--- title: "Bisync" description: "Bidirectional cloud sync solution in rclone" versionIntroduced: "v1.58.0" --- ## Getting started {#getting-started} - [Install rclone](/install/) and setup your remotes. - Bisync will create its working directory at `~/.cache/rclone/bisync` on Linux or `C:\Users\MyLogin\AppData\Local\rclone\bisync` on Windows. Make sure that this location is writable. - Run bisync with the `--resync` flag, specifying the paths to the local and remote sync directory roots. - For successive sync runs, leave off the `--resync` flag. - Consider using a [filters file](#filtering) for excluding unnecessary files and directories from the sync. - Consider setting up the [--check-access](#check-access-option) feature for safety. - On Linux, consider setting up a [crontab entry](#cron). bisync can safely run in concurrent cron jobs thanks to lock files it maintains. Here is a typical run log (with timestamps removed for clarity): ``` rclone bisync /testdir/path1/ /testdir/path2/ --verbose INFO : Synching Path1 "/testdir/path1/" with Path2 "/testdir/path2/" INFO : Path1 checking for diffs INFO : - Path1 File is new - file11.txt INFO : - Path1 File is newer - file2.txt INFO : - Path1 File is newer - file5.txt INFO : - Path1 File is newer - file7.txt INFO : - Path1 File was deleted - file4.txt INFO : - Path1 File was deleted - file6.txt INFO : - Path1 File was deleted - file8.txt INFO : Path1: 7 changes: 1 new, 3 newer, 0 older, 3 deleted INFO : Path2 checking for diffs INFO : - Path2 File is new - file10.txt INFO : - Path2 File is newer - file1.txt INFO : - Path2 File is newer - file5.txt INFO : - Path2 File is newer - file6.txt INFO : - Path2 File was deleted - file3.txt INFO : - Path2 File was deleted - file7.txt INFO : - Path2 File was deleted - file8.txt INFO : Path2: 7 changes: 1 new, 3 newer, 0 older, 3 deleted INFO : Applying changes INFO : - Path1 Queue copy to Path2 - /testdir/path2/file11.txt INFO : - Path1 Queue copy to Path2 - /testdir/path2/file2.txt INFO : - Path2 Queue delete - /testdir/path2/file4.txt NOTICE: - WARNING New or changed in both paths - file5.txt NOTICE: - Path1 Renaming Path1 copy - /testdir/path1/file5.txt..path1 NOTICE: - Path1 Queue copy to Path2 - /testdir/path2/file5.txt..path1 NOTICE: - Path2 Renaming Path2 copy - /testdir/path2/file5.txt..path2 NOTICE: - Path2 Queue copy to Path1 - /testdir/path1/file5.txt..path2 INFO : - Path2 Queue copy to Path1 - /testdir/path1/file6.txt INFO : - Path1 Queue copy to Path2 - /testdir/path2/file7.txt INFO : - Path2 Queue copy to Path1 - /testdir/path1/file1.txt INFO : - Path2 Queue copy to Path1 - /testdir/path1/file10.txt INFO : - Path1 Queue delete - /testdir/path1/file3.txt INFO : - Path2 Do queued copies to - Path1 INFO : - Path1 Do queued copies to - Path2 INFO : - Do queued deletes on - Path1 INFO : - Do queued deletes on - Path2 INFO : Updating listings INFO : Validating listings for Path1 "/testdir/path1/" vs Path2 "/testdir/path2/" INFO : Bisync successful ``` ## Command line syntax ``` $ rclone bisync --help Usage: rclone bisync remote1:path1 remote2:path2 [flags] Positional arguments: Path1, Path2 Local path, or remote storage with ':' plus optional path. Type 'rclone listremotes' for list of configured remotes. Optional Flags: --check-access Ensure expected `RCLONE_TEST` files are found on both Path1 and Path2 filesystems, else abort. --check-filename FILENAME Filename for `--check-access` (default: `RCLONE_TEST`) --check-sync CHOICE Controls comparison of final listings: `true | false | only` (default: true) If set to `only`, bisync will only compare listings from the last run but skip actual sync. --filters-file PATH Read filtering patterns from a file --max-delete PERCENT Safety check on maximum percentage of deleted files allowed. If exceeded, the bisync run will abort. (default: 50%) --force Bypass `--max-delete` safety check and run the sync. Consider using with `--verbose` --remove-empty-dirs Remove empty directories at the final cleanup step. -1, --resync Performs the resync run. Warning: Path1 files may overwrite Path2 versions. Consider using `--verbose` or `--dry-run` first. --localtime Use local time in listings (default: UTC) --no-cleanup Retain working files (useful for troubleshooting and testing). --workdir PATH Use custom working directory (useful for testing). (default: `~/.cache/rclone/bisync`) -n, --dry-run Go through the motions - No files are copied/deleted. -v, --verbose Increases logging verbosity. May be specified more than once for more details. -h, --help help for bisync ``` Arbitrary rclone flags may be specified on the [bisync command line](/commands/rclone_bisync/), for example `rclone bisync ./testdir/path1/ gdrive:testdir/path2/ --drive-skip-gdocs -v -v --timeout 10s` Note that interactions of various rclone flags with bisync process flow has not been fully tested yet. ### Paths Path1 and Path2 arguments may be references to any mix of local directory paths (absolute or relative), UNC paths (`//server/share/path`), Windows drive paths (with a drive letter and `:`) or configured [remotes](/docs/#syntax-of-remote-paths) with optional subdirectory paths. Cloud references are distinguished by having a `:` in the argument (see [Windows support](#windows) below). Path1 and Path2 are treated equally, in that neither has priority for file changes, and access efficiency does not change whether a remote is on Path1 or Path2. The listings in bisync working directory (default: `~/.cache/rclone/bisync`) are named based on the Path1 and Path2 arguments so that separate syncs to individual directories within the tree may be set up, e.g.: `path_to_local_tree..dropbox_subdir.lst`. Any empty directories after the sync on both the Path1 and Path2 filesystems are not deleted by default. If the `--remove-empty-dirs` flag is specified, then both paths will have any empty directories purged as the last step in the process. ## Command-line flags #### --resync This will effectively make both Path1 and Path2 filesystems contain a matching superset of all files. Path2 files that do not exist in Path1 will be copied to Path1, and the process will then sync the Path1 tree to Path2. The base directories on the both Path1 and Path2 filesystems must exist or bisync will fail. This is required for safety - that bisync can verify that both paths are valid. When using `--resync` a newer version of a file on the Path2 filesystem will be overwritten by the Path1 filesystem version. Carefully evaluate deltas using [--dry-run](/flags/#non-backend-flags). For a resync run, one of the paths may be empty (no files in the path tree). The resync run should result in files on both paths, else a normal non-resync run will fail. For a non-resync run, either path being empty (no files in the tree) fails with `Empty current PathN listing. Cannot sync to an empty directory: X.pathN.lst` This is a safety check that an unexpected empty path does not result in deleting **everything** in the other path. #### --check-access Access check files are an additional safety measure against data loss. bisync will ensure it can find matching `RCLONE_TEST` files in the same places in the Path1 and Path2 filesystems. Time stamps and file contents are not important, just the names and locations. Place one or more `RCLONE_TEST` files in the Path1 or Path2 filesystem and then do either a run without `--check-access` or a `--resync` to set matching files on both filesystems. If you have symbolic links in your sync tree it is recommended to place `RCLONE_TEST` files in the linked-to directory tree to protect against bisync assuming a bunch of deleted files if the linked-to tree should not be accessible. Also see the `--check-filename` flag. #### --max-delete As a safety check, if greater than the `--max-delete` percent of files were deleted on either the Path1 or Path2 filesystem, then bisync will abort with a warning message, without making any changes. The default `--max-delete` is `50%`. One way to trigger this limit is to rename a directory that contains more than half of your files. This will appear to bisync as a bunch of deleted files and a bunch of new files. This safety check is intended to block bisync from deleting all of the files on both filesystems due to a temporary network access issue, or if the user had inadvertently deleted the files on one side or the other. To force the sync either set a different delete percentage limit, e.g. `--max-delete 75` (allows up to 75% deletion), or use `--force` to bypass the check. Also see the [all files changed](#all-files-changed) check. #### --filters-file {#filters-file} By using rclone filter features you can exclude file types or directory sub-trees from the sync. See the [bisync filters](#filtering) section and generic [--filter-from](/filtering/#filter-from-read-filtering-patterns-from-a-file) documentation. An [example filters file](#example-filters-file) contains filters for non-allowed files for synching with Dropbox. If you make changes to your filters file then bisync requires a run with `--resync`. This is a safety feature, which avoids existing files on the Path1 and/or Path2 side from seeming to disappear from view (since they are excluded in the new listings), which would fool bisync into seeing them as deleted (as compared to the prior run listings), and then bisync would proceed to delete them for real. To block this from happening bisync calculates an MD5 hash of the filters file and stores the hash in a `.md5` file in the same place as your filters file. On the next runs with `--filters-file` set, bisync re-calculates the MD5 hash of the current filters file and compares it to the hash stored in `.md5` file. If they don't match the run aborts with a critical error and thus forces you to do a `--resync`, likely avoiding a disaster. #### --check-sync Enabled by default, the check-sync function checks that all of the same files exist in both the Path1 and Path2 history listings. This _check-sync_ integrity check is performed at the end of the sync run by default. Any untrapped failing copy/deletes between the two paths might result in differences between the two listings and in the untracked file content differences between the two paths. A resync run would correct the error. Note that the default-enabled integrity check locally executes a load of both the final Path1 and Path2 listings, and thus adds to the run time of a sync. Using `--check-sync=false` will disable it and may significantly reduce the sync run times for very large numbers of files. The check may be run manually with `--check-sync=only`. It runs only the integrity check and terminates without actually synching. ## Operation ### Runtime flow details bisync retains the listings of the `Path1` and `Path2` filesystems from the prior run. On each successive run it will: - list files on `path1` and `path2`, and check for changes on each side. Changes include `New`, `Newer`, `Older`, and `Deleted` files. - Propagate changes on `path1` to `path2`, and vice-versa. ### Safety measures - Lock file prevents multiple simultaneous runs when taking a while. This can be particularly useful if bisync is run by cron scheduler. - Handle change conflicts non-destructively by creating `..path1` and `..path2` file versions. - File system access health check using `RCLONE_TEST` files (see the `--check-access` flag). - Abort on excessive deletes - protects against a failed listing being interpreted as all the files were deleted. See the `--max-delete` and `--force` flags. - If something evil happens, bisync goes into a safe state to block damage by later runs. (See [Error Handling](#error-handling)) ### Normal sync checks Type | Description | Result | Implementation --------------|-----------------------------------------------|--------------------------|----------------------------- Path2 new | File is new on Path2, does not exist on Path1 | Path2 version survives | `rclone copy` Path2 to Path1 Path2 newer | File is newer on Path2, unchanged on Path1 | Path2 version survives | `rclone copy` Path2 to Path1 Path2 deleted | File is deleted on Path2, unchanged on Path1 | File is deleted | `rclone delete` Path1 Path1 new | File is new on Path1, does not exist on Path2 | Path1 version survives | `rclone copy` Path1 to Path2 Path1 newer | File is newer on Path1, unchanged on Path2 | Path1 version survives | `rclone copy` Path1 to Path2 Path1 older | File is older on Path1, unchanged on Path2 | _Path1 version survives_ | `rclone copy` Path1 to Path2 Path2 older | File is older on Path2, unchanged on Path1 | _Path2 version survives_ | `rclone copy` Path2 to Path1 Path1 deleted | File no longer exists on Path1 | File is deleted | `rclone delete` Path2 ### Unusual sync checks Type | Description | Result | Implementation --------------------------------|---------------------------------------|------------------------------------|----------------------- Path1 new AND Path2 new | File is new on Path1 AND new on Path2 | Files renamed to _Path1 and _Path2 | `rclone copy` _Path2 file to Path1, `rclone copy` _Path1 file to Path2 Path2 newer AND Path1 changed | File is newer on Path2 AND also changed (newer/older/size) on Path1 | Files renamed to _Path1 and _Path2 | `rclone copy` _Path2 file to Path1, `rclone copy` _Path1 file to Path2 Path2 newer AND Path1 deleted | File is newer on Path2 AND also deleted on Path1 | Path2 version survives | `rclone copy` Path2 to Path1 Path2 deleted AND Path1 changed | File is deleted on Path2 AND changed (newer/older/size) on Path1 | Path1 version survives |`rclone copy` Path1 to Path2 Path1 deleted AND Path2 changed | File is deleted on Path1 AND changed (newer/older/size) on Path2 | Path2 version survives | `rclone copy` Path2 to Path1 ### All files changed check {#all-files-changed} if _all_ prior existing files on either of the filesystems have changed (e.g. timestamps have changed due to changing the system's timezone) then bisync will abort without making any changes. Any new files are not considered for this check. You could use `--force` to force the sync (whichever side has the changed timestamp files wins). Alternately, a `--resync` may be used (Path1 versions will be pushed to Path2). Consider the situation carefully and perhaps use `--dry-run` before you commit to the changes. ### Modification time Bisync relies on file timestamps to identify changed files and will _refuse_ to operate if backend lacks the modification time support. If you or your application should change the content of a file without changing the modification time then bisync will _not_ notice the change, and thus will not copy it to the other side. Note that on some cloud storage systems it is not possible to have file timestamps that match _precisely_ between the local and other filesystems. Bisync's approach to this problem is by tracking the changes on each side _separately_ over time with a local database of files in that side then applying the resulting changes on the other side. ### Error handling {#error-handling} Certain bisync critical errors, such as file copy/move failing, will result in a bisync lockout of following runs. The lockout is asserted because the sync status and history of the Path1 and Path2 filesystems cannot be trusted, so it is safer to block any further changes until someone checks things out. The recovery is to do a `--resync` again. It is recommended to use `--resync --dry-run --verbose` initially and _carefully_ review what changes will be made before running the `--resync` without `--dry-run`. Most of these events come up due to a error status from an internal call. On such a critical error the `{...}.path1.lst` and `{...}.path2.lst` listing files are renamed to extension `.lst-err`, which blocks any future bisync runs (since the normal `.lst` files are not found). Bisync keeps them under `bisync` subdirectory of the rclone cache directory, typically at `${HOME}/.cache/rclone/bisync/` on Linux. Some errors are considered temporary and re-running the bisync is not blocked. The _critical return_ blocks further bisync runs. ### Lock file When bisync is running, a lock file is created in the bisync working directory, typically at `~/.cache/rclone/bisync/PATH1..PATH2.lck` on Linux. If bisync should crash or hang, the lock file will remain in place and block any further runs of bisync _for the same paths_. Delete the lock file as part of debugging the situation. The lock file effectively blocks follow-on (e.g., scheduled by _cron_) runs when the prior invocation is taking a long time. The lock file contains _PID_ of the blocking process, which may help in debug. **Note** that while concurrent bisync runs are allowed, _be very cautious_ that there is no overlap in the trees being synched between concurrent runs, lest there be replicated files, deleted files and general mayhem. ### Return codes `rclone bisync` returns the following codes to calling program: - `0` on a successful run, - `1` for a non-critical failing run (a rerun may be successful), - `2` for a critically aborted run (requires a `--resync` to recover). ## Limitations ### Supported backends Bisync is considered _BETA_ and has been tested with the following backends: - Local filesystem - Google Drive - Dropbox - OneDrive - S3 - SFTP - Yandex Disk It has not been fully tested with other services yet. If it works, or sorta works, please let us know and we'll update the list. Run the test suite to check for proper operation as described below. First release of `rclone bisync` requires that underlying backend supported the modification time feature and will refuse to run otherwise. This limitation will be lifted in a future `rclone bisync` release. ### Concurrent modifications When using **Local, FTP or SFTP** remotes rclone does not create _temporary_ files at the destination when copying, and thus if the connection is lost the created file may be corrupt, which will likely propagate back to the original path on the next sync, resulting in data loss. This will be solved in a future release, there is no workaround at the moment. Files that **change during** a bisync run may result in data loss. This has been seen in a highly dynamic environment, where the filesystem is getting hammered by running processes during the sync. The solution is to sync at quiet times or [filter out](#filtering) unnecessary directories and files. ### Empty directories New empty directories on one path are _not_ propagated to the other side. This is because bisync (and rclone) natively works on files not directories. The following sequence is a workaround but will not propagate the delete of an empty directory to the other side: ``` rclone bisync PATH1 PATH2 rclone copy PATH1 PATH2 --filter "+ */" --filter "- **" --create-empty-src-dirs rclone copy PATH2 PATH2 --filter "+ */" --filter "- **" --create-empty-src-dirs ``` ### Renamed directories Renaming a folder on the Path1 side results is deleting all files on the Path2 side and then copying all files again from Path1 to Path2. Bisync sees this as all files in the old directory name as deleted and all files in the new directory name as new. Similarly, renaming a directory on both sides to the same name will result in creating `..path1` and `..path2` files on both sides. Currently the most effective and efficient method of renaming a directory is to rename it on both sides, then do a `--resync`. ### Case sensitivity Synching with **case-insensitive** filesystems, such as Windows or `Box`, can result in file name conflicts. This will be fixed in a future release. The near term workaround is to make sure that files on both sides don't have spelling case differences (`Smile.jpg` vs. `smile.jpg`). ## Windows support {#windows} Bisync has been tested on Windows 8.1, Windows 10 Pro 64-bit and on Windows GitHub runners. Drive letters are allowed, including drive letters mapped to network drives (`rclone bisync J:\localsync GDrive:`). If a drive letter is omitted, the shell current drive is the default. Drive letters are a single character follows by `:`, so cloud names must be more than one character long. Absolute paths (with or without a drive letter), and relative paths (with or without a drive letter) are supported. Working directory is created at `C:\Users\MyLogin\AppData\Local\rclone\bisync`. Note that bisync output may show a mix of forward `/` and back `\` slashes. Be careful of case independent directory and file naming on Windows vs. case dependent Linux ## Filtering {#filtering} See [filtering documentation](/filtering/) for how filter rules are written and interpreted. Bisync's [`--filters-file`](#filters-file) flag slightly extends the rclone's [--filter-from](/filtering/#filter-from-read-filtering-patterns-from-a-file) filtering mechanism. For a given bisync run you may provide _only one_ `--filters-file`. The `--include*`, `--exclude*`, and `--filter` flags are also supported. ### How to filter directories Filtering portions of the directory tree is a critical feature for synching. Examples of directory trees (always beneath the Path1/Path2 root level) you may want to exclude from your sync: - Directory trees containing only software build intermediate files. - Directory trees containing application temporary files and data such as the Windows `C:\Users\MyLogin\AppData\` tree. - Directory trees containing files that are large, less important, or are getting thrashed continuously by ongoing processes. On the other hand, there may be only select directories that you actually want to sync, and exclude all others. See the [Example include-style filters for Windows user directories](#include-filters) below. ### Filters file writing guidelines 1. Begin with excluding directory trees: - e.g. `- /AppData/` - `**` on the end is not necessary. Once a given directory level is excluded then everything beneath it won't be looked at by rclone. - Exclude such directories that are unneeded, are big, dynamically thrashed, or where there may be access permission issues. - Excluding such dirs first will make rclone operations (much) faster. - Specific files may also be excluded, as with the Dropbox exclusions example below. 2. Decide if its easier (or cleaner) to: - Include select directories and therefore _exclude everything else_ -- or -- - Exclude select directories and therefore _include everything else_ 3. Include select directories: - Add lines like: `+ /Documents/PersonalFiles/**` to select which directories to include in the sync. - `**` on the end specifies to include the full depth of the specified tree. - With Include-style filters, files at the Path1/Path2 root are not included. They may be included with `+ /*`. - Place RCLONE_TEST files within these included directory trees. They will only be looked for in these directory trees. - Finish by excluding everything else by adding `- **` at the end of the filters file. - Disregard step 4. 4. Exclude select directories: - Add more lines like in step 1. For example: `-/Desktop/tempfiles/`, or `- /testdir/`. Again, a `**` on the end is not necessary. - Do _not_ add a `- **` in the file. Without this line, everything will be included that has not be explicitly excluded. - Disregard step 3. A few rules for the syntax of a filter file expanding on [filtering documentation](/filtering/): - Lines may start with spaces and tabs - rclone strips leading whitespace. - If the first non-whitespace character is a `#` then the line is a comment and will be ignored. - Blank lines are ignored. - The first non-whitespace character on a filter line must be a `+` or `-`. - Exactly 1 space is allowed between the `+/-` and the path term. - Only forward slashes (`/`) are used in path terms, even on Windows. - The rest of the line is taken as the path term. Trailing whitespace is taken literally, and probably is an error. ### Example include-style filters for Windows user directories {#include-filters} This Windows _include-style_ example is based on the sync root (Path1) set to `C:\Users\MyLogin`. The strategy is to select specific directories to be synched with a network drive (Path2). - `- /AppData/` excludes an entire tree of Windows stored stuff that need not be synched. In my case, AppData has >11 GB of stuff I don't care about, and there are some subdirectories beneath AppData that are not accessible to my user login, resulting in bisync critical aborts. - Windows creates cache files starting with both upper and lowercase `NTUSER` at `C:\Users\MyLogin`. These files may be dynamic, locked, and are generally _don't care_. - There are just a few directories with _my_ data that I do want synched, in the form of `+ /`. By selecting only the directory trees I want to avoid the dozen plus directories that various apps make at `C:\Users\MyLogin\Documents`. - Include files in the root of the sync point, `C:\Users\MyLogin`, by adding the `+ /*` line. - This is an Include-style filters file, therefore it ends with `- **` which excludes everything not explicitly included. ``` - /AppData/ - NTUSER* - ntuser* + /Documents/Family/** + /Documents/Sketchup/** + /Documents/Microcapture_Photo/** + /Documents/Microcapture_Video/** + /Desktop/** + /Pictures/** + /* - ** ``` Note also that Windows implements several "library" links such as `C:\Users\MyLogin\My Documents\My Music` pointing to `C:\Users\MyLogin\Music`. rclone sees these as links, so you must add `--links` to the bisync command line if you which to follow these links. I find that I get permission errors in trying to follow the links, so I don't include the rclone `--links` flag, but then you get lots of `Can't follow symlink…` noise from rclone about not following the links. This noise can be quashed by adding `--quiet` to the bisync command line. ## Example exclude-style filters files for use with Dropbox {#exclude-filters} - Dropbox disallows synching the listed temporary and configuration/data files. The `- ` filters exclude these files where ever they may occur in the sync tree. Consider adding similar exclusions for file types you don't need to sync, such as core dump and software build files. - bisync testing creates `/testdir/` at the top level of the sync tree, and usually deletes the tree after the test. If a normal sync should run while the `/testdir/` tree exists the `--check-access` phase may fail due to unbalanced RCLONE_TEST files. The `- /testdir/` filter blocks this tree from being synched. You don't need this exclusion if you are not doing bisync development testing. - Everything else beneath the Path1/Path2 root will be synched. - RCLONE_TEST files may be placed anywhere within the tree, including the root. ### Example filters file for Dropbox {#example-filters-file} ``` # Filter file for use with bisync # See https://rclone.org/filtering/ for filtering rules # NOTICE: If you make changes to this file you MUST do a --resync run. # Run with --dry-run to see what changes will be made. # Dropbox wont sync some files so filter them away here. # See https://help.dropbox.com/installs-integrations/sync-uploads/files-not-syncing - .dropbox.attr - ~*.tmp - ~$* - .~* - desktop.ini - .dropbox # Used for bisync testing, so excluded from normal runs - /testdir/ # Other example filters #- /TiBU/ #- /Photos/ ``` ### How --check-access handles filters At the start of a bisync run, listings are gathered for Path1 and Path2 while using the user's `--filters-file`. During the check access phase, bisync scans these listings for `RCLONE_TEST` files. Any `RCLONE_TEST` files hidden by the `--filters-file` are _not_ in the listings and thus not checked during the check access phase. ## Troubleshooting {#troubleshooting} ### Reading bisync logs Here are two normal runs. The first one has a newer file on the remote. The second has no deltas between local and remote. ``` 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : Synching Path1 "/path/to/local/tree/" with Path2 "dropbox:/" 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : Path1 checking for diffs 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : - Path1 File is new - file.txt 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : Path1: 1 changes: 1 new, 0 newer, 0 older, 0 deleted 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : Path2 checking for diffs 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : Applying changes 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : - Path1 Queue copy to Path2 - dropbox:/file.txt 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : - Path1 Do queued copies to - Path2 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : Updating listings 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : Validating listings for Path1 "/path/to/local/tree/" vs Path2 "dropbox:/" 2021/05/16 00:24:38 INFO : Bisync successful 2021/05/16 00:36:52 INFO : Synching Path1 "/path/to/local/tree/" with Path2 "dropbox:/" 2021/05/16 00:36:52 INFO : Path1 checking for diffs 2021/05/16 00:36:52 INFO : Path2 checking for diffs 2021/05/16 00:36:52 INFO : No changes found 2021/05/16 00:36:52 INFO : Updating listings 2021/05/16 00:36:52 INFO : Validating listings for Path1 "/path/to/local/tree/" vs Path2 "dropbox:/" 2021/05/16 00:36:52 INFO : Bisync successful ``` ### Dry run oddity The `--dry-run` messages may indicate that it would try to delete some files. For example, if a file is new on Path2 and does not exist on Path1 then it would normally be copied to Path1, but with `--dry-run` enabled those copies don't happen, which leads to the attempted delete on the Path2, blocked again by --dry-run: `... Not deleting as --dry-run`. This whole confusing situation is an artifact of the `--dry-run` flag. Scrutinize the proposed deletes carefully, and if the files would have been copied to Path1 then the threatened deletes on Path2 may be disregarded. ### Retries Rclone has built in retries. If you run with `--verbose` you'll see error and retry messages such as shown below. This is usually not a bug. If at the end of the run you see `Bisync successful` and not `Bisync critical error` or `Bisync aborted` then the run was successful, and you can ignore the error messages. The following run shows an intermittent fail. Lines _5_ and _6- are low level messages. Line _6_ is a bubbled-up _warning_ message, conveying the error. Rclone normally retries failing commands, so there may be numerous such messages in the log. Since there are no final error/warning messages on line _7_, rclone has recovered from failure after a retry, and the overall sync was successful. ``` 1: 2021/05/14 00:44:12 INFO : Synching Path1 "/path/to/local/tree" with Path2 "dropbox:" 2: 2021/05/14 00:44:12 INFO : Path1 checking for diffs 3: 2021/05/14 00:44:12 INFO : Path2 checking for diffs 4: 2021/05/14 00:44:12 INFO : Path2: 113 changes: 22 new, 0 newer, 0 older, 91 deleted 5: 2021/05/14 00:44:12 ERROR : /path/to/local/tree/objects/af: error listing: unexpected end of JSON input 6: 2021/05/14 00:44:12 NOTICE: WARNING listing try 1 failed. - dropbox: 7: 2021/05/14 00:44:12 INFO : Bisync successful ``` This log shows a _Critical failure_ which requires a `--resync` to recover from. See the [Runtime Error Handling](#error-handling) section. ``` 2021/05/12 00:49:40 INFO : Google drive root '': Waiting for checks to finish 2021/05/12 00:49:40 INFO : Google drive root '': Waiting for transfers to finish 2021/05/12 00:49:40 INFO : Google drive root '': not deleting files as there were IO errors 2021/05/12 00:49:40 ERROR : Attempt 3/3 failed with 3 errors and: not deleting files as there were IO errors 2021/05/12 00:49:40 ERROR : Failed to sync: not deleting files as there were IO errors 2021/05/12 00:49:40 NOTICE: WARNING rclone sync try 3 failed. - /path/to/local/tree/ 2021/05/12 00:49:40 ERROR : Bisync aborted. Must run --resync to recover. ``` ### Denied downloads of "infected" or "abusive" files Google Drive has a filter for certain file types (`.exe`, `.apk`, et cetera) that by default cannot be copied from Google Drive to the local filesystem. If you are having problems, run with `--verbose` to see specifically which files are generating complaints. If the error is `This file has been identified as malware or spam and cannot be downloaded`, consider using the flag [--drive-acknowledge-abuse](/drive/#drive-acknowledge-abuse). ### Google Doc files Google docs exist as virtual files on Google Drive and cannot be transferred to other filesystems natively. While it is possible to export a Google doc to a normal file (with `.xlsx` extension, for example), it is not possible to import a normal file back into a Google document. Bisync's handling of Google Doc files is to flag them in the run log output for user's attention and ignore them for any file transfers, deletes, or syncs. They will show up with a length of `-1` in the listings. This bisync run is otherwise successful: ``` 2021/05/11 08:23:15 INFO : Synching Path1 "/path/to/local/tree/base/" with Path2 "GDrive:" 2021/05/11 08:23:15 INFO : ...path2.lst-new: Ignoring incorrect line: "- -1 - - 2018-07-29T08:49:30.136000000+0000 GoogleDoc.docx" 2021/05/11 08:23:15 INFO : Bisync successful ``` ## Usage examples ### Cron {#cron} Rclone does not yet have a built-in capability to monitor the local file system for changes and must be blindly run periodically. On Windows this can be done using a _Task Scheduler_, on Linux you can use _Cron_ which is described below. The 1st example runs a sync every 5 minutes between a local directory and an OwnCloud server, with output logged to a runlog file: ``` # Minute (0-59) # Hour (0-23) # Day of Month (1-31) # Month (1-12 or Jan-Dec) # Day of Week (0-6 or Sun-Sat) # Command */5 * * * * /path/to/rclone bisync /local/files MyCloud: --check-access --filters-file /path/to/bysync-filters.txt --log-file /path/to//bisync.log ``` See [crontab syntax](https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/crontab.1p.html#INPUT_FILES)). for the details of crontab time interval expressions. If you run `rclone bisync` as a cron job, redirect stdout/stderr to a file. The 2nd example runs a sync to Dropbox every hour and logs all stdout (via the `>>`) and stderr (via `2>&1`) to a log file. ``` 0 * * * * /path/to/rclone bisync /path/to/local/dropbox Dropbox: --check-access --filters-file /home/user/filters.txt >> /path/to/logs/dropbox-run.log 2>&1 ``` ### Sharing an encrypted folder tree between hosts bisync can keep a local folder in sync with a cloud service, but what if you have some highly sensitive files to be synched? Usage of a cloud service is for exchanging both routine and sensitive personal files between one's home network, one's personal notebook when on the road, and with one's work computer. The routine data is not sensitive. For the sensitive data, configure an rclone [crypt remote](/crypt/) to point to a subdirectory within the local disk tree that is bisync'd to Dropbox, and then set up an bisync for this local crypt directory to a directory outside of the main sync tree. ### Linux server setup - `/path/to/DBoxroot` is the root of my local sync tree. There are numerous subdirectories. - `/path/to/DBoxroot/crypt` is the root subdirectory for files that are encrypted. This local directory target is setup as an rclone crypt remote named `Dropcrypt:`. See [rclone.conf](#rclone-conf-snippet) snippet below. - `/path/to/my/unencrypted/files` is the root of my sensitive files - not encrypted, not within the tree synched to Dropbox. - To sync my local unencrypted files with the encrypted Dropbox versions I manually run `bisync /path/to/my/unencrypted/files DropCrypt:`. This step could be bundled into a script to run before and after the full Dropbox tree sync in the last step, thus actively keeping the sensitive files in sync. - `bisync /path/to/DBoxroot Dropbox:` runs periodically via cron, keeping my full local sync tree in sync with Dropbox. ### Windows notebook setup - The Dropbox client runs keeping the local tree `C:\Users\MyLogin\Dropbox` always in sync with Dropbox. I could have used `rclone bisync` instead. - A separate directory tree at `C:\Users\MyLogin\Documents\DropLocal` hosts the tree of unencrypted files/folders. - To sync my local unencrypted files with the encrypted Dropbox versions I manually run the following command: `rclone bisync C:\Users\MyLogin\Documents\DropLocal Dropcrypt:`. - The Dropbox client then syncs the changes with Dropbox. ### rclone.conf snippet {#rclone-conf-snippet} ``` [Dropbox] type = dropbox ... [Dropcrypt] type = crypt remote = /path/to/DBoxroot/crypt # on the Linux server remote = C:\Users\MyLogin\Dropbox\crypt # on the Windows notebook filename_encryption = standard directory_name_encryption = true password = ... ... ``` ## Testing {#testing} You should read this section only if you are developing for rclone. You need to have rclone source code locally to work with bisync tests. Bisync has a dedicated test framework implemented in the `bisync_test.go` file located in the rclone source tree. The test suite is based on the `go test` command. Series of tests are stored in subdirectories below the `cmd/bisync/testdata` directory. Individual tests can be invoked by their directory name, e.g. `go test . -case basic -remote local -remote2 gdrive: -v` Tests will make a temporary folder on remote and purge it afterwards. If during test run there are intermittent errors and rclone retries, these errors will be captured and flagged as invalid MISCOMPAREs. Rerunning the test will let it pass. Consider such failures as noise. ### Test command syntax ``` usage: go test ./cmd/bisync [options...] Options: -case NAME Name(s) of the test case(s) to run. Multiple names should be separated by commas. You can remove the `test_` prefix and replace `_` by `-` in test name for convenience. If not `all`, the name(s) should map to a directory under `./cmd/bisync/testdata`. Use `all` to run all tests (default: all) -remote PATH1 `local` or name of cloud service with `:` (default: local) -remote2 PATH2 `local` or name of cloud service with `:` (default: local) -no-compare Disable comparing test results with the golden directory (default: compare) -no-cleanup Disable cleanup of Path1 and Path2 testdirs. Useful for troubleshooting. (default: cleanup) -golden Store results in the golden directory (default: false) This flag can be used with multiple tests. -debug Print debug messages -stop-at NUM Stop test after given step number. (default: run to the end) Implies `-no-compare` and `-no-cleanup`, if the test really ends prematurely. Only meaningful for a single test case. -refresh-times Force refreshing the target modtime, useful for Dropbox (default: false) -verbose Run tests verbosely ``` Note: unlike rclone flags which must be prefixed by double dash (`--`), the test command flags can be equally prefixed by a single `-` or double dash. ### Running tests - `go test . -case basic -remote local -remote2 local` runs the `test_basic` test case using only the local filesystem, synching one local directory with another local directory. Test script output is to the console, while commands within scenario.txt have their output sent to the `.../workdir/test.log` file, which is finally compared to the golden copy. - The first argument after `go test` should be a relative name of the directory containing bisync source code. If you run tests right from there, the argument will be `.` (current directory) as in most examples below. If you run bisync tests from the rclone source directory, the command should be `go test ./cmd/bisync ...`. - The test engine will mangle rclone output to ensure comparability with golden listings and logs. - Test scenarios are located in `./cmd/bisync/testdata`. The test `-case` argument should match the full name of a subdirectory under that directory. Every test subdirectory name on disk must start with `test_`, this prefix can be omitted on command line for brevity. Also, underscores in the name can be replaced by dashes for convenience. - `go test . -remote local -remote2 local -case all` runs all tests. - Path1 and Path2 may either be the keyword `local` or may be names of configured cloud services. `go test . -remote gdrive: -remote2 dropbox: -case basic` will run the test between these two services, without transferring any files to the local filesystem. - Test run stdout and stderr console output may be directed to a file, e.g. `go test . -remote gdrive: -remote2 local -case all > runlog.txt 2>&1` ### Test execution flow 1. The base setup in the `initial` directory of the testcase is applied on the Path1 and Path2 filesystems (via rclone copy the initial directory to Path1, then rclone sync Path1 to Path2). 2. The commands in the scenario.txt file are applied, with output directed to the `test.log` file in the test working directory. Typically, the first actual command in the `scenario.txt` file is to do a `--resync`, which establishes the baseline `{...}.path1.lst` and `{...}.path2.lst` files in the test working directory (`.../workdir/` relative to the temporary test directory). Various commands and listing snapshots are done within the test. 3. Finally, the contents of the test working directory are compared to the contents of the testcase's golden directory. ### Notes about testing - Test cases are in individual directories beneath `./cmd/bisync/testdata`. A command line reference to a test is understood to reference a directory beneath `testdata`. For example, `go test ./cmd/bisync -case dry-run -remote gdrive: -remote2 local` refers to the test case in `./cmd/bisync/testdata/test_dry_run`. - The test working directory is located at `.../workdir` relative to a temporary test directory, usually under `/tmp` on Linux. - The local test sync tree is created at a temporary directory named like `bisync.XXX` under system temporary directory. - The remote test sync tree is located at a temporary directory under `/bisync.XXX/`. - `path1` and/or `path2` subdirectories are created in a temporary directory under the respective local or cloud test remote. - By default, the Path1 and Path2 test dirs and workdir will be deleted after each test run. The `-no-cleanup` flag disables purging these directories when validating and debugging a given test. These directories will be flushed before running another test, independent of the `-no-cleanup` usage. - You will likely want to add `- /testdir/` to your normal bisync `--filters-file` so that normal syncs do not attempt to sync the test temporary directories, which may have `RCLONE_TEST` miscompares in some testcases which would otherwise trip the `--check-access` system. The `--check-access` mechanism is hard-coded to ignore `RCLONE_TEST` files beneath `bisync/testdata`, so the test cases may reside on the synched tree even if there are check file mismatches in the test tree. - Some Dropbox tests can fail, notably printing the following message: `src and dst identical but can't set mod time without deleting and re-uploading` This is expected and happens due a way Dropbox handles modification times. You should use the `-refresh-times` test flag to make up for this. - If Dropbox tests hit request limit for you and print error message `too_many_requests/...: Too many requests or write operations.` then follow the [Dropbox App ID instructions](/dropbox/#get-your-own-dropbox-app-id). ### Updating golden results Sometimes even a slight change in the bisync source can cause little changes spread around many log files. Updating them manually would be a nightmare. The `-golden` flag will store the `test.log` and `*.lst` listings from each test case into respective golden directories. Golden results will automatically contain generic strings instead of local or cloud paths which means that they should match when run with a different cloud service. Your normal workflow might be as follows: 1. Git-clone the rclone sources locally 2. Modify bisync source and check that it builds 3. Run the whole test suite `go test ./cmd/bisync -remote local` 4. If some tests show log difference, recheck them individually, e.g.: `go test ./cmd/bisync -remote local -case basic` 5. If you are convinced with the difference, goldenize all tests at once: `go test ./cmd/bisync -remote local -golden` 6. Use word diff: `git diff --word-diff ./cmd/bisync/testdata/`. Please note that normal line-level diff is generally useless here. 7. Check the difference _carefully_! 8. Commit the change (`git commit`) _only_ if you are sure. If unsure, save your code changes then wipe the log diffs from git: `git reset [--hard]`. ### Structure of test scenarios - `/initial/` contains a tree of files that will be set as the initial condition on both Path1 and Path2 testdirs. - `/modfiles/` contains files that will be used to modify the Path1 and/or Path2 filesystems. - `/golden/` contains the expected content of the test working directory (`workdir`) at the completion of the testcase. - `/scenario.txt` contains the body of the test, in the form of various commands to modify files, run bisync, and snapshot listings. Output from these commands is captured to `.../workdir/test.log` for comparison to the golden files. ### Supported test commands - `test ` Print the line to the console and to the `test.log`: `test sync is working correctly with options x, y, z` - `copy-listings ` Save a copy of all `.lst` listings in the test working directory with the specified prefix: `save-listings exclude-pass-run` - `move-listings ` Similar to `copy-listings` but removes the source - `purge-children ` This will delete all child files and purge all child subdirs under given directory but keep the parent intact. This behavior is important for tests with Google Drive because removing and re-creating the parent would change its ID. - `delete-file ` Delete a single file. - `delete-glob ` Delete a group of files located one level deep in the given directory with names maching a given glob pattern. - `touch-glob YYYY-MM-DD ` Change modification time on a group of files. - `touch-copy YYYY-MM-DD ` Change file modification time then copy it to destination. - `copy-file ` Copy a single file to given directory. - `copy-as ` Similar to above but destination must include both directory and the new file name at destination. - `copy-dir ` and `sync-dir ` Copy/sync a directory. Equivalent of `rclone copy` and `rclone sync`. - `list-dirs ` Equivalent to `rclone lsf -R --dirs-only ` - `bisync [options]` Runs bisync against `-remote` and `-remote2`. ### Supported substitution terms - `{testdir/}` - the root dir of the testcase - `{datadir/}` - the `modfiles` dir under the testcase root - `{workdir/}` - the temporary test working directory - `{path1/}` - the root of the Path1 test directory tree - `{path2/}` - the root of the Path2 test directory tree - `{session}` - base name of the test listings - `{/}` - OS-specific path separator - `{spc}`, `{tab}`, `{eol}` - whitespace - `{chr:HH}` - raw byte with given hexadecimal code Substitution results of the terms named like `{dir/}` will end with `/` (or backslash on Windows), so it is not necessary to include slash in the usage, for example `delete-file {path1/}file1.txt`. ## Benchmarks _This section is work in progress._ Here are a few data points for scale, execution times, and memory usage. The first set of data was taken between a local disk to Dropbox. The [speedtest.net](https://speedtest.net) download speed was ~170 Mbps, and upload speed was ~10 Mbps. 500 files (~9.5 MB each) had been already synched. 50 files were added in a new directory, each ~9.5 MB, ~475 MB total. Change | Operations and times | Overall run time --------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|------------------ 500 files synched (nothing to move) | 1x listings for Path1 & Path2 | 1.5 sec 500 files synched with --check-access | 1x listings for Path1 & Path2 | 1.5 sec 50 new files on remote | Queued 50 copies down: 27 sec | 29 sec Moved local dir | Queued 50 copies up: 410 sec, 50 deletes up: 9 sec | 421 sec Moved remote dir | Queued 50 copies down: 31 sec, 50 deletes down: <1 sec | 33 sec Delete local dir | Queued 50 deletes up: 9 sec | 13 sec This next data is from a user's application. They had ~400GB of data over 1.96 million files being sync'ed between a Windows local disk and some remote cloud. The file full path length was on average 35 characters (which factors into load time and RAM required). - Loading the prior listing into memory (1.96 million files, listing file size 140 MB) took ~30 sec and occupied about 1 GB of RAM. - Getting a fresh listing of the local file system (producing the 140 MB output file) took about XXX sec. - Getting a fresh listing of the remote file system (producing the 140 MB output file) took about XXX sec. The network download speed was measured at XXX Mb/s. - Once the prior and current Path1 and Path2 listings were loaded (a total of four to be loaded, two at a time), determining the deltas was pretty quick (a few seconds for this test case), and the transfer time for any files to be copied was dominated by the network bandwidth. ## References rclone's bisync implementation was derived from the [rclonesync-V2](https://github.com/cjnaz/rclonesync-V2) project, including documentation and test mechanisms, with [@cjnaz](https://github.com/cjnaz)'s full support and encouragement. `rclone bisync` is similar in nature to a range of other projects: - [unison](https://github.com/bcpierce00/unison) - [syncthing](https://github.com/syncthing/syncthing) - [cjnaz/rclonesync](https://github.com/cjnaz/rclonesync-V2) - [ConorWilliams/rsinc](https://github.com/ConorWilliams/rsinc) - [jwink3101/syncrclone](https://github.com/Jwink3101/syncrclone) - [DavideRossi/upback](https://github.com/DavideRossi/upback) Bisync adopts the differential synchronization technique, which is based on keeping history of changes performed by both synchronizing sides. See the _Dual Shadow Method_ section in the [Neil Fraser's article](https://neil.fraser.name/writing/sync/). Also note a number of academic publications by [Benjamin Pierce](http://www.cis.upenn.edu/%7Ebcpierce/papers/index.shtml#File%20Synchronization) about _Unison_ and synchronization in general.