shorewall_code/docs/starting_and_stopping_shorewall.xml

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  <!--$Id$-->

  <articleinfo>
    <title>Operating Shorewall</title>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Tom</firstname>

        <surname>Eastep</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>

    <pubdate>2006-03-07</pubdate>

    <copyright>
      <year>2004</year>

      <year>2005</year>

      <year>2006</year>

      <holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
    </copyright>

    <legalnotice>
      <para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
      document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
      1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
      no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
      Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
      <quote><ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation
      License</ulink></quote>.</para>
    </legalnotice>
  </articleinfo>

  <caution>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">This article applies to Shorewall 3.0 and
    later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall
    3.0.0 then please see the documentation for that
    release</emphasis>.</para>
  </caution>

  <section>
    <title>Operational Components</title>

    <para>There are a number of files that comprise the operational components
    of Shorewall.</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><filename>/sbin/shorewall</filename> — The program that you use
        to interact with Shorewall. Normally the root user's PATH includes
        <filename>/sbin</filename> and the program can be run from a shell
        prompt by simply typing <command>shorewall</command> followed by a
        command.</para>

        <warning>
          <para>In some releases of KDE, the default configuration of the
          <emphasis role="bold">konsole</emphasis> program is brain dead with
          respect to the "Root Console". It executes the command "su" where it
          should execute "su -"; the latter will cause a login shell to be
          created which will in turn set PATH properly. You can correct this
          problem as follows:</para>

          <orderedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>Click on "Settings" on the toolbar and select "Configure
              Konsole"</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>Select the "Session" tab.</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>Click on "Root Console"</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>Change the Execute command from "su" to "su -"</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>Click on "Save Session"</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>Click on "Ok"</para>
            </listitem>
          </orderedlist>
        </warning>

        <para>To see a list of supported commands, use the
        <command>help</command> command:</para>

        <programlisting><command>shorewall help</command></programlisting>

        <para>To get further information about a particular command, follow
        <command>help</command> by the command:</para>

        <programlisting><command>shorewall help start</command></programlisting>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><filename>/etc/shorewall</filename> — The default directory
        where Shorewall looks for configuration files. See the sections
        entitled <link linkend="AddDirectories">Additional Configuration
        Directories</link> and <link linkend="AltConfig">Alternate
        Configuration Directories</link> for information about how you can
        direct Shorewall to look in other directories.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><filename>/etc/init.d/shorewall</filename>
        (<filename>/etc/rc.d/firewall.rc</filename> on Slackware) — The script
        run by <command>init</command> (the program responsible for startup
        and shutdown of your system) to start Shorewall at boot time and to
        stop Shorewall at shutdown.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><filename>/usr/share/shorewall/compiler</filename> — In
        Shorewall 3.1 and later, the program that processes your Shorewall
        configuration files and creates a script to start, stop, restart,
        restore and clear the firewall.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><filename>/usr/share/shorewall/firewall</filename> — In
        Shorewall 3.0 and earlier, the program responsible for configuring
        Netfilter based on your configuration files.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><filename>/usr/share/shorewall/functions</filename> — A library
        of Bourne Shell functions used by both<filename>
        /sbin/shorewall</filename> and
        <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/firewall</filename>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Starting, Stopping and Clearing</title>

    <para>As explained in the <ulink
    url="Introduction.html">Introduction</ulink>, Shorewall is not something
    that runs all of the time in your system. Nevertheless, for integrating
    Shorewall into your initialization scripts it is useful to speak of
    <firstterm>starting</firstterm> Shorewall and
    <emphasis>stopping</emphasis> Shorewall.</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Shorewall is started using the <command>shorewall
        start</command> command. Once the start command completes
        successfully, Netfilter is configured as described in your Shorewall
        configuration files. If there is an error during <command>shorewall
        start</command>, then if you have a <firstterm>saved
        configuration</firstterm> then that configuration is restored.
        Otherwise, an implicit <command>shorewall stop</command> is
        executed.</para>

        <important>
          <para>Beginning with Shorewall 3.1, <command>shorewall
          start</command> is implemented as a <firstterm>compile and
          go</firstterm>; that is, the configuration is compiled and if there
          are no compilation errors then the resulting compiled script is
          executed. If there are compilation errors, the command is aborted
          and the state of the firewall is not altered.</para>
        </important>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Shorewall is stopped using the <command>shorewall stop</command>
        command.</para>

        <important>
          <para>The <command>shorewall stop</command> command does not remove
          all netfilter rules and open your firewall for all traffic to pass.
          It rather places your firewall in a safe state defined by the
          contents of your <ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Routestopped">/etc/shorewall/routestopped</ulink>
          file and the setting of ADMINISABSENTMINDED in <ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>.</para>
        </important>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>If you want to remove all Netfilter rules and open your firewall
        for all traffic to pass, use the <command>shorewall clear</command>
        command.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>If you change your configuration and want to install the
        changes, use the <command>shorewall restart </command>command.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>For additional information, see the<link linkend="State"> Shorewall
    State Diagram</link> section.</para>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Tracing Command Execution</title>

    <para>If you include the word <emphasis role="bold">trace</emphasis> as
    the first parameter to an <filename>/sbin/shorewall</filename> command
    that transfers control to
    <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/firewall</filename>, execution of the
    latter program will be traced to STDERR.</para>

    <example>
      <title>Tracing <command>shorewall start</command></title>

      <para>To trace the execution of <command>shorewall start</command> and
      write the trace to the file <filename>/tmp/trace</filename>, you would
      enter:<programlisting><command>shorewall trace start 2&gt; /tmp/trace</command></programlisting></para>
    </example>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Having Shorewall Start Automatically at Boot Time</title>

    <para>The .rpm, .deb and .tgz all try to configure your startup scripts so
    that Shorewall will start automatically at boot time. If you are using the
    <command>install.sh </command>script from the .tgz and it cannot determine
    how to configure automatic startup, a message to that effect will be
    displayed. You will need to consult your distribution's documentation to
    see how to integrate the <filename>/etc/init.d/shorewall</filename> script
    into the distribution's startup mechanism.<caution>
        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Shorewall startup is disabled by default. Once you have
            configured your firewall, you can enable startup by editing
            <filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> and setting
            STARTUP_ENABLED=Yes.. Note: Users of the .deb package must rather
            edit <filename>/etc/default/shorewall</filename> and set
            <quote>startup=1</quote>.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>If you use dialup or some flavor of PPP where your IP
            address can change arbitrarily, you may want to start the firewall
            in your <command>/etc/ppp/ip-up.local</command> script. I
            recommend just placing <quote><command>/sbin/shorewall
            restart</command></quote> in that script.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </caution></para>
  </section>

  <section id="Saved">
    <title>Saving a Working Configuration for Error Recovery and Fast
    Startup</title>

    <para>Once you have Shorewall working the way that you want it to, you can
    use <command>shorewall save</command> to <firstterm>save</firstterm> the
    commands necessary to recreate that configuration in a <firstterm>restore
    script</firstterm>.</para>

    <para>In its simplest form, the save command is just:</para>

    <programlisting><command>shorewall save</command></programlisting>

    <para>That command creates the default restore script,
    <filename>/var/lib/shorewall/restore</filename>. The default may be
    changed using the RESTOREFILE option in <ulink
    url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>. A
    different file name may also be specified in the <command>save</command>
    command:</para>

    <programlisting><command>shorewall save &lt;filename&gt;</command></programlisting>

    <para>Where &lt;<emphasis>filename</emphasis>&gt; is a simple file name
    (no slashes).</para>

    <para>Once created, the default restore script serves several useful
    purposes:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>If you change your configuration and there is an error when you
        try to restart Shorewall, the restore script will be run to restore
        your firewall to working order.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Bootup is faster. The -f option of the start command (e.g.,
        <command>shorewall -f start</command>) causes Shorewall to look for
        the default restore script and if it exists, the script is run. This
        is much faster than starting Shorewall using the normal mechanism of
        reading the configuration files and running
        <command>iptables</command> dozens or even hundreds of times.
        <filename>By default, /etc/init.d/shorewall</filename>
        (<filename>/etc/rc.d/firewall.rc</filename>) uses the -f option when
        it is processing a request to start Shorewall.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>The <command>shorewall restore</command> command can be used at
        any time to quickly configure the firewall.</para>

        <programlisting><command>shorewall restore [ &lt;filename&gt; ]</command></programlisting>

        <para>If no &lt;<emphasis>filename</emphasis>&gt; is given, the
        default restore script is used. Otherwise, the script
        <filename>/var/lib/shorewall/&lt;filename&gt;</filename> is
        used.</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>The ability to have multiple restore scripts means that you can save
    different Shorewall firewall configurations and switch between them
    quickly using the <command>restore</command> command.</para>

    <para>Restore scripts may be removed using the <command>shorewall
    forget</command> command:</para>

    <programlisting><command>shorewall forget [ &lt;filename&gt; ]</command></programlisting>

    <para>If no &lt;<emphasis>filename</emphasis>&gt; is given, the default
    restore script is removed. Otherwise,
    <filename>/var/lib/shorewall/&lt;filename&gt;</filename> is removed (of
    course, you can also use the Linux <command>rm</command> command from the
    shell prompt to remove these files).</para>
  </section>

  <section id="AddDirectories">
    <title>Additional Configuration Directories</title>

    <para>The CONFIG_PATH setting in
    <filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> determines where
    Shorewall looks for configuration files. The default setting is
    CONFIG_PATH=<filename
    class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename>:<filename
    class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename> which means that
    <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> is searched first
    and if the file is not found then <filename
    class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename> is searched. You can
    change the value of CONFIG_PATH to cause additional directories to be
    searched but CONFIG_PATH should <emphasis>always</emphasis> include both
    <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and <filename
    class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename>.</para>

    <para>When an alternate configuration directory is specified as described
    in the <link linkend="AddDirectories">next section</link>, that directory
    is searched <emphasis>before</emphasis> those directories listed in
    CONFIG_PATH.</para>

    <para>Example - Search <filename
    class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename>, <filename
    class="directory">/etc/shorewall/actiondir</filename> and <filename
    class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename> in that order:</para>

    <programlisting>CONFIG_PATH=/etc/shorewall:/etc/shorewall/actiondir:/usr/share/shorewall</programlisting>

    <para>The above is the setting that I once used to allow me to place all
    of my user-defined 'action.' files in <filename
    class="directory">/etc/shorewall/actiondir</filename>.</para>
  </section>

  <section id="AltConfig">
    <title>Alternate Configuration Directories</title>

    <para>As explained <link linkend="AddDirectories">above</link>, Shorewall
    normally looks for configuration files in the directories specified by the
    CONFIG_PATH option in <filename
    class="directory">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename>. The
    <command>shorewall start</command>, <command>shorewall restart</command>,
    <command>shorewall check</command>, and <command>shorewall try
    </command>commands allow you to specify an additional directory for
    Shorewall to check before looking in the directories listed in
    CONFIG_PATH.</para>

    <programlisting>     <command>shorewall {start|restart|check} &lt;configuration-directory&gt;</command>
     <command>shorewall try &lt;configuration-directory&gt; [ &lt;timeout&gt; ]</command></programlisting>

    <para>If a <emphasis>&lt;configuration-directory</emphasis>&gt; is
    specified, each time that Shorewall is going to read a file, it will first
    look in the<emphasis> &lt;configuration-directory&gt;</emphasis> . If the
    file is present in the
    <emphasis>&lt;configuration-directory&gt;,</emphasis> that file will be
    used; otherwise, the directories in the CONFIG_PATH will be searched. When
    changing the configuration of a production firewall, I recommend the
    following:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>If you haven't saved the current working configuration, do so
        using <command>shorewall save</command>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><command>mkdir /etc/test</command></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><command>cd /etc/test</command></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>&lt;copy any files that you need to change from /etc/shorewall
        to . and change them here&gt;</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><command>shorewall check ./</command></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>&lt;correct any errors found by check and check again&gt;</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><command>shorewall try ./</command></para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <para>If the configuration starts but doesn't work, just <quote>shorewall
    restart</quote> to restore the old configuration. If the new configuration
    fails to start, the <quote>try</quote> command will automatically restore
    your configuration.</para>

    <para>When the new configuration works then just:</para>

    <itemizedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para><command>cp -f * /etc/shorewall</command></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><command>cd</command></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><command>rm -rf /etc/test</command></para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para><command>shorewall save</command></para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Command Reference</title>

    <para>The general form of a command in Shorewall 3.0 is:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para><command>shorewall [ &lt;options&gt; ] &lt;command&gt; [
      &lt;argument&gt; ... ]</command></para>

      <para>Available options are:</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>-c &lt;directory&gt;</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Specifies an <link linkend="AltConfig">alternate
            configuration directory</link>.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>-f</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Specifies fast restart. See the <command>start</command>
            command below.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>-n</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Prevents the command from changing the firewall system's
            routing configuration.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>-q</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Causes some of the output to be suppressed.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>-v</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Causes Ethernet MAC addresses to be included in log message
            displays.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>

        <varlistentry>
          <term>-x</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>Causes all iptables -L commands to display actual packet and
            byte counts.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>
    </blockquote>

    <para>The general form of a command in Shorewall 3.1 and later is:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para><command>shorewall [ &lt;options&gt; ] &lt;command&gt; [
      &lt;command options&gt; ] [ &lt;argument&gt; ... ]</command></para>

      <para>For compatibility, Shorewall 3.1 and later accept all of the 3.0
      command options. In addition, 3.1 defines some new options and also
      defines command-specific options that are entered after the command on
      the run-line.</para>

      <para>New options are:</para>

      <variablelist>
        <varlistentry>
          <term>-t</term>

          <listitem>
            <para>All progress messages are timestamped with the date and
            time.</para>
          </listitem>
        </varlistentry>
      </variablelist>

      <para>In addition, the <command>-q</command> and <command>-v</command>
      options may be repeated to make the output less or more verbose
      respectively. The default level of verbosity is determined by the
      setting of the VERBOSITY option in
      <filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename>.</para>
    </blockquote>

    <para>Following in alphabetical order are the supported commands.</para>

    <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
        <term>add</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall add &lt;interface&gt;[:&lt;host-list&gt;] …
          &lt;zone&gt;</command></para>

          <para>A &lt;host-list&gt; is a comma-separated list whose entries
          are:</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>A host or network address</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>The name of a bridge port</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>The name of a bridge port followed by a colon (":") and a
              host or network address.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>

          <para>Adds an interface (and list of hosts if included) to a dynamic
          zone usually used with VPN's.</para>

          <para>Example: <command>shorewall add ipsec0:192.0.2.24
          vpn1</command></para>

          <para>adds the address 192.0.2.24 from interface ipsec0 to the zone
          vpn1.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>allow</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall allow &lt;address&gt; ...</command></para>

          <para>Re-enables receipt of packets from hosts previously
          blacklisted by a drop or reject command.</para>

          <para>Shorewall allow, drop, rejct and save implement dynamic
          blacklisting.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>check</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall check [ &lt;configuration-directory&gt;
          ]</command></para>

          <para>Performs a cursory validation of the zones, interfaces, hosts,
          rules, policy, masq, blacklist, proxyarp, nat and provider files.
          Use this if you are unsure of any edits you have made to the
          shorewall configuration. See <link linkend="AltConfig">above</link>
          for a recommended way to make changes.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>clear</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall clear</command></para>

          <para>Clear will remove all rules and chains installed by Shorewall.
          The firewall is then wide open and unprotected. Existing connections
          are untouched. Clear is often used to see if the firewall is causing
          connection problems.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>compile (Shorewall 3.1 and later)</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall compile [ -e ] [ -d &lt;distro&gt; ] [
          &lt;directory name&gt; ] &lt;path name&gt;</command></para>

          <para>Compiles the current configuration into the executable file
          &lt;path name&gt;. If &lt;path name&gt; names a file in
          /var/lib/shorewall then the file may be executed using the "restore"
          command.</para>

          <para>When -e is specified, the compilation is being performed on a
          system other than where the compiled script will run. This option
          disables certain configuration options that require the script to be
          compiled where it is to be run and allows the script to be run on a
          system that does not have Shorewall installed at all. The file
          /etc/shorewall/capabilities must be present when -e is used; that
          file specifies the iptables/kernel capabilities on the target
          system.</para>

          <para>When -d &lt;distribution&gt; is given, the script is built for
          installation in <filename class="directory">/etc/init.d</filename>
          on the distribution specified by &lt;distro&gt;. Currently supported
          values for &lt;distro&gt;are:</para>

          <simplelist>
            <member>redhat (also good for Fedora Core and CentOS)</member>

            <member>debian (Requires the soon to be released Shorewall-minimal
            package to be run on Debian)</member>

            <member>suse</member>
          </simplelist>

          <para>Usually specified together with -e. If not specified, the
          output file is not suitable for installation into <filename
          class="directory">/etc/init.d/</filename></para>

          <para>Example:<blockquote>
              <para><command>shorewall compile -ed redhat foo</command></para>
            </blockquote>Additional distributions are expected to be supported
          shortly.</para>

          <para>The compiled script is a complete program that supports the
          following commands:</para>

          <blockquote>
            <simplelist>
              <member><command>&lt;program&gt; [ -q ] [ -v ] [ -n ]
              start</command></member>

              <member><command>&lt;program&gt; [ -q ] [ -v ] [ -n ]
              stop</command></member>

              <member><command>&lt;program&gt; [ -q ] [ -v ] [ -n ]
              clear</command></member>

              <member><command>&lt;program&gt; [ -q ] [ -v ] [ -n ]
              restart</command></member>

              <member><command>&lt;program&gt; [ -q ] [ -v ] [ -n ]
              status</command></member>

              <member><command>&lt;program&gt; [ -q ] [ -v ] [ -n ]
              version</command></member>
            </simplelist>
          </blockquote>

          <para>The options have their same meaning is when they are passed to
          <filename>/sbin/shorewall</filename> itself.</para>

          <para>When the '-e' option is specified during compilation, the
          program may be installed in /etc/init.d/ and serve as the firewall
          on a system without Shorewall installed.</para>

          <para>For additional information about the
          <command>compile</command> command, see <ulink
          url="CompiledPrograms.html">this article</ulink>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>delete</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall delete
          &lt;interface&gt;[:&lt;host-list&gt;] …
          &lt;zone&gt;</command></para>

          <para>A &lt;host-list&gt; is a comma-separated list whose entries
          are:</para>

          <itemizedlist>
            <listitem>
              <para>A host or network address</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>The name of a bridge port</para>
            </listitem>

            <listitem>
              <para>The name of a bridge port followed by a colon (":") and a
              host or network address.</para>
            </listitem>
          </itemizedlist>

          <para>Deletes the specified interface (and host list if included)
          from the specified zone.</para>

          <para>Example:</para>

          <para><command>shorewall delete ipsec0:192.0.2.24
          vpn1</command></para>

          <para>deletes the address 192.0.2.24 from interface ipsec0 from zone
          vpn1</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>drop</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall drop &lt;address&gt; ...</command></para>

          <para>Causes packets from the specified
          &lt;<emphasis>address</emphasis>&gt; to be ignored</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>dump</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall [ -x ] dump</command></para>

          <para>Produce a verbose report about the firewall.</para>

          <para>When -x is given, that option is also passed to iptables to
          display actual packet and byte counts.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>forget</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall forget [ &lt;filename&gt;
          ]</command></para>

          <para>Deletes<filename>
          /var/lib/shorewall/&lt;filename&gt;</filename>. If no
          &lt;<emphasis>filename</emphasis>&gt; is given then the file
          specified by RESTOREFILE in <ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>
          is removed.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>help</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall help [&lt;command&gt; | host | address
          ]</command></para>

          <para>Display helpful information about the shorewall
          commands.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>hits</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>hits</command></para>

          <para>Produces several reports about the Shorewall packet log
          messages in the current log file specified by the LOGFILE option in
          <ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>ipcalc</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall ipcalc { &lt;address&gt; &lt;mask&gt; |
          &lt;address&gt;/&lt;vlsm&gt; }</command></para>

          <para>Ipcalc displays the network address, broadcast address,
          network in CIDR notation and netmask corresponding to the
          input[s].</para>

          <para>Example:</para>

          <para><command>ipcalc 192.168.1.0/24</command></para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>iprange</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall iprange
          &lt;address1&gt;-&lt;address2&gt;</command></para>

          <para>Iprange decomposes the specified range of IP addresses into
          the equivalent list of network/host addresses.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>logdrop</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall logdrop &lt;address&gt;
          ...</command></para>

          <para>Causes packets from the specified
          &lt;<emphasis>address</emphasis>&gt; to be ignored and logged</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>logwatch</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall logwatch [&lt;refresh
          interval&gt;]</command></para>

          <para>Monitors the log file specified by theLOGFILE option in <ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>
          and produces an audible alarm when new Shorewall messages are
          logged.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>logreject</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall logreject &lt;address&gt;
          ...</command></para>

          <para>Causes packets from the specified
          &lt;<emphasis>address</emphasis>&gt; to be rejected and
          logged</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>refresh</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall [ -q ] refresh</command></para>

          <para>The rules involving the broadcast addresses of firewall
          interfaces, the black list, traffic control rules and ECN control
          rules are recreated to reflect any changes made to your
          configuration files. Existing connections are untouched If -q is
          specified, less detain is displayed making it easier to spot
          warnings.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>reject</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall reject &lt;address&gt; ...</command></para>

          <para>Causes packets from the specified
          &lt;<emphasis>address</emphasis>&gt;s to be rejected</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>reset</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall reset</command></para>

          <para>All the packet and byte counters in the firewall are
          reset.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>restart</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall [ -q ] restart
          &lt;configuration-directory&gt;</command></para>

          <para>Restart is similar to <command>shorewall stop</command>
          followed by <command>shorewall start</command>. Existing connections
          are maintained. If -q is specified, less detail is displayed making
          it easier to spot warnings</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>restore</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall [ -q ] restore [ &lt;filename&gt;
          ]</command></para>

          <para>Restore Shorewall to a state saved using the
          <command>shorewall save</command> command Existing connections are
          maintained. The &lt;<emphasis>filename</emphasis>&gt; names a
          restore file in <filename
          class="directory">/var/lib/shorewall</filename> created using
          <command>shorewall save</command>; if no
          &lt;<emphasis>filename</emphasis>&gt; is given then Shorewall will
          be restored from the file specified by the RESTOREFILE option in
          <ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>safe-restart</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall [ -q ] safe-restart [ &lt;filename&gt;
          ]</command></para>

          <para>Only allowed if Shorewall is running. The current
          configuration is saved in
          <filename>/var/lib/shorewall/safe-restart</filename> (see the
          <command>save</command> command below) that a restart is done. You
          will then be prompted asking if you want to accept the new
          configuration or not. If you answer "n" or if you fail to answer
          within 60 seconds (such as when your new configuration has disabled
          communication with your terminal), the configuration is restored
          from the saved configuration.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>safe-start</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall [ -q ] safe-start [ &lt;filename&gt;
          ]</command></para>

          <para>Shorewall is started normally. You will then be prompted
          asking if everything went all right. If you answer "n" or if you
          fail to answer within 60 seconds (such as when your new
          configuration has disabled communication with your terminal), a
          <command>shorewall clear</command> is performed for you.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>save</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall save [ &lt;filename&gt; ]</command></para>

          <para>The dynamic data is stored in /var/lib/shorewall/save. The
          state of the firewall is stored in
          <filename>/var/lib/shorewall/&lt;filename&gt;</filename> for use by
          the <command>shorewall restore</command> and <command>shorewall -f
          start</command> commands. If &lt;<emphasis>filename</emphasis>&gt;
          is not given then the state is saved in the file specified by the
          RESTOREFILE option in <ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>show</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall [ -x ] show [ &lt;chain&gt; [ &lt;chain&gt;
          ...] |classifiers|connections|log|nat|tc|tos]</command></para>

          <para><command>shorewall [ -x ] show &lt;chain&gt; [ &lt;chain&gt;
          ... ] </command> - produce a verbose report about the Netfilter
          chain(s). (<command>iptables -L chain -n -v</command>)</para>

          <para><command>shorewall [ -x ] show mangle</command> - produce a
          verbose report about the mangle table. (<command>iptables -t mangle
          -L -n -v</command>)</para>

          <para><command>shorewall [ -x ] show nat</command> - produce a
          verbose report about the nat table. (<command>iptables -t nat -L -n
          -v</command>)</para>

          <para><command>shorewall show log</command> - display the last 20
          packet log entries.</para>

          <para><command>shorewall show capabilities</command> - Displays your
          kernel/iptables capabilities</para>

          <para><command>shorewall show connections</command> - displays the
          IP connections currently being tracked by the firewall.</para>

          <para><command>shorewall show classifiers</command> - displays
          information about the traffic control/shaping classifiers.</para>

          <para><command>shorewall show tc</command> - displays information
          about the traffic control/shaping configuration.</para>

          <para><command>shorewall show zones</command> — Displays the
          composition of each zone.</para>

          <para>When -x is given, that option is also passed to iptables to
          display actual packet and byte counts.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>start</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall [ -q ] [ -f ] start [
          &lt;configuration-directory&gt; ]</command></para>

          <para>Start shorewall. Existing connections through shorewall
          managed interfaces are untouched. New connections will be allowed
          only if they are allowed by the firewall rules or policies. If -q is
          specified, less detail is displayed making it easier to spot
          warnings If -f is specified, the saved configuration specified by
          the RESTOREFILE option in <ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>
          will be restored if that saved configuration exists</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>stop</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall stop</command></para>

          <para>Stops the firewall. All existing connections, except those
          listed in <filename><ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Routestopped">/etc/shorewall/routestopped</ulink></filename>
          or permitted by the ADMINISABSENTMINDED option in <ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>,
          are taken down. The only new traffic permitted through the firewall
          is from systems listed in
          <filename>/etc/shorewall/routestopped</filename> or by
          ADMINISABSENTMINDED.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>status</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall status</command></para>

          <para>Produce a short report about the firewall's status and state
          relative to <link linkend="State">the diagram below</link>.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>try</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall try &lt;configuration-directory&gt; [
          &lt;timeout&gt; ]</command></para>

          <para>Restart shorewall using the specified configuration. If an
          error occurs during the restart, then another shorewall restart is
          performed using the default configuration. If a timeout is specified
          then the restart is always performed after the timeout occurs and
          uses the default configuration.</para>

          <para>When restarting using the default configuration, if the
          default restore script (as specified by the RESTOREFILE setting in
          <ulink
          url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>)
          exists. then that script is used.</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
        <term>version</term>

        <listitem>
          <para><command>shorewall version</command></para>

          <para>Show the current shorewall version</para>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
    </variablelist>
  </section>

  <section id="State">
    <title>Shorewall State Diagram (Shorewall 3.0 and earlier)</title>

    <para>The Shorewall State Diargram is depicted below.</para>

    <para><graphic align="center" fileref="images/State_Diagram.png" /></para>

    <para>You will note that the commands that result in state transitions use
    the word <quote>firewall</quote> rather than <quote>shorewall</quote>.
    That is because the actual transitions are done by
    <command>/usr/share/shorewall/firewall</command>;
    <command>/sbin/shorewall</command> runs <quote>firewall</quote> according
    to the following table:</para>

    <informaltable>
      <tgroup cols="3">
        <thead>
          <row>
            <entry align="center">/sbin/shorewall Command</entry>

            <entry align="center">Resulting /usr/share/shorewall/firewall
            Command</entry>

            <entry align="center">Effect if the Command Succeeds</entry>
          </row>
        </thead>

        <tbody>
          <row>
            <entry>shorewall start</entry>

            <entry>firewall start</entry>

            <entry>The system filters packets based on your current Shorewall
            Configuration</entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>shorewall stop</entry>

            <entry>firewall stop</entry>

            <entry>Only traffic to/from hosts listed in /etc/shorewall/hosts
            is passed to/from/through the firewall. If ADMINISABSENTMINDED=Yes
            in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf then in addition, all existing
            connections are retained and all connection requests from the
            firewall are accepted.</entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>shorewall restart</entry>

            <entry>firewall restart</entry>

            <entry>Logically equivalent to <quote>firewall stop;firewall
            start</quote></entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>shorewall add</entry>

            <entry>firewall add</entry>

            <entry>Adds a host or subnet to a dynamic zone</entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>shorewall delete</entry>

            <entry>firewall delete</entry>

            <entry>Deletes a host or subnet from a dynamic zone</entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>shorewall refresh</entry>

            <entry>firewall refresh</entry>

            <entry>Reloads rules dealing with static blacklisting, traffic
            control and ECN.</entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>shorewall reset</entry>

            <entry>firewall reset</entry>

            <entry>Resets traffic counters</entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>shorewall clear</entry>

            <entry>firewall clear</entry>

            <entry>Removes all Shorewall rules, chains, addresses, routes and
            ARP entries.</entry>
          </row>

          <row>
            <entry>shorewall try</entry>

            <entry>firewall -c &lt;new configuration&gt; restart If
            unsuccessful then firewall start (standard configuration) If
            timeout then firewall restart (standard configuration)</entry>

            <entry></entry>
          </row>
        </tbody>
      </tgroup>
    </informaltable>
  </section>
</article>