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<meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document">
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content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
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<title>Shorewall Firewall Structure</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
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style="border-collapse: collapse;" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%"
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id="AutoNumber1" bgcolor="#3366ff" height="90">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td width="100%">
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<h1 align="center"><font color="#ffffff">Firewall Structure (Under
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Construction)</font></h1>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p> Shorewall views the network in which it is running as a set of
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<i> zones. </i>Shorewall itself defines exactly one zone called "fw" which
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refers to the firewall system itself . The /etc/shorewall/zones file
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is used to define additional zones and the example file provided with
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Shorewall defines the zones:</p>
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<ol>
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<li> net -- the (untrusted) internet.</li>
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<li> dmz - systems that must be accessible from the internet
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and from the local network.<2E> These systems cannot be trusted completely
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since their servers may have been compromised through a security exploit.</li>
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<li> loc - systems in your local network(s). These systems
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must be protected from the internet and from the DMZ and in some
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cases, from each other.</li>
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</ol>
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<p><b>Note: </b><a href="#Conf">You can specify the name of the firewall
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zone</a>. For ease of description in this documentation, it is assumed
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that the firewall zone is named "fw".</p>
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<p>It can't be stressed enough that with the exception of the firewall zone,
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Shorewall itself attaches no meaning to zone names. Zone names are simply
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labels used to refer to a collection of network hosts.</p>
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<p>While zones are normally disjoint (no two zones have a host in common),
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there are cases where nested or overlapping zone definitions are appropriate.</p>
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<p>Netfilter has the concept of <i>tables</i> and <i>chains. </i>For the purpose
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of this document, we will consider Netfilter to have three tables:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Filter table -- this is the main table for packet filtering and
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can be displayed with the command "shorewall show".</li>
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<li>Nat table -- used for all forms of Network Address Translation (NAT);
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SNAT, DNAT and MASQUERADE.</li>
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<li>Mangle table -- used to modify fields in the packet header.<br>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<p>Netfilter defines a number of inbuilt chains: PREROUTING, INPUT, OUTPUT,
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FORWARD and POSTROUTING. Not all inbuilt chains are present in all tables
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as shown in this table.<br>
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</p>
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<div align="center">
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<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" border="1">
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">CHAIN<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">Filter<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">Nat<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">Mangle<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">PREROUTING<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top"><br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">INPUT<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top"><br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">OUTPUT<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">FORWARD<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top"><br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top">POSTROUTING<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top"><br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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<td valign="top">X<br>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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</div>
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<p>Shorewall doesn't create rules in all of the builtin chains. In the large
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diagram below are boxes such as <20>shown below.<2E> This box represents in INPUT
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chain and shows that packets first flow through the INPUT chain in the Mangle
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table followed by the INPUT chain in the Filter table. The parentheses around
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"Mangle" indicate that while the packets will flow through the INPUT chain
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in the Mangle table, Shorewall does not create any rules in that chain.<br>
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</p>
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<div align="center"><img src="images/Legend.png" alt="(Box Legend)"
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width="145" height="97" align="middle">
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<br>
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</div>
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<p></p>
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<p>Here is a picture of how packets traverse the various chains and tables
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in Netfilter. In that diagram, "Local Process" refers to a process running
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on the Firewall itself (in the 'fw' zone).</p>
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<div align="center"><img src="images/Netfilter.png"
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alt="Netfilter Flow Diagram" width="541" height="767">
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</div>
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<p><br>
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<br>
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In the text that follows, the paragraph numbers correspond to the box
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number in the diagram above.<br>
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</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Packets entering the firewall first pass through the <i>mangle </i>table's
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PREROUTING chain (you can see the mangle table by typing "shorewall show
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mangle"). If the packet entered through an interface that has the <b>norfc1918</b>
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option and if iptables/netfilter doesn't support the connection tracking
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match extension, then the packet is sent down the <b>man1918</b> chain which
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will drop the packet if its destination IP address is reserved (as specified
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in the /etc/shorewall/rfc1918 file). Next the packet passes through the<b>
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pretos</b> chain to set its TOS field as specified in the /etc/shorewall/tos
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file. Finally, if traffic control/shaping is being used, the packet is
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sent through the<b> tcpre</b> chain to be marked for later use in policy
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routing or traffic control.<br>
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<br>
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Next, if the packet isn't part of an established connection, it passes
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through the<i> nat</i> table's PREROUTING chain (you can see the nat table
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by typing "shorewall show nat"). If you are doing both static nat and
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port forwarding, the order in which chains are traversed is dependent on
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the setting of NAT_BEFORE_RULES in shorewall.conf. If NAT_BEFORE_RULES is
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on then packets will ender a chain called<b> <i>interface_</i>in</b> where
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<i>interface</i> is the name of the interface on which the packet entered.
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Here it's destination IP is compared to each of the <i>EXTERNAL</i> IP
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addresses from /etc/shorewall/nat that correspond to this interface; if
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there is a match, DNAT is applied and the packet header is modified to
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the IP in the <i>INTERNAL</i> column of the nat file record. If the destination
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address doesn't match any of the rules in the <b><i>interface_</i>in</b>
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chain then the packet enters a chain called <b><i>sourcezone</i>_dnat</b>
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where <i>sourcezone</i> is the source zone of the packet. There it is compared
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for a match against each of the DNAT records in the rules file that specify
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<i> sourcezone </i>as the source zone. If a match is found, the
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destination IP address (and possibly the destination port) is modified based
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on the rule matched. If NAT_BEFORE_RULES is off, then the order of traversal
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of the <b><i> interface_</i>in</b> and <b><i>sourcezone</i>_dnat</b> is
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reversed.<br>
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<br>
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</li>
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<li>Depending on whether the packet is destined for the firewall itself
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or for another system, it follows either the left or the right path. Traffic
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going to the firewall goes through chain called INPUT in the mangle table.
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Shorewall doesn't add any rules to that chain.<br>
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<br>
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</li>
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<li>Traffic that is to be forwarded to another host goes through the chains
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called FORWARD in the mangle table. If MARK_IN_FORWARD=Yes in shorewall.conf,
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all rules in /etc/shorewall/tcrules that do not specify Prerouting (:P) are
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processed in a chain called <br>
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<br>
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</li>
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<ol>
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</ol>
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<li>Traffic is next sent to an<i> interface </i>chain in the main Netfilter
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table (called 'filter'). If the traffic is destined for the firewall
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itself, the name of the interface chain is formed by appending "_in" to
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the interface name. So traffic on eth0 destined for the firewall will
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enter a chain called <i>eth0_in</i>. The interface chain for traffic
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that will be routed to another system is formed by appending "_fwd" to
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the interface name. So traffic from eth1 that is going to be forwarded
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enters a chain called<i> eth1_fwd</i>. Interfaces described with the wild-card
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character ("+") in /etc/shorewall/interfaces, share input chains. if <i>ppp+
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</i>appears in /etc/shorewall/interfaces then all PPP interfaces (ppp0,
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ppp1, ...) will share the interface chains <i>ppp_in</i> and <i>ppp_fwd</i>.
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In other words, "+" is deleted from the name before forming the input chain
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names.<br>
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<br>
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While the use of interfacechains may seem wasteful in simple environments,
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in complex setups it substantially reduces the number of rules that each
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packet must traverse.<2E> </li>
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</ol>
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<p> Traffic directed from a zone to the firewall itself is sent through
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a chain named <<i>zone name></i>2fw. For example, traffic inbound from
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the internet and addressed to the firewall is sent through a chain named
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net2fw. Similarly, traffic originating in the firewall and being sent
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to a host in a given zone is sent through a chain named fw2<i><zone
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name>. </i>For example, traffic originating in the firewall and
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destined for a host in the local network is sent through a chain named
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<i>fw2loc.</i> <font face="Century Gothic, Arial, Helvetica"> <20></font></p>
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<p> Traffic being forwarded between two zones (or from one interface to
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a zone to another interface to that zone) is sent through a chain named <i>
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<source zone></i>2<i> <destination zone></i>. So for example,
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traffic originating in a local system and destined for a remote web server
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is sent through chain <i>loc2net. </i>This chain is referred to
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as the <i>canonical</i> chain from <source zone> to <destination
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zone>. Any destination NAT will have occurred <u>before</u> the packet
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traverses one of these chains so rules in /etc/shorewall/rules should
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be expressed in terms of the destination system's real IP address as opposed
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to its apparent external address. Similarly, source NAT will occur <u>after</u>
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the packet has traversed the appropriate forwarding chain so the rules
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again will be expressed using the source system's real IP address.</p>
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<p> For each record in the /etc/shorewall/policy file, a chain is created.
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Policies in that file are expressed in terms of a source zone and destination
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zone where these zones may be a zone defined in /etc/shorewall/zones,
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"fw" or "all". Policies specifying the pseudo-zone "all" matches all defined
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zones and "fw". These chains are referred to as <i>Policy Chains.</i><EFBFBD>Notice
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that for an ordered pair of zones (za,zb), the canonical chain (za2zb)
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may also be the policy chain for the pair or the policy chain may be
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a different chain (za2all, for example). Packets from one zone to another
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will traverse chains as follows:</p>
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<ol>
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<li> If the canonical chain exists, packets first traverse
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that chain.</li>
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<li> If the canonical chain and policy chain are different
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and the packet does not match a rule in the canonical chain, it then
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is sent to the policy chain.</li>
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<li> If the canonical chain does not exist, packets are sent
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immediately to the policy chain.</li>
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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</ol>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<p> The canonical chain from zone za to zone zb will be created only if
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there are exception rules defined in /etc/shorewall/rules for packets going
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from za to zb.</p>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<p> Shorewall is built on top of the Netfilter kernel facility. Netfilter
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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implements connection tracking function that allow what is often referred
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to as "statefull inspection" of packets. This statefull property allows
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firewall rules to be defined in terms of "connections" rather than in
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terms of "packets". With Shorewall, you:</p>
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<ol>
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<li> Identify the client's zone.</li>
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<li> Identify the server's zone.</li>
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<li> If the POLICY from the client's zone to the server's zone
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is what you want for this client/server pair, you need do nothing further.</li>
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<li> If the POLICY is not what you want, then you must add
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a rule. That rule is expressed in terms of the client's zone and
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the server's zone.</li>
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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</ol>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<p> Just because connections of a particular type are allowed between zone
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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A and the firewall and are also allowed between the firewall and zone
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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B <font color="#ff6633"><b><u> DOES NOT mean that these connections
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are allowed between zone A and zone B</u></b></font>. It rather means
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that you can have a proxy running on the firewall that accepts a connection
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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from zone A and then establishes its own separate connection from the
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firewall to zone B.</p>
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<p> If you adopt the default policy of ACCEPT from the local zone to the
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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internet zone and you are having problems connecting from a local client
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to an internet server, <font color="#ff6633"><b><u> adding a rule won't
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help</u></b></font> (see point 3 above).</p>
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<p><font size="2">Last modified 5/22/2003 - <a href="support.htm">Tom Eastep</a></font></p>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<p><font face="Trebuchet MS"><a href="copyright.htm"> <font size="2">Copyright</font>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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<20> <font size="2">2001, 2002, 2003 Thomas M. Eastep.</font></a></font></p>
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<br>
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<br>
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<br>
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2003-05-28 21:20:23 +02:00
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<br>
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<br>
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</body>
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</html>
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