume of Server Side Copies to 100GB/day).
Do a trial run with no permanent changes. Use this to see what rclone would do without actually doing it. Useful when setting up the sync command which deletes files in the destination.
Normally rclone will check that the checksums of transferred files match, and give an error "corrupted on transfer" if they don't.
You can use this option to skip that check. You should only use it if you have had the "corrupted on transfer" error message and you are sure you might want to transfer potentially corrupted data.
Using this option will make rclone unconditionally skip all files that exist on the destination, no matter the content of these files.
While this isn't a generally recommended option, it can be useful in cases where your files change due to encryption. However, it cannot correct partial transfers in case a transfer was interrupted.
Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check only the modification time. If --checksum is set then it only checks the checksum.
It will also cause rclone to skip verifying the sizes are the same after transfer.
This can be useful for transferring files to and from OneDrive which occasionally misreports the size of image files (see #399 for more info).
Using this option will cause rclone to unconditionally upload all files regardless of the state of files on the destination.
Normally rclone would skip any files that have the same modification time and are the same size (or have the same checksum if using --checksum).
Treat source and destination files as immutable and disallow modification.
With this option set, files will be created and deleted as requested, but existing files will never be updated. If an existing file does not match between the source and destination, rclone will give the error Source and destination exist but do not match: immutable file modified.
Note that only commands which transfer files (e.g. sync, copy, move) are affected by this behavior, and only modification is disallowed. Files may still be deleted explicitly (e.g. delete, purge) or implicitly (e.g. sync, move). Use copy --immutable if it is desired to avoid deletion as well as modification.
This can be useful as an additional layer of protection for immutable or append-only data sets (notably backup archives), where modification implies corruption and should not be propagated.
During rmdirs it will not remove root directory, even if it's empty.
Log all of rclone's output to FILE. This is not active by default. This can be useful for tracking down problems with syncs in combination with the -v flag. See the Logging section for more info.
This sets the log level for rclone. The default log level is NOTICE.
DEBUG is equivalent to -vv. It outputs lots of debug info - useful for bug reports and really finding out what rclone is doing.
INFO is equivalent to -v. It outputs information about each transfer and prints stats once a minute by default.
NOTICE is the default log level if no logging flags are supplied. It outputs very little when things are working normally. It outputs warnings and significant events.
ERROR is equivalent to -q. It only outputs error messages.
This controls the number of low level retries rclone does.
A low level retry is used to retry a failing operation - typically one HTTP request. This might be uploading a chunk of a big file for example. You will see low level retries in the log with the -v flag.
This shouldn't need to be changed from the default in normal operations. However, if you get a lot of low level retries you may wish to reduce the value so rclone moves on to a high level retry (see the --retries flag) quicker.
Disable low level retries with --low-level-retries 1.
This tells rclone not to delete more than N files. If that limit is exceeded then a fatal error will be generated and rclone will stop the operation in progress.
This modifies the recursion depth for all the commands except purge.
So if you do rclone --max-depth 1 ls remote:path you will see only the files in the top level directory. Using --max-depth 2 means you will see all the files in first two directory levels and so on.
For historical reasons the lsd command defaults to using a --max-depth of 1 - you can override this with the command line flag.
You can use this command to disable recursion (with --max-depth 1).
Note that if you use this with sync and --delete-excluded the files not recursed through are considered excluded and will be deleted on the destination. Test first with --dry-run if you are not sure what will happen.
When checking whether a file has been modified, this is the maximum allowed time difference that a file can have and still be considered equivalent.
The default is 1ns unless this is overridden by a remote. For example OS X only stores modification times to the nearest second so if you are reading and writing to an OS X filing system this will be 1s by default.
This command line flag allows you to override that computed default.
Don't set Accept-Encoding: gzip. This means that rclone won't ask the server for compressed files automatically. Useful if you've set the server to return files with Content-Encoding: gzip but you uploaded compressed files.
There is no need to set this in normal operation, and doing so will decrease the network transfer efficiency of rclone.
When using this flag, rclone won't update modification times of remote files if they are incorrect as it would normally.
This can be used if the remote is being synced with another tool also (eg the Google Drive client).
Normally rclone outputs stats and a completion message. If you set this flag it will make as little output as possible.
Retry the entire sync if it fails this many times it fails (default 3).
Some remotes can be unreliable and a few retries help pick up the files which didn't get transferred because of errors.
Disable retries with --retries 1.
Normally rclone will look at modification time and size of files to see if they are equal. If you set this flag then rclone will check only the size.
This can be useful transferring files from Dropbox which have been modified by the desktop sync client which doesn't set checksums of modification times in the same way as rclone.
Commands which transfer data (sync, copy, copyto, move, moveto) will print data transfer stats at regular intervals to show their progress.
This sets the interval.
The default is 1m. Use 0 to disable.
If you set the stats interval then all commands can show stats. This can be useful when running other commands, check or mount for example.
Stats are logged at INFO level by default which means they won't show at default log level NOTICE. Use --stats-log-level NOTICE or -v to make them show. See the Logging section for more info on log levels.
By default, the --stats output will truncate file names and paths longer than 40 characters. This is equivalent to providing --stats-file-name-length 40. Use --stats-file-name-length 0 to disable any truncation of file names printed by stats.
Log level to show --stats output at. This can be DEBUG, INFO, NOTICE, or ERROR. The default is INFO. This means at the default level of logging which is NOTICE the stats won't show - if you want them to then use --stats-log-level NOTICE. See the Logging section for more info on log levels.
By default, data transfer rates will be printed in bytes/second.
This option allows the data rate to be printed in bits/second.
Data transfer volume will still be reported in bytes.
The rate is reported as a binary unit, not SI unit. So 1 Mbit/s equals 1,048,576 bits/s and not 1,000,000 bits/s.
The default is bytes.
This is for use with --backup-dir only. If this isn't set then --backup-dir will move files with their original name. If it is set then the files will have SUFFIX added on to them.
See --backup-dir for more info.
On capable OSes (not Windows or Plan9) send all log output to syslog.
This can be useful for running rclone in a script or rclone mount.
If using --syslog this sets the syslog facility (eg KERN, USER). See man syslog for a list of possible facilities. The default facility is DAEMON.
Limit HTTP transactions per second to this. Default is 0 which is used to mean unlimited transactions per second.
For example to limit rclone to 10 HTTP transactions per second use --tpslimit 10, or to 1 transaction every 2 seconds use --tpslimit 0.5.
Use this when the number of transactions per second from rclone is causing a problem with the cloud storage provider (eg getting you banned or rate limited).
This can be very useful for rclone mount to control the behaviour of applications using it.
See also --tpslimit-burst.
Max burst of transactions for --tpslimit. (default 1)
Normally --tpslimit will do exactly the number of transaction per second specified. However if you supply --tps-burst then rclone can save up some transactions from when it was idle giving a burst of up to the parameter supplied.
For example if you provide --tpslimit-burst 10 then if rclone has been idle for more than 10*--tpslimit then it can do 10 transactions very quickly before they are limited again.
This may be used to increase performance of --tpslimit without changing the long term average number of transactions per second.
By default, rclone doesn't keep track of renamed files, so if you rename a file locally then sync it to a remote, rclone will delete the old file on the remote and upload a new copy.
If you use this flag, and the remote supports server side copy or server side move, and the source and destination have a compatible hash, then this will track renames during sync, copy, and move operations and perform renaming server-side.
Files will be matched by size and hash - if both match then a rename will be considered.
If the destination does not support server-side copy or move, rclone will fall back to the default behaviour and log an error level message to the console.
Note that --track-renames uses extra memory to keep track of all the rename candidates.
Note also that --track-renames is incompatible with --delete-before and will select --delete-after instead of --delete-during.
This option allows you to specify when files on your destination are deleted when you sync folders.
Specifying the value --delete-before will delete all files present on the destination, but not on the source before starting the transfer of any new or updated files. This uses two passes through the file systems, one for the deletions and one for the copies.
Specifying --delete-during will delete files while checking and uploading files. This is the fastest option and uses the least memory.
Specifying --delete-after (the default value) will delay deletion of files until all new/updated files have been successfully transferred. The files to be deleted are collected in the copy pass then deleted after the copy pass has completed successfully. The files to be deleted are held in memory so this mode may use more memory. This is the safest mode as it will only delete files if there have been no errors subsequent to that. If there have been errors before the deletions start then you will get the message not deleting files as there were IO errors.
When doing anything which involves a directory listing (eg sync, copy, ls - in fact nearly every command), rclone normally lists a directory and processes it before using more directory lists to process any subdirectories. This can be parallelised and works very quickly using the least amount of memory.
However, some remotes have a way of listing all files beneath a directory in one (or a small number) of transactions. These tend to be the bucket based remotes (eg S3, B2, GCS, Swift, Hubic).
If you use the --fast-list flag then rclone will use this method for listing directories. This will have the following consequences for the listing:
rclone should always give identical results with and without --fast-list.
If you pay for transactions and can fit your entire sync listing into memory then --fast-list is recommended. If you have a very big sync to do then don't use --fast-list otherwise you will run out of memory.
If you use --fast-list on a remote which doesn't support it, then rclone will just ignore it.
This sets the IO idle timeout. If a transfer has started but then becomes idle for this long it is considered broken and disconnected.
The default is 5m. Set to 0 to disable.
The number of file transfers to run in parallel. It can sometimes be useful to set this to a smaller number if the remote is giving a lot of timeouts or bigger if you have lots of bandwidth and a fast remote.
The default is to run 4 file transfers in parallel.
This forces rclone to skip any files which exist on the destination and have a modified time that is newer than the source file.
If an existing destination file has a modification time equal (within the computed modify window precision) to the source file's, it will be updated if the sizes are different.
On remotes which don't support mod time directly the time checked will be the uploaded time. This means that if uploading to one of these remotes, rclone will skip any files which exist on the destination and have an uploaded time that is newer than the modification time of the source file.
This can be useful when transferring to a remote which doesn't support mod times directly as it is more accurate than a --size-only check and faster than using --checksum.
With -v rclone will tell you about each file that is transferred and a small number of significant events.
With -vv rclone will become very verbose telling you about every file it considers and transfers. Please send bug reports with a log with this setting.
Prints the version number
Your configuration file contains information for logging in to your cloud services. This means that you should keep your .rclone.conf file in a secure location.
If you are in an environment where that isn't possible, you can add a password to your configuration. This means that you will have to enter the password every time you start rclone.
To add a password to your rclone configuration, execute rclone config.
>rclone config
Current remotes:
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/s/q>Go into s, Set configuration password:
e/n/d/s/q> s
Your configuration is not encrypted.
If you add a password, you will protect your login information to cloud services.
a) Add Password
q) Quit to main menu
a/q> a
Enter NEW configuration password:
password:
Confirm NEW password:
password:
Password set
Your configuration is encrypted.
c) Change Password
u) Unencrypt configuration
q) Quit to main menu
c/u/q>Your configuration is now encrypted, and every time you start rclone you will now be asked for the password. In the same menu, you can change the password or completely remove encryption from your configuration.
There is no way to recover the configuration if you lose your password.
rclone uses nacl secretbox which in turn uses XSalsa20 and Poly1305 to encrypt and authenticate your configuration with secret-key cryptography. The password is SHA-256 hashed, which produces the key for secretbox. The hashed password is not stored.
While this provides very good security, we do not recommend storing your encrypted rclone configuration in public if it contains sensitive information, maybe except if you use a very strong password.
If it is safe in your environment, you can set the RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS environment variable to contain your password, in which case it will be used for decrypting the configuration.
You can set this for a session from a script. For unix like systems save this to a file called set-rclone-password:
#!/bin/echo Source this file don't run it
read -s RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS
export RCLONE_CONFIG_PASSThen source the file when you want to use it. From the shell you would do source set-rclone-password. It will then ask you for the password and set it in the environment variable.
If you are running rclone inside a script, you might want to disable password prompts. To do that, pass the parameter --ask-password=false to rclone. This will make rclone fail instead of asking for a password if RCLONE_CONFIG_PASS doesn't contain a valid password.
These options are useful when developing or debugging rclone. There are also some more remote specific options which aren't documented here which are used for testing. These start with remote name eg --drive-test-option - see the docs for the remote in question.
Write CPU profile to file. This can be analysed with go tool pprof.
The --dump flag takes a comma separated list of flags to dump info about. These are:
Dump HTTP headers with Authorization: lines removed. May still contain sensitive info. Can be very verbose. Useful for debugging only.
Use --dump auth if you do want the Authorization: headers.
Dump HTTP headers and bodies - may contain sensitive info. Can be very verbose. Useful for debugging only.
Note that the bodies are buffered in memory so don't use this for enormous files.
Like --dump bodies but dumps the request bodies and the response headers. Useful for debugging download problems.
Like --dump bodies but dumps the response bodies and the request headers. Useful for debugging upload problems.
Dump HTTP headers - will contain sensitive info such as Authorization: headers - use --dump headers to dump without Authorization: headers. Can be very verbose. Useful for debugging only.
Dump the filters to the output. Useful to see exactly what include and exclude options are filtering on.
Write memory profile to file. This can be analysed with go tool pprof.
--no-check-certificate controls whether a client verifies the server's certificate chain and host name. If --no-check-certificate is true, TLS accepts any certificate presented by the server and any host name in that certificate. In this mode, TLS is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks.
This option defaults to false.
This should be used only for testing.
For the filtering options
--delete-excluded--filter--filter-from--exclude--exclude-from--include--include-from--files-from--min-size--max-size--min-age--max-age--dump filtersSee the filtering section.
For the remote control options and for instructions on how to remote control rclone
--rc--rc-See the remote control section.
rclone has 4 levels of logging, ERROR, NOTICE, INFO and DEBUG.
By default, rclone logs to standard error. This means you can redirect standard error and still see the normal output of rclone commands (eg rclone ls).
By default, rclone will produce Error and Notice level messages.
If you use the -q flag, rclone will only produce Error messages.
If you use the -v flag, rclone will produce Error, Notice and Info messages.
If you use the -vv flag, rclone will produce Error, Notice, Info and Debug messages.
You can also control the log levels with the --log-level flag.
If you use the --log-file=FILE option, rclone will redirect Error, Info and Debug messages along with standard error to FILE.
If you use the --syslog flag then rclone will log to syslog and the --syslog-facility control which facility it uses.
Rclone prefixes all log messages with their level in capitals, eg INFO which makes it easy to grep the log file for different kinds of information.
If any errors occur during the command execution, rclone will exit with a non-zero exit code. This allows scripts to detect when rclone operations have failed.
During the startup phase, rclone will exit immediately if an error is detected in the configuration. There will always be a log message immediately before exiting.
When rclone is running it will accumulate errors as it goes along, and only exit with a non-zero exit code if (after retries) there were still failed transfers. For every error counted there will be a high priority log message (visible with -q) showing the message and which file caused the problem. A high priority message is also shown when starting a retry so the user can see that any previous error messages may not be valid after the retry. If rclone has done a retry it will log a high priority message if the retry was successful.
0 - success1 - Syntax or usage error2 - Error not otherwise categorised3 - Directory not found4 - File not found5 - Temporary error (one that more retries might fix) (Retry errors)6 - Less serious errors (like 461 errors from dropbox) (NoRetry errors)7 - Fatal error (one that more retries won't fix, like account suspended) (Fatal errors)Rclone can be configured entirely using environment variables. These can be used to set defaults for options or config file entries.
Every option in rclone can have its default set by environment variable.
To find the name of the environment variable, first, take the long option name, strip the leading --, change - to _, make upper case and prepend RCLONE_.
For example, to always set --stats 5s, set the environment variable RCLONE_STATS=5s. If you set stats on the command line this will override the environment variable setting.
Or to always use the trash in drive --drive-use-trash, set RCLONE_DRIVE_USE_TRASH=true.
The same parser is used for the options and the environment variables so they take exactly the same form.
You can set defaults for values in the config file on an individual remote basis. If you want to use this feature, you will need to discover the name of the config items that you want. The easiest way is to run through rclone config by hand, then look in the config file to see what the values are (the config file can be found by looking at the help for --config in rclone help).
To find the name of the environment variable, you need to set, take RCLONE_CONFIG_ + name of remote + _ + name of config file option and make it all uppercase.
For example, to configure an S3 remote named mys3: without a config file (using unix ways of setting environment variables):
$ export RCLONE_CONFIG_MYS3_TYPE=s3
$ export RCLONE_CONFIG_MYS3_ACCESS_KEY_ID=XXX
$ export RCLONE_CONFIG_MYS3_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=XXX
$ rclone lsd MYS3:
-1 2016-09-21 12:54:21 -1 my-bucket
$ rclone listremotes | grep mys3
mys3:Note that if you want to create a remote using environment variables you must create the ..._TYPE variable as above.
Some of the configurations (those involving oauth2) require an Internet connected web browser.
If you are trying to set rclone up on a remote or headless box with no browser available on it (eg a NAS or a server in a datacenter) then you will need to use an alternative means of configuration. There are two ways of doing it, described below.
On the headless box
...
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> n
For this to work, you will need rclone available on a machine that has a web browser available.
Execute the following on your machine:
rclone authorize "amazon cloud drive"
Then paste the result below:
result>Then on your main desktop machine
rclone authorize "amazon cloud drive"
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
Paste the following into your remote machine --->
SECRET_TOKEN
<---End pasteThen back to the headless box, paste in the code
result> SECRET_TOKEN
--------------------
[acd12]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = SECRET_TOKEN
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d>Rclone stores all of its config in a single configuration file. This can easily be copied to configure a remote rclone.
So first configure rclone on your desktop machine
rclone configto set up the config file.
Find the config file by running rclone -h and looking for the help for the --config option
$ rclone -h
[snip]
--config="/home/user/.rclone.conf": Config file.
[snip]Now transfer it to the remote box (scp, cut paste, ftp, sftp etc) and place it in the correct place (use rclone -h on the remote box to find out where).
Rclone has a sophisticated set of include and exclude rules. Some of these are based on patterns and some on other things like file size.
The filters are applied for the copy, sync, move, ls, lsl, md5sum, sha1sum, size, delete and check operations. Note that purge does not obey the filters.
Each path as it passes through rclone is matched against the include and exclude rules like --include, --exclude, --include-from, --exclude-from, --filter, or --filter-from. The simplest way to try them out is using the ls command, or --dry-run together with -v.
The patterns used to match files for inclusion or exclusion are based on "file globs" as used by the unix shell.
If the pattern starts with a / then it only matches at the top level of the directory tree, relative to the root of the remote (not necessarily the root of the local drive). If it doesn't start with / then it is matched starting at the end of the path, but it will only match a complete path element:
file.jpg - matches "file.jpg"
- matches "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "afile.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/afile.jpg"
/file.jpg - matches "file.jpg" in the root directory of the remote
- doesn't match "afile.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"Important Note that you must use / in patterns and not \ even if running on Windows.
A * matches anything but not a /.
*.jpg - matches "file.jpg"
- matches "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "file.jpg/something"Use ** to match anything, including slashes (/).
dir/** - matches "dir/file.jpg"
- matches "dir/dir1/dir2/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "directory/file.jpg"
- doesn't match "adir/file.jpg"A ? matches any character except a slash /.
l?ss - matches "less"
- matches "lass"
- doesn't match "floss"A [ and ] together make a a character class, such as [a-z] or [aeiou] or [[:alpha:]]. See the go regexp docs for more info on these.
h[ae]llo - matches "hello"
- matches "hallo"
- doesn't match "hullo"A { and } define a choice between elements. It should contain a comma separated list of patterns, any of which might match. These patterns can contain wildcards.
{one,two}_potato - matches "one_potato"
- matches "two_potato"
- doesn't match "three_potato"
- doesn't match "_potato"Special characters can be escaped with a \ before them.
\*.jpg - matches "*.jpg"
\\.jpg - matches "\.jpg"
\[one\].jpg - matches "[one].jpg"Note also that rclone filter globs can only be used in one of the filter command line flags, not in the specification of the remote, so rclone copy "remote:dir*.jpg" /path/to/dir won't work - what is required is rclone --include "*.jpg" copy remote:dir /path/to/dir
Rclone keeps track of directories that could match any file patterns.
Eg if you add the include rule
/a/*.jpgRclone will synthesize the directory include rule
/a/If you put any rules which end in / then it will only match directories.
Directory matches are only used to optimise directory access patterns - you must still match the files that you want to match. Directory matches won't optimise anything on bucket based remotes (eg s3, swift, google compute storage, b2) which don't have a concept of directory.
Rclone implements bash style {a,b,c} glob matching which rsync doesn't.
Rclone always does a wildcard match so \ must always escape a \.
Rclone maintains a combined list of include rules and exclude rules.
Each file is matched in order, starting from the top, against the rule in the list until it finds a match. The file is then included or excluded according to the rule type.
If the matcher fails to find a match after testing against all the entries in the list then the path is included.
For example given the following rules, + being include, - being exclude,
- secret*.jpg
+ *.jpg
+ *.png
+ file2.avi
- *This would include
file1.jpgfile3.pngfile2.aviThis would exclude
secret17.jpg*.jpg and *.pngA similar process is done on directory entries before recursing into them. This only works on remotes which have a concept of directory (Eg local, google drive, onedrive, amazon drive) and not on bucket based remotes (eg s3, swift, google compute storage, b2).
Filtering rules are added with the following command line flags.
You can repeat the following options to add more than one rule of that type.
--include--include-from--exclude--exclude-from--filter--filter-fromImportant You should not use --include* together with --exclude*. It may produce different results than you expected. In that case try to use: --filter*.
Note that all the options of the same type are processed together in the order above, regardless of what order they were placed on the command line.
So all --include options are processed first in the order they appeared on the command line, then all --include-from options etc.
To mix up the order includes and excludes, the --filter flag can be used.
--exclude - Exclude files matching patternAdd a single exclude rule with --exclude.
This flag can be repeated. See above for the order the flags are processed in.
Eg --exclude *.bak to exclude all bak files from the sync.
--exclude-from - Read exclude patterns from fileAdd exclude rules from a file.
This flag can be repeated. See above for the order the flags are processed in.
Prepare a file like this exclude-file.txt
# a sample exclude rule file
*.bak
file2.jpgThen use as --exclude-from exclude-file.txt. This will sync all files except those ending in bak and file2.jpg.
This is useful if you have a lot of rules.
--include - Include files matching patternAdd a single include rule with --include.
This flag can be repeated. See above for the order the flags are processed in.
Eg --include *.{png,jpg} to include all png and jpg files in the backup and no others.
This adds an implicit --exclude * at the very end of the filter list. This means you can mix --include and --include-from with the other filters (eg --exclude) but you must include all the files you want in the include statement. If this doesn't provide enough flexibility then you must use --filter-from.
--include-from - Read include patterns from fileAdd include rules from a file.
This flag can be repeated. See above for the order the flags are processed in.
Prepare a file like this include-file.txt
# a sample include rule file
*.jpg
*.png
file2.aviThen use as --include-from include-file.txt. This will sync all jpg, png files and file2.avi.
This is useful if you have a lot of rules.
This adds an implicit --exclude * at the very end of the filter list. This means you can mix --include and --include-from with the other filters (eg --exclude) but you must include all the files you want in the include statement. If this doesn't provide enough flexibility then you must use --filter-from.
--filter - Add a file-filtering ruleThis can be used to add a single include or exclude rule. Include rules start with + and exclude rules start with -. A special rule called ! can be used to clear the existing rules.
This flag can be repeated. See above for the order the flags are processed in.
Eg --filter "- *.bak" to exclude all bak files from the sync.
--filter-from - Read filtering patterns from a fileAdd include/exclude rules from a file.
This flag can be repeated. See above for the order the flags are processed in.
Prepare a file like this filter-file.txt
# a sample filter rule file
- secret*.jpg
+ *.jpg
+ *.png
+ file2.avi
- /dir/Trash/**
+ /dir/**
# exclude everything else
- *Then use as --filter-from filter-file.txt. The rules are processed in the order that they are defined.
This example will include all jpg and png files, exclude any files matching secret*.jpg and include file2.avi. It will also include everything in the directory dir at the root of the sync, except dir/Trash which it will exclude. Everything else will be excluded from the sync.
--files-from - Read list of source-file namesThis reads a list of file names from the file passed in and only these files are transferred. The filtering rules are ignored completely if you use this option.
This option can be repeated to read from more than one file. These are read in the order that they are placed on the command line.
Paths within the --files-from file will be interpreted as starting with the root specified in the command. Leading / characters are ignored.
For example, suppose you had files-from.txt with this content:
# comment
file1.jpg
subdir/file2.jpgYou could then use it like this:
rclone copy --files-from files-from.txt /home/me/pics remote:picsThis will transfer these files only (if they exist)
/home/me/pics/file1.jpg → remote:pics/file1.jpg
/home/me/pics/subdir/file2.jpg → remote:pics/subdirfile1.jpgTo take a more complicated example, let's say you had a few files you want to back up regularly with these absolute paths:
/home/user1/important
/home/user1/dir/file
/home/user2/stuffTo copy these you'd find a common subdirectory - in this case /home and put the remaining files in files-from.txt with or without leading /, eg
user1/important
user1/dir/file
user2/stuffYou could then copy these to a remote like this
rclone copy --files-from files-from.txt /home remote:backupThe 3 files will arrive in remote:backup with the paths as in the files-from.txt like this:
/home/user1/important → remote:backup/user1/important
/home/user1/dir/file → remote:backup/user1/dir/file
/home/user2/stuff → remote:backup/stuffYou could of course choose / as the root too in which case your files-from.txt might look like this.
/home/user1/important
/home/user1/dir/file
/home/user2/stuffAnd you would transfer it like this
rclone copy --files-from files-from.txt / remote:backupIn this case there will be an extra home directory on the remote:
/home/user1/important → remote:home/backup/user1/important
/home/user1/dir/file → remote:home/backup/user1/dir/file
/home/user2/stuff → remote:home/backup/stuff--min-size - Don't transfer any file smaller than thisThis option controls the minimum size file which will be transferred. This defaults to kBytes but a suffix of k, M, or G can be used.
For example --min-size 50k means no files smaller than 50kByte will be transferred.
--max-size - Don't transfer any file larger than thisThis option controls the maximum size file which will be transferred. This defaults to kBytes but a suffix of k, M, or G can be used.
For example --max-size 1G means no files larger than 1GByte will be transferred.
--max-age - Don't transfer any file older than thisThis option controls the maximum age of files to transfer. Give in seconds or with a suffix of:
ms - Millisecondss - Secondsm - Minutesh - Hoursd - Daysw - WeeksM - Monthsy - YearsFor example --max-age 2d means no files older than 2 days will be transferred.
--min-age - Don't transfer any file younger than thisThis option controls the minimum age of files to transfer. Give in seconds or with a suffix (see --max-age for list of suffixes)
For example --min-age 2d means no files younger than 2 days will be transferred.
--delete-excluded - Delete files on dest excluded from syncImportant this flag is dangerous - use with --dry-run and -v first.
When doing rclone sync this will delete any files which are excluded from the sync on the destination.
If for example you did a sync from A to B without the --min-size 50k flag
rclone sync A: B:Then you repeated it like this with the --delete-excluded
rclone --min-size 50k --delete-excluded sync A: B:This would delete all files on B which are less than 50 kBytes as these are now excluded from the sync.
Always test first with --dry-run and -v before using this flag.
--dump filters - dump the filters to the outputThis dumps the defined filters to the output as regular expressions.
Useful for debugging.
The examples above may not work verbatim in your shell as they have shell metacharacters in them (eg *), and may require quoting.
Eg linux, OSX
--include \*.jpg--include '*.jpg'--include='*.jpg'In Windows the expansion is done by the command not the shell so this should work fine
--include *.jpgIt is possible to exclude a directory based on a file, which is present in this directory. Filename should be specified using the --exclude-if-present flag. This flag has a priority over the other filtering flags.
Imagine, you have the following directory structure:
dir1/file1
dir1/dir2/file2
dir1/dir2/dir3/file3
dir1/dir2/dir3/.ignoreYou can exclude dir3 from sync by running the following command:
rclone sync --exclude-if-present .ignore dir1 remote:backupCurrently only one filename is supported, i.e. --exclude-if-present should not be used multiple times.
If rclone is run with the --rc flag then it starts an http server which can be used to remote control rclone.
NB this is experimental and everything here is subject to change!
Flag to start the http server listen on remote requests
IPaddress:Port or :Port to bind server to. (default "localhost:5572")
SSL PEM key (concatenation of certificate and CA certificate)
Client certificate authority to verify clients with
htpasswd file - if not provided no authentication is done
SSL PEM Private key
Maximum size of request header (default 4096)
User name for authentication.
Password for authentication.
Realm for authentication (default "rclone")
Timeout for server reading data (default 1h0m0s)
Timeout for server writing data (default 1h0m0s)
Rclone itself implements the remote control protocol in its rclone rc command.
You can use it like this
$ rclone rc rc/noop param1=one param2=two
{
"param1": "one",
"param2": "two"
}Run rclone rc on its own to see the help for the installed remote control commands.
This sets the bandwidth limit to that passed in.
Eg
rclone core/bwlimit rate=1M
rclone core/bwlimit rate=offPurge a remote from the cache backend. Supports either a directory or a file. Params:
This forgets the paths in the directory cache causing them to be re-read from the remote when needed.
If no paths are passed in then it will forget all the paths in the directory cache.
rclone rc vfs/forgetOtherwise pass files or dirs in as file=path or dir=path. Any parameter key starting with file will forget that file and any starting with dir will forget that dir, eg
rclone rc vfs/forget file=hello file2=goodbye dir=home/junkThis echoes the input parameters to the output parameters for testing purposes. It can be used to check that rclone is still alive and to check that parameter passing is working properly.
This returns an error with the input as part of its error string. Useful for testing error handling.
This lists all the registered remote control commands as a JSON map in the commands response.
Rclone implements a simple HTTP based protocol.
Each endpoint takes an JSON object and returns a JSON object or an error. The JSON objects are essentially a map of string names to values.
All calls must made using POST.
The input objects can be supplied using URL parameters, POST parameters or by supplying "Content-Type: application/json" and a JSON blob in the body. There are examples of these below using curl.
The response will be a JSON blob in the body of the response. This is formatted to be reasonably human readable.
If an error occurs then there will be an HTTP error status (usually 400) and the body of the response will contain a JSON encoded error object.
curl -X POST 'http://localhost:5572/rc/noop/?potato=1&sausage=2'Response
{
"potato": "1",
"sausage": "2"
}Here is what an error response looks like:
curl -X POST 'http://localhost:5572/rc/error/?potato=1&sausage=2'{
"error": "arbitrary error on input map[potato:1 sausage:2]",
"input": {
"potato": "1",
"sausage": "2"
}
}Note that curl doesn't return errors to the shell unless you use the -f option
$ curl -f -X POST 'http://localhost:5572/rc/error/?potato=1&sausage=2'
curl: (22) The requested URL returned error: 400 Bad Request
$ echo $?
22curl --data "potato=1" --data "sausage=2" http://localhost:5572/rc/noop/Response
{
"potato": "1",
"sausage": "2"
}Note that you can combine these with URL parameters too with the POST parameters taking precedence.
curl --data "potato=1" --data "sausage=2" "http://localhost:5572/rc/noop/?rutabaga=3&sausage=4"Response
{
"potato": "1",
"rutabaga": "3",
"sausage": "4"
}
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST -d '{"potato":2,"sausage":1}' http://localhost:5572/rc/noop/response
{
"password": "xyz",
"username": "xyz"
}This can be combined with URL parameters too if required. The JSON blob takes precedence.
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST -d '{"potato":2,"sausage":1}' 'http://localhost:5572/rc/noop/?rutabaga=3&potato=4'{
"potato": 2,
"rutabaga": "3",
"sausage": 1
}Each cloud storage system is slightly different. Rclone attempts to provide a unified interface to them, but some underlying differences show through.
Here is an overview of the major features of each cloud storage system.
| Name | Hash | ModTime | Case Insensitive | Duplicate Files | MIME Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amazon Drive | MD5 | No | Yes | No | R |
| Amazon S3 | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
| Backblaze B2 | SHA1 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
| Box | SHA1 | Yes | Yes | No | - |
| Dropbox | DBHASH † | Yes | Yes | No | - |
| FTP | - | No | No | No | - |
| Google Cloud Storage | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
| Google Drive | MD5 | Yes | No | Yes | R/W |
| HTTP | - | No | No | No | R |
| Hubic | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
| Microsoft Azure Blob Storage | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
| Microsoft OneDrive | SHA1 | Yes | Yes | No | R |
| Openstack Swift | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
| pCloud | MD5, SHA1 | Yes | No | No | W |
| QingStor | MD5 | No | No | No | R/W |
| SFTP | MD5, SHA1 ‡ | Yes | Depends | No | - |
| WebDAV | - | Yes †† | Depends | No | - |
| Yandex Disk | MD5 | Yes | No | No | R/W |
| The local filesystem | All | Yes | Depends | No | - |
The cloud storage system supports various hash types of the objects. The hashes are used when transferring data as an integrity check and can be specifically used with the --checksum flag in syncs and in the check command.
To use the verify checksums when transferring between cloud storage systems they must support a common hash type.
† Note that Dropbox supports its own custom hash. This is an SHA256 sum of all the 4MB block SHA256s.
‡ SFTP supports checksums if the same login has shell access and md5sum or sha1sum as well as echo are in the remote's PATH.
†† WebDAV supports modtimes when used with Owncloud and Nextcloud only.
The cloud storage system supports setting modification times on objects. If it does then this enables a using the modification times as part of the sync. If not then only the size will be checked by default, though the MD5SUM can be checked with the --checksum flag.
All cloud storage systems support some kind of date on the object and these will be set when transferring from the cloud storage system.
If a cloud storage systems is case sensitive then it is possible to have two files which differ only in case, eg file.txt and FILE.txt. If a cloud storage system is case insensitive then that isn't possible.
This can cause problems when syncing between a case insensitive system and a case sensitive system. The symptom of this is that no matter how many times you run the sync it never completes fully.
The local filesystem and SFTP may or may not be case sensitive depending on OS.
Most of the time this doesn't cause any problems as people tend to avoid files whose name differs only by case even on case sensitive systems.
If a cloud storage system allows duplicate files then it can have two objects with the same name.
This confuses rclone greatly when syncing - use the rclone dedupe command to rename or remove duplicates.
MIME types (also known as media types) classify types of documents using a simple text classification, eg text/html or application/pdf.
Some cloud storage systems support reading (R) the MIME type of objects and some support writing (W) the MIME type of objects.
The MIME type can be important if you are serving files directly to HTTP from the storage system.
If you are copying from a remote which supports reading (R) to a remote which supports writing (W) then rclone will preserve the MIME types. Otherwise they will be guessed from the extension, or the remote itself may assign the MIME type.
All the remotes support a basic set of features, but there are some optional features supported by some remotes used to make some operations more efficient.
| Name | Purge | Copy | Move | DirMove | CleanUp | ListR | StreamUpload |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amazon Drive | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No #575 | No | No |
| Amazon S3 | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Backblaze B2 | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Box | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No #575 | No | Yes |
| Dropbox | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No #575 | No | Yes |
| FTP | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Google Cloud Storage | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Google Drive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| HTTP | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Hubic | Yes † | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Microsoft Azure Blob Storage | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| Microsoft OneDrive | Yes | Yes | Yes | No #197 | No #575 | No | No |
| Openstack Swift | Yes † | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| pCloud | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| QingStor | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No |
| SFTP | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| WebDAV | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes ‡ |
| Yandex Disk | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| The local filesystem | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
This deletes a directory quicker than just deleting all the files in the directory.
† Note Swift and Hubic implement this in order to delete directory markers but they don't actually have a quicker way of deleting files other than deleting them individually.
‡ StreamUpload is not supported with Nextcloud
Used when copying an object to and from the same remote. This known as a server side copy so you can copy a file without downloading it and uploading it again. It is used if you use rclone copy or rclone move if the remote doesn't support Move directly.
If the server doesn't support Copy directly then for copy operations the file is downloaded then re-uploaded.
Used when moving/renaming an object on the same remote. This is known as a server side move of a file. This is used in rclone move if the server doesn't support DirMove.
If the server isn't capable of Move then rclone simulates it with Copy then delete. If the server doesn't support Copy then rclone will download the file and re-upload it.
This is used to implement rclone move to move a directory if possible. If it isn't then it will use Move on each file (which falls back to Copy then download and upload - see Move section).
This is used for emptying the trash for a remote by rclone cleanup.
If the server can't do CleanUp then rclone cleanup will return an error.
The remote supports a recursive list to list all the contents beneath a directory quickly. This enables the --fast-list flag to work. See the rclone docs for more details.
Some remotes allow files to be uploaded without knowing the file size in advance. This allows certain operations to work without spooling the file to local disk first, e.g. rclone rcat.
The alias remote provides a new name for another remote.
Paths may be as deep as required or a local path, eg remote:directory/subdirectory or /directory/subdirectory.
During the initial setup with rclone config you will specify the target remote. The target remote can either be a local path or another remote.
Subfolders can be used in target remote. Asume a alias remote named backup with the target mydrive:private/backup. Invoking rclone mkdir backup:desktop is exactly the same as invoking rclone mkdir mydrive:private/backup/desktop.
There will be no special handling of paths containing .. segments. Invoking rclone mkdir backup:../desktop is exactly the same as invoking rclone mkdir mydrive:private/backup/../desktop. The empty path is not allowed as a remote. To alias the current directory use . instead.
Here is an example of how to make a alias called remote for local folder. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Alias for a existing remote
\ "alias"
2 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
3 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
4 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
5 / Box
\ "box"
6 / Cache a remote
\ "cache"
7 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
8 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
9 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
10 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
11 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
12 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
13 / Local Disk
\ "local"
14 / Microsoft Azure Blob Storage
\ "azureblob"
15 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
16 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
17 / Pcloud
\ "pcloud"
18 / QingCloud Object Storage
\ "qingstor"
19 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
20 / Webdav
\ "webdav"
21 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
22 / http Connection
\ "http"
Storage> 1
Remote or path to alias.
Can be "myremote:path/to/dir", "myremote:bucket", "myremote:" or "/local/path".
remote> /mnt/storage/backup
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
remote = /mnt/storage/backup
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
Current remotes:
Name Type
==== ====
remote alias
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/r/c/s/q> qOnce configured you can then use rclone like this,
List directories in top level in /mnt/storage/backup
rclone lsd remote:List all the files in /mnt/storage/backup
rclone ls remote:Copy another local directory to the alias directory called source
rclone copy /home/source remote:sourcePaths are specified as remote:path
Paths may be as deep as required, eg remote:directory/subdirectory.
The initial setup for Amazon Drive involves getting a token from Amazon which you need to do in your browser. rclone config walks you through it.
The configuration process for Amazon Drive may involve using an oauth proxy. This is used to keep the Amazon credentials out of the source code. The proxy runs in Google's very secure App Engine environment and doesn't store any credentials which pass through it.
NB rclone doesn't not currently have its own Amazon Drive credentials (see the forum for why) so you will either need to have your own client_id and client_secret with Amazon Drive, or use a a third party ouath proxy in which case you will need to enter client_id, client_secret, auth_url and token_url.
Note also if you are not using Amazon's auth_url and token_url, (ie you filled in something for those) then if setting up on a remote machine you can only use the copying the config method of configuration - rclone authorize will not work.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
8 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
9 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
\ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
13 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
14 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 1
Amazon Application Client Id - required.
client_id> your client ID goes here
Amazon Application Client Secret - required.
client_secret> your client secret goes here
Auth server URL - leave blank to use Amazon's.
auth_url> Optional auth URL
Token server url - leave blank to use Amazon's.
token_url> Optional token URL
Remote config
Make sure your Redirect URL is set to "http://127.0.0.1:53682/" in your custom config.
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id = your client ID goes here
client_secret = your client secret goes here
auth_url = Optional auth URL
token_url = Optional token URL
token = {"access_token":"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","token_type":"bearer","refresh_token":"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","expiry":"2015-09-06T16:07:39.658438471+01:00"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> ySee the remote setup docs for how to set it up on a machine with no Internet browser available.
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Amazon. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on http://127.0.0.1:53682/ and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.
Once configured you can then use rclone like this,
List directories in top level of your Amazon Drive
rclone lsd remote:List all the files in your Amazon Drive
rclone ls remote:To copy a local directory to an Amazon Drive directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backupAmazon Drive doesn't allow modification times to be changed via the API so these won't be accurate or used for syncing.
It does store MD5SUMs so for a more accurate sync, you can use the --checksum flag.
Any files you delete with rclone will end up in the trash. Amazon don't provide an API to permanently delete files, nor to empty the trash, so you will have to do that with one of Amazon's apps or via the Amazon Drive website. As of November 17, 2016, files are automatically deleted by Amazon from the trash after 30 days.
.com Amazon accountsLet's say you usually use amazon.co.uk. When you authenticate with rclone it will take you to an amazon.com page to log in. Your amazon.co.uk email and password should work here just fine.
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
Files this size or more will be downloaded via their tempLink. This is to work around a problem with Amazon Drive which blocks downloads of files bigger than about 10GB. The default for this is 9GB which shouldn't need to be changed.
To download files above this threshold, rclone requests a tempLink which downloads the file through a temporary URL directly from the underlying S3 storage.
Sometimes Amazon Drive gives an error when a file has been fully uploaded but the file appears anyway after a little while. This happens sometimes for files over 1GB in size and nearly every time for files bigger than 10GB. This parameter controls the time rclone waits for the file to appear.
The default value for this parameter is 3 minutes per GB, so by default it will wait 3 minutes for every GB uploaded to see if the file appears.
You can disable this feature by setting it to 0. This may cause conflict errors as rclone retries the failed upload but the file will most likely appear correctly eventually.
These values were determined empirically by observing lots of uploads of big files for a range of file sizes.
Upload with the -v flag to see more info about what rclone is doing in this situation.
Note that Amazon Drive is case insensitive so you can't have a file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".
Amazon Drive has rate limiting so you may notice errors in the sync (429 errors). rclone will automatically retry the sync up to 3 times by default (see --retries flag) which should hopefully work around this problem.
Amazon Drive has an internal limit of file sizes that can be uploaded to the service. This limit is not officially published, but all files larger than this will fail.
At the time of writing (Jan 2016) is in the area of 50GB per file. This means that larger files are likely to fail.
Unfortunately there is no way for rclone to see that this failure is because of file size, so it will retry the operation, as any other failure. To avoid this problem, use --max-size 50000M option to limit the maximum size of uploaded files. Note that --max-size does not split files into segments, it only ignores files over this size.
Paths are specified as remote:bucket (or remote: for the lsd command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg remote:bucket/path/to/dir.
Here is an example of making an s3 configuration. First run
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process.
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Alias for a existing remote
\ "alias"
2 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
3 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
4 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
[snip]
23 / http Connection
\ "http"
Storage> s3
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2/ECS meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Enter AWS credentials in the next step
\ "false"
2 / Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
\ "true"
env_auth> 1
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id> XXX
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
secret_access_key> YYY
Region to connect to. Leave blank if you are using an S3 clone and you don't have a region.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
/ The default endpoint - a good choice if you are unsure.
1 | US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
| Leave location constraint empty.
\ "us-east-1"
/ US East (Ohio) Region
2 | Needs location constraint us-east-2.
\ "us-east-2"
/ US West (Oregon) Region
3 | Needs location constraint us-west-2.
\ "us-west-2"
/ US West (Northern California) Region
4 | Needs location constraint us-west-1.
\ "us-west-1"
/ Canada (Central) Region
5 | Needs location constraint ca-central-1.
\ "ca-central-1"
/ EU (Ireland) Region
6 | Needs location constraint EU or eu-west-1.
\ "eu-west-1"
/ EU (London) Region
7 | Needs location constraint eu-west-2.
\ "eu-west-2"
/ EU (Frankfurt) Region
8 | Needs location constraint eu-central-1.
\ "eu-central-1"
/ Asia Pacific (Singapore) Region
9 | Needs location constraint ap-southeast-1.
\ "ap-southeast-1"
/ Asia Pacific (Sydney) Region
10 | Needs location constraint ap-southeast-2.
\ "ap-southeast-2"
/ Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region
11 | Needs location constraint ap-northeast-1.
\ "ap-northeast-1"
/ Asia Pacific (Seoul)
12 | Needs location constraint ap-northeast-2.
\ "ap-northeast-2"
/ Asia Pacific (Mumbai)
13 | Needs location constraint ap-south-1.
\ "ap-south-1"
/ South America (Sao Paulo) Region
14 | Needs location constraint sa-east-1.
\ "sa-east-1"
/ Use this only if v4 signatures don't work, eg pre Jewel/v10 CEPH.
15 | Set this and make sure you set the endpoint.
\ "other-v2-signature"
region> 1
Endpoint for S3 API.
Leave blank if using AWS to use the default endpoint for the region.
Specify if using an S3 clone such as Ceph.
endpoint>
Location constraint - must be set to match the Region. Used when creating buckets only.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Empty for US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
\ ""
2 / US East (Ohio) Region.
\ "us-east-2"
3 / US West (Oregon) Region.
\ "us-west-2"
4 / US West (Northern California) Region.
\ "us-west-1"
5 / Canada (Central) Region.
\ "ca-central-1"
6 / EU (Ireland) Region.
\ "eu-west-1"
7 / EU (London) Region.
\ "eu-west-2"
8 / EU Region.
\ "EU"
9 / Asia Pacific (Singapore) Region.
\ "ap-southeast-1"
10 / Asia Pacific (Sydney) Region.
\ "ap-southeast-2"
11 / Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region.
\ "ap-northeast-1"
12 / Asia Pacific (Seoul)
\ "ap-northeast-2"
13 / Asia Pacific (Mumbai)
\ "ap-south-1"
14 / South America (Sao Paulo) Region.
\ "sa-east-1"
location_constraint> 1
Canned ACL used when creating buckets and/or storing objects in S3.
For more info visit https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html#canned-acl
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. No one else has access rights (default).
\ "private"
2 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AllUsers group gets READ access.
\ "public-read"
/ Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AllUsers group gets READ and WRITE access.
3 | Granting this on a bucket is generally not recommended.
\ "public-read-write"
4 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AuthenticatedUsers group gets READ access.
\ "authenticated-read"
/ Object owner gets FULL_CONTROL. Bucket owner gets READ access.
5 | If you specify this canned ACL when creating a bucket, Amazon S3 ignores it.
\ "bucket-owner-read"
/ Both the object owner and the bucket owner get FULL_CONTROL over the object.
6 | If you specify this canned ACL when creating a bucket, Amazon S3 ignores it.
\ "bucket-owner-full-control"
acl> 1
The server-side encryption algorithm used when storing this object in S3.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / None
\ ""
2 / AES256
\ "AES256"
server_side_encryption> 1
The storage class to use when storing objects in S3.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Default
\ ""
2 / Standard storage class
\ "STANDARD"
3 / Reduced redundancy storage class
\ "REDUCED_REDUNDANCY"
4 / Standard Infrequent Access storage class
\ "STANDARD_IA"
storage_class> 1
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = XXX
secret_access_key = YYY
region = us-east-1
endpoint =
location_constraint =
acl = private
server_side_encryption =
storage_class =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yThis remote is called remote and can now be used like this
See all buckets
rclone lsd remote:Make a new bucket
rclone mkdir remote:bucketList the contents of a bucket
rclone ls remote:bucketSync /home/local/directory to the remote bucket, deleting any excess files in the bucket.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucketThis remote supports --fast-list which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the rclone docs for more details.
The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as X-Amz-Meta-Mtime as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1 ns.
rclone supports multipart uploads with S3 which means that it can upload files bigger than 5GB. Note that files uploaded both with multipart upload and through crypt remotes do not have MD5 sums.
With Amazon S3 you can list buckets (rclone lsd) using any region, but you can only access the content of a bucket from the region it was created in. If you attempt to access a bucket from the wrong region, you will get an error, incorrect region, the bucket is not in 'XXX' region.
There are two ways to supply rclone with a set of AWS credentials. In order of precedence:
rclone config)access_key_id and secret_access_key. session_token can be optionally set when using AWS STS.env_auth to true in the config filerclone
AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID or AWS_ACCESS_KEYAWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY or AWS_SECRET_KEYAWS_SESSION_TOKENrclone in an ECS task with an IAM rolerclone on an EC2 instance with an IAM roleIf none of these option actually end up providing rclone with AWS credentials then S3 interaction will be non-authenticated (see below).
When using the sync subcommand of rclone the following minimum permissions are required to be available on the bucket being written to:
ListBucketDeleteObjectGetObjectPutObjectPutObjectACLExample policy:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": {
"AWS": "arn:aws:iam::USER_SID:user/USER_NAME"
},
"Action": [
"s3:ListBucket",
"s3:DeleteObject",
"s3:GetObject",
"s3:PutObject",
"s3:PutObjectAcl"
],
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:s3:::BUCKET_NAME/*",
"arn:aws:s3:::BUCKET_NAME"
]
}
]
}Notes on above:
USER_NAME has been created.For reference, here's an Ansible script that will generate one or more buckets that will work with rclone sync.
If you are using server side encryption with KMS then you will find you can't transfer small objects. As a work-around you can use the --ignore-checksum flag.
A proper fix is being worked on in issue #1824.
You can transition objects to glacier storage using a lifecycle policy. The bucket can still be synced or copied into normally, but if rclone tries to access the data you will see an error like below.
2017/09/11 19:07:43 Failed to sync: failed to open source object: Object in GLACIER, restore first: path/to/fileIn this case you need to restore the object(s) in question before using rclone.
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
Canned ACL used when creating buckets and/or storing objects in S3.
For more info visit the canned ACL docs.
Storage class to upload new objects with.
Available options include:
If you want to use rclone to access a public bucket, configure with a blank access_key_id and secret_access_key. Eg
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
q) Quit config
n/q> n
name> anons3
What type of source is it?
Choose a number from below
1) amazon cloud drive
2) b2
3) drive
4) dropbox
5) google cloud storage
6) swift
7) hubic
8) local
9) onedrive
10) s3
11) yandex
type> 10
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2/ECS meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
* Enter AWS credentials in the next step
1) false
* Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
2) true
env_auth> 1
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id>
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
secret_access_key>
...Then use it as normal with the name of the public bucket, eg
rclone lsd anons3:1000genomesYou will be able to list and copy data but not upload it.
Ceph is an open source unified, distributed storage system designed for excellent performance, reliability and scalability. It has an S3 compatible object storage interface.
To use rclone with Ceph, configure as above but leave the region blank and set the endpoint. You should end up with something like this in your config:
[ceph]
type = s3
env_auth = false
access_key_id = XXX
secret_access_key = YYY
region =
endpoint = https://ceph.endpoint.example.com
location_constraint =
acl =
server_side_encryption =
storage_class = Note also that Ceph sometimes puts / in the passwords it gives users. If you read the secret access key using the command line tools you will get a JSON blob with the / escaped as \/. Make sure you only write / in the secret access key.
Eg the dump from Ceph looks something like this (irrelevant keys removed).
{
"user_id": "xxx",
"display_name": "xxxx",
"keys": [
{
"user": "xxx",
"access_key": "xxxxxx",
"secret_key": "xxxxxx\/xxxx"
}
],
}Because this is a json dump, it is encoding the / as \/, so if you use the secret key as xxxxxx/xxxx it will work fine.
Dreamhost DreamObjects is an object storage system based on CEPH.
To use rclone with Dreamhost, configure as above but leave the region blank and set the endpoint. You should end up with something like this in your config:
[dreamobjects]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = your_access_key
secret_access_key = your_secret_key
region =
endpoint = objects-us-west-1.dream.io
location_constraint =
acl = private
server_side_encryption =
storage_class =Spaces is an S3-interoperable object storage service from cloud provider DigitalOcean.
To connect to DigitalOcean Spaces you will need an access key and secret key. These can be retrieved on the "Applications & API" page of the DigitalOcean control panel. They will be needed when promted by rclone config for your access_key_id and secret_access_key.
When prompted for a region or location_constraint, press enter to use the default value. The region must be included in the endpoint setting (e.g. nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com). The defualt values can be used for other settings.
Going through the whole process of creating a new remote by running rclone config, each prompt should be answered as shown below:
Storage> s3
env_auth> 1
access_key_id> YOUR_ACCESS_KEY
secret_access_key> YOUR_SECRET_KEY
region>
endpoint> nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com
location_constraint>
acl>
storage_class> The resulting configuration file should look like:
[spaces]
type = s3
env_auth = false
access_key_id = YOUR_ACCESS_KEY
secret_access_key = YOUR_SECRET_KEY
region =
endpoint = nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com
location_constraint =
acl =
server_side_encryption =
storage_class = Once configured, you can create a new Space and begin copying files. For example:
rclone mkdir spaces:my-new-space
rclone copy /path/to/files spaces:my-new-spaceInformation stored with IBM Cloud Object Storage is encrypted and dispersed across multiple geographic locations, and accessed through an implementation of the S3 API. This service makes use of the distributed storage technologies provided by IBM’s Cloud Object Storage System (formerly Cleversafe). For more information visit: (https://www.ibm.com/cloud/object-storage)
To configure access to IBM COS S3, follow the steps below:
Run rclone config and select n for a new remote.
2018/02/14 14:13:11 NOTICE: Config file "C:\\Users\\a\\.config\\rclone\\rclone.conf" not found - using defaults
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> nEnter the name for the configuration
name> IBM-COS-XREGIONSelect "s3" storage.
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio, IBM COS(S3))
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
Storage> 2Select "Enter AWS credentials…"
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2/ECS meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Enter AWS credentials in the next step
\ "false"
2 / Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
\ "true"
env_auth> 1Enter the Access Key and Secret.
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id> <>
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
secret_access_key> <>Select "other-v4-signature" region.
Region to connect to.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
/ The default endpoint - a good choice if you are unsure.
1 | US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
| Leave location constraint empty.
\ "us-east-1"
/ US East (Ohio) Region
2 | Needs location constraint us-east-2.
\ "us-east-2"
/ US West (Oregon) Region
…<omitted>…
15 | eg Ceph/Dreamhost
| set this and make sure you set the endpoint.
\ "other-v2-signature"
/ If using an S3 clone that understands v4 signatures set this
16 | and make sure you set the endpoint.
\ "other-v4-signature
region> 16Enter the endpoint FQDN.
Leave blank if using AWS to use the default endpoint for the region.
Specify if using an S3 clone such as Ceph.
endpoint> s3-api.us-geo.objectstorage.softlayer.netCurrently, the only IBM COS values for LocationConstraint are: us-standard / us-vault / us-cold / us-flex us-east-standard / us-east-vault / us-east-cold / us-east-flex us-south-standard / us-south-vault / us-south-cold / us-south-flex eu-standard / eu-vault / eu-cold / eu-flex
Location constraint - must be set to match the Region. Used when creating buckets only.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Empty for US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
\ ""
2 / US East (Ohio) Region.
\ "us-east-2"
…<omitted>…
location_constraint> us-standardSpecify a canned ACL.
Canned ACL used when creating buckets and/or storing objects in S3.
For more info visit https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html#canned-acl
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. No one else has access rights (default).
\ "private"
2 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AllUsers group gets READ access.
\ "public-read"
/ Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AllUsers group gets READ and WRITE access.
3 | Granting this on a bucket is generally not recommended.
\ "public-read-write"
4 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. The AuthenticatedUsers group gets READ access.
\ "authenticated-read"
/ Object owner gets FULL_CONTROL. Bucket owner gets READ access.
5 | If you specify this canned ACL when creating a bucket, Amazon S3 ignores it.
\ "bucket-owner-read"
/ Both the object owner and the bucket owner get FULL_CONTROL over the object.
6 | If you specify this canned ACL when creating a bucket, Amazon S3 ignores it.
\ "bucket-owner-full-control"
acl> 1Set the SSE option to "None".
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / None
\ ""
2 / AES256
\ "AES256"
server_side_encryption> 1Set the storage class to "None" (IBM COS uses the LocationConstraint at the bucket level).
The storage class to use when storing objects in S3.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Default
\ ""
2 / Standard storage class
\ "STANDARD"
3 / Reduced redundancy storage class
\ "REDUCED_REDUNDANCY"
4 / Standard Infrequent Access storage class
\ "STANDARD_IA"
storage_class>Review the displayed configuration and accept to save the "remote" then quit.
Remote config
--------------------
[IBM-COS-XREGION]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = <>
secret_access_key = <>
region = other-v4-signature
endpoint = s3-api.us-geo.objectstorage.softlayer.net
location_constraint = us-standard
acl = private
server_side_encryption =
storage_class =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
Remote config
Current remotes:
Name Type
==== ====
IBM-COS-XREGION s3
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/r/c/s/q> qExecute rclone commands
1) Create a bucket.
rclone mkdir IBM-COS-XREGION:newbucket
2) List available buckets.
rclone lsd IBM-COS-XREGION:
-1 2017-11-08 21:16:22 -1 test
-1 2018-02-14 20:16:39 -1 newbucket
3) List contents of a bucket.
rclone ls IBM-COS-XREGION:newbucket
18685952 test.exe
4) Copy a file from local to remote.
rclone copy /Users/file.txt IBM-COS-XREGION:newbucket
5) Copy a file from remote to local.
rclone copy IBM-COS-XREGION:newbucket/file.txt .
6) Delete a file on remote.
rclone delete IBM-COS-XREGION:newbucket/file.txtMinio is an object storage server built for cloud application developers and devops.
It is very easy to install and provides an S3 compatible server which can be used by rclone.
To use it, install Minio following the instructions here.
When it configures itself Minio will print something like this
Endpoint: http://192.168.1.106:9000 http://172.23.0.1:9000
AccessKey: USWUXHGYZQYFYFFIT3RE
SecretKey: MOJRH0mkL1IPauahWITSVvyDrQbEEIwljvmxdq03
Region: us-east-1
SQS ARNs: arn:minio:sqs:us-east-1:1:redis arn:minio:sqs:us-east-1:2:redis
Browser Access:
http://192.168.1.106:9000 http://172.23.0.1:9000
Command-line Access: https://docs.minio.io/docs/minio-client-quickstart-guide
$ mc config host add myminio http://192.168.1.106:9000 USWUXHGYZQYFYFFIT3RE MOJRH0mkL1IPauahWITSVvyDrQbEEIwljvmxdq03
Object API (Amazon S3 compatible):
Go: https://docs.minio.io/docs/golang-client-quickstart-guide
Java: https://docs.minio.io/docs/java-client-quickstart-guide
Python: https://docs.minio.io/docs/python-client-quickstart-guide
JavaScript: https://docs.minio.io/docs/javascript-client-quickstart-guide
.NET: https://docs.minio.io/docs/dotnet-client-quickstart-guide
Drive Capacity: 26 GiB Free, 165 GiB TotalThese details need to go into rclone config like this. Note that it is important to put the region in as stated above.
env_auth> 1
access_key_id> USWUXHGYZQYFYFFIT3RE
secret_access_key> MOJRH0mkL1IPauahWITSVvyDrQbEEIwljvmxdq03
region> us-east-1
endpoint> http://192.168.1.106:9000
location_constraint>
server_side_encryption>Which makes the config file look like this
[minio]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = USWUXHGYZQYFYFFIT3RE
secret_access_key = MOJRH0mkL1IPauahWITSVvyDrQbEEIwljvmxdq03
region = us-east-1
endpoint = http://192.168.1.106:9000
location_constraint =
server_side_encryption =So once set up, for example to copy files into a bucket
rclone copy /path/to/files minio:bucketWasabi is a cloud-based object storage service for a broad range of applications and use cases. Wasabi is designed for individuals and organizations that require a high-performance, reliable, and secure data storage infrastructure at minimal cost.
Wasabi provides an S3 interface which can be configured for use with rclone like this.
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> wasabi
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
[snip]
Storage> s3
Get AWS credentials from runtime (environment variables or EC2/ECS meta data if no env vars). Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Enter AWS credentials in the next step
\ "false"
2 / Get AWS credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
\ "true"
env_auth> 1
AWS Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id> YOURACCESSKEY
AWS Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
secret_access_key> YOURSECRETACCESSKEY
Region to connect to.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
/ The default endpoint - a good choice if you are unsure.
1 | US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
| Leave location constraint empty.
\ "us-east-1"
[snip]
region> us-east-1
Endpoint for S3 API.
Leave blank if using AWS to use the default endpoint for the region.
Specify if using an S3 clone such as Ceph.
endpoint> s3.wasabisys.com
Location constraint - must be set to match the Region. Used when creating buckets only.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Empty for US Region, Northern Virginia or Pacific Northwest.
\ ""
[snip]
location_constraint>
Canned ACL used when creating buckets and/or storing objects in S3.
For more info visit https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/acl-overview.html#canned-acl
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Owner gets FULL_CONTROL. No one else has access rights (default).
\ "private"
[snip]
acl>
The server-side encryption algorithm used when storing this object in S3.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / None
\ ""
2 / AES256
\ "AES256"
server_side_encryption>
The storage class to use when storing objects in S3.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Default
\ ""
2 / Standard storage class
\ "STANDARD"
3 / Reduced redundancy storage class
\ "REDUCED_REDUNDANCY"
4 / Standard Infrequent Access storage class
\ "STANDARD_IA"
storage_class>
Remote config
--------------------
[wasabi]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = YOURACCESSKEY
secret_access_key = YOURSECRETACCESSKEY
region = us-east-1
endpoint = s3.wasabisys.com
location_constraint =
acl =
server_side_encryption =
storage_class =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yThis will leave the config file looking like this.
[wasabi]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = YOURACCESSKEY
secret_access_key = YOURSECRETACCESSKEY
region = us-east-1
endpoint = s3.wasabisys.com
location_constraint =
acl =
server_side_encryption =
storage_class = B2 is Backblaze's cloud storage system.
Paths are specified as remote:bucket (or remote: for the lsd command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg remote:bucket/path/to/dir.
Here is an example of making a b2 configuration. First run
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process. You will need your account number (a short hex number) and key (a long hex number) which you can get from the b2 control panel.
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
q) Quit config
n/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 3
Account ID
account> 123456789abc
Application Key
key> 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789
Endpoint for the service - leave blank normally.
endpoint>
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
account = 123456789abc
key = 0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789
endpoint =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yThis remote is called remote and can now be used like this
See all buckets
rclone lsd remote:Make a new bucket
rclone mkdir remote:bucketList the contents of a bucket
rclone ls remote:bucketSync /home/local/directory to the remote bucket, deleting any excess files in the bucket.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucketThis remote supports --fast-list which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the rclone docs for more details.
The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as X-Bz-Info-src_last_modified_millis as milliseconds since 1970-01-01 in the Backblaze standard. Other tools should be able to use this as a modified time.
Modified times are used in syncing and are fully supported except in the case of updating a modification time on an existing object. In this case the object will be uploaded again as B2 doesn't have an API method to set the modification time independent of doing an upload.
The SHA1 checksums of the files are checked on upload and download and will be used in the syncing process.
Large files (bigger than the limit in --b2-upload-cutoff) which are uploaded in chunks will store their SHA1 on the object as X-Bz-Info-large_file_sha1 as recommended by Backblaze.
For a large file to be uploaded with an SHA1 checksum, the source needs to support SHA1 checksums. The local disk supports SHA1 checksums so large file transfers from local disk will have an SHA1. See the overview for exactly which remotes support SHA1.
Sources which don't support SHA1, in particular crypt will upload large files without SHA1 checksums. This may be fixed in the future (see #1767).
Files sizes below --b2-upload-cutoff will always have an SHA1 regardless of the source.
Backblaze recommends that you do lots of transfers simultaneously for maximum speed. In tests from my SSD equipped laptop the optimum setting is about --transfers 32 though higher numbers may be used for a slight speed improvement. The optimum number for you may vary depending on your hardware, how big the files are, how much you want to load your computer, etc. The default of --transfers 4 is definitely too low for Backblaze B2 though.
Note that uploading big files (bigger than 200 MB by default) will use a 96 MB RAM buffer by default. There can be at most --transfers of these in use at any moment, so this sets the upper limit on the memory used.
When rclone uploads a new version of a file it creates a new version of it. Likewise when you delete a file, the old version will be marked hidden and still be available. Conversely, you may opt in to a "hard delete" of files with the --b2-hard-delete flag which would permanently remove the file instead of hiding it.
Old versions of files, where available, are visible using the --b2-versions flag.
If you wish to remove all the old versions then you can use the rclone cleanup remote:bucket command which will delete all the old versions of files, leaving the current ones intact. You can also supply a path and only old versions under that path will be deleted, eg rclone cleanup remote:bucket/path/to/stuff.
When you purge a bucket, the current and the old versions will be deleted then the bucket will be deleted.
However delete will cause the current versions of the files to become hidden old versions.
Here is a session showing the listing and retrieval of an old version followed by a cleanup of the old versions.
Show current version and all the versions with --b2-versions flag.
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
8 one-v2016-07-04-141032-000.txt
16 one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
15 one-v2016-07-02-155621-000.txtRetrieve an old version
$ rclone -q --b2-versions copy b2:cleanup-test/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt /tmp
$ ls -l /tmp/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
-rw-rw-r-- 1 ncw ncw 16 Jul 2 17:46 /tmp/one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txtClean up all the old versions and show that they've gone.
$ rclone -q cleanup b2:cleanup-test
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txtIt is useful to know how many requests are sent to the server in different scenarios.
All copy commands send the following 4 requests:
/b2api/v1/b2_authorize_account
/b2api/v1/b2_create_bucket
/b2api/v1/b2_list_buckets
/b2api/v1/b2_list_file_namesThe b2_list_file_names request will be sent once for every 1k files in the remote path, providing the checksum and modification time of the listed files. As of version 1.33 issue #818 causes extra requests to be sent when using B2 with Crypt. When a copy operation does not require any files to be uploaded, no more requests will be sent.
Uploading files that do not require chunking, will send 2 requests per file upload:
/b2api/v1/b2_get_upload_url
/b2api/v1/b2_upload_file/Uploading files requiring chunking, will send 2 requests (one each to start and finish the upload) and another 2 requests for each chunk:
/b2api/v1/b2_start_large_file
/b2api/v1/b2_get_upload_part_url
/b2api/v1/b2_upload_part/
/b2api/v1/b2_finish_large_fileHere are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
When uploading large files chunk the file into this size. Note that these chunks are buffered in memory and there might a maximum of --transfers chunks in progress at once. 5,000,000 Bytes is the minimim size (default 96M).
Cutoff for switching to chunked upload (default 190.735 MiB == 200 MB). Files above this size will be uploaded in chunks of --b2-chunk-size.
This value should be set no larger than 4.657GiB (== 5GB) as this is the largest file size that can be uploaded.
This is for debugging purposes only.
Setting FLAG to one of the strings below will cause b2 to return specific errors for debugging purposes.
fail_some_uploadsexpire_some_account_authorization_tokensforce_cap_exceededThese will be set in the X-Bz-Test-Mode header which is documented in the b2 integrations checklist.
When set rclone will show and act on older versions of files. For example
Listing without --b2-versions
$ rclone -q ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txtAnd with
$ rclone -q --b2-versions ls b2:cleanup-test
9 one.txt
8 one-v2016-07-04-141032-000.txt
16 one-v2016-07-04-141003-000.txt
15 one-v2016-07-02-155621-000.txtShowing that the current version is unchanged but older versions can be seen. These have the UTC date that they were uploaded to the server to the nearest millisecond appended to them.
Note that when using --b2-versions no file write operations are permitted, so you can't upload files or delete them.
Paths are specified as remote:path
Paths may be as deep as required, eg remote:directory/subdirectory.
The initial setup for Box involves getting a token from Box which you need to do in your browser. rclone config walks you through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Box
\ "box"
5 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
6 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
7 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
8 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
9 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
10 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
11 / Local Disk
\ "local"
12 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
13 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
14 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
15 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
16 / http Connection
\ "http"
Storage> box
Box App Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Box App Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"XXX","token_type":"bearer","refresh_token":"XXX","expiry":"XXX"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> ySee the remote setup docs for how to set it up on a machine with no Internet browser available.
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Box. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on http://127.0.0.1:53682/ and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.
Once configured you can then use rclone like this,
List directories in top level of your Box
rclone lsd remote:List all the files in your Box
rclone ls remote:To copy a local directory to an Box directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backupAccording to the box docs:
Each refresh_token is valid for one use in 60 days.
This means that if you
then rclone will return an error which includes the text Invalid refresh token.
To fix this you will need to use oauth2 again to update the refresh token. You can use the methods in the remote setup docs, bearing in mind that if you use the copy the config file method, you should not use that remote on the computer you did the authentication on.
Here is how to do it.
$ rclone config
Current remotes:
Name Type
==== ====
remote box
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/r/c/s/q> e
Choose a number from below, or type in an existing value
1 > remote
remote> remote
--------------------
[remote]
type = box
token = {"access_token":"XXX","token_type":"bearer","refresh_token":"XXX","expiry":"2017-07-08T23:40:08.059167677+01:00"}
--------------------
Edit remote
Value "client_id" = ""
Edit? (y/n)>
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> n
Value "client_secret" = ""
Edit? (y/n)>
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> n
Remote config
Already have a token - refresh?
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
type = box
token = {"access_token":"YYY","token_type":"bearer","refresh_token":"YYY","expiry":"2017-07-23T12:22:29.259137901+01:00"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yBox allows modification times to be set on objects accurate to 1 second. These will be used to detect whether objects need syncing or not.
One drive supports SHA1 type hashes, so you can use the --checksum flag.
For files above 50MB rclone will use a chunked transfer. Rclone will upload up to --transfers chunks at the same time (shared among all the multipart uploads). Chunks are buffered in memory and are normally 8MB so increasing --transfers will increase memory use.
Depending on the enterprise settings for your user, the item will either be actually deleted from Box or moved to the trash.
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
Cutoff for switching to chunked upload - must be >= 50MB. The default is 50MB.
Note that Box is case insensitive so you can't have a file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".
Box file names can't have the \ character in. rclone maps this to and from an identical looking unicode equivalent ＼.
Box only supports filenames up to 255 characters in length.
The cache remote wraps another existing remote and stores file structure and its data for long running tasks like rclone mount.
To get started you just need to have an existing remote which can be configured with cache.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called test-cache. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> test-cache
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
...
5 / Cache a remote
\ "cache"
...
Storage> 5
Remote to cache.
Normally should contain a ':' and a path, eg "myremote:path/to/dir",
"myremote:bucket" or maybe "myremote:" (not recommended).
remote> local:/test
Optional: The URL of the Plex server
plex_url> http://127.0.0.1:32400
Optional: The username of the Plex user
plex_username> dummyusername
Optional: The password of the Plex user
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
n) No leave this optional password blank
y/g/n> y
Enter the password:
password:
Confirm the password:
password:
The size of a chunk. Lower value good for slow connections but can affect seamless reading.
Default: 5M
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / 1MB
\ "1m"
2 / 5 MB
\ "5M"
3 / 10 MB
\ "10M"
chunk_size> 2
How much time should object info (file size, file hashes etc) be stored in cache. Use a very high value if you don't plan on changing the source FS from outside the cache.
Accepted units are: "s", "m", "h".
Default: 5m
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / 1 hour
\ "1h"
2 / 24 hours
\ "24h"
3 / 24 hours
\ "48h"
info_age> 2
The maximum size of stored chunks. When the storage grows beyond this size, the oldest chunks will be deleted.
Default: 10G
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / 500 MB
\ "500M"
2 / 1 GB
\ "1G"
3 / 10 GB
\ "10G"
chunk_total_size> 3
Remote config
--------------------
[test-cache]
remote = local:/test
plex_url = http://127.0.0.1:32400
plex_username = dummyusername
plex_password = *** ENCRYPTED ***
chunk_size = 5M
info_age = 48h
chunk_total_size = 10GYou can then use it like this,
List directories in top level of your drive
rclone lsd test-cache:List all the files in your drive
rclone ls test-cache:To start a cached mount
rclone mount --allow-other test-cache: /var/tmp/test-cacheIn an effort to make writing through cache more reliable, the backend now supports this feature which can be activated by specifying a cache-tmp-upload-path.
A files goes through these states when using this feature:
cache-tmp-wait-time passes and the file is next in line, rclone move is used to move the file to the cloud providercache when it's actually deleted from the temporary path then cache will simply swap the source to the cloud provider without interrupting the reading (small blip can happen though)Files are uploaded in sequence and only one file is uploaded at a time. Uploads will be stored in a queue and be processed based on the order they were added. The queue and the temporary storage is persistent across restarts and even purges of the cache.
Writes are supported through cache. One caveat is that a mounted cache remote does not add any retry or fallback mechanism to the upload operation. This will depend on the implementation of the wrapped remote. Consider using Offline uploading for reliable writes.
One special case is covered with cache-writes which will cache the file data at the same time as the upload when it is enabled making it available from the cache store immediately once the upload is finished.
To counter the high latency between a local PC where rclone is running and cloud providers, the cache remote can split multiple requests to the cloud provider for smaller file chunks and combines them together locally where they can be available almost immediately before the reader usually needs them.
This is similar to buffering when media files are played online. Rclone will stay around the current marker but always try its best to stay ahead and prepare the data before.
There is a direct integration with Plex which allows cache to detect during reading if the file is in playback or not. This helps cache to adapt how it queries the cloud provider depending on what is needed for.
Scans will have a minimum amount of workers (1) while in a confirmed playback cache will deploy the configured number of workers.
This integration opens the doorway to additional performance improvements which will be explored in the near future.
Note: If Plex options are not configured, cache will function with its configured options without adapting any of its settings.
How to enable? Run rclone config and add all the Plex options (endpoint, username and password) in your remote and it will be automatically enabled.
Affected settings: - cache-workers: Configured value during confirmed playback or 1 all the other times
--dir-cache-time controls the first layer of directory caching which works at the mount layer. Being an independent caching mechanism from the cache backend, it will manage its own entries based on the configured time.
To avoid getting in a scenario where dir cache has obsolete data and cache would have the correct one, try to set --dir-cache-time to a lower time than --cache-info-age. Default values are already configured in this way.
There are a couple of issues with Windows mount functionality that still require some investigations. It should be considered as experimental thus far as fixes come in for this OS.
Most of the issues seem to be related to the difference between filesystems on Linux flavors and Windows as cache is heavily dependant on them.
Any reports or feedback on how cache behaves on this OS is greatly appreciated.
Future iterations of the cache backend will make use of the pooling functionality of the cloud provider to synchronize and at the same time make writing through it more tolerant to failures.
There are a couple of enhancements in track to add these but in the meantime there is a valid concern that the expiring cache listings can lead to cloud provider throttles or bans due to repeated queries on it for very large mounts.
Some recommendations: - don't use a very small interval for entry informations (--cache-info-age) - while writes aren't yet optimised, you can still write through cache which gives you the advantage of adding the file in the cache at the same time if configured to do so.
Future enhancements:
One common scenario is to keep your data encrypted in the cloud provider using the crypt remote. crypt uses a similar technique to wrap around an existing remote and handles this translation in a seamless way.
There is an issue with wrapping the remotes in this order: cloud remote -> crypt -> cache
During testing, I experienced a lot of bans with the remotes in this order. I suspect it might be related to how crypt opens files on the cloud provider which makes it think we're downloading the full file instead of small chunks. Organizing the remotes in this order yelds better results: cloud remote -> cache -> crypt
Cache supports the new --rc mode in rclone and can be remote controlled through the following end points: By default, the listener is disabled if you do not add the flag.
Purge a remote from the cache backend. Supports either a directory or a file. It supports both encrypted and unencrypted file names if cache is wrapped by crypt.
Params: - remote = path to remote (required) - withData = true/false to delete cached data (chunks) as well (optional, false by default)
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
Path to where partial file data (chunks) is stored locally. The remote name is appended to the final path.
This config follows the --cache-db-path. If you specify a custom location for --cache-db-path and don't specify one for --cache-chunk-path then --cache-chunk-path will use the same path as --cache-db-path.
Default:
Path to where the file structure metadata (DB) is stored locally. The remote name is used as the DB file name.
Default:
Flag to clear all the cached data for this remote before.
Default: not set
The size of a chunk (partial file data). Use lower numbers for slower connections.
Default: 5M
The total size that the chunks can take up on the local disk. If cache exceeds this value then it will start to the delete the oldest chunks until it goes under this value.
Default: 10G
How often should cache perform cleanups of the chunk storage. The default value should be ok for most people. If you find that cache goes over cache-total-chunk-size too often then try to lower this value to force it to perform cleanups more often.
Default: 1m
How long to keep file structure information (directory listings, file size, mod times etc) locally.
If all write operations are done through cache then you can safely make this value very large as the cache store will also be updated in real time.
Default: 6h
How many times to retry a read from a cache storage.
Since reading from a cache stream is independent from downloading file data, readers can get to a point where there's no more data in the cache. Most of the times this can indicate a connectivity issue if cache isn't able to provide file data anymore.
For really slow connections, increase this to a point where the stream is able to provide data but your experience will be very stuttering.
Default: 10
How many workers should run in parallel to download chunks.
Higher values will mean more parallel processing (better CPU needed) and more concurrent requests on the cloud provider. This impacts several aspects like the cloud provider API limits, more stress on the hardware that rclone runs on but it also means that streams will be more fluid and data will be available much more faster to readers.
Note: If the optional Plex integration is enabled then this setting will adapt to the type of reading performed and the value specified here will be used as a maximum number of workers to use. Default: 4
By default, cache will keep file data during streaming in RAM as well to provide it to readers as fast as possible.
This transient data is evicted as soon as it is read and the number of chunks stored doesn't exceed the number of workers. However, depending on other settings like cache-chunk-size and cache-workers this footprint can increase if there are parallel streams too (multiple files being read at the same time).
If the hardware permits it, use this feature to provide an overall better performance during streaming but it can also be disabled if RAM is not available on the local machine.
Default: not set
This setting places a hard limit on the number of requests per second that cache will be doing to the cloud provider remote and try to respect that value by setting waits between reads.
If you find that you're getting banned or limited on the cloud provider through cache and know that a smaller number of requests per second will allow you to work with it then you can use this setting for that.
A good balance of all the other settings should make this setting useless but it is available to set for more special cases.
NOTE: This will limit the number of requests during streams but other API calls to the cloud provider like directory listings will still pass.
Default: disabled
If you need to read files immediately after you upload them through cache you can enable this flag to have their data stored in the cache store at the same time during upload.
Default: not set
This is the path where cache will use as a temporary storage for new files that need to be uploaded to the cloud provider.
Specifying a value will enable this feature. Without it, it is completely disabled and files will be uploaded directly to the cloud provider
Default: empty
This is the duration that a file must wait in the temporary location cache-tmp-upload-path before it is selected for upload.
Note that only one file is uploaded at a time and it can take longer to start the upload if a queue formed for this purpose.
Default: 15m
Only one process can have the DB open at any one time, so rclone waits for this duration for the DB to become available before it gives an error.
If you set it to 0 then it will wait forever.
Default: 1s
The crypt remote encrypts and decrypts another remote.
To use it first set up the underlying remote following the config instructions for that remote. You can also use a local pathname instead of a remote which will encrypt and decrypt from that directory which might be useful for encrypting onto a USB stick for example.
First check your chosen remote is working - we'll call it remote:path in these docs. Note that anything inside remote:path will be encrypted and anything outside won't. This means that if you are using a bucket based remote (eg S3, B2, swift) then you should probably put the bucket in the remote s3:bucket. If you just use s3: then rclone will make encrypted bucket names too (if using file name encryption) which may or may not be what you want.
Now configure crypt using rclone config. We will call this one secret to differentiate it from the remote.
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> secret
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 5
Remote to encrypt/decrypt.
Normally should contain a ':' and a path, eg "myremote:path/to/dir",
"myremote:bucket" or maybe "myremote:" (not recommended).
remote> remote:path
How to encrypt the filenames.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Don't encrypt the file names. Adds a ".bin" extension only.
\ "off"
2 / Encrypt the filenames see the docs for the details.
\ "standard"
3 / Very simple filename obfuscation.
\ "obfuscate"
filename_encryption> 2
Option to either encrypt directory names or leave them intact.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Encrypt directory names.
\ "true"
2 / Don't encrypt directory names, leave them intact.
\ "false"
filename_encryption> 1
Password or pass phrase for encryption.
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
y/g> y
Enter the password:
password:
Confirm the password:
password:
Password or pass phrase for salt. Optional but recommended.
Should be different to the previous password.
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
n) No leave this optional password blank
y/g/n> g
Password strength in bits.
64 is just about memorable
128 is secure
1024 is the maximum
Bits> 128
Your password is: JAsJvRcgR-_veXNfy_sGmQ
Use this password?
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
Remote config
--------------------
[secret]
remote = remote:path
filename_encryption = standard
password = *** ENCRYPTED ***
password2 = *** ENCRYPTED ***
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yImportant The password is stored in the config file is lightly obscured so it isn't immediately obvious what it is. It is in no way secure unless you use config file encryption.
A long passphrase is recommended, or you can use a random one. Note that if you reconfigure rclone with the same passwords/passphrases elsewhere it will be compatible - all the secrets used are derived from those two passwords/passphrases.
Note that rclone does not encrypt
In normal use, make sure the remote has a : in. If you specify the remote without a : then rclone will use a local directory of that name. So if you use a remote of /path/to/secret/files then rclone will encrypt stuff to that directory. If you use a remote of name then rclone will put files in a directory called name in the current directory.
If you specify the remote as remote:path/to/dir then rclone will store encrypted files in path/to/dir on the remote. If you are using file name encryption, then when you save files to secret:subdir/subfile this will store them in the unencrypted path path/to/dir but the subdir/subpath bit will be encrypted.
Note that unless you want encrypted bucket names (which are difficult to manage because you won't know what directory they represent in web interfaces etc), you should probably specify a bucket, eg remote:secretbucket when using bucket based remotes such as S3, Swift, Hubic, B2, GCS.
To test I made a little directory of files using "standard" file name encryption.
plaintext/
├── file0.txt
├── file1.txt
└── subdir
├── file2.txt
├── file3.txt
└── subsubdir
└── file4.txtCopy these to the remote and list them back
$ rclone -q copy plaintext secret:
$ rclone -q ls secret:
7 file1.txt
6 file0.txt
8 subdir/file2.txt
10 subdir/subsubdir/file4.txt
9 subdir/file3.txtNow see what that looked like when encrypted
$ rclone -q ls remote:path
55 hagjclgavj2mbiqm6u6cnjjqcg
54 v05749mltvv1tf4onltun46gls
57 86vhrsv86mpbtd3a0akjuqslj8/dlj7fkq4kdq72emafg7a7s41uo
58 86vhrsv86mpbtd3a0akjuqslj8/7uu829995du6o42n32otfhjqp4/b9pausrfansjth5ob3jkdqd4lc
56 86vhrsv86mpbtd3a0akjuqslj8/8njh1sk437gttmep3p70g81apsNote that this retains the directory structure which means you can do this
$ rclone -q ls secret:subdir
8 file2.txt
9 file3.txt
10 subsubdir/file4.txtIf don't use file name encryption then the remote will look like this - note the .bin extensions added to prevent the cloud provider attempting to interpret the data.
$ rclone -q ls remote:path
54 file0.txt.bin
57 subdir/file3.txt.bin
56 subdir/file2.txt.bin
58 subdir/subsubdir/file4.txt.bin
55 file1.txt.binHere are some of the features of the file name encryption modes
Off
Standard
Obfuscation
This is a simple "rotate" of the filename, with each file having a rot distance based on the filename. We store the distance at the beginning of the filename. So a file called "hello" may become "53.jgnnq"
This is not a strong encryption of filenames, but it may stop automated scanning tools from picking up on filename patterns. As such it's an intermediate between "off" and "standard". The advantage is that it allows for longer path segment names.
There is a possibility with some unicode based filenames that the obfuscation is weak and may map lower case characters to upper case equivalents. You can not rely on this for strong protection.
Cloud storage systems have various limits on file name length and total path length which you are more likely to hit using "Standard" file name encryption. If you keep your file names to below 156 characters in length then you should be OK on all providers.
There may be an even more secure file name encryption mode in the future which will address the long file name problem.
Crypt offers the option of encrypting dir names or leaving them intact. There are two options:
True
Encrypts the whole file path including directory names Example: 1/12/123.txt is encrypted to p0e52nreeaj0a5ea7s64m4j72s/l42g6771hnv3an9cgc8cr2n1ng/qgm4avr35m5loi1th53ato71v0
False
Only encrypts file names, skips directory names Example: 1/12/123.txt is encrypted to 1/12/qgm4avr35m5loi1th53ato71v0
Crypt stores modification times using the underlying remote so support depends on that.
Hashes are not stored for crypt. However the data integrity is protected by an extremely strong crypto authenticator.
Note that you should use the rclone cryptcheck command to check the integrity of a crypted remote instead of rclone check which can't check the checksums properly.
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
If this flag is set then for each file that the remote is asked to list, it will log (at level INFO) a line stating the decrypted file name and the encrypted file name.
This is so you can work out which encrypted names are which decrypted names just in case you need to do something with the encrypted file names, or for debugging purposes.
If you wish to backup a crypted remote, it it recommended that you use rclone sync on the encrypted files, and make sure the passwords are the same in the new encrypted remote.
This will have the following advantages
rclone sync will check the checksums while copyingrclone check between the encrypted remotesFor example, let's say you have your original remote at remote: with the encrypted version at eremote: with path remote:crypt. You would then set up the new remote remote2: and then the encrypted version eremote2: with path remote2:crypt using the same passwords as eremote:.
To sync the two remotes you would do
rclone sync remote:crypt remote2:cryptAnd to check the integrity you would do
rclone check remote:crypt remote2:cryptFiles are encrypted 1:1 source file to destination object. The file has a header and is divided into chunks.
RCLONE\x00\x00The initial nonce is generated from the operating systems crypto strong random number generator. The nonce is incremented for each chunk read making sure each nonce is unique for each block written. The chance of a nonce being re-used is minuscule. If you wrote an exabyte of data (10¹⁸ bytes) you would have a probability of approximately 2×10⁻³² of re-using a nonce.
Each chunk will contain 64kB of data, except for the last one which may have less data. The data chunk is in standard NACL secretbox format. Secretbox uses XSalsa20 and Poly1305 to encrypt and authenticate messages.
Each chunk contains:
64k chunk size was chosen as the best performing chunk size (the authenticator takes too much time below this and the performance drops off due to cache effects above this). Note that these chunks are buffered in memory so they can't be too big.
This uses a 32 byte (256 bit key) key derived from the user password.
1 byte file will encrypt to
49 bytes total
1MB (1048576 bytes) file will encrypt to
1049120 bytes total (a 0.05% overhead). This is the overhead for big files.
File names are encrypted segment by segment - the path is broken up into / separated strings and these are encrypted individually.
File segments are padded using using PKCS#7 to a multiple of 16 bytes before encryption.
They are then encrypted with EME using AES with 256 bit key. EME (ECB-Mix-ECB) is a wide-block encryption mode presented in the 2003 paper "A Parallelizable Enciphering Mode" by Halevi and Rogaway.
This makes for deterministic encryption which is what we want - the same filename must encrypt to the same thing otherwise we can't find it on the cloud storage system.
This means that
This uses a 32 byte key (256 bits) and a 16 byte (128 bits) IV both of which are derived from the user password.
After encryption they are written out using a modified version of standard base32 encoding as described in RFC4648. The standard encoding is modified in two ways:
=base32 is used rather than the more efficient base64 so rclone can be used on case insensitive remotes (eg Windows, Amazon Drive).
Rclone uses scrypt with parameters N=16384, r=8, p=1 with an optional user supplied salt (password2) to derive the 32+32+16 = 80 bytes of key material required. If the user doesn't supply a salt then rclone uses an internal one.
scrypt makes it impractical to mount a dictionary attack on rclone encrypted data. For full protection against this you should always use a salt.
Paths are specified as remote:path
Dropbox paths may be as deep as required, eg remote:directory/subdirectory.
The initial setup for dropbox involves getting a token from Dropbox which you need to do in your browser. rclone config walks you through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
q) Quit config
e/n/d/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 4
Dropbox App Key - leave blank normally.
app_key>
Dropbox App Secret - leave blank normally.
app_secret>
Remote config
Please visit:
https://www.dropbox.com/1/oauth2/authorize?client_id=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX&response_type=code
Enter the code: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX_XXXXXXXXXX
--------------------
[remote]
app_key =
app_secret =
token = XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX_XXXX_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yYou can then use it like this,
List directories in top level of your dropbox
rclone lsd remote:List all the files in your dropbox
rclone ls remote:To copy a local directory to a dropbox directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backupDropbox supports modified times, but the only way to set a modification time is to re-upload the file.
This means that if you uploaded your data with an older version of rclone which didn't support the v2 API and modified times, rclone will decide to upload all your old data to fix the modification times. If you don't want this to happen use --size-only or --checksum flag to stop it.
Dropbox supports its own hash type which is checked for all transfers.
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
Any files larger than this will be uploaded in chunks of this size. The default is 48MB. The maximum is 150MB.
Note that chunks are buffered in memory (one at a time) so rclone can deal with retries. Setting this larger will increase the speed slightly (at most 10% for 128MB in tests) at the cost of using more memory. It can be set smaller if you are tight on memory.
Note that Dropbox is case insensitive so you can't have a file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".
There are some file names such as thumbs.db which Dropbox can't store. There is a full list of them in the "Ignored Files" section of this document. Rclone will issue an error message File name disallowed - not uploading if it attempt to upload one of those file names, but the sync won't fail.
If you have more than 10,000 files in a directory then rclone purge dropbox:dir will return the error Failed to purge: There are too many files involved in this operation. As a work-around do an rclone delete dropbox:dir followed by an rclone rmdir dropbox:dir.
FTP is the File Transfer Protocol. FTP support is provided using the github.com/jlaffaye/ftp package.
Here is an example of making an FTP configuration. First run
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process. An FTP remote only needs a host together with and a username and a password. With anonymous FTP server, you will need to use anonymous as username and your email address as the password.
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
8 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
9 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
\ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
13 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
14 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> ftp
FTP host to connect to
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Connect to ftp.example.com
\ "ftp.example.com"
host> ftp.example.com
FTP username, leave blank for current username, ncw
user>
FTP port, leave blank to use default (21)
port>
FTP password
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
y/g> y
Enter the password:
password:
Confirm the password:
password:
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
host = ftp.example.com
user =
port =
pass = *** ENCRYPTED ***
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yThis remote is called remote and can now be used like this
See all directories in the home directory
rclone lsd remote:Make a new directory
rclone mkdir remote:path/to/directoryList the contents of a directory
rclone ls remote:path/to/directorySync /home/local/directory to the remote directory, deleting any excess files in the directory.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:directoryFTP does not support modified times. Any times you see on the server will be time of upload.
FTP does not support any checksums.
Note that since FTP isn't HTTP based the following flags don't work with it: --dump-headers, --dump-bodies, --dump-auth
Note that --timeout isn't supported (but --contimeout is).
Note that --bind isn't supported.
FTP could support server side move but doesn't yet.
Paths are specified as remote:bucket (or remote: for the lsd command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg remote:bucket/path/to/dir.
The initial setup for google cloud storage involves getting a token from Google Cloud Storage which you need to do in your browser. rclone config walks you through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
q) Quit config
e/n/d/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 6
Google Application Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Google Application Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Project number optional - needed only for list/create/delete buckets - see your developer console.
project_number> 12345678
Service Account Credentials JSON file path - needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login.
service_account_file>
Access Control List for new objects.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and all Authenticated Users get READER access.
\ "authenticatedRead"
2 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team owners get OWNER access.
\ "bucketOwnerFullControl"
3 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team owners get READER access.
\ "bucketOwnerRead"
4 / Object owner gets OWNER access [default if left blank].
\ "private"
5 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and project team members get access according to their roles.
\ "projectPrivate"
6 / Object owner gets OWNER access, and all Users get READER access.
\ "publicRead"
object_acl> 4
Access Control List for new buckets.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Authenticated Users get READER access.
\ "authenticatedRead"
2 / Project team owners get OWNER access [default if left blank].
\ "private"
3 / Project team members get access according to their roles.
\ "projectPrivate"
4 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Users get READER access.
\ "publicRead"
5 / Project team owners get OWNER access, and all Users get WRITER access.
\ "publicReadWrite"
bucket_acl> 2
Location for the newly created buckets.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Empty for default location (US).
\ ""
2 / Multi-regional location for Asia.
\ "asia"
3 / Multi-regional location for Europe.
\ "eu"
4 / Multi-regional location for United States.
\ "us"
5 / Taiwan.
\ "asia-east1"
6 / Tokyo.
\ "asia-northeast1"
7 / Singapore.
\ "asia-southeast1"
8 / Sydney.
\ "australia-southeast1"
9 / Belgium.
\ "europe-west1"
10 / London.
\ "europe-west2"
11 / Iowa.
\ "us-central1"
12 / South Carolina.
\ "us-east1"
13 / Northern Virginia.
\ "us-east4"
14 / Oregon.
\ "us-west1"
location> 12
The storage class to use when storing objects in Google Cloud Storage.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Default
\ ""
2 / Multi-regional storage class
\ "MULTI_REGIONAL"
3 / Regional storage class
\ "REGIONAL"
4 / Nearline storage class
\ "NEARLINE"
5 / Coldline storage class
\ "COLDLINE"
6 / Durable reduced availability storage class
\ "DURABLE_REDUCED_AVAILABILITY"
storage_class> 5
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine or Y didn't work
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
type = google cloud storage
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"AccessToken":"xxxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","RefreshToken":"x/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxx","Expiry":"2014-07-17T20:49:14.929208288+01:00","Extra":null}
project_number = 12345678
object_acl = private
bucket_acl = private
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yNote that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Google if you use auto config mode. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on http://127.0.0.1:53682/ and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall, or use manual mode.
This remote is called remote and can now be used like this
See all the buckets in your project
rclone lsd remote:Make a new bucket
rclone mkdir remote:bucketList the contents of a bucket
rclone ls remote:bucketSync /home/local/directory to the remote bucket, deleting any excess files in the bucket.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucketYou can set up rclone with Google Cloud Storage in an unattended mode, i.e. not tied to a specific end-user Google account. This is useful when you want to synchronise files onto machines that don't have actively logged-in users, for example build machines.
To get credentials for Google Cloud Platform IAM Service Accounts, please head to the Service Account section of the Google Developer Console. Service Accounts behave just like normal User permissions in Google Cloud Storage ACLs, so you can limit their access (e.g. make them read only). After creating an account, a JSON file containing the Service Account's credentials will be downloaded onto your machines. These credentials are what rclone will use for authentication.
To use a Service Account instead of OAuth2 token flow, enter the path to your Service Account credentials at the service_account_file prompt and rclone won't use the browser based authentication flow.
This remote supports --fast-list which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the rclone docs for more details.
Google google cloud storage stores md5sums natively and rclone stores modification times as metadata on the object, under the "mtime" key in RFC3339 format accurate to 1ns.
Paths are specified as drive:path
Drive paths may be as deep as required, eg drive:directory/subdirectory.
The initial setup for drive involves getting a token from Google drive which you need to do in your browser. rclone config walks you through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
[snip]
10 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
[snip]
Storage> drive
Google Application Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Google Application Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Scope that rclone should use when requesting access from drive.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Full access all files, excluding Application Data Folder.
\ "drive"
2 / Read-only access to file metadata and file contents.
\ "drive.readonly"
/ Access to files created by rclone only.
3 | These are visible in the drive website.
| File authorization is revoked when the user deauthorizes the app.
\ "drive.file"
/ Allows read and write access to the Application Data folder.
4 | This is not visible in the drive website.
\ "drive.appfolder"
/ Allows read-only access to file metadata but
5 | does not allow any access to read or download file content.
\ "drive.metadata.readonly"
scope> 1
ID of the root folder - leave blank normally. Fill in to access "Computers" folders. (see docs).
root_folder_id>
Service Account Credentials JSON file path - needed only if you want use SA instead of interactive login.
service_account_file>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine or Y didn't work
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
Configure this as a team drive?
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> n
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
scope = drive
root_folder_id =
service_account_file =
token = {"access_token":"XXX","token_type":"Bearer","refresh_token":"XXX","expiry":"2014-03-16T13:57:58.955387075Z"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yNote that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Google if you use auto config mode. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on http://127.0.0.1:53682/ and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall, or use manual mode.
You can then use it like this,
List directories in top level of your drive
rclone lsd remote:List all the files in your drive
rclone ls remote:To copy a local directory to a drive directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backupRclone allows you to select which scope you would like for rclone to use. This changes what type of token is granted to rclone. The scopes are defined here..
The scope are
This is the default scope and allows full access to all files, except for the Application Data Folder (see below).
Choose this one if you aren't sure.
This allows read only access to all files. Files may be listed and downloaded but not uploaded, renamed or deleted.
With this scope rclone can read/view/modify only those files and folders it creates.
So if you uploaded files to drive via the web interface (or any other means) they will not be visible to rclone.
This can be useful if you are using rclone to backup data and you want to be sure confidential data on your drive is not visible to rclone.
Files created with this scope are visible in the web interface.
This gives rclone its own private area to store files. Rclone will not be able to see any other files on your drive and you won't be able to see rclone's files from the web interface either.
This allows read only access to file names only. It does not allow rclone to download or upload data, or rename or delete files or directories.
You can set the root_folder_id for rclone. This is the directory (identified by its Folder ID) that rclone considers to be a the root of your drive.
Normally you will leave this blank and rclone will determine the correct root to use itself.
However you can set this to restrict rclone to a specific folder hierarchy or to access data within the "Computers" tab on the drive web interface (where files from Google's Backup and Sync desktop program go).
In order to do this you will have to find the Folder ID of the directory you wish rclone to display. This will be the last segment of the URL when you open the relevant folder in the drive web interface.
So if the folder you want rclone to use has a URL which looks like https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XyfxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxKHCh in the browser, then you use 1XyfxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxKHCh as the root_folder_id in the config.
NB folders under the "Computers" tab seem to be read only (drive gives a 500 error) when using rclone.
There doesn't appear to be an API to discover the folder IDs of the "Computers" tab - please contact us if you know otherwise!
Note also that rclone can't access any data under the "Backups" tab on the google drive web interface yet.
You can set up rclone with Google Drive in an unattended mode, i.e. not tied to a specific end-user Google account. This is useful when you want to synchronise files onto machines that don't have actively logged-in users, for example build machines.
To use a Service Account instead of OAuth2 token flow, enter the path to your Service Account credentials at the service_account_file prompt during rclone config and rclone won't use the browser based authentication flow.
Let's say that you are the administrator of a Google Apps (old) or G-suite account. The goal is to store data on an individual's Drive account, who IS a member of the domain. We'll call the domain example.com, and the user foo@example.com.
There's a few steps we need to go through to accomplish this:
https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive to grant access to Google Drive specifically.rclone config
n/s/q> n # New
name>gdrive # Gdrive is an example name
Storage> # Select the number shown for Google Drive
client_id> # Can be left blank
client_secret> # Can be left blank
scope> # Select your scope, 1 for example
root_folder_id> # Can be left blank
service_account_file> /home/foo/myJSONfile.json # This is where the JSON file goes!
y/n> # Auto config, y
rclone -v --drive-impersonate foo@example.com lsf gdrive:backup-v - verbose logging--drive-impersonate foo@example.com - this is what does the magic, pretending to be user foo.lsf - list files in a parsing friendly waygdrive:backup - use the remote called gdrive, work in the folder named backup.If you want to configure the remote to point to a Google Team Drive then answer y to the question Configure this as a team drive?.
This will fetch the list of Team Drives from google and allow you to configure which one you want to use. You can also type in a team drive ID if you prefer.
For example:
Configure this as a team drive?
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
Fetching team drive list...
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Rclone Test
\ "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"
2 / Rclone Test 2
\ "yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy"
3 / Rclone Test 3
\ "zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz"
Enter a Team Drive ID> 1
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"AccessToken":"xxxx.x.xxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","RefreshToken":"1/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","Expiry":"2014-03-16T13:57:58.955387075Z","Extra":null}
team_drive = xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yGoogle drive stores modification times accurate to 1 ms.
Google drive stores revisions of files. When you upload a change to an existing file to google drive using rclone it will create a new revision of that file.
Revisions follow the standard google policy which at time of writing was
By default rclone will send all files to the trash when deleting files. If deleting them permanently is required then use the --drive-use-trash=false flag, or set the equivalent environment variable.
If you wish to empty your trash you can use the rclone cleanup remote: command which will permanently delete all your trashed files. This command does not take any path arguments.
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
Only consider files owned by the authenticated user.
Upload chunk size. Must a power of 2 >= 256k. Default value is 8 MB.
Making this larger will improve performance, but note that each chunk is buffered in memory one per transfer.
Reducing this will reduce memory usage but decrease performance.
Google documents can only be exported from Google drive. When rclone downloads a Google doc it chooses a format to download depending upon this setting.
By default the formats are docx,xlsx,pptx,svg which are a sensible default for an editable document.
When choosing a format, rclone runs down the list provided in order and chooses the first file format the doc can be exported as from the list. If the file can't be exported to a format on the formats list, then rclone will choose a format from the default list.
If you prefer an archive copy then you might use --drive-formats pdf, or if you prefer openoffice/libreoffice formats you might use --drive-formats ods,odt,odp.
Note that rclone adds the extension to the google doc, so if it is calles My Spreadsheet on google docs, it will be exported as My Spreadsheet.xlsx or My Spreadsheet.pdf etc.
Here are the possible extensions with their corresponding mime types.
| Extension | Mime Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| csv | text/csv | Standard CSV format for Spreadsheets |
| doc | application/msword | Micosoft Office Document |
| docx | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document | Microsoft Office Document |
| epub | application/epub+zip | E-book format |
| html | text/html | An HTML Document |
| jpg | image/jpeg | A JPEG Image File |
| odp | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.presentation | Openoffice Presentation |
| ods | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet | Openoffice Spreadsheet |
| ods | application/x-vnd.oasis.opendocument.spreadsheet | Openoffice Spreadsheet |
| odt | application/vnd.oasis.opendocument.text | Openoffice Document |
| application/pdf | Adobe PDF Format | |
| png | image/png | PNG Image Format |
| pptx | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation | Microsoft Office Powerpoint |
| rtf | application/rtf | Rich Text Format |
| svg | image/svg+xml | Scalable Vector Graphics Format |
| tsv | text/tab-separated-values | Standard TSV format for spreadsheets |
| txt | text/plain | Plain Text |
| xls | application/vnd.ms-excel | Microsoft Office Spreadsheet |
| xlsx | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet | Microsoft Office Spreadsheet |
| zip | application/zip | A ZIP file of HTML, Images CSS |
When using a service account, this instructs rclone to impersonate the user passed in.
Size of listing chunk 100-1000. 0 to disable. (default 1000)
Instructs rclone to operate on your "Shared with me" folder (where Google Drive lets you access the files and folders others have shared with you).
This works both with the "list" (lsd, lsl, etc) and the "copy" commands (copy, sync, etc), and with all other commands too.
Skip google documents in all listings. If given, gdocs practically become invisible to rclone.
Only show files that are in the trash. This will show trashed files in their original directory structure.
File size cutoff for switching to chunked upload. Default is 8 MB.
Controls whether files are sent to the trash or deleted permanently. Defaults to true, namely sending files to the trash. Use --drive-use-trash=false to delete files permanently instead.
Use the file creation date in place of the modification date. Defaults to false.
Useful when downloading data and you want the creation date used in place of the last modified date.
WARNING: This flag may have some unexpected consequences.
When uploading to your drive all files will be overwritten unless they haven't been modified since their creation. And the inverse will occur while downloading. This side effect can be avoided by using the --checksum flag.
This feature was implemented to retain photos capture date as recorded by google photos. You will first need to check the "Create a Google Photos folder" option in your google drive settings. You can then copy or move the photos locally and use the date the image was taken (created) set as the modification date.
Drive has quite a lot of rate limiting. This causes rclone to be limited to transferring about 2 files per second only. Individual files may be transferred much faster at 100s of MBytes/s but lots of small files can take a long time.
Server side copies are also subject to a separate rate limit. If you see User rate limit exceeded errors, wait at least 24 hours and retry. You can disable server side copies with --disable copy to download and upload the files if you prefer.
Google docs will appear as size -1 in rclone ls and as size 0 in anything which uses the VFS layer, eg rclone mount, rclone serve.
This is because rclone can't find out the size of the Google docs without downloading them.
Google docs will transfer correctly with rclone sync, rclone copy etc as rclone knows to ignore the size when doing the transfer.
However an unfortunate consequence of this is that you can't download Google docs using rclone mount - you will get a 0 sized file. If you try again the doc may gain its correct size and be downloadable.
Sometimes, for no reason I've been able to track down, drive will duplicate a file that rclone uploads. Drive unlike all the other remotes can have duplicated files.
Duplicated files cause problems with the syncing and you will see messages in the log about duplicates.
Use rclone dedupe to fix duplicated files.
Note that this isn't just a problem with rclone, even Google Photos on Android duplicates files on drive sometimes.
The most likely cause of this is the duplicated file issue above - run rclone dedupe and check your logs for duplicate object or directory messages.
When you use rclone with Google drive in its default configuration you are using rclone's client_id. This is shared between all the rclone users. There is a global rate limit on the number of queries per second that each client_id can do set by Google. rclone already has a high quota and I will continue to make sure it is high enough by contacting Google.
However you might find you get better performance making your own client_id if you are a heavy user. Or you may not depending on exactly how Google have been raising rclone's rate limit.
Here is how to create your own Google Drive client ID for rclone:
Log into the Google API Console with your Google account. It doesn't matter what Google account you use. (It need not be the same account as the Google Drive you want to access)
Select a project or create a new project.
Under "ENABLE APIS AND SERVICES" search for "Drive", and enable the then "Google Drive API".
Click "Credentials" in the left-side panel (not "Create credentials", which opens the wizard), then "Create credentials", then "OAuth client ID". It will prompt you to set the OAuth consent screen product name, if you haven't set one already.
Choose an application type of "other", and click "Create". (the default name is fine)
It will show you a client ID and client secret. Use these values in rclone config to add a new remote or edit an existing remote.
(Thanks to @balazer on github for these instructions.)
The HTTP remote is a read only remote for reading files of a webserver. The webserver should provide file listings which rclone will read and turn into a remote. This has been tested with common webservers such as Apache/Nginx/Caddy and will likely work with file listings from most web servers. (If it doesn't then please file an issue, or send a pull request!)
Paths are specified as remote: or remote:path/to/dir.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
8 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
9 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
\ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
13 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
14 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
15 / http Connection
\ "http"
Storage> http
URL of http host to connect to
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Connect to example.com
\ "https://example.com"
url> https://beta.rclone.org
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
url = https://beta.rclone.org
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> y
Current remotes:
Name Type
==== ====
remote http
e) Edit existing remote
n) New remote
d) Delete remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
e/n/d/r/c/s/q> qThis remote is called remote and can now be used like this
See all the top level directories
rclone lsd remote:List the contents of a directory
rclone ls remote:directorySync the remote directory to /home/local/directory, deleting any excess files.
rclone sync remote:directory /home/local/directoryThis remote is read only - you can't upload files to an HTTP server.
Most HTTP servers store time accurate to 1 second.
No checksums are stored.
Note that since only two environment variable need to be set, it is easy to use without a config file like this.
RCLONE_CONFIG_ZZ_TYPE=http RCLONE_CONFIG_ZZ_URL=https://beta.rclone.org rclone lsd zz:Or if you prefer
export RCLONE_CONFIG_ZZ_TYPE=http
export RCLONE_CONFIG_ZZ_URL=https://beta.rclone.org
rclone lsd zz:Paths are specified as remote:path
Paths are specified as remote:container (or remote: for the lsd command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg remote:container/path/to/dir.
The initial setup for Hubic involves getting a token from Hubic which you need to do in your browser. rclone config walks you through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 8
Hubic Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Hubic Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"XXXXXX"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> ySee the remote setup docs for how to set it up on a machine with no Internet browser available.
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Hubic. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on http://127.0.0.1:53682/ and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.
Once configured you can then use rclone like this,
List containers in the top level of your Hubic
rclone lsd remote:List all the files in your Hubic
rclone ls remote:To copy a local directory to an Hubic directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backupIf you want the directory to be visible in the official Hubic browser, you need to copy your files to the default directory
rclone copy /home/source remote:default/backupThis remote supports --fast-list which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the rclone docs for more details.
The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as X-Object-Meta-Mtime as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1 ns.
This is a defacto standard (used in the official python-swiftclient amongst others) for storing the modification time for an object.
Note that Hubic wraps the Swift backend, so most of the properties of are the same.
This uses the normal OpenStack Swift mechanism to refresh the Swift API credentials and ignores the expires field returned by the Hubic API.
The Swift API doesn't return a correct MD5SUM for segmented files (Dynamic or Static Large Objects) so rclone won't check or use the MD5SUM for these.
Paths are specified as remote:container (or remote: for the lsd command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg remote:container/path/to/dir.
Here is an example of making a Microsoft Azure Blob Storage configuration. For a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Box
\ "box"
5 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
6 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
7 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
8 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
9 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
10 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
11 / Local Disk
\ "local"
12 / Microsoft Azure Blob Storage
\ "azureblob"
13 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
14 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
15 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
16 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
17 / http Connection
\ "http"
Storage> azureblob
Storage Account Name
account> account_name
Storage Account Key
key> base64encodedkey==
Endpoint for the service - leave blank normally.
endpoint>
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
account = account_name
key = base64encodedkey==
endpoint =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> ySee all containers
rclone lsd remote:Make a new container
rclone mkdir remote:containerList the contents of a container
rclone ls remote:containerSync /home/local/directory to the remote container, deleting any excess files in the container.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:containerThis remote supports --fast-list which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the rclone docs for more details.
The modified time is stored as metadata on the object with the mtime key. It is stored using RFC3339 Format time with nanosecond precision. The metadata is supplied during directory listings so there is no overhead to using it.
MD5 hashes are stored with blobs. However blobs that were uploaded in chunks only have an MD5 if the source remote was capable of MD5 hashes, eg the local disk.
Rclone supports multipart uploads with Azure Blob storage. Files bigger than 256MB will be uploaded using chunked upload by default.
The files will be uploaded in parallel in 4MB chunks (by default). Note that these chunks are buffered in memory and there may be up to --transfers of them being uploaded at once.
Files can't be split into more than 50,000 chunks so by default, so the largest file that can be uploaded with 4MB chunk size is 195GB. Above this rclone will double the chunk size until it creates less than 50,000 chunks. By default this will mean a maximum file size of 3.2TB can be uploaded. This can be raised to 5TB using --azureblob-chunk-size 100M.
Note that rclone doesn't commit the block list until the end of the upload which means that there is a limit of 9.5TB of multipart uploads in progress as Azure won't allow more than that amount of uncommitted blocks.
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
Cutoff for switching to chunked upload - must be <= 256MB. The default is 256MB.
Upload chunk size. Default 4MB. Note that this is stored in memory and there may be up to --transfers chunks stored at once in memory. This can be at most 100MB.
MD5 sums are only uploaded with chunked files if the source has an MD5 sum. This will always be the case for a local to azure copy.
Paths are specified as remote:path
Paths may be as deep as required, eg remote:directory/subdirectory.
The initial setup for OneDrive involves getting a token from Microsoft which you need to do in your browser. rclone config walks you through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 10
Microsoft App Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Microsoft App Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Choose OneDrive account type?
* Say b for a OneDrive business account
* Say p for a personal OneDrive account
b) Business
p) Personal
b/p> p
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"XXXXXX"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> ySee the remote setup docs for how to set it up on a machine with no Internet browser available.
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Microsoft. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on http://127.0.0.1:53682/ and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.
Once configured you can then use rclone like this,
List directories in top level of your OneDrive
rclone lsd remote:List all the files in your OneDrive
rclone ls remote:To copy a local directory to an OneDrive directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backupThere is additional support for OneDrive for Business. Select "b" when ask
Choose OneDrive account type?
* Say b for a OneDrive business account
* Say p for a personal OneDrive account
b) Business
p) Personal
b/p> After that rclone requires an authentication of your account. The application will first authenticate your account, then query the OneDrive resource URL and do a second (silent) authentication for this resource URL.
OneDrive allows modification times to be set on objects accurate to 1 second. These will be used to detect whether objects need syncing or not.
One drive supports SHA1 type hashes, so you can use --checksum flag.
Any files you delete with rclone will end up in the trash. Microsoft doesn't provide an API to permanently delete files, nor to empty the trash, so you will have to do that with one of Microsoft's apps or via the OneDrive website.
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
Above this size files will be chunked - must be multiple of 320k. The default is 10MB. Note that the chunks will be buffered into memory.
Note that OneDrive is case insensitive so you can't have a file called "Hello.doc" and one called "hello.doc".
There are quite a few characters that can't be in OneDrive file names. These can't occur on Windows platforms, but on non-Windows platforms they are common. Rclone will map these names to and from an identical looking unicode equivalent. For example if a file has a ? in it will be mapped to ？ instead.
The largest allowed file size is 10GiB (10,737,418,240 bytes).
Every change in OneDrive causes the service to create a new version. This counts against a users quota.
For example changing the modification time of a file creates a second version, so the file is using twice the space.
The copy is the only rclone command affected by this as we copy the file and then afterwards set the modification time to match the source file.
User Weropol has found a method to disable versioning on OneDrive
Paths are specified as remote:bucket (or remote: for the lsd command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg remote:bucket/path/to/dir.
Here is an example of making an QingStor configuration. First run
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process.
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
r) Rename remote
c) Copy remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/r/c/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
8 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
9 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
\ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
13 / QingStor Object Storage
\ "qingstor"
14 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
15 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 13
Get QingStor credentials from runtime. Only applies if access_key_id and secret_access_key is blank.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Enter QingStor credentials in the next step
\ "false"
2 / Get QingStor credentials from the environment (env vars or IAM)
\ "true"
env_auth> 1
QingStor Access Key ID - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
access_key_id> access_key
QingStor Secret Access Key (password) - leave blank for anonymous access or runtime credentials.
secret_access_key> secret_key
Enter a endpoint URL to connection QingStor API.
Leave blank will use the default value "https://qingstor.com:443"
endpoint>
Zone connect to. Default is "pek3a".
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
/ The Beijing (China) Three Zone
1 | Needs location constraint pek3a.
\ "pek3a"
/ The Shanghai (China) First Zone
2 | Needs location constraint sh1a.
\ "sh1a"
zone> 1
Number of connnection retry.
Leave blank will use the default value "3".
connection_retries>
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
env_auth = false
access_key_id = access_key
secret_access_key = secret_key
endpoint =
zone = pek3a
connection_retries =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yThis remote is called remote and can now be used like this
See all buckets
rclone lsd remote:Make a new bucket
rclone mkdir remote:bucketList the contents of a bucket
rclone ls remote:bucketSync /home/local/directory to the remote bucket, deleting any excess files in the bucket.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:bucketThis remote supports --fast-list which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the rclone docs for more details.
rclone supports multipart uploads with QingStor which means that it can upload files bigger than 5GB. Note that files uploaded with multipart upload don't have an MD5SUM.
With QingStor you can list buckets (rclone lsd) using any zone, but you can only access the content of a bucket from the zone it was created in. If you attempt to access a bucket from the wrong zone, you will get an error, incorrect zone, the bucket is not in 'XXX' zone.
There are two ways to supply rclone with a set of QingStor credentials. In order of precedence:
rclone config)access_key_id and secret_access_keyenv_auth to true in the config filerclone
QS_ACCESS_KEY_ID or QS_ACCESS_KEYQS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY or QS_SECRET_KEYSwift refers to Openstack Object Storage. Commercial implementations of that being:
Paths are specified as remote:container (or remote: for the lsd command.) You may put subdirectories in too, eg remote:container/path/to/dir.
Here is an example of making a swift configuration. First run
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process.
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Box
\ "box"
5 / Cache a remote
\ "cache"
6 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
7 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
8 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
9 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
10 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
11 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
12 / Local Disk
\ "local"
13 / Microsoft Azure Blob Storage
\ "azureblob"
14 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
15 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
16 / Pcloud
\ "pcloud"
17 / QingCloud Object Storage
\ "qingstor"
18 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
19 / Webdav
\ "webdav"
20 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
21 / http Connection
\ "http"
Storage> swift
Get swift credentials from environment variables in standard OpenStack form.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Enter swift credentials in the next step
\ "false"
2 / Get swift credentials from environment vars. Leave other fields blank if using this.
\ "true"
env_auth> true
User name to log in (OS_USERNAME).
user>
API key or password (OS_PASSWORD).
key>
Authentication URL for server (OS_AUTH_URL).
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Rackspace US
\ "https://auth.api.rackspacecloud.com/v1.0"
2 / Rackspace UK
\ "https://lon.auth.api.rackspacecloud.com/v1.0"
3 / Rackspace v2
\ "https://identity.api.rackspacecloud.com/v2.0"
4 / Memset Memstore UK
\ "https://auth.storage.memset.com/v1.0"
5 / Memset Memstore UK v2
\ "https://auth.storage.memset.com/v2.0"
6 / OVH
\ "https://auth.cloud.ovh.net/v2.0"
auth>
User ID to log in - optional - most swift systems use user and leave this blank (v3 auth) (OS_USER_ID).
user_id>
User domain - optional (v3 auth) (OS_USER_DOMAIN_NAME)
domain>
Tenant name - optional for v1 auth, this or tenant_id required otherwise (OS_TENANT_NAME or OS_PROJECT_NAME)
tenant>
Tenant ID - optional for v1 auth, this or tenant required otherwise (OS_TENANT_ID)
tenant_id>
Tenant domain - optional (v3 auth) (OS_PROJECT_DOMAIN_NAME)
tenant_domain>
Region name - optional (OS_REGION_NAME)
region>
Storage URL - optional (OS_STORAGE_URL)
storage_url>
Auth Token from alternate authentication - optional (OS_AUTH_TOKEN)
auth_token>
AuthVersion - optional - set to (1,2,3) if your auth URL has no version (ST_AUTH_VERSION)
auth_version>
Endpoint type to choose from the service catalogue (OS_ENDPOINT_TYPE)
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Public (default, choose this if not sure)
\ "public"
2 / Internal (use internal service net)
\ "internal"
3 / Admin
\ "admin"
endpoint_type>
Remote config
--------------------
[test]
env_auth = true
user =
key =
auth =
user_id =
domain =
tenant =
tenant_id =
tenant_domain =
region =
storage_url =
auth_token =
auth_version =
endpoint_type =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yThis remote is called remote and can now be used like this
See all containers
rclone lsd remote:Make a new container
rclone mkdir remote:containerList the contents of a container
rclone ls remote:containerSync /home/local/directory to the remote container, deleting any excess files in the container.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:containerAn Opentstack credentials file typically looks something something like this (without the comments)
export OS_AUTH_URL=https://a.provider.net/v2.0
export OS_TENANT_ID=ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
export OS_TENANT_NAME="1234567890123456"
export OS_USERNAME="123abc567xy"
echo "Please enter your OpenStack Password: "
read -sr OS_PASSWORD_INPUT
export OS_PASSWORD=$OS_PASSWORD_INPUT
export OS_REGION_NAME="SBG1"
if [ -z "$OS_REGION_NAME" ]; then unset OS_REGION_NAME; fiThe config file needs to look something like this where $OS_USERNAME represents the value of the OS_USERNAME variable - 123abc567xy in the example above.
[remote]
type = swift
user = $OS_USERNAME
key = $OS_PASSWORD
auth = $OS_AUTH_URL
tenant = $OS_TENANT_NAMENote that you may (or may not) need to set region too - try without first.
If you prefer you can configure rclone to use swift using a standard set of OpenStack environment variables.
When you run through the config, make sure you choose true for env_auth and leave everything else blank.
rclone will then set any empty config parameters from the environment using standard OpenStack environment variables. There is a list of the variables in the docs for the swift library.
If your OpenStack installation uses a non-standard authentication method that might not be yet supported by rclone or the underlying swift library, you can authenticate externally (e.g. calling manually the openstack commands to get a token). Then, you just need to pass the two configuration variables auth_token and storage_url. If they are both provided, the other variables are ignored. rclone will not try to authenticate but instead assume it is already authenticated and use these two variables to access the OpenStack installation.
You can use rclone with swift without a config file, if desired, like this:
source openstack-credentials-file
export RCLONE_CONFIG_MYREMOTE_TYPE=swift
export RCLONE_CONFIG_MYREMOTE_ENV_AUTH=true
rclone lsd myremote:This remote supports --fast-list which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the rclone docs for more details.
Here are the command line options specific to this cloud storage system.
Above this size files will be chunked into a _segments container. The default for this is 5GB which is its maximum value.
The modified time is stored as metadata on the object as X-Object-Meta-Mtime as floating point since the epoch accurate to 1 ns.
This is a defacto standard (used in the official python-swiftclient amongst others) for storing the modification time for an object.
The Swift API doesn't return a correct MD5SUM for segmented files (Dynamic or Static Large Objects) so rclone won't check or use the MD5SUM for these.
Due to an oddity of the underlying swift library, it gives a "Bad Request" error rather than a more sensible error when the authentication fails for Swift.
So this most likely means your username / password is wrong. You can investigate further with the --dump-bodies flag.
This may also be caused by specifying the region when you shouldn't have (eg OVH).
This is most likely caused by forgetting to specify your tenant when setting up a swift remote.
Paths are specified as remote:path
Paths may be as deep as required, eg remote:directory/subdirectory.
The initial setup for pCloud involves getting a token from pCloud which you need to do in your browser. rclone config walks you through it.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Box
\ "box"
5 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
6 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
7 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
8 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
9 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
10 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
11 / Local Disk
\ "local"
12 / Microsoft Azure Blob Storage
\ "azureblob"
13 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
14 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
15 / Pcloud
\ "pcloud"
16 / QingCloud Object Storage
\ "qingstor"
17 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
18 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
19 / http Connection
\ "http"
Storage> pcloud
Pcloud App Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Pcloud App Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"XXX","token_type":"bearer","expiry":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> ySee the remote setup docs for how to set it up on a machine with no Internet browser available.
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from pCloud. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on http://127.0.0.1:53682/ and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.
Once configured you can then use rclone like this,
List directories in top level of your pCloud
rclone lsd remote:List all the files in your pCloud
rclone ls remote:To copy a local directory to an pCloud directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backuppCloud allows modification times to be set on objects accurate to 1 second. These will be used to detect whether objects need syncing or not. In order to set a Modification time pCloud requires the object be re-uploaded.
pCloud supports MD5 and SHA1 type hashes, so you can use the --checksum flag.
Deleted files will be moved to the trash. Your subscription level will determine how long items stay in the trash. rclone cleanup can be used to empty the trash.
SFTP is the Secure (or SSH) File Transfer Protocol.
It runs over SSH v2 and is standard with most modern SSH installations.
Paths are specified as remote:path. If the path does not begin with a / it is relative to the home directory of the user. An empty path remote: refers to the user's home directory.
Here is an example of making an SFTP configuration. First run
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process.
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
7 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
8 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
9 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
10 / Local Disk
\ "local"
11 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
12 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
13 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
14 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
15 / http Connection
\ "http"
Storage> sftp
SSH host to connect to
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Connect to example.com
\ "example.com"
host> example.com
SSH username, leave blank for current username, ncw
user> sftpuser
SSH port, leave blank to use default (22)
port>
SSH password, leave blank to use ssh-agent.
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
n) No leave this optional password blank
y/g/n> n
Path to unencrypted PEM-encoded private key file, leave blank to use ssh-agent.
key_file>
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
host = example.com
user = sftpuser
port =
pass =
key_file =
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yThis remote is called remote and can now be used like this:
See all directories in the home directory
rclone lsd remote:Make a new directory
rclone mkdir remote:path/to/directoryList the contents of a directory
rclone ls remote:path/to/directorySync /home/local/directory to the remote directory, deleting any excess files in the directory.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:directoryThe SFTP remote supports three authentication methods:
Key files should be unencrypted PEM-encoded private key files. For instance /home/$USER/.ssh/id_rsa.
If you don't specify pass or key_file then rclone will attempt to contact an ssh-agent.
If you set the --sftp-ask-password option, rclone will prompt for a password when needed and no password has been configured.
Note that there seem to be various problems with using an ssh-agent on macOS due to recent changes in the OS. The most effective work-around seems to be to start an ssh-agent in each session, eg
eval `ssh-agent -s` && ssh-add -AAnd then at the end of the session
eval `ssh-agent -k`These commands can be used in scripts of course.
Here are the command line options specific to this remote.
Ask for the SFTP password if needed when no password has been configured.
Modified times are stored on the server to 1 second precision.
Modified times are used in syncing and are fully supported.
Some SFTP servers disable setting/modifying the file modification time after upload (for example, certain configurations of ProFTPd with mod_sftp). If you are using one of these servers, you can set the option set_modtime = false in your RClone backend configuration to disable this behaviour.
SFTP supports checksums if the same login has shell access and md5sum or sha1sum as well as echo are in the remote's PATH. This remote check can be disabled by setting the configuration option disable_hashcheck. This may be required if you're connecting to SFTP servers which are not under your control, and to which the execution of remote commands is prohibited.
The only ssh agent supported under Windows is Putty's pageant.
The Go SSH library disables the use of the aes128-cbc cipher by default, due to security concerns. This can be re-enabled on a per-connection basis by setting the use_insecure_cipher setting in the configuration file to true. Further details on the insecurity of this cipher can be found [in this paper] (http://www.isg.rhul.ac.uk/~kp/SandPfinal.pdf).
SFTP isn't supported under plan9 until this issue is fixed.
Note that since SFTP isn't HTTP based the following flags don't work with it: --dump-headers, --dump-bodies, --dump-auth
Note that --timeout isn't supported (but --contimeout is).
Paths are specified as remote:path
Paths may be as deep as required, eg remote:directory/subdirectory.
To configure the WebDAV remote you will need to have a URL for it, and a username and password. If you know what kind of system you are connecting to then rclone can enable extra features.
Here is an example of how to make a remote called remote. First run:
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
q) Quit config
n/s/q> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Box
\ "box"
5 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
6 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
7 / FTP Connection
\ "ftp"
8 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
9 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
10 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
11 / Local Disk
\ "local"
12 / Microsoft Azure Blob Storage
\ "azureblob"
13 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
14 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
15 / Pcloud
\ "pcloud"
16 / QingCloud Object Storage
\ "qingstor"
17 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
18 / WebDAV
\ "webdav"
19 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
20 / http Connection
\ "http"
Storage> webdav
URL of http host to connect to
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Connect to example.com
\ "https://example.com"
url> https://example.com/remote.php/webdav/
Name of the WebDAV site/service/software you are using
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Nextcloud
\ "nextcloud"
2 / Owncloud
\ "owncloud"
3 / Other site/service or software
\ "other"
vendor> 1
User name
user> user
Password.
y) Yes type in my own password
g) Generate random password
n) No leave this optional password blank
y/g/n> y
Enter the password:
password:
Confirm the password:
password:
Remote config
--------------------
[remote]
url = https://example.com/remote.php/webdav/
vendor = nextcloud
user = user
pass = *** ENCRYPTED ***
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> yOnce configured you can then use rclone like this,
List directories in top level of your WebDAV
rclone lsd remote:List all the files in your WebDAV
rclone ls remote:To copy a local directory to an WebDAV directory called backup
rclone copy /home/source remote:backupPlain WebDAV does not support modified times. However when used with Owncloud or Nextcloud rclone will support modified times.
Hashes are not supported.
Click on the settings cog in the bottom right of the page and this will show the WebDAV URL that rclone needs in the config step. It will look something like https://example.com/remote.php/webdav/.
Owncloud supports modified times using the X-OC-Mtime header.
This is configured in an identical way to Owncloud. Note that Nextcloud does not support streaming of files (rcat) whereas Owncloud does. This may be fixed in the future.
put.io can be accessed in a read only way using webdav.
Configure the url as https://webdav.put.io and use your normal account username and password for user and pass. Set the vendor to other.
Your config file should end up looking like this:
[putio]
type = webdav
url = https://webdav.put.io
vendor = other
user = YourUserName
pass = encryptedpasswordIf you are using put.io with rclone mount then use the --read-only flag to signal to the OS that it can't write to the mount.
For more help see the put.io webdav docs.
Yandex Disk is a cloud storage solution created by Yandex.
Yandex paths may be as deep as required, eg remote:directory/subdirectory.
Here is an example of making a yandex configuration. First run
rclone configThis will guide you through an interactive setup process:
No remotes found - make a new one
n) New remote
s) Set configuration password
n/s> n
name> remote
Type of storage to configure.
Choose a number from below, or type in your own value
1 / Amazon Drive
\ "amazon cloud drive"
2 / Amazon S3 (also Dreamhost, Ceph, Minio)
\ "s3"
3 / Backblaze B2
\ "b2"
4 / Dropbox
\ "dropbox"
5 / Encrypt/Decrypt a remote
\ "crypt"
6 / Google Cloud Storage (this is not Google Drive)
\ "google cloud storage"
7 / Google Drive
\ "drive"
8 / Hubic
\ "hubic"
9 / Local Disk
\ "local"
10 / Microsoft OneDrive
\ "onedrive"
11 / Openstack Swift (Rackspace Cloud Files, Memset Memstore, OVH)
\ "swift"
12 / SSH/SFTP Connection
\ "sftp"
13 / Yandex Disk
\ "yandex"
Storage> 13
Yandex Client Id - leave blank normally.
client_id>
Yandex Client Secret - leave blank normally.
client_secret>
Remote config
Use auto config?
* Say Y if not sure
* Say N if you are working on a remote or headless machine
y) Yes
n) No
y/n> y
If your browser doesn't open automatically go to the following link: http://127.0.0.1:53682/auth
Log in and authorize rclone for access
Waiting for code...
Got code
--------------------
[remote]
client_id =
client_secret =
token = {"access_token":"xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx","token_type":"bearer","expiry":"2016-12-29T12:27:11.362788025Z"}
--------------------
y) Yes this is OK
e) Edit this remote
d) Delete this remote
y/e/d> ySee the remote setup docs for how to set it up on a machine with no Internet browser available.
Note that rclone runs a webserver on your local machine to collect the token as returned from Yandex Disk. This only runs from the moment it opens your browser to the moment you get back the verification code. This is on http://127.0.0.1:53682/ and this it may require you to unblock it temporarily if you are running a host firewall.
Once configured you can then use rclone like this,
See top level directories
rclone lsd remote:Make a new directory
rclone mkdir remote:directoryList the contents of a directory
rclone ls remote:directorySync /home/local/directory to the remote path, deleting any excess files in the path.
rclone sync /home/local/directory remote:directoryThis remote supports --fast-list which allows you to use fewer transactions in exchange for more memory. See the rclone docs for more details.
Modified times are supported and are stored accurate to 1 ns in custom metadata called rclone_modified in RFC3339 with nanoseconds format.
MD5 checksums are natively supported by Yandex Disk.
If you wish to empty your trash you can use the rclone cleanup remote: command which will permanently delete all your trashed files. This command does not take any path arguments.
Local paths are specified as normal filesystem paths, eg /path/to/wherever, so
rclone sync /home/source /tmp/destinationWill sync /home/source to /tmp/destination
These can be configured into the config file for consistencies sake, but it is probably easier not to.
Rclone reads and writes the modified time using an accuracy determined by the OS. Typically this is 1ns on Linux, 10 ns on Windows and 1 Second on OS X.
Filenames are expected to be encoded in UTF-8 on disk. This is the normal case for Windows and OS X.
There is a bit more uncertainty in the Linux world, but new distributions will have UTF-8 encoded files names. If you are using an old Linux filesystem with non UTF-8 file names (eg latin1) then you can use the convmv tool to convert the filesystem to UTF-8. This tool is available in most distributions' package managers.
If an invalid (non-UTF8) filename is read, the invalid characters will be replaced with the unicode replacement character, '�'. rclone will emit a debug message in this case (use -v to see), eg
Local file system at .: Replacing invalid UTF-8 characters in "gro\xdf"Rclone handles long paths automatically, by converting all paths to long UNC paths which allows paths up to 32,767 characters.
This is why you will see that your paths, for instance c:\files is converted to the UNC path \\?\c:\files in the output, and \\server\share is converted to \\?\UNC\server\share.
However, in rare cases this may cause problems with buggy file system drivers like EncFS. To disable UNC conversion globally, add this to your .rclone.conf file:
[local]
nounc = trueIf you want to selectively disable UNC, you can add it to a separate entry like this:
[nounc]
type = local
nounc = trueAnd use rclone like this:
rclone copy c:\src nounc:z:\dst
This will use UNC paths on c:\src but not on z:\dst. Of course this will cause problems if the absolute path length of a file exceeds 258 characters on z, so only use this option if you have to.
Here are the command line options specific to local storage
Normally rclone will ignore symlinks or junction points (which behave like symlinks under Windows).
If you supply this flag then rclone will follow the symlink and copy the pointed to file or directory.
This flag applies to all commands.
For example, supposing you have a directory structure like this
$ tree /tmp/a
/tmp/a
├── b -> ../b
├── expected -> ../expected
├── one
└── two
└── threeThen you can see the difference with and without the flag like this
$ rclone ls /tmp/a
6 one
6 two/threeand
$ rclone -L ls /tmp/a
4174 expected
6 one
6 two/three
6 b/two
6 b/oneThis flag is deprecated now. Rclone no longer normalizes unicode file names, but it compares them with unicode normalization in the sync routine instead.
This tells rclone to stay in the filesystem specified by the root and not to recurse into different file systems.
For example if you have a directory hierarchy like this
root
├── disk1 - disk1 mounted on the root
│ └── file3 - stored on disk1
├── disk2 - disk2 mounted on the root
│ └── file4 - stored on disk12
├── file1 - stored on the root disk
└── file2 - stored on the root diskUsing rclone --one-file-system copy root remote: will only copy file1 and file2. Eg
$ rclone -q --one-file-system ls root
0 file1
0 file2$ rclone -q ls root
0 disk1/file3
0 disk2/file4
0 file1
0 file2NB Rclone (like most unix tools such as du, rsync and tar) treats a bind mount to the same device as being on the same filesystem.
NB This flag is only available on Unix based systems. On systems where it isn't supported (eg Windows) it will not appear as an valid flag.
This flag disables warning messages on skipped symlinks or junction points, as you explicitly acknowledge that they should be skipped.
lsf: list for parsing purposes (Jakub Tasiemski)
serve restic: for serving a remote as a Restic REST endpoint
rc: enable the remote control of a running rclone
--max-delete flag to add a delete threshold (Bjørn Erik Pedersen)cat: Use RangeOption for limited fetches to make more efficientcryptcheck: make reading of nonce more efficient with RangeOption--user --pass and --htpasswd for authenticationcopy/move: detect file size change during copy/move and abort transfer (ishuah)cryptdecode: added option to return encrypted file names. (ishuah)lsjson: add --encrypted to show encrypted name (Jakub Tasiemski)--stats-file-name-length to specify the printed file name length for stats (Will Gunn)--backup-dir don't delete files if we can't set their modtime
--backup-dirserve http: fix serving files with : in - fixes--exclude-if-present to ignore directories which it doesn't have permission for (Iakov Davydov)--no-traverse flag because it is obsolete--attr-timeout flag to control attribute caching in kernel
--daemon flag to allow mount to run in the background (ishuah)--vfs-cache-mode writes and above
--vfs-cache-poll-interval=0--cache-db-wait-time flag--drive-impersonate for service accounts
--drive-use-created-date to use created date as modified date (nbuchanan)--drive-auth-owner-only to look in all directories--sftp-ask-password flag to prompt for password when needed (Leo R. Lundgren)set_modtime configuration optionrcat - read from standard input and stream uploadtree - shows a nicely formatted recursive listingcryptdecode - decode crypted file names (thanks ishuah)config show - print the config fileconfig file - print the config file locationsyncdedupe - implement merging of duplicate directoriescheck and cryptcheck made more consistent and use less memorycleanup for remaining remotes (thanks ishuah)--immutable for ensuring that files don't change (thanks Jacob McNamee)--user-agent option (thanks Alex McGrath Kraak)--disable flag to disable optional features--bind flag for choosing the local addr on outgoing connectionssynccheck obey --ignore-sizeconfig ensures newly written config is on the same mount--skip-links to suppress symlink warnings (thanks Zhiming Wang)rcat internals to support uploads from all remotes--fast-list--drive-use-trash to true--b2-hard-delete to permanently delete (not hide) files (thanks John Papandriopoulos)default containerendpoint_type config: inrclone mount to limit external apps--size-only or --checksum to avoid this--stats flag--files-from operations iterating through the source bucket.rclone check shows count of hashes that couldn't be checkedrclone listremotes commandAuthorization: lines from --dump-headers outputrclone move command
rclone check on crypted file systems-qrclone mount - FUSE--no-modtime, --debug-fuse, --read-only, --allow-non-empty, --allow-root, --allow-other--default-permissions, --write-back-cache, --max-read-ahead, --umask, --uid, --gid--dir-cache-time to control caching of directory entries-no-seek flag to disable--acd-upload-wait-per-gb
-x/--one-file-system to stay on a single file system
.epub, .odp and .tsv as export formats.rclone config now goes through the wizard+ in them.X-Bz-Test-Mode header.--max-size 0bb suffix so we can specify bytes in --bwlimit, --min-size etc-I, --ignore-times for unconditional uploaddedupecommand
--dry-run--dedupe-mode for non interactive running--dedupe-mode interactive - interactive the default.--dedupe-mode skip - removes identical files then skips anything left.--dedupe-mode first - removes identical files then keeps the first one.--dedupe-mode newest - removes identical files then keeps the newest one.--dedupe-mode oldest - removes identical files then keeps the oldest one.--dedupe-mode rename - removes identical files then renames the rest to be different.--size-only flag.--size-only.rclone config adding more help and making it easier to understand-u/--update so creation times can be used on all remotes--low-level-retries flag--no-gzip-encoding--dry-run setmove command--log-filedelete command to wait until all finished - fixes missing deletes.more than one upload using auth tokenstorage_url in the config - thanks Xavier Lucasrclone authorizedelete command which does obey the filters (unlike purge)dedupe command to deduplicate a remote. Useful with Google Drive.--ignore-existing flag to skip all files that exist on destination.--delete-before, --delete-during, --delete-after flags.--memprofile flag to debug memory use.--include rules add their implict exclude * at the end of the filter list--drive-auth-owner-only to only consider files owned by the user - thanks Björn Harrtell+ in.--dry-run!--no-check-certificate option to disable server certificate verificationrclone size for measuring remotes--dump-headers--drive-use-trash flag so rclone trashes instead of deletesWith remotes that have a concept of directory, eg Local and Drive, empty directories may be left behind, or not created when one was expected.
This is because rclone doesn't have a concept of a directory - it only works on objects. Most of the object storage systems can't actually store a directory so there is nowhere for rclone to store anything about directories.
You can work round this to some extent with thepurge command which will delete everything under the path, inluding empty directories.
This may be fixed at some point in Issue #100
For the same reason as the above, rclone doesn't have a concept of a directory - it only works on objects, therefore it can't preserve the timestamps of directories.
Yes they do. All the rclone commands (eg sync, copy etc) will work on all the remote storage systems.
Sure! Rclone stores all of its config in a single file. If you want to find this file, the simplest way is to run rclone -h and look at the help for the --config flag which will tell you where it is.
See the remote setup docs for more info.
This has now been documented in its own remote setup page.
Rclone can sync between two remote cloud storage systems just fine.
Note that it effectively downloads the file and uploads it again, so the node running rclone would need to have lots of bandwidth.
The syncs would be incremental (on a file by file basis).
Eg
rclone sync drive:Folder s3:bucketYou can use rclone from multiple places at the same time if you choose different subdirectory for the output, eg
Server A> rclone sync /tmp/whatever remote:ServerA
Server B> rclone sync /tmp/whatever remote:ServerBIf you sync to the same directory then you should use rclone copy otherwise the two rclones may delete each others files, eg
Server A> rclone copy /tmp/whatever remote:Backup
Server B> rclone copy /tmp/whatever remote:BackupThe file names you upload from Server A and Server B should be different in this case, otherwise some file systems (eg Drive) may make duplicates.
Rclone stores each file you transfer as a native object on the remote cloud storage system. This means that you can see the files you upload as expected using alternative access methods (eg using the Google Drive web interface). There is a 1:1 mapping between files on your hard disk and objects created in the cloud storage system.
Cloud storage systems (at least none I've come across yet) don't support partially uploading an object. You can't take an existing object, and change some bytes in the middle of it.
It would be possible to make a sync system which stored binary diffs instead of whole objects like rclone does, but that would break the 1:1 mapping of files on your hard disk to objects in the remote cloud storage system.
All the cloud storage systems support partial downloads of content, so it would be possible to make partial downloads work. However to make this work efficiently this would require storing a significant amount of metadata, which breaks the desired 1:1 mapping of files to objects.
No, not at present. rclone only does uni-directional sync from A -> B. It may do in the future though since it has all the primitives - it just requires writing the algorithm to do it.
Yes. rclone will use the environment variables HTTP_PROXY, HTTPS_PROXY and NO_PROXY, similar to cURL and other programs.
HTTPS_PROXY takes precedence over HTTP_PROXY for https requests.
The environment values may be either a complete URL or a "host[:port]", in which case the "http" scheme is assumed.
The NO_PROXY allows you to disable the proxy for specific hosts. Hosts must be comma separated, and can contain domains or parts. For instance "foo.com" also matches "bar.foo.com".
This means that rclone can't file the SSL root certificates. Likely you are running rclone on a NAS with a cut-down Linux OS, or possibly on Solaris.
Rclone (via the Go runtime) tries to load the root certificates from these places on Linux.
"/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt", // Debian/Ubuntu/Gentoo etc.
"/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt", // Fedora/RHEL
"/etc/ssl/ca-bundle.pem", // OpenSUSE
"/etc/pki/tls/cacert.pem", // OpenELECSo doing something like this should fix the problem. It also sets the time which is important for SSL to work properly.
mkdir -p /etc/ssl/certs/
curl -o /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bagder/ca-bundle/master/ca-bundle.crt
ntpclient -s -h pool.ntp.orgThe two environment variables SSL_CERT_FILE and SSL_CERT_DIR, mentioned in the x509 pacakge, provide an additional way to provide the SSL root certificates.
Note that you may need to add the --insecure option to the curl command line if it doesn't work without.
curl --insecure -o /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt https://raw.githubusercontent.com/bagder/ca-bundle/master/ca-bundle.crtLikely this means that you are running rclone on Linux version not supported by the go runtime, ie earlier than version 2.6.23.
See the system requirements section in the go install docs for full details.
This is caused by uploading these files from a Windows computer which hasn't got the Microsoft Office suite installed. The easiest way to fix is to install the Word viewer and the Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack for Word, Excel, and PowerPoint 2007 and later versions' file formats
This happens when rclone cannot resolve a domain. Please check that your DNS setup is generally working, e.g.
# both should print a long list of possible IP addresses
dig www.googleapis.com # resolve using your default DNS
dig www.googleapis.com @8.8.8.8 # resolve with Google's DNS serverIf you are using systemd-resolved (default on Arch Linux), ensure it is at version 233 or higher. Previous releases contain a bug which causes not all domains to be resolved properly.
Additionally with the GODEBUG=netdns= environment variable the Go resolver decision can be influenced. This also allows to resolve certain issues with DNS resolution. See the name resolution section in the go docs.
This is free software under the terms of MIT the license (check the COPYING file included with the source code).
Copyright (C) 2012 by Nick Craig-Wood https://www.craig-wood.com/nick/
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.Forum for general discussions and questions:
The project website is at:
There you can file bug reports, ask for help or contribute pull requests.
Rclone has a Google+ page which announcements are posted to
You can also follow me on twitter for rclone announcements
Or if all else fails or you want to ask something private or confidential email Nick Craig-Wood