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<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0">
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<meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document">
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
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content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
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<title>Configuration File Basics</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
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style="border-collapse: collapse;" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%"
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id="AutoNumber1" bgcolor="#400169" height="90">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td width="100%">
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<h1 align="center"><font color="#ffffff">Configuration Files</font></h1>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p><b><font color="#ff0000">Warning: </font>If you copy or edit your
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configuration files on a system running Microsoft Windows, you <u>must</u>
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run them through <a
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href="http://www.megaloman.com/%7Ehany/software/hd2u/"> dos2unix</a>
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before you use them with Shorewall.</b></p>
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<h2>Files</h2>
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<p>Shorewall's configuration files are in the directory /etc/shorewall.</p>
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<ul>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf - used to set several firewall
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parameters.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/params - use this file to set shell variables
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that you will expand in other files.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/zones - partition the firewall's view of
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the world into <i>zones.</i></li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/policy - establishes firewall high-level
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policy.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/interfaces - describes the interfaces on
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the firewall system.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/hosts - allows defining zones in terms of
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individual hosts and subnetworks.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/masq - directs the firewall where to use
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many-to-one (dynamic) Network Address Translation (a.k.a. Masquerading)
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and Source Network Address Translation (SNAT).</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/modules - directs the firewall to load kernel
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modules.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/rules - defines rules that are exceptions
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to the overall policies established in /etc/shorewall/policy.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/nat - defines static NAT rules.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/proxyarp - defines use of Proxy ARP.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/routestopped (Shorewall 1.3.4 and later)
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- defines hosts accessible when Shorewall is stopped.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/tcrules - defines marking of packets for
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later use by traffic control/shaping or policy routing.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/tos - defines rules for setting the TOS
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field in packet headers.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/tunnels - defines IPSEC, GRE and IPIP tunnels
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with end-points on the firewall system.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/blacklist - lists blacklisted IP/subnet/MAC
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addresses.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2>Comments</h2>
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<p>You may place comments in configuration files by making the first non-whitespace
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character a pound sign ("#"). You may also place comments at the
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end of any line, again by delimiting the comment from the rest of
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the line with a pound sign.</p>
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<p>Examples:</p>
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<pre># This is a comment</pre>
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<pre>ACCEPT net fw tcp www #This is an end-of-line comment</pre>
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2002-08-22 23:33:54 +02:00
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<h2>Line Continuation</h2>
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<p>You may continue lines in the configuration files using the usual backslash
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("\") followed immediately by a new line character.</p>
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<p>Example:</p>
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<pre>ACCEPT net fw tcp \<br>smtp,www,pop3,imap #Services running on the firewall</pre>
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<h2><a name="dnsnames"></a>Using DNS Names</h2>
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<p align="left"> </p>
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<p align="left"><b>WARNING: I personally recommend strongly <u>against</u>
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using DNS names in Shorewall configuration files. If you use DNS names
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and you are called out of bed at 2:00AM because Shorewall won't start as
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a result of DNS problems then don't say that you were not forewarned. <br>
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</b></p>
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<p align="left"><b><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> -Tom<br>
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</b></p>
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<p align="left">Beginning with Shorwall 1.3.9, Host addresses in Shorewall
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configuration files may be specified either as IP addresses or as DNS Names.<br>
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<br>
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DNS names in iptables rules aren't nearly as useful as they first appear.
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When a DNS name appears in a rule, the iptables utility resolves the name
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to one or more IP addresses and inserts those addresses into the rule.
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So change in the DNS->IP address relationship that occur after the firewall
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has started have absolutely no effect on the firewall's ruleset. </p>
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<p align="left"> If your firewall rules include DNS names then:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>If your /etc/resolv.conf is wrong then your firewall won't
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start.</li>
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<li>If your /etc/nsswitch.conf is wrong then your firewall won't
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start.</li>
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<li>If your Name Server(s) is(are) down then your firewall won't
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start.</li>
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<li>If your startup scripts try to start your firewall before starting
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your DNS server then your firewall won't start.<br>
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</li>
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<li>Factors totally outside your control (your ISP's router is
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down for example), can prevent your firewall from starting.</li>
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<li>You must bring up your network interfaces prior to starting your
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firewall.<br>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p align="left"> Each DNS name much be fully qualified and include a minumum
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of two periods (although one may be trailing). This restriction is imposed
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by Shorewall to insure backward compatibility with existing configuration
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files.<br>
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<br>
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Examples of valid DNS names:<br>
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</p>
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<ul>
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<li>mail.shorewall.net</li>
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<li>shorewall.net.</li>
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</ul>
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Examples of invalid DNS names:<br>
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<ul>
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<li>mail (not fully qualified)</li>
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<li>shorewall.net (only one period)</li>
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</ul>
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DNS names may not be used as:<br>
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<ul>
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<li>The server address in a DNAT rule (/etc/shorewall/rules file)</li>
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<li>In the ADDRESS column of an entry in /etc/shorewall/masq.</li>
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<li>In the /etc/shorewall/nat file.</li>
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</ul>
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These are iptables restrictions and are not simply imposed for your
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inconvenience by Shorewall. <br>
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<br>
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<h2>Complementing an Address or Subnet</h2>
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<p>Where specifying an IP address, a subnet or an interface, you can
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precede the item with "!" to specify the complement of the item. For
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example, !192.168.1.4 means "any host but 192.168.1.4". There must be
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no white space following the "!".</p>
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<h2>Comma-separated Lists</h2>
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<p>Comma-separated lists are allowed in a number of contexts within the
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configuration files. A comma separated list:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Must not have any embedded white space.<br>
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Valid: routestopped,dhcp,norfc1918<br>
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Invalid: routestopped,<2C><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> dhcp,<2C><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> norfc1818</li>
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<li>If you use line continuation to break a comma-separated
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list, the continuation line(s) must begin in column 1 (or there
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would be embedded white space)</li>
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<li>Entries in a comma-separated list may appear in any order.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2>Port Numbers/Service Names</h2>
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<p>Unless otherwise specified, when giving a port number you can use
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either an integer or a service name from /etc/services. </p>
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<h2>Port Ranges</h2>
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<p>If you need to specify a range of ports, the proper syntax is <<i>low
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port number</i>>:<<i>high port number</i>>. For example,
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if you want to forward the range of tcp ports 4000 through 4100 to local
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host 192.168.1.3, the entry in /etc/shorewall/rules is:<br>
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</p>
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<pre> DNAT net loc:192.168.1.3 tcp 4000:4100<br></pre>
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<h2>Using Shell Variables</h2>
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<p>You may use the /etc/shorewall/params file to set shell variables
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that you can then use in some of the other configuration files.</p>
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<p>It is suggested that variable names begin with an upper case letter<font
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size="1"> </font>to distinguish them from variables used internally
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within the Shorewall programs</p>
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<p>Example:</p>
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<blockquote>
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<pre>NET_IF=eth0<br>NET_BCAST=130.252.100.255<br>NET_OPTIONS=noping,norfc1918</pre>
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</blockquote>
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<p><br>
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Example (/etc/shorewall/interfaces record):</p>
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<font
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face="Century Gothic, Arial, Helvetica">
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<blockquote>
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2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
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<pre><font face="Courier">net $NET_IF $NET_BCAST $NET_OPTIONS</font></pre>
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2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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</blockquote>
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</font>
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2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
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<p>The result will be the same as if the record had been written</p>
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2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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<font
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face="Century Gothic, Arial, Helvetica">
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<blockquote>
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2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
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<pre>net eth0 130.252.100.255 noping,norfc1918</pre>
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2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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</blockquote>
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</font>
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<p>Variables may be used anywhere in the other configuration
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2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
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files.</p>
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2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
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<h2>Using MAC Addresses</h2>
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2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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<p>Media Access Control (MAC) addresses can be used to specify packet
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source in several of the configuration files. To use this feature,
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your kernel must have MAC Address Match support (CONFIG_IP_NF_MATCH_MAC)
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2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
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included.</p>
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2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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<p>MAC addresses are 48 bits wide and each Ethernet Controller has a
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unique MAC address.<br>
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<br>
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In GNU/Linux, MAC addresses are usually written as a series of
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6 hex numbers separated by colons. Example:<br>
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<br>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> [root@gateway root]# ifconfig eth0<br>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr <b><u>02:00:08:E3:FA:55</u></b><br>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> inet addr:206.124.146.176 Bcast:206.124.146.255 Mask:255.255.255.0<br>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1<br>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> RX packets:2398102 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0<br>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> TX packets:3044698 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0<br>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> collisions:30394 txqueuelen:100<br>
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> RX bytes:419871805 (400.4 Mb) TX bytes:1659782221 (1582.8
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2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
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Mb)<br>
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2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> Interrupt:11 Base address:0x1800<br>
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<br>
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Because Shorewall uses colons as a separator for address fields,
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Shorewall requires MAC addresses to be written in another way. In
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Shorewall, MAC addresses begin with a tilde ("~") and consist of
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6 hex numbers separated by hyphens. In Shorewall, the MAC address
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in the example above would be written "~02-00-08-E3-FA-55".<br>
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</p>
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<p><b>Note: </b>It is not necessary to use the special Shorewall notation
|
2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
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in the <a href="MAC_Validation.html">/etc/shorewall/maclist</a> file.<br>
|
2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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</p>
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<h2><a name="Configs"></a>Shorewall Configurations</h2>
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<p> Shorewall allows you to have configuration directories other than /etc/shorewall.
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The <a href="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">shorewall start and restart</a>
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commands allow you to specify an alternate configuration directory
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and Shorewall will use the files in the alternate directory rather than
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the corresponding files in /etc/shorewall. The alternate directory need
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not contain a complete configuration; those files not in the alternate directory
|
2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
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will be read from /etc/shorewall.</p>
|
2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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<p> This facility permits you to easily create a test or temporary configuration
|
2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
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by:</p>
|
2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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|
2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
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|
<ol>
|
2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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<li> copying the files that need modification from /etc/shorewall
|
2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
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to a separate directory;</li>
|
2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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<li> modify those files in the separate directory; and</li>
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<li> specifying the separate directory in a shorewall start
|
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or shorewall restart command (e.g., <i><b>shorewall -c /etc/testconfig
|
2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
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restart</b></i> ).</li>
|
2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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|
2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
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</ol>
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|
2002-08-07 16:28:04 +02:00
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|
2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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<p><font size="2"> Updated 11/21/2002 - <a href="support.htm">Tom Eastep</a>
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</font></p>
|
2002-08-07 16:28:04 +02:00
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|
2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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<p><font face="Trebuchet MS"><a href="copyright.htm"><font size="2">Copyright</font>
|
2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
|
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|
|
<20> <font size="2">2001, 2002 Thomas M. Eastep.</font></a></font></p>
|
2002-08-07 16:28:04 +02:00
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|
2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
|
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<br>
|
|
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|
|
<br>
|
2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
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|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
|
|
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|
<br>
|
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</body>
|
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</html>
|
