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  <articleinfo>
    <title>Shorewall Logging</title>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Tom</firstname>

        <surname>Eastep</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>

    <pubdate><?dbtimestamp format="Y/m/d"?></pubdate>

    <copyright>
      <year>2001 - 2009</year>

      <holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
    </copyright>

    <legalnotice>
      <para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
      document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
      1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
      no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
      Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
      <quote><ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation
      License</ulink></quote>.</para>
    </legalnotice>
  </articleinfo>

  <caution>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">This article applies to Shorewall 4.3 and
    later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall
    4.3.5 then please see the documentation for that
    release.</emphasis></para>
  </caution>

  <section id="Log">
    <title>How to Log Traffic Through a Shorewall Firewall</title>

    <para>The disposition of packets entering a Shorewall firewall is
    determined by one of a number of Shorewall facilities. Only some of these
    facilities permit logging.</para>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>The packet is part of an established connection. While the
        packet can be logged using LOG rules in the ESTABLISHED section of
        <ulink
        url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html">/etc/shorewall/rules</ulink>, that
        is not recommended because of the large amount of information that may
        be logged.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The packet represents a connection request that is related to an
        established connection (such as a <ulink url="FTP.html">data
        connection associated with an FTP control connection</ulink>). These
        packets may be logged using LOG rules in the RELATED section of <ulink
        url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html">/etc/shorewall/rules</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The packet is rejected because of an option in <ulink
        url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>
        or <ulink
        url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</ulink>.
        These packets can be logged by setting the appropriate logging-related
        option in <ulink
        url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The packet matches a rule in <ulink
        url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html">/etc/shorewall/rules</ulink>. By
        including a syslog level (see below) in the ACTION column of a rule
        (e.g., <quote>ACCEPT<emphasis role="bold">:info</emphasis> net $FW tcp
        22</quote>), the connection attempt will be logged at that
        level.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The packet doesn't match a rule so it is handled by a policy
        defined in <ulink
        url="manpages/shorewall-policy.html">/etc/shorewall/policy</ulink>.
        These may be logged by specifying a syslog level in the LOG LEVEL
        column of the policy's entry (e.g., <quote>loc net ACCEPT <emphasis
        role="bold">info</emphasis></quote>).</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
  </section>

  <section id="Where">
    <title>Where the Traffic is Logged and How to Change the
    Destination</title>

    <para>By default, Shorewall directs Netfilter to log using syslog (8).
    Syslog classifies log messages by a <emphasis>facility</emphasis> and a
    <emphasis>priority</emphasis> (using the notation
    <emphasis>facility.priority</emphasis>).</para>

    <para>The facilities defined by syslog are <emphasis>auth, authpriv, cron,
    daemon, kern, lpr, mail, mark, news, syslog, user, uucp</emphasis> and
    <emphasis>local0</emphasis> through <emphasis>local7.</emphasis></para>

    <para>Throughout the Shorewall documentation, I will use the term
    <emphasis>level</emphasis> rather than <emphasis>priority </emphasis>since
    <emphasis>level</emphasis> is the term used by Netfilter. The syslog
    documentation uses the term <emphasis>priority</emphasis>.</para>

    <section id="Levels">
      <title>Syslog Levels</title>

      <para>Syslog levels are a method of describing to syslog (8) the
      importance of a message. A number of Shorewall parameters have a syslog
      level as their value.</para>

      <para>Valid levels are:</para>

      <simplelist>
        <member>7 - <emphasis role="bold">debug</emphasis> (Debug-level
        messages)</member>

        <member>6 - <emphasis role="bold">info</emphasis>
        (Informational)</member>

        <member>5 - <emphasis role="bold">notice</emphasis> (Normal but
        significant Condition)</member>

        <member>4 - <emphasis role="bold">warning</emphasis> (Warning
        Condition)</member>

        <member>3 - <emphasis role="bold">err</emphasis> (Error
        Condition)</member>

        <member>2 - <emphasis role="bold">crit</emphasis> (Critical
        Conditions)</member>

        <member>1 - <emphasis role="bold">alert</emphasis> (must be handled
        immediately)</member>

        <member>0 - <emphasis role="bold">emerg</emphasis> (System is
        unusable)</member>
      </simplelist>

      <para>For most Shorewall logging, a level of 6 (info) is appropriate.
      Shorewall log messages are generated by Netfilter and are logged using
      the <emphasis>kern</emphasis> facility and the level that you specify.
      If you are unsure of the level to choose, 6 (info) is a safe bet. You
      may specify levels by name or by number.</para>

      <para>Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.5, the
      <replaceable>level</replaceable> name or number may be optionally
      followed by a comma-separated list of one or more<replaceable> log
      options</replaceable>. The list is enclosed in parentheses. Log options
      cause additional information to be included in each log message.</para>

      <para>Valid log options are:</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">ip_options</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Log messages will include the option settings from the IP
            header.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">macdecode</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Decode the MAC address and protocol.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">tcp_sequence</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Include TCP sequence numbers.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">tcp_options</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Include options from the TCP header.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term><emphasis role="bold">uid</emphasis></term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Include the UID of the sending program; only valid for
            packets originating on the firewall itself.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

      <para>Example: <emphasis
      role="bold">info(tcp_options,tcp_sequence)</emphasis></para>

      <para>Syslogd writes log messages to files (typically in <filename
      class="directory">/var/log/</filename>*) based on their facility and
      level. The mapping of these facility/level pairs to log files is done in
      /etc/syslog.conf (5). If you make changes to this file, you must restart
      syslogd before the changes can take effect.</para>

      <para>Syslog may also write to your system console. See <ulink
      url="FAQ.htm#faq16">Shorewall FAQ 16</ulink> for ways to avoid having
      Shorewall messages written to the console.</para>
    </section>

    <section id="ULOG">
      <title>Configuring a Separate Log for Shorewall Messages (ulogd)</title>

      <para>There are a couple of limitations to syslogd-based logging:</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>If you give, for example, kern.info its own log destination
          then that destination will also receive all kernel messages of
          levels 5 (notice) through 0 (emerg).</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>All kernel.info messages will go to that destination and not
          just those from Netfilter.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>If your kernel has ULOG target support (and most vendor-supplied
      kernels do), you may also specify a log level of ULOG (must be all
      caps). When ULOG is used, Shorewall will direct Netfilter to log the
      related messages via the ULOG target which will send them to a process
      called <quote>ulogd</quote>. The ulogd program is included in most
      distributions and is also available from <ulink
      url="http://www.netfilter.org/projects/ulogd/index.html">http://www.netfilter.org/projects/ulogd/index.html</ulink>.
      Ulogd can be configured to log all Shorewall messages to their own log
      file.</para>

      <note>
        <para>The ULOG logging mechanism is <emphasis
        role="underline">completely separate</emphasis> from syslog. Once you
        switch to ULOG, the settings in <filename>/etc/syslog.conf</filename>
        have absolutely no effect on your Shorewall logging (except for
        Shorewall status messages which still go to syslog).</para>
      </note>

      <para>You will need to change all instances of log levels (usually
      <quote>info</quote>) in your Shorewall configuration files to
      <quote>ULOG</quote> - this includes entries in the policy, rules and
      shorewall.conf files. Here's what I had at one time:</para>

      <programlisting>gateway:/etc/shorewall# grep -v ^\# * | egrep '\$LOG|ULOG|LOGFILE'
params:LOG=ULOG
policy:loc              $FW             REJECT          $LOG
policy:net              all             DROP            $LOG            10/sec:40
policy:all              all             REJECT          $LOG
rules:REJECT:$LOG       loc                             net                     tcp     25
rules:REJECT:$LOG       loc                             net                     udp     1025:1031
rules:REJECT:$LOG       dmz                             net                     udp     1025:1031
rules:ACCEPT:$LOG       dmz                             net                     tcp     1024:                                   20
rules:REJECT:$LOG       $FW                             net                     udp     1025:1031
shorewall.conf:LOGFILE=/var/log/shorewall
shorewall.conf:LOGUNCLEAN=$LOG
shorewall.conf:MACLIST_LOG_LEVEL=$LOG
shorewall.conf:TCP_FLAGS_LOG_LEVEL=$LOG
shorewall.conf:RFC1918_LOG_LEVEL=$LOG
gateway:/etc/shorewall#                                               </programlisting>

      <para>Finally edit <filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename>
      and set LOGFILE=&lt;<emphasis>file that you wish to log
      to</emphasis>&gt;. This tells the <filename>/sbin/shorewall</filename>
      program where to look for the log when processing its
      <quote><command>show log</command></quote>,
      <quote><command>logwatch</command></quote> and
      <quote><command>dump</command></quote> commands.</para>

      <para>The NFLOG target, a successor to ULOG, is supported shorewall.
      Both ULOG and NFLOG may be followed by a list of up to three numbers in
      parentheses.</para>

      <itemizedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>The first number specifies the netlink group (1-32). If
          omitted (e.g., NFLOG(,0,10)) then a value of 1 is assumed.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The second number specifies the maximum number of bytes to
          copy. If omitted, 0 (no limit) is assumed.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>The third number specifies the number of log messages that
          should be buffered in the kernel before they are sent to user space.
          The default is 1.</para>
        </listitem>
      </itemizedlist>

      <para>Examples:</para>

      <para><filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename>:
      <programlisting>MACLIST_LOG_LEVEL=NFLOG(1,0,1)</programlisting></para>

      <para><filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename>:<programlisting>#ACTION             SOURCE     DEST     PROTO     DEST
#                                                 PORT(S)
ACCEPT:NFLOG(1,0,1) vpn        fw       tcp       ssh,time,631,8080 </programlisting></para>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="Syslog-ng">
    <title>Syslog-ng</title>

    <para><ulink
    url="http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=gentoo-security&amp;amp;m=106040714910563&amp;amp;w=2">Here</ulink>
    is a post describing configuring syslog-ng to work with Shorewall. Recent
    <trademark>SUSE</trademark> releases come preconfigured with syslog-ng
    with Netfilter messages (including Shorewall's) are written to
    <filename>/var/log/firewall</filename>.</para>
  </section>

  <section id="Contents">
    <title>Understanding the Contents of Shorewall Log Messages</title>

    <para>For general information on the contents of Netfilter log messages,
    see <ulink
    url="http://logi.cc/en/2010/07/netfilter-log-format/">http://logi.cc/en/2010/07/netfilter-log-format/</ulink>.</para>

    <para>For Shorewall-specific information, see <ulink
    url="FAQ.htm#faq17">FAQ #17</ulink>.</para>
  </section>
</article>
