shorewall_code/docs/OPENVPN.xml

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<article id="OPENVPN">
  <!--$Id$-->

  <articleinfo>
    <title>OpenVPN Tunnels and Bridges</title>

    <authorgroup>
      <author>
        <firstname>Simon</firstname>

        <surname>Matter</surname>
      </author>

      <author>
        <firstname>Tom</firstname>

        <surname>Eastep</surname>
      </author>
    </authorgroup>

    <pubdate><?dbtimestamp format="Y/m/d"?></pubdate>

    <copyright>
      <year>2003</year>

      <year>2004</year>

      <year>2005</year>

      <year>2006</year>

      <holder>Simon Mater</holder>

      <holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
    </copyright>

    <legalnotice>
      <para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
      document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
      1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
      no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
      Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
      <quote><ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation
      License</ulink></quote>.</para>
    </legalnotice>
  </articleinfo>

  <caution>
    <para><emphasis role="bold">This article applies to Shorewall 3.0 and
    later and to OpenVPN 2.0 and later. If you are running a version of
    Shorewall earlier than Shorewall 3.0.0 then please see the documentation
    for that release.</emphasis></para>
  </caution>

  <para>OpenVPN is a robust and highly configurable VPN (Virtual Private
  Network) daemon which can be used to securely link two or more private
  networks using an encrypted tunnel over the Internet. OpenVPN is an Open
  Source project and is <ulink
  url="http://openvpn.sourceforge.net/license.html">licensed under the
  GPL</ulink>. OpenVPN can be downloaded from <ulink
  url="http://openvpn.net/">http://openvpn.net/</ulink>.</para>

  <para>Unless there are interoperability issues (the remote systems do not
  support OpenVPN), OpenVPN is my choice any time that I need a VPN.</para>

  <orderedlist>
    <listitem>
      <para>It is widely supported -- I run it on both Linux and Windows
      XP.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>It requires no kernel patching.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>It is very easy to configure.</para>
    </listitem>

    <listitem>
      <para>It just works!</para>
    </listitem>
  </orderedlist>

  <section id="Prelim">
    <title>Preliminary Reading</title>

    <para>I recommend reading the <ulink url="VPNBasics.html">VPN
    Basics</ulink> article if you plan to implement any type of VPN.</para>
  </section>

  <section id="Routed">
    <title>Bridging two Masqueraded Networks</title>

    <para>Suppose that we have the following situation:</para>

    <graphic fileref="images/TwoNets1.png" />

    <para>We want systems in the 192.168.1.0/24 subnetwork to be able to
    communicate with the systems in the 10.0.0.0/8 network. This is
    accomplished through use of the
    <filename>/etc/shorewall/tunnels</filename> file and the
    <filename>/etc/shorewall/policy file</filename> and OpenVPN.</para>

    <para>While it was possible to use the Shorewall start and stop script to
    start and stop OpenVPN, I decided to use the init script of OpenVPN to
    start and stop it.</para>

    <para>On each firewall, you will need to declare a zone to represent the
    remote subnet. We'll assume that this zone is called <quote>vpn</quote>
    and declare it in <filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename> on both
    systems as follows.</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para><filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename> — Systems A &amp;
      B</para>

      <programlisting>#ZONE   TYPE   OPTIONS                 IN                      OUT
#                                      OPTIONS                 OPTIONS
vpn     ipv4</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>On system A, the 10.0.0.0/8 will comprise the <emphasis
    role="bold">vpn</emphasis> zone.</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename> on system
      A:</para>

      <programlisting>#ZONE      INTERFACE        BROADCAST     OPTIONS
vpn        tun0</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/tunnels</filename> on system A, we need
    the following:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>#TYPE         ZONE           GATEWAY        GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn       net            134.28.54.2</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>This entry in <filename>/etc/shorewall/tunnels</filename> opens the
    firewall so that OpenVPN traffic on the default port 1194/udp will be
    accepted to/from the remote gateway. If you change the port used by
    OpenVPN to 7777, you can define /etc/shorewall/tunnels like this:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para>/etc/shorewall/tunnels with port 7777:</para>

      <programlisting>#TYPE             ZONE           GATEWAY         GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn:7777      net            134.28.54.2</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>Similarly, if you want to use TCP for your tunnel rather than UDP
    (the default), then you can define /etc/shorewall/tunnels like
    this:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para>/etc/shorewall/tunnels using TCP:</para>

      <programlisting>#TYPE             ZONE           GATEWAY         GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn:tcp       net            134.28.54.2</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>Finally, if you want to use TCP and port 7777:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para>/etc/shorewall/tunnels using TCP port 7777:</para>

      <programlisting>#TYPE             ZONE           GATEWAY         GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn:tcp:7777  net            134.28.54.2</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>This is the OpenVPN config on system A:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>dev tun
local 206.162.148.9
remote 134.28.54.2
ifconfig 192.168.99.1 192.168.99.2
route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.99.2
tls-server
dh dh1024.pem
ca ca.crt
cert my-a.crt
key my-a.key
comp-lzo
verb 5</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>Similarly, On system B the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet will comprise the
    <emphasis role="bold">vpn</emphasis> zone</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename> on system
      B:</para>

      <programlisting>#ZONE      INTERFACE        BROADCAST     OPTIONS
vpn        tun0 </programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/tunnels</filename> on system B, we
    have:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>#TYPE         ZONE           GATEWAY        GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn       net            206.191.148.9</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>And in the OpenVPN config on system B:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>dev tun
local 134.28.54.2
remote 206.162.148.9
ifconfig 192.168.99.2 192.168.99.1
route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.99.1
tls-client
ca ca.crt
cert my-b.crt
key my-b.key
comp-lzo
verb 5</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>You will need to allow traffic between the <quote>vpn</quote> zone
    and the <quote>loc</quote> zone on both systems -- if you simply want to
    admit all traffic in both directions, you can use the policy file:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para><filename>/etc/shorewall/policy </filename>on systems A &amp;
      B</para>

      <programlisting>#SOURCE        DEST          POLICY          LOG LEVEL
loc            vpn           ACCEPT
vpn            loc           ACCEPT</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>On both systems, restart Shorewall and start OpenVPN. The systems in
    the two masqueraded subnetworks can now talk to each other.</para>
  </section>

  <section id="RoadWarrior">
    <title>Roadwarrior</title>

    <para>OpenVPN 2.0 provides excellent support for roadwarriors. Consider
    the setup in the following diagram:</para>

    <graphic fileref="images/Mobile.png" />

    <para>On the gateway system (System A), we need a zone to represent the
    remote clients — we'll call that zone <quote>road</quote>.</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para><filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename> — System A:</para>

      <programlisting>#ZONE   TYPE   OPTIONS                 IN                      OUT
#                                      OPTIONS                 OPTIONS
road    ipv4</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>On system A, the remote clients will comprise the <emphasis
    role="bold">road</emphasis> zone.</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename> on system
      A:</para>

      <programlisting>#ZONE      INTERFACE        BROADCAST     OPTIONS
road       tun+</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/tunnels</filename> on system A, we need
    the following:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>#TYPE         ZONE           GATEWAY        GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn:1194  net            0.0.0.0/0</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>If you are running Shorewall 2.4.3 or later, you might prefer the
    following in <filename>/etc/shorewall/tunnels</filename> on system A.
    Specifying the tunnel type as openvpnserver has the advantage that the VPN
    connection will still work if the client is behind a gateway/firewall that
    uses NAT.</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>#TYPE               ZONE           GATEWAY        GATEWAY ZONE
openvpnserver:1194  net            0.0.0.0/0</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>We want the remote systems to have access to the local LAN — we do
    that with an entry in <filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename> (assume
    that the local LAN comprises the zone <quote>loc</quote>).</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>#SOURCE      DESTINATION        POLICY
road         loc                ACCEPT</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>The OpenVPN configuration file on system A is something like the
    following:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>dev tun

server 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0

dh dh1024.pem

ca /etc/certs/cacert.pem

crl-verify /etc/certs/crl.pem

cert /etc/certs/SystemA.pem
key /etc/certs/SystemA_key.pem

port 1194

comp-lzo

user nobody

group nogroup

ping 15
ping-restart 45
ping-timer-rem
persist-tun
persist-key

verb 3</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>Configuration on the remote clients follows a similar line. We
    define a zone to represent the remote LAN:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para><filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename> — System B:</para>

      <programlisting>#ZONE   TYPE   OPTIONS                 IN                      OUT
#                                      OPTIONS                 OPTIONS
home    ipv4</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>On system A, the hosts accessible through the tunnel will comprise
    the <emphasis role="bold">home</emphasis> zone.</para>

    <blockquote>
      <para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename> on system
      B:</para>

      <programlisting>#ZONE      INTERFACE        BROADCAST     OPTIONS
home       tun0</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/tunnels</filename> on system B, we need
    the following:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>#TYPE         ZONE           GATEWAY        GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn:1194  net            206.162.148.9</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>Again, if you are running Shorewall 2.4.3 or later, in
    <filename>/etc/shorewall/tunnels</filename> on system B you might
    prefer:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>#TYPE               ZONE           GATEWAY        GATEWAY ZONE
openvpnclient:1194  net            206.162.148.9</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>We want the remote client to have access to the local LAN — we do
    that with an entry in <filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename>.</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>#SOURCE      DESTINATION        POLICY
$FW          home               ACCEPT</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>The OpenVPN configuration on the remote clients is along the
    following line:</para>

    <blockquote>
      <programlisting>dev tun
remote 206.162.148.9
up /etc/openvpn/home.up

tls-client
pull

ca /etc/certs/cacert.pem

cert /etc/certs/SystemB.pem
key /etc/certs/SystemB_key.pem

port 1194

user nobody
group nogroup

comp-lzo

ping 15
ping-restart 45
ping-timer-rem
persist-tun
persist-key

verb 3</programlisting>
    </blockquote>

    <para>If you want multiple remote clients to be able to communicate openly
    with each other then you must:</para>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Include the <emphasis role="bold">client-to-client</emphasis>
        directive in the server's OpenVPN configuration; and</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Specify the <emphasis role="bold">routeback</emphasis> option on
        the <filename class="devicefile">tun+</filename> device in <ulink
        url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</ulink>.</para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>

    <para>If you want to selectively allow communication between the clients,
    then see <ulink
    url="http://marc.zonzon.free.fr/public_html/home.php?section=WRTMemo&amp;subsec=vpnwithshorewall">this
    article</ulink> by Marc Zonzon</para>
  </section>

  <section>
    <title>Bridging Two Networks</title>

    <para>Occasionally, the need arises to have a single LAN span two
    different geographical locations. OpenVPN allows that to be done
    easily.</para>

    <para>Consider the following case:</para>

    <graphic align="center" fileref="images/bridge4.png" />

    <para>Part of the 192.168.1.0/24 network is in one location and part in
    another. The two LANs can be bridged with OpenVPN as described in this
    section. This example uses a fixed shared key for encryption.</para>

    <para>OpenVPN configuration on left-hand firewall:</para>

    <programlisting>remote 130.252.100.109
dev tap0
secret /etc/openvpn/bridgekey</programlisting>

    <para>OpenVPN configuration on right-hand firewall:</para>

    <programlisting>remote 206.124.146.176
dev tap0
secret /etc/openvpn/bridgekey</programlisting>

    <para>The bridges can be created by manually making the tap device tap0
    and bridgeing it with the local ethernet interface. Assuming that the
    local interface on both sides is eth1, the following stanzas in
    /etc/network/interfaces (Debian and derivatives) will create the bridged
    interfaces.</para>

    <para>/etc/network/interfaces on the left-hand firewall:</para>

    <programlisting>iface br0 inet static
      pre-up /usr/sbin/openvpn --mktun --dev tap0
      pre-up /usr/sbin/brctl addbr br1
      address 192.168.1.254
      network 192.168.1.0
      broadcast 192.168.1.255
      netmask 255.255.255.0
      post-up /sbin/ip link set tap0 up
      post-up /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 tap0
      post-up /sbin/ip link set eth1 up
      post-up /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 eth1
      post-down /usr/sbin/brctl delbr br0
      post-down /usr/sbin/tunctl -d tap0
      post-down /sbin/ip link set eth1 down      </programlisting>

    <para>/etc/network/interfaces on the right-hand firewall:</para>

    <programlisting>iface br0 inet static
      pre-up /usr/sbin/openvpn --mktun --dev tap0
      pre-up /usr/sbin/brctl addbr br1
      address 192.168.1.253
      network 192.168.1.0
      broadcast 192.168.1.255
      netmask 255.255.255.0
      post-up /sbin/ip link set tap0 up
      post-up /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 tap0
      post-up /sbin/ip link set eth1 up
      post-up /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 eth1
      post-down /usr/sbin/brctl delbr br0
      post-down /usr/sbin/tunctl -d tap0
      post-down /sbin/ip link set eth1 down      </programlisting>

    <para>The Shorewall configuration is just a <ulink
    url="SimpleBridge.html">Simple Bridge</ulink>.</para>
  </section>
</article>