diff --git a/STABLE/documentation/News.htm b/STABLE/documentation/News.htm index e27dd03e3..39e4b5262 100644 --- a/STABLE/documentation/News.htm +++ b/STABLE/documentation/News.htm @@ -3,2382 +3,2428 @@ - + Shorewall News - + + - + - + - - - + + - + + - - + +
+
- + +

Shorewall News Archive

-
- -

2/8/2003 - Shoreawll 1.3.14

+ +

2/8/2003 - Shoreawall 1.3.14

+

New features include

+
    -
  1. An OLD_PING_HANDLING option has been added to shorewall.conf. When - set to Yes, Shorewall ping handling is as it has always been (see http://www.shorewall.net/ping.html).
    -
    - When OLD_PING_HANDLING=No, icmp echo (ping) is handled via rules and -policies just like any other connection request. The FORWARDPING=Yes option -in shorewall.conf and the 'noping' and 'filterping' options in /etc/shorewall/interfaces -will all generate an error.
    -
    -
  2. -
  3. It is now possible to direct Shorewall to create a "label" such as  - "eth0:0" for IP addresses that it creates under ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes and ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes. - This is done by specifying the label instead of just the interface name:
    -  
    -    a) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/masq
    -    b) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/nat
    -  
  4. -
  5. Support for OpenVPN Tunnels.
    -
    -
  6. -
  7. Support for VLAN devices with names of the form $DEV.$VID (e.g., eth0.0)
    -
    -
  8. -
  9. When an interface name is entered in the SUBNET column of the /etc/shorewall/masq - file, Shorewall previously masqueraded traffic from only the first subnet - defined on that interface. It did not masquerade traffic from:
    -  
    -    a) The subnets associated with other addresses on the interface.
    -    b) Subnets accessed through local routers.
    -  
    - Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.14, if you enter an interface name in the - SUBNET column, shorewall will use the firewall's routing table to construct - the masquerading/SNAT rules.
    -  
    - Example 1 -- This is how it works in 1.3.14.
    -   
    - +
  10. An OLD_PING_HANDLING option has been added to shorewall.conf. When + set to Yes, Shorewall ping handling is as it has always been (see http://www.shorewall.net/ping.html).
    +
    + When OLD_PING_HANDLING=No, icmp echo (ping) is handled via rules +and policies just like any other connection request. The FORWARDPING=Yes +option in shorewall.conf and the 'noping' and 'filterping' options in +/etc/shorewall/interfaces will all generate an error.
    +
    +
  11. +
  12. It is now possible to direct Shorewall to create a "label" such + as  "eth0:0" for IP addresses that it creates under ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes +and ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes. This is done by specifying the label instead of +just the interface name:
    +  
    +    a) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/masq
    +    b) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/nat
    +  
  13. +
  14. Support for OpenVPN Tunnels.
    +
    +
  15. +
  16. Support for VLAN devices with names of the form $DEV.$VID (e.g., +eth0.0)
    +
    +
  17. +
  18. In /etc/shorewall/tcrules, the MARK value may be optionally followed +by ":" and either 'F' or 'P' to designate that the marking will occur in the +FORWARD or PREROUTING chains respectively. If this additional specification +is omitted, the chain used to mark packets will be determined by the setting +of the MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN option in shorewall.conf.
    +
    +
  19. +
  20. When an interface name is entered in the SUBNET column of the /etc/shorewall/masq + file, Shorewall previously masqueraded traffic from only the first subnet + defined on that interface. It did not masquerade traffic from:
    +  
    +    a) The subnets associated with other addresses on the interface.
    +    b) Subnets accessed through local routers.
    +  
    + Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.14, if you enter an interface name in + the SUBNET column, shorewall will use the firewall's routing table to +construct the masquerading/SNAT rules.
    +  
    + Example 1 -- This is how it works in 1.3.14.
    +   
    +
       [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
    #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
    eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
    #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
    - +
       [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
    192.168.1.0/24  scope link
    192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
    - +
       [root@gateway test]# shorewall start
    ...
    Masqueraded Subnets and Hosts:
    To 0.0.0.0/0 from 192.168.1.0/24 through eth0 using 206.124.146.176
    To 0.0.0.0/0 from 192.168.10.0/24 through eth0 using 206.124.146.176
    Processing /etc/shorewall/tos...
    -  
    - When upgrading to Shorewall 1.3.14, if you have multiple local subnets - connected to an interface that is specified in the SUBNET column of an /etc/shorewall/masq - entry, your /etc/shorewall/masq file will need changing. In most cases, -you will simply be able to remove redundant entries. In some cases though, -you might want to change from using the interface name to listing specific -subnetworks if the change described above will cause masquerading to occur -on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
    -  
    - Example 2 -- Suppose that your current config is as follows:
    -   
    - +  
    + When upgrading to Shorewall 1.3.14, if you have multiple local subnets + connected to an interface that is specified in the SUBNET column of an + /etc/shorewall/masq entry, your /etc/shorewall/masq file will need changing. + In most cases, you will simply be able to remove redundant entries. In +some cases though, you might want to change from using the interface name +to listing specific subnetworks if the change described above will cause +masquerading to occur on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
    +  
    + Example 2 -- Suppose that your current config is as follows:
    +   
    +
       [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
    #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
    eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
    eth0                    192.168.10.0/24         206.124.146.176
    #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
    - +
       [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
    192.168.1.0/24  scope link
    192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
    [root@gateway test]#
    -  
    -    In this case, the second entry in /etc/shorewall/masq is no longer - required.
    -  
    - Example 3 -- What if your current configuration is like this?
    -  
    - +  
    +    In this case, the second entry in /etc/shorewall/masq is no longer + required.
    +  
    + Example 3 -- What if your current configuration is like this?
    +  
    +
       [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
    #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
    eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
    #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
    - +
       [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
    192.168.1.0/24  scope link
    192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
    [root@gateway test]#
    -  
    -    In this case, you would want to change the entry in  /etc/shorewall/masq - to:
    - +  
    +    In this case, you would want to change the entry in  /etc/shorewall/masq + to:
    +
       #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
    eth0                    192.168.1.0/24          206.124.146.176
    #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
    -
  21. + +
+


-2/5/2003 - Shorewall Support included in Webmin 1.060

- -

Webmin version 1.060 now has Shorewall support included as standard. See -http://www.webmin.com.
-
- 2/4/2003 - Shorewall 1.3.14-RC1

- + 2/5/2003 - Shorewall Support included in Webmin 1.060

+ +

Webmin version 1.060 now has Shorewall support included as standard. See + http://www.webmin.com.
+
+ 2/4/2003 - Shorewall 1.3.14-RC1

+

Includes the Beta 2 content plus support for OpenVPN tunnels.

- +

1/28/2003 - Shorewall 1.3.14-Beta2

- -

Includes the Beta 1 content plus restores VLAN device names of the form - $dev.$vid (e.g., eth0.1)

- + +

Includes the Beta 1 content plus restores VLAN device names of the form + $dev.$vid (e.g., eth0.1)

+

1/25/2003 - Shorewall 1.3.14-Beta1
-

- +

+

The Beta includes the following changes:
-

- +

+
    -
  1. An OLD_PING_HANDLING option has been added to shorewall.conf. -When set to Yes, Shorewall ping handling is as it has always been (see +
  2. An OLD_PING_HANDLING option has been added to shorewall.conf. + When set to Yes, Shorewall ping handling is as it has always been (see http://www.shorewall.net/ping.html).
    -
    - When OLD_PING_HANDLING=No, icmp echo (ping) is handled via rules and -policies just like any other connection request. The FORWARDPING=Yes option -in shorewall.conf and the 'noping' and 'filterping' options in /etc/shorewall/interfaces -will all generate an error.
    -
    -
  3. -
  4. It is now possible to direct Shorewall to create a "label" such - as  "eth0:0" for IP addresses that it creates under ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes -and ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes. This is done by specifying the label instead -of just the interface name:
    -  
    -    a) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/masq
    -    b) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/nat
    -  
  5. -
  6. When an interface name is entered in the SUBNET column of the -/etc/shorewall/masq file, Shorewall previously masqueraded traffic from -only the first subnet defined on that interface. It did not masquerade +
    + When OLD_PING_HANDLING=No, icmp echo (ping) is handled via rules +and policies just like any other connection request. The FORWARDPING=Yes +option in shorewall.conf and the 'noping' and 'filterping' options in +/etc/shorewall/interfaces will all generate an error.
    +
    +
  7. +
  8. It is now possible to direct Shorewall to create a "label" +such as  "eth0:0" for IP addresses that it creates under ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes +and ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes. This is done by specifying the label instead of +just the interface name:
    +  
    +    a) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/masq
    +    b) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/nat
    +  
  9. +
  10. When an interface name is entered in the SUBNET column of the + /etc/shorewall/masq file, Shorewall previously masqueraded traffic from + only the first subnet defined on that interface. It did not masquerade traffic from:
    -  
    -    a) The subnets associated with other addresses on the interface.
    -    b) Subnets accessed through local routers.
    -  
    - Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.14, if you enter an interface name in the - SUBNET column, shorewall will use the firewall's routing table to construct - the masquerading/SNAT rules.
    -  
    - Example 1 -- This is how it works in 1.3.14.
    -   
    - +  
    +    a) The subnets associated with other addresses on the interface.
    +    b) Subnets accessed through local routers.
    +  
    + Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.14, if you enter an interface name in + the SUBNET column, shorewall will use the firewall's routing table to +construct the masquerading/SNAT rules.
    +  
    + Example 1 -- This is how it works in 1.3.14.
    +   
    +
       [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
    #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
    eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
    #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
    - +
       [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
    192.168.1.0/24  scope link
    192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
    - +
       [root@gateway test]# shorewall start
    ...
    Masqueraded Subnets and Hosts:
    To 0.0.0.0/0 from 192.168.1.0/24 through eth0 using 206.124.146.176
    To 0.0.0.0/0 from 192.168.10.0/24 through eth0 using 206.124.146.176
    Processing /etc/shorewall/tos...
    -  
    - When upgrading to Shorewall 1.3.14, if you have multiple local subnets - connected to an interface that is specified in the SUBNET column of an /etc/shorewall/masq - entry, your /etc/shorewall/masq file will need changing. In most cases, -you will simply be able to remove redundant entries. In some cases though, -you might want to change from using the interface name to listing specific -subnetworks if the change described above will cause masquerading to occur -on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
    -  
    - Example 2 -- Suppose that your current config is as follows:
    -   
    - +  
    + When upgrading to Shorewall 1.3.14, if you have multiple local subnets + connected to an interface that is specified in the SUBNET column of an + /etc/shorewall/masq entry, your /etc/shorewall/masq file will need changing. + In most cases, you will simply be able to remove redundant entries. In +some cases though, you might want to change from using the interface name +to listing specific subnetworks if the change described above will cause +masquerading to occur on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
    +  
    + Example 2 -- Suppose that your current config is as follows:
    +   
    +
       [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
    #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
    eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
    eth0                    192.168.10.0/24         206.124.146.176
    #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
    - +
       [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
    192.168.1.0/24  scope link
    192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
    [root@gateway test]#
    -  
    -    In this case, the second entry in /etc/shorewall/masq is no longer - required.
    -  
    - Example 3 -- What if your current configuration is like this?
    -  
    - +  
    +    In this case, the second entry in /etc/shorewall/masq is no longer + required.
    +  
    + Example 3 -- What if your current configuration is like this?
    +  
    +
       [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
    #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
    eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
    #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
    - +
       [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
    192.168.1.0/24  scope link
    192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
    [root@gateway test]#
    -  
    -    In this case, you would want to change the entry in  /etc/shorewall/masq - to:
    - +  
    +    In this case, you would want to change the entry in  /etc/shorewall/masq + to:
    +
       #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
    eth0                    192.168.1.0/24          206.124.146.176
    #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
    -
  11. - + +
- +

1/18/2003 - Shorewall 1.3.13 Documentation in PDF Format

- -

Juraj Ontkanin has produced a PDF containing the Shorewall 1.3.13 documenation. - the PDF may be downloaded from

-     Juraj Ontkanin has produced a PDF containing the Shorewall 1.3.13 documenation. + the PDF may be downloaded from

+    
ftp://slovakia.shorewall.net/mirror/shorewall/pdf/
-     http://slovakia.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/pdf/ - +     http://slovakia.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/pdf/ +

1/17/2003 - shorewall.net has MOVED 

- +

Thanks to the generosity of Alex Martin and Rett Consulting, www.shorewall.net and -ftp.shorewall.net are now hosted on a system in Bellevue, Washington. A -big thanks to Alex for making this happen.
-

- + href="http://www.rettc.com">Rett Consulting, www.shorewall.net and ftp.shorewall.net +are now hosted on a system in Bellevue, Washington. A big thanks to Alex +for making this happen.
+

+

1/13/2003 - Shorewall 1.3.13
-

- +

+

Just includes a few things that I had on the burner:
-

- +

+
    -
  1. A new 'DNAT-' action has been added for entries in the /etc/shorewall/rules - file. DNAT- is intended for advanced users who wish to minimize the number - of rules that connection requests must traverse.
    -
    - A Shorewall DNAT rule actually generates two iptables rules: a header - rewriting rule in the 'nat' table and an ACCEPT rule in the 'filter' -table. A DNAT- rule only generates the first of these rules. This is -handy when you have several DNAT rules that would generate the same ACCEPT -rule.
    -
    -    Here are three rules from my previous rules file:
    -
    -         DNAT   net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp smtp - 206.124.146.178
    -         DNAT   net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp smtp - 206.124.146.179
    -         ACCEPT net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp www,smtp,ftp,...
    -
    -    These three rules ended up generating _three_ copies of
    -
    -          ACCEPT net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp smtp
    -
    -    By writing the rules this way, I end up with only one copy of -the ACCEPT rule.
    -
    -         DNAT-  net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp smtp -  206.124.146.178
    -         DNAT-  net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp smtp -  206.124.146.179
    -         ACCEPT net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp www,smtp,ftp,....
    -
    -
  2. -
  3. The 'shorewall check' command now prints out the applicable - policy between each pair of zones.
    -
    -
  4. -
  5. A new CLEAR_TC option has been added to shorewall.conf. If -this option is set to 'No' then Shorewall won't clear the current traffic -control rules during [re]start. This setting is intended for use by people -that prefer to configure traffic shaping when the network interfaces come -up rather than when the firewall is started. If that is what you want to -do, set TC_ENABLED=Yes and CLEAR_TC=No and do not supply an /etc/shorewall/tcstart - file. That way, your traffic shaping rules can still use the 'fwmark' +
  6. A new 'DNAT-' action has been added for entries in the +/etc/shorewall/rules file. DNAT- is intended for advanced users who +wish to minimize the number of rules that connection requests must traverse.
    +
    + A Shorewall DNAT rule actually generates two iptables rules: +a header rewriting rule in the 'nat' table and an ACCEPT rule in the +'filter' table. A DNAT- rule only generates the first of these rules. +This is handy when you have several DNAT rules that would generate the +same ACCEPT rule.
    +
    +    Here are three rules from my previous rules file:
    +
    +         DNAT   net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp smtp - 206.124.146.178
    +         DNAT   net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp smtp - 206.124.146.179
    +         ACCEPT net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp www,smtp,ftp,...
    +
    +    These three rules ended up generating _three_ copies of
    +
    +          ACCEPT net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp smtp
    +
    +    By writing the rules this way, I end up with only one copy +of the ACCEPT rule.
    +
    +         DNAT-  net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp smtp -  206.124.146.178
    +         DNAT-  net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp smtp -  206.124.146.179
    +         ACCEPT net  dmz:206.124.146.177 tcp www,smtp,ftp,....
    +
    +
  7. +
  8. The 'shorewall check' command now prints out the applicable + policy between each pair of zones.
    +
    +
  9. +
  10. A new CLEAR_TC option has been added to shorewall.conf. +If this option is set to 'No' then Shorewall won't clear the current traffic + control rules during [re]start. This setting is intended for use by people + that prefer to configure traffic shaping when the network interfaces come + up rather than when the firewall is started. If that is what you want +to do, set TC_ENABLED=Yes and CLEAR_TC=No and do not supply an /etc/shorewall/tcstart + file. That way, your traffic shaping rules can still use the 'fwmark' classifier based on packet marking defined in /etc/shorewall/tcrules.
    -
    -
  11. -
  12. A new SHARED_DIR variable has been added that allows distribution - packagers to easily move the shared directory (default /usr/lib/shorewall). - Users should never have a need to change the value of this shorewall.conf - setting.
    -
  13. - -
- -

1/6/2003 - BURNOUT -

- -

Until further notice, I will not be involved in either Shorewall Development - or Shorewall Support

- -

-Tom Eastep
-

- -

12/30/2002 - Shorewall Documentation in PDF Format

- -

Juraj Ontkanin has produced a PDF containing the Shorewall 1.3.12 documenation. - the PDF may be downloaded from

- -

    ftp://slovakia.shorewall.net/mirror/shorewall/pdf/
-     http://slovakia.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/pdf/
-

- -

12/27/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.12 Released

- -

Features include:
-

- -
    -
  1. "shorewall refresh" now reloads the traffic shaping rules - (tcrules and tcstart).
  2. -
  3. "shorewall debug [re]start" now turns off debugging after - an error occurs. This places the point of the failure near the end of - the trace rather than up in the middle of it.
  4. -
  5. "shorewall [re]start" has been speeded up by more than -40% with my configuration. Your milage may vary.
  6. -
  7. A "shorewall show classifiers" command has been added which - shows the current packet classification filters. The output from this - command is also added as a separate page in "shorewall monitor"
  8. -
  9. ULOG (must be all caps) is now accepted as a valid syslog - level and causes the subject packets to be logged using the ULOG target - rather than the LOG target. This allows you to run ulogd (available - from http://www.gnumonks.org/projects/ulogd) - and log all Shorewall messages to - a separate log file.
  10. -
  11. If you are running a kernel that has a FORWARD chain in -the mangle table ("shorewall show mangle" will show you the chains -in the mangle table), you can set MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN=Yes in shorewall.conf. This allows for marking - input packets based on their destination even when you are using -Masquerading or SNAT.
  12. -
  13. I have cluttered up the /etc/shorewall directory with empty - 'init', 'start', 'stop' and 'stopped' files. If you already have a - file with one of these names, don't worry -- the upgrade process won't - overwrite your file.
  14. -
  15. I have added a new RFC1918_LOG_LEVEL variable to shorewall.conf. This variable specifies - the syslog level at which packets are logged as a result of entries -in the /etc/shorewall/rfc1918 file. Previously, these packets were always - logged at the 'info' level.
    +
    +
  16. +
  17. A new SHARED_DIR variable has been added that allows distribution + packagers to easily move the shared directory (default /usr/lib/shorewall). + Users should never have a need to change the value of this shorewall.conf + setting.
-

12/20/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.12 Beta 3
-

- This version corrects a problem with Blacklist logging. In Beta - 2, if BLACKLIST_LOG_LEVEL was set to anything but ULOG, the firewall -would fail to start and "shorewall refresh" would also fail.
- -

12/20/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.12 Beta 2

- -

The first public Beta version of Shorewall 1.3.12 is now available (Beta - 1 was made available only to a limited audience).
-

- Features include:
- +

1/6/2003 - BURNOUT +

+ +

Until further notice, I will not be involved in either Shorewall Development + or Shorewall Support

+ +

-Tom Eastep
+

+ +

12/30/2002 - Shorewall Documentation in PDF Format

+ +

Juraj Ontkanin has produced a PDF containing the Shorewall 1.3.12 documenation. + the PDF may be downloaded from

+ +

    ftp://slovakia.shorewall.net/mirror/shorewall/pdf/
+     http://slovakia.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/pdf/
+

+ +

12/27/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.12 Released

+ +

Features include:
+

+
    -
  1. "shorewall refresh" now reloads the traffic shaping - rules (tcrules and tcstart).
  2. -
  3. "shorewall debug [re]start" now turns off debugging - after an error occurs. This places the point of the failure near -the end of the trace rather than up in the middle of it.
  4. -
  5. "shorewall [re]start" has been speeded up by more -than 40% with my configuration. Your milage may vary.
  6. -
  7. A "shorewall show classifiers" command has been added - which shows the current packet classification filters. The output -from this command is also added as a separate page in "shorewall monitor"
  8. -
  9. ULOG (must be all caps) is now accepted as a valid -syslog level and causes the subject packets to be logged using the -ULOG target rather than the LOG target. This allows you to run ulogd -(available from http://www.gnumonks.org/projects/ulogd) - and log all Shorewall messages to - a separate log file.
  10. -
  11. If you are running a kernel that has a FORWARD chain - in the mangle table ("shorewall show mangle" will show you the chains - in the mangle table), you can set MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN=Yes in shorewall.conf. - This allows for marking input packets based on their destination even - when you are using Masquerading or SNAT.
  12. -
  13. I have cluttered up the /etc/shorewall directory with - empty 'init', 'start', 'stop' and 'stopped' files. If you already -have a file with one of these names, don't worry -- the upgrade process -won't overwrite your file.
  14. - +
  15. "shorewall refresh" now reloads the traffic shaping +rules (tcrules and tcstart).
  16. +
  17. "shorewall debug [re]start" now turns off debugging +after an error occurs. This places the point of the failure near +the end of the trace rather than up in the middle of it.
  18. +
  19. "shorewall [re]start" has been speeded up by more than + 40% with my configuration. Your milage may vary.
  20. +
  21. A "shorewall show classifiers" command has been added + which shows the current packet classification filters. The output + from this command is also added as a separate page in "shorewall +monitor"
  22. +
  23. ULOG (must be all caps) is now accepted as a valid syslog + level and causes the subject packets to be logged using the ULOG +target rather than the LOG target. This allows you to run ulogd (available + from http://www.gnumonks.org/projects/ulogd) + and log all Shorewall messages to a separate log file.
  24. +
  25. If you are running a kernel that has a FORWARD chain +in the mangle table ("shorewall show mangle" will show you the chains + in the mangle table), you can set MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN=Yes in shorewall.conf. This allows for marking + input packets based on their destination even when you are using +Masquerading or SNAT.
  26. +
  27. I have cluttered up the /etc/shorewall directory with + empty 'init', 'start', 'stop' and 'stopped' files. If you already + have a file with one of these names, don't worry -- the upgrade process + won't overwrite your file.
  28. +
  29. I have added a new RFC1918_LOG_LEVEL variable to shorewall.conf. This variable specifies + the syslog level at which packets are logged as a result of entries + in the /etc/shorewall/rfc1918 file. Previously, these packets were always + logged at the 'info' level.
    +
  30. +
- You may download the Beta from:
- + +

12/20/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.12 Beta 3
+

+ This version corrects a problem with Blacklist logging. In + Beta 2, if BLACKLIST_LOG_LEVEL was set to anything but ULOG, the firewall + would fail to start and "shorewall refresh" would also fail.
+ +

12/20/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.12 Beta 2

+ +

The first public Beta version of Shorewall 1.3.12 is now available (Beta + 1 was made available only to a limited audience).
+

+ Features include:
+ +
    +
  1. "shorewall refresh" now reloads the traffic shaping + rules (tcrules and tcstart).
  2. +
  3. "shorewall debug [re]start" now turns off debugging + after an error occurs. This places the point of the failure near +the end of the trace rather than up in the middle of it.
  4. +
  5. "shorewall [re]start" has been speeded up by more + than 40% with my configuration. Your milage may vary.
  6. +
  7. A "shorewall show classifiers" command has been +added which shows the current packet classification filters. The +output from this command is also added as a separate page in "shorewall +monitor"
  8. +
  9. ULOG (must be all caps) is now accepted as a valid + syslog level and causes the subject packets to be logged using the + ULOG target rather than the LOG target. This allows you to run ulogd + (available from http://www.gnumonks.org/projects/ulogd) + and log all Shorewall messages to a separate log file.
  10. +
  11. If you are running a kernel that has a FORWARD +chain in the mangle table ("shorewall show mangle" will show you +the chains in the mangle table), you can set MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN=Yes +in shorewall.conf. This allows for marking input packets based on +their destination even when you are using Masquerading or SNAT.
  12. +
  13. I have cluttered up the /etc/shorewall directory + with empty 'init', 'start', 'stop' and 'stopped' files. If you already + have a file with one of these names, don't worry -- the upgrade process + won't overwrite your file.
  14. + +
+ You may download the Beta from:
+
http://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta
- ftp://ftp.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta
-
- + ftp://ftp.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta
+ +

12/12/2002 - Mandrake Multi Network Firewall Powered by Mandrake Linux -

- Shorewall is at the center of MandrakeSoft's recently-announced - Multi - Network Firewall (MNF) product. Here is the press - release.
- +

+ Shorewall is at the center of MandrakeSoft's recently-announced + Multi + Network Firewall (MNF) product. Here is the press + release.
+

12/7/2002 - Shorewall Support for Mandrake 9.0

- -

Two months and 3 days after I ordered Mandrake 9.0, it was finally delivered. - I have installed 9.0 on one of my systems and I am now in a position - to support Shorewall users who run Mandrake 9.0.

- + +

Two months and 3 days after I ordered Mandrake 9.0, it was finally delivered. + I have installed 9.0 on one of my systems and I am now in a position + to support Shorewall users who run Mandrake 9.0.

+

12/6/2002 - Debian 1.3.11a Packages Available
-

- - -

Apt-get sources listed at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

- -

12/3/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.11a

- -

This is a bug-fix roll up which includes Roger Aich's fix for DNAT with - excluded subnets (e.g., "DNAT foo!bar ..."). Current 1.3.11 users - who don't need rules of this type need not upgrade to 1.3.11.

- -

11/24/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.11

- -

In this version:

- - - -

11/14/2002 - Shorewall Documentation in PDF Format

- -

Juraj Ontkanin has produced a PDF containing the Shorewall 1.3.10 documenation. - the PDF may be downloaded from

- -

    ftp://slovakia.shorewall.net/mirror/shorewall/pdf/
-     http://slovakia.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/pdf/
-

- -

11/09/2002 - Shorewall is Back at SourceForge -

- - -

The main Shorewall 1.3 web site is now back at SourceForge at http://shorewall.sf.net.
-

+

-

11/09/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.10

+

Apt-get sources listed at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

+ +

12/3/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.11a

+ +

This is a bug-fix roll up which includes Roger Aich's fix for DNAT with + excluded subnets (e.g., "DNAT foo!bar ..."). Current 1.3.11 +users who don't need rules of this type need not upgrade to 1.3.11.

+ +

11/24/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.11

In this version:

+

11/14/2002 - Shorewall Documentation in PDF Format

+ +

Juraj Ontkanin has produced a PDF containing the Shorewall 1.3.10 documenation. + the PDF may be downloaded from

+ +

    ftp://slovakia.shorewall.net/mirror/shorewall/pdf/
+     http://slovakia.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/pdf/
+

+ +

11/09/2002 - Shorewall is Back at SourceForge +

+ + +

The main Shorewall 1.3 web site is now back at SourceForge at http://shorewall.sf.net.
+

+ + +

11/09/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.10

+ +

In this version:

+ + +

10/24/2002 - Shorewall is now in Gentoo Linux
-

- Alexandru Hartmann reports that his Shorewall - package is now a part of the +

+ Alexandru Hartmann reports that his Shorewall + package is now a part of the Gentoo Linux distribution. Thanks Alex!
- +

10/23/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.10 Beta 1

- In this version:
+ In this version:
+ + + + You may download the Beta from:
+ + + + +

10/10/2002 -  Debian 1.3.9b Packages Available
+

+ + +

Apt-get sources listed at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

+ +

10/9/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.9b

+ This release rolls up fixes to the installer + and to the firewall script.
+ +

10/6/2002 - Shorewall.net now running on RH8.0
+

+ The firewall and server here at shorewall.net + are now running RedHat release 8.0.
+
+ 9/30/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.9a

+ Roles up the fix for broken tunnels.
+ +

9/30/2002 - TUNNELS Broken in 1.3.9!!!

+ There is an updated firewall script at +ftp://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/errata/1.3.9/firewall + -- copy that file to /usr/lib/shorewall/firewall.
+ +

9/28/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.9

+ + +

In this version:
+

- You may download the Beta from:
- - - -

10/10/2002 -  Debian 1.3.9b Packages Available
-

- - -

Apt-get sources listed at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

- -

10/9/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.9b

- This release rolls up fixes to the installer - and to the firewall script.
- -

10/6/2002 - Shorewall.net now running on RH8.0
-

- The firewall and server here at shorewall.net - are now running RedHat release 8.0.
-
- 9/30/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.9a

- Roles up the fix for broken tunnels.
- -

9/30/2002 - TUNNELS Broken in 1.3.9!!!

- There is an updated firewall script at ftp://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/errata/1.3.9/firewall - -- copy that file to /usr/lib/shorewall/firewall.
- -

9/28/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.9

- -

In this version:
-

- - - -

9/23/2002 - Full Shorewall Site/Mailing List Archive Search Capability - Restored
-

- 9/23/2002 - Full Shorewall Site/Mailing List Archive Search Capability + Restored
+

+ Brown Paper Bag - A couple of recent configuration -changes at www.shorewall.net broke the Search facility:
+ A couple of recent configuration + changes at www.shorewall.net broke the Search facility:
- -
- + +
+
    -
  1. Mailing List Archive Search -was not available.
  2. -
  3. The Site Search index was incomplete
  4. -
  5. Only one page of matches was -presented.
  6. - - - -
-
- Hopefully these problems are now -corrected. -

9/23/2002 - Full Shorewall Site/Mailing List Archive Search Capability - Restored
-

- A couple of recent configuration changes - at www.shorewall.net had the negative effect of breaking - the Search facility:
- - -
    -
  1. Mailing List Archive Search was - not available.
  2. -
  3. The Site Search index was incomplete
  4. -
  5. Only one page of matches was -presented.
  6. - - -
- Hopefully these problems are now corrected.
- - -

9/18/2002 -  Debian 1.3.8 Packages Available
-

- - -

Apt-get sources listed at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

- - -

9/16/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.8

- - -

In this version:
-

- - -
+ Hopefully these problems are +now corrected. +

9/23/2002 - Full Shorewall Site/Mailing List Archive Search Capability + Restored
+

+ A couple of recent configuration +changes at www.shorewall.net had the negative effect of +breaking the Search facility:
+ + +
    +
  1. Mailing List Archive Search + was not available.
  2. +
  3. The Site Search index was +incomplete
  4. +
  5. Only one page of matches was + presented.
  6. + + +
+ Hopefully these problems are now +corrected.
+ + +

9/18/2002 -  Debian 1.3.8 Packages Available
+

+ + +

Apt-get sources listed at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

+ + +

9/16/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.8

+ + +

In this version:
+

+ + + - + - +

9/11/2002 - Debian 1.3.7c Packages Available

- +

Apt-get sources listed at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

- +

9/2/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.7c

- -

This is a role up of a fix for "DNAT" rules where the source zone is $FW - (fw).

+ +

This is a role up of a fix for "DNAT" rules where the source zone is $FW + (fw).

- +

8/31/2002 - I'm not available

- -

I'm currently on vacation  -- please respect my need for a couple of - weeks free of Shorewall problem reports.

+ +

I'm currently on vacation  -- please respect my need for a couple of +weeks free of Shorewall problem reports.

- +

-Tom

- +

8/26/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.7b

- -

This is a role up of the "shorewall refresh" bug fix and the change which - reverses the order of "dhcp" and "norfc1918" checking.

+ +

This is a role up of the "shorewall refresh" bug fix and the change which + reverses the order of "dhcp" and "norfc1918" checking.

- +

8/26/2002 - French FTP Mirror is Operational

- +

ftp://france.shorewall.net/pub/mirrors/shorewall - is now available.

+ href="ftp://france.shorewall.net/pub/mirrors/shorewall">ftp://france.shorewall.net/pub/mirrors/shorewall + is now available.

- +

8/25/2002 - Shorewall Mirror in France

- -

Thanks to a Shorewall user in Paris, the Shorewall web site is now mirrored - at Thanks to a Shorewall user in Paris, the Shorewall web site is now mirrored + at http://france.shorewall.net.

- +

8/25/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.7a Debian Packages Available

- -

Lorenzo Martignoni reports that the packages for version 1.3.7a are available - at Lorenzo Martignoni reports that the packages for version 1.3.7a are available + at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

- -

8/22/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.7 Wins a Brown Paper Bag Award for its Author - -- Shorewall 1.3.7a released8/22/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.7 Wins a Brown Paper Bag Award for its Author + -- Shorewall 1.3.7a released -

+

- -

1.3.7a corrects problems occurring in rules file processing when starting - Shorewall 1.3.7.

+ +

1.3.7a corrects problems occurring in rules file processing when starting + Shorewall 1.3.7.

- +

8/22/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.7 Released 8/13/2002

- +

Features in this release include:

- + - -

I would like to thank John Distler for his valuable input regarding TCP - SYN and ICMP treatment in Shorewall. That input has -led to marked improvement in Shorewall in the last two releases.

+ +

I would like to thank John Distler for his valuable input regarding TCP + SYN and ICMP treatment in Shorewall. That input has + led to marked improvement in Shorewall in the last two + releases.

- +

8/13/2002 - Documentation in the CVS Repository

- -

The Shorewall-docs project now contains just the HTML and image files - -the Frontpage files have been removed.

+ +

The Shorewall-docs project now contains just the HTML and image files +- the Frontpage files have been removed.

- +

8/7/2002 - STABLE branch added to CVS Repository

- -

This branch will only be updated after I release a new version of Shorewall - so you can always update from this branch to get the - latest stable tree.

+ +

This branch will only be updated after I release a new version of Shorewall + so you can always update from this branch to get +the latest stable tree.

- -

8/7/2002 - Upgrade Issues section added - to the Errata Page

+ +

8/7/2002 - Upgrade Issues section +added to the Errata Page

- -

Now there is one place to go to look for issues involved with upgrading - to recent versions of Shorewall.

+ +

Now there is one place to go to look for issues involved with upgrading + to recent versions of Shorewall.

- +

8/7/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.6

- +

This is primarily a bug-fix rollup with a couple of new features:

- + - +

7/30/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.5b Released

- +

This interim release:

- + - +

7/29/2002 - New Shorewall Setup Guide Available

- +

The first draft of this guide is available at http://www.shorewall.net/shorewall_setup_guide.htm. - The guide is intended for use by people who are setting - up Shorewall to manage multiple public IP addresses and - by people who want to learn more about Shorewall than is described - in the single-address guides. Feedback on the new guide is -welcome.

+ href="http://www.shorewall.net/shorewall_setup_guide.htm"> http://www.shorewall.net/shorewall_setup_guide.htm. + The guide is intended for use by people who are setting + up Shorewall to manage multiple public IP addresses +and by people who want to learn more about Shorewall than +is described in the single-address guides. Feedback on the +new guide is welcome.

- +

7/28/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.5 Debian Package Available

- -

Lorenzo Martignoni reports that the packages are version 1.3.5a and are - available at Lorenzo Martignoni reports that the packages are version 1.3.5a and are + available at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

- +

7/27/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.5a Released

- +

This interim release restores correct handling of REDIRECT rules.

- +

7/26/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.5 Released

- -

This will be the last Shorewall release for a while. I'm going to be - focusing on rewriting a lot of the documentation.

+ +

This will be the last Shorewall release for a while. I'm going to be +focusing on rewriting a lot of the documentation.

- +

 In this version:

- + - +

7/16/2002 - New Mirror in Argentina

- -

Thanks to Arturo "Buanzo" Busleiman, there is now a Shorewall mirror in - Argentina. Thanks Buanzo!!!

+ +

Thanks to Arturo "Buanzo" Busleiman, there is now a Shorewall mirror in + Argentina. Thanks Buanzo!!!

- +

7/16/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.4 Released

- +

In this version:

- + - +

7/8/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.3 Debian Package Available

- +

Lorenzo Marignoni reports that the packages are available at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

- +

7/6/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.3 Released

- +

In this version:

- + - +

6/25/2002 - Samples Updated for 1.3.2

- -

The comments in the sample configuration files have been updated to reflect - new features introduced in Shorewall 1.3.2.

+ +

The comments in the sample configuration files have been updated to reflect + new features introduced in Shorewall 1.3.2.

- +

6/25/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.1 Debian Package Available

- +

Lorenzo Marignoni reports that the package is available at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

- +

6/19/2002 - Documentation Available in PDF Format

- -

Thanks to Mike Martinez, the Shorewall Documentation is now available for - download in Adobe - PDF format.

+ +

Thanks to Mike Martinez, the Shorewall Documentation is now available +for download in Adobe PDF format.

- +

6/16/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.2 Released

- +

In this version:

- + - +

6/6/2002 - Why CVS Web access is Password Protected

- -

Last weekend, I installed the CVS Web package to provide brower-based access - to the Shorewall CVS repository. Since then, I have had several instances -where my server was almost unusable due to the high load generated by website -copying tools like HTTrack and WebStripper. These mindless tools:

+ +

Last weekend, I installed the CVS Web package to provide brower-based +access to the Shorewall CVS repository. Since then, I have had several +instances where my server was almost unusable due to the high load generated +by website copying tools like HTTrack and WebStripper. These mindless tools:

- + - -

These tools/weapons are particularly damaging when combined with CVS Web - because they doggedly follow every link in the cgi-generated - HTML resulting in 1000s of executions of the cvsweb.cgi - script. Yesterday, I spend several hours implementing measures - to block these tools but unfortunately, these measures resulted - in my server OOM-ing under even moderate load.

+ +

These tools/weapons are particularly damaging when combined with CVS Web + because they doggedly follow every link in the cgi-generated + HTML resulting in 1000s of executions of the cvsweb.cgi + script. Yesterday, I spend several hours implementing +measures to block these tools but unfortunately, these measures + resulted in my server OOM-ing under even moderate load.

- -

Until I have the time to understand the cause of the OOM (or until I buy - more RAM if that is what is required), CVS Web access - will remain Password Protected.

+ +

Until I have the time to understand the cause of the OOM (or until I buy + more RAM if that is what is required), CVS Web access + will remain Password Protected.

- +

6/5/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.1 Debian Package Available

- +

Lorenzo Marignoni reports that the package is available at http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html.

- +

6/2/2002 - Samples Corrected

- -

The 1.3.0 samples configurations had several serious problems that prevented - DNS and SSH from working properly. These problems have - been corrected in the The 1.3.0 samples configurations had several serious problems that prevented + DNS and SSH from working properly. These problems +have been corrected in the 1.3.1 samples.

- +

6/1/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.1 Released

- +

Hot on the heels of 1.3.0, this release:

- + - +

5/29/2002 - Shorewall 1.3.0 Released

- -

In addition to the changes in Beta 1, Beta 2 and RC1, Shorewall 1.3.0 - includes:

+ +

In addition to the changes in Beta 1, Beta 2 and RC1, Shorewall 1.3.0 + includes:

- + - +

5/23/2002 - Shorewall 1.3 RC1 Available

- -

In addition to the changes in Beta 1 and Beta 2, RC1 (Version 1.2.92) - incorporates the following:

+ +

In addition to the changes in Beta 1 and Beta 2, RC1 (Version 1.2.92) + incorporates the following:

- + - +

5/19/2002 - Shorewall 1.3 Beta 2 Available

- -

In addition to the changes in Beta 1, this release which carries the - designation 1.2.91 adds:

+ +

In addition to the changes in Beta 1, this release which carries the +designation 1.2.91 adds:

- + - +

5/17/2002 - Shorewall 1.3 Beta 1 Available

- -

Beta 1 carries the version designation 1.2.90 and implements the following - features:

+ +

Beta 1 carries the version designation 1.2.90 and implements the following + features:

- + - +

5/4/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.13 is Available

- +

In this version:

- + - +

4/30/2002 - Shorewall Debian News

- -

Lorenzo Marignoni reports that Shorewall 1.2.12 is now in both the Debian -Testing Branch and the Debian -Unstable Branch.

+ +

Lorenzo Marignoni reports that Shorewall 1.2.12 is now in both the +Debian + Testing Branch and the Debian + Unstable Branch.

- +

4/20/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.12 is Available

- + - +

4/17/2002 - Shorewall Debian News

- +

Lorenzo Marignoni reports that:

- + - - -

Thanks, Lorenzo!

- - -

4/16/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.11 RPM Available for SuSE

- - -

Thanks to Stefan Mohr, there - is now a Shorewall 1.2.11 - SuSE RPM available.

- - -

4/13/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.11 Available

- - -

In this version:

- - - - - -

4/13/2002 - Hamburg Mirror now has FTP

- - -

Stefan now has an FTP mirror at ftp://germany.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall.  - Thanks Stefan!

- - -

4/12/2002 - New Mirror in Hamburg

- - -

Thanks to Stefan Mohr, there - is now a mirror of the Shorewall website at http://germany.shorewall.net. -

- - -

4/10/2002 - Shorewall QuickStart Guide Version 1.1 Available

- - -

Version 1.1 of the QuickStart - Guide is now available. Thanks to those who have - read version 1.0 and offered their suggestions. Corrections - have also been made to the sample scripts.

- - -

4/9/2002 - Shorewall QuickStart Guide Version 1.0 Available

- - -

Version 1.0 of the QuickStart - Guide is now available. This Guide and its accompanying - sample configurations are expected to provide a replacement - for the recently withdrawn parameterized samples.

- - -

4/8/2002 - Parameterized Samples Withdrawn

- - -

Although the parameterized - samples have allowed people to get a firewall up - and running quickly, they have unfortunately set the wrong - level of expectation among those who have used them. I am - therefore withdrawing support for the samples and I am recommending - that they not be used in new Shorewall installations.

- - -

4/2/2002 - Updated Log Parser

- - -

John Lodge has provided an updated - version of his CGI-based - log parser with corrected date handling.

- - -

3/30/2002 - Shorewall Website Search Improvements

- - -

The quick search on the home page now excludes the mailing list archives. - The Extended Search -allows excluding the archives or restricting the search -to just the archives. An archive search form is also available -on the mailing - list information page.

- - -

3/28/2002 - Debian Shorewall News (From Lorenzo Martignoni)

- - - - + +

Thanks, Lorenzo!

+ + +

4/16/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.11 RPM Available for SuSE

+ + +

Thanks to Stefan Mohr, there + is now a Shorewall 1.2.11 + SuSE RPM available.

+ + +

4/13/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.11 Available

+ + +

In this version:

+ + + + + +

4/13/2002 - Hamburg Mirror now has FTP

+ + +

Stefan now has an FTP mirror at ftp://germany.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall.  + Thanks Stefan!

+ + +

4/12/2002 - New Mirror in Hamburg

+ + +

Thanks to Stefan Mohr, there + is now a mirror of the Shorewall website at http://germany.shorewall.net. +

+ + +

4/10/2002 - Shorewall QuickStart Guide Version 1.1 Available

+ + +

Version 1.1 of the QuickStart + Guide is now available. Thanks to those who have + read version 1.0 and offered their suggestions. Corrections + have also been made to the sample scripts.

+ + +

4/9/2002 - Shorewall QuickStart Guide Version 1.0 Available

+ + +

Version 1.0 of the QuickStart + Guide is now available. This Guide and its accompanying + sample configurations are expected to provide a replacement + for the recently withdrawn parameterized samples.

+ + +

4/8/2002 - Parameterized Samples Withdrawn

+ + +

Although the parameterized + samples have allowed people to get a firewall +up and running quickly, they have unfortunately set the +wrong level of expectation among those who have used them. +I am therefore withdrawing support for the samples and I am +recommending that they not be used in new Shorewall installations.

+ + +

4/2/2002 - Updated Log Parser

+ + +

John Lodge has provided an updated + version of his CGI-based + log parser with corrected date handling.

+ + +

3/30/2002 - Shorewall Website Search Improvements

+ + +

The quick search on the home page now excludes the mailing list archives. + The Extended Search + allows excluding the archives or restricting the search + to just the archives. An archive search form is also available + on the mailing + list information page.

+ + +

3/28/2002 - Debian Shorewall News (From Lorenzo Martignoni)

+ + + + +

3/25/2002 - Log Parser Available

- +

John Lodge has provided a CGI-based log parser for Shorewall. Thanks - John.

+ href="pub/shorewall/parsefw/">CGI-based log parser for Shorewall. Thanks + John.

- +

3/20/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.10 Released

- +

In this version:

- + - +

3/11/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.9 Released

- +

In this version:

- + - +

3/1/2002 - 1.2.8 Debian Package is Available

- +

See http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html

- +

2/25/2002 - New Two-interface Sample

- -

I've enhanced the two interface sample to allow access from the firewall - to servers in the local zone - - http://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/LATEST.samples/two-interfaces.tgz

+ +

I've enhanced the two interface sample to allow access from the firewall + to servers in the local zone - + http://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/LATEST.samples/two-interfaces.tgz

- +

2/23/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.8 Released

- -

Do to a serious problem with 1.2.7, I am releasing 1.2.8. It corrects - problems associated with the lock file used to prevent multiple state-changing - operations from occuring simultaneously. My apologies - for any inconvenience my carelessness may have caused.

+ +

Do to a serious problem with 1.2.7, I am releasing 1.2.8. It corrects + problems associated with the lock file used to prevent multiple state-changing + operations from occuring simultaneously. My apologies + for any inconvenience my carelessness may have caused.

- +

2/22/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.7 Released

- +

In this version:

- + - +

2/18/2002 - 1.2.6 Debian Package is Available

- +

See http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html

- +

2/8/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.6 Released

- +

In this version:

- + - +

2/4/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.5 Debian Package Available

- +

see http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html

- +

2/1/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.5 Released

- -

Due to installation problems with Shorewall 1.2.4, I have released Shorewall - 1.2.5. Sorry for the rapid-fire development.

+ +

Due to installation problems with Shorewall 1.2.4, I have released Shorewall + 1.2.5. Sorry for the rapid-fire development.

- +

In version 1.2.5:

- + - +

1/28/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.4 Released

- + - +

1/27/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.3 Debian Package Available -- see http://security.dsi.unimi.it/~lorenzo/debian.html

- +

1/20/2002 - Corrected firewall script available 

- -

Corrects a problem with BLACKLIST_LOGLEVEL. See the - errata for details.

+ +

Corrects a problem with BLACKLIST_LOGLEVEL. See the + errata for details.

- +

1/19/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.3 Released

- +

This is a minor feature and bugfix release. The single new feature is:

- + - +

The following problems were corrected:

- + - +

1/18/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.2 packaged with new LEAF release

- -

Jacques Nilo and Eric Wolzak have released a kernel 2.4.16 LEAF distribution - that includes Shorewall 1.2.2. See http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo - for details.

+ +

Jacques Nilo and Eric Wolzak have released a kernel 2.4.16 LEAF distribution + that includes Shorewall 1.2.2. See http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo + for details.

- +

1/11/2002 - Debian Package (.deb) Now Available - Thanks to Lorenzo Martignoni, a 1.2.2 - Shorewall Debian package is now available. There is a -link to Lorenzo's site from the Shorewall - download page.

+ href="mailto:lorenzo.martignoni@milug.org">Lorenzo Martignoni, a 1.2.2 + Shorewall Debian package is now available. There is +a link to Lorenzo's site from the Shorewall download page.

- +

1/9/2002 - Updated 1.2.2 /sbin/shorewall available - This corrected version restores - the "shorewall status" command to health.

+ href="/pub/shorewall/errata/1.2.2/shorewall">This corrected version restores + the "shorewall status" command to health.

- +

1/8/2002 - Shorewall 1.2.2 Released

- +

In version 1.2.2

- + - -
  • Use of TCP RST replies has - been expanded  - - - -
  • -
  • A LOGFILE specification -has been added to /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf. LOGFILE is used - to tell the /sbin/shorewall program where to look for Shorewall - messages.
  • + +
  • A LOGFILE specification has + been added to /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf. LOGFILE is used + to tell the /sbin/shorewall program where to look for Shorewall + messages.
  • - + - +

    1/5/2002 - New Parameterized Samples (version 1.2.0) released. These are minor updates - to the previously-released samples. There are two new -rules added:

    + target="_blank">version 1.2.0) released. These are minor updates + to the previously-released samples. There are two new + rules added:

    - + - +

    See the README file for upgrade instructions.

    - +

    1/1/2002 - Shorewall Mailing List Moving

    - -

    The Shorewall mailing list hosted at - Sourceforge is moving to Shorewall.net. If you are - a current subscriber to the list at Sourceforge, please see these instructions. - If you would like to subscribe to the new list, visit -http://www.shorewall.net/mailman/listinfo/shorewall-users.

    + +

    The Shorewall mailing list hosted at + Sourceforge is moving to Shorewall.net. If you +are a current subscriber to the list at Sourceforge, please + see these instructions. + If you would like to subscribe to the new list, visit + http://www.shorewall.net/mailman/listinfo/shorewall-users.

    - +

    12/31/2001 - Shorewall 1.2.1 Released

    - +

    In version 1.2.1:

    - + - -

    12/21/2001 - Shorewall 1.2.0 Released! - I couldn't resist releasing -1.2 on 12/21/2001

    + +

    12/21/2001 - Shorewall 1.2.0 Released! - I couldn't resist +releasing 1.2 on 12/21/2001

    - +

    Version 1.2 contains the following new features:

    - + - -

    For the next month or so, I will continue to provide corrections to version - 1.1.18 as necessary so that current version 1.1.x users - will not be forced into a quick upgrade to 1.2.0 just to -have access to bug fixes.

    + +

    For the next month or so, I will continue to provide corrections to version + 1.1.18 as necessary so that current version 1.1.x users + will not be forced into a quick upgrade to 1.2.0 just to + have access to bug fixes.

    - -

    For those of you who have installed one of the Beta RPMS, you will need - to use the "--oldpackage" option when upgrading to 1.2.0:

    + +

    For those of you who have installed one of the Beta RPMS, you will need + to use the "--oldpackage" option when upgrading to +1.2.0:

    + + +
    - -
    -

    rpm -Uvh --oldpackage shorewall-1.2-0.noarch.rpm

    -
    +
    - -

    12/19/2001 - Thanks to Steve - Cowles, there is now a Shorewall mirror in Texas. - This web site is mirrored at http://www.infohiiway.com/shorewall - and the ftp site is at 12/19/2001 - Thanks to Steve + Cowles, there is now a Shorewall mirror in Texas. + This web site is mirrored at http://www.infohiiway.com/shorewall + and the ftp site is at ftp://ftp.infohiiway.com/pub/mirrors/shorewall. 

    - +

    11/30/2001 - A new set of the parameterized Sample -Configurations has been released. In this version:

    + href="ftp://ftp.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/samples-1.1.18">Sample + Configurations has been released. In this version:

    - + - +

    11/20/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.18. 

    - +

    In this version:

    - + - -

    11/19/2001 - Thanks to Juraj - Ontkanin, there is now a Shorewall mirror -in the Slovak Republic. The website is now mirrored -at http://www.nrg.sk/mirror/shorewall - and the FTP site is mirrored at 11/19/2001 - Thanks to Juraj + Ontkanin, there is now a Shorewall mirror +in the Slovak Republic. The website is now mirrored at +http://www.nrg.sk/mirror/shorewall + and the FTP site is mirrored at ftp://ftp.nrg.sk/mirror/shorewall.

    + +

    11/2/2001 - Announcing Shorewall Parameter-driven Sample Configurations. + There are three sample configurations:

    + -

    11/2/2001 - Announcing Shorewall Parameter-driven Sample Configurations. - There are three sample configurations:

    - - - +

    Samples may be downloaded from ftp://ftp.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/samples-1.1.17 - . See the README file for instructions.

    + href="ftp://ftp.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/samples-1.1.17"> ftp://ftp.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/samples-1.1.17 + . See the README file for instructions.

    - -

    11/1/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.17.  I intend - this to be the last of the 1.1 Shorewall releases.

    + +

    11/1/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.17.  I intend + this to be the last of the 1.1 Shorewall releases.

    - +

    In this version:

    - + - -

    10/22/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.16. In this - version:

    + +

    10/22/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.16. In this + version:

    - + + + +

    10/15/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.15. In this + version:

    + + + -

    10/15/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.15. In this - version:

    +

    10/4/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.14. In this + version

    - + - - -

    10/4/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.14. In this - version

    - - - - -

    9/12/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.13. In this - version

    + +

    9/12/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.13. In this + version

    - + - -

    8/28/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.12. In this - version

    + +

    8/28/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.12. In this + version

    - + - -

    7/28/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.11. In this - version

    + +

    7/28/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.11. In this + version

    - + - -

    7/6/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.10. In this version

    + +

    7/6/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.10. In this +version

    - + - -

    6/23/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.9. In this version

    + +

    6/23/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.9. In this +version

    - + - -

    6/18/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.8. In this version

    + +

    6/18/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.8. In this +version

    - + - +

    6/2/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.7. In this version

    - + - -

    5/25/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.6. In this version

    + +

    5/25/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.6. In this +version

    - + - -

    5/20/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.5. In this version

    + +

    5/20/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.5. In this +version

    - + - -

    5/10/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.4. In this version

    + +

    5/10/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.4. In this +version

    - + - -

    4/28/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.3. In this version

    + +

    4/28/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.3. In this +version

    - + - -

    4/12/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.2. In this version

    + +

    4/12/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.2. In this +version

    - + - +

    4/8/2001 - Shorewall is now affiliated with the Leaf Project -

    +

    - +

    4/5/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.1. In this version:

    - + - +

    3/25/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.1.0. In this version:

    - + - +

    3/19/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.0.4. This version:

    - + - -

    3/13/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.0.3. This is a bug-fix - release with no new features.

    + +

    3/13/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.0.3. This is a bug-fix + release with no new features.

    - + - -

    3/8/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.0.2. It supports an - additional "gw" (gateway) zone for tunnels and it -supports IPSEC tunnels with end-points on the firewall. + +

    3/8/2001 - The current version of Shorewall is 1.0.2. It supports an + additional "gw" (gateway) zone for tunnels and it +supports IPSEC tunnels with end-points on the firewall. There is also a .lrp available now.

    - -

    Updated 2/7/2003 - Tom Eastep -

    + +

    Updated 2/13/2003 - Tom Eastep +

    - +

    Copyright © 2001, 2002 Thomas M. Eastep.
    -

    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    +

    diff --git a/STABLE/documentation/ping.html b/STABLE/documentation/ping.html index fdf4b1126..31637d4a9 100644 --- a/STABLE/documentation/ping.html +++ b/STABLE/documentation/ping.html @@ -2,147 +2,148 @@ ICMP Echo-request (Ping) - + - + - + - - - + + - - - + + + +
    +

    ICMP Echo-request (Ping)

    -
    -
    - Shorewall 'Ping' management has evolved over time with the latest change -coming in Shorewall version 1.3.14. In that version, a new option (OLD_PING_HANDLING) -was added to /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf. The value of that option determines -the overall handling of ICMP echo requests (pings).
    - +
    + Shorewall 'Ping' management has evolved over time with the latest change + coming in Shorewall version 1.3.14. In that version, a new option (OLD_PING_HANDLING) + was added to /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf. The value of that option determines + the overall handling of ICMP echo requests (pings).
    +

    Shorewall Versions >= 1.3.14 with OLD_PING_HANDLING=No in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf

    - In 1.3.14, Ping handling was put under control of the rules and policies -just like any other connection request. In order to accept ping requests from -zone z1 to zone z2 where the policy for z1 to z2 is not ACCEPT, you need -a rule in /etc/shoreall/rules of the form:
    - -
    ACCEPT    z1    z2    - icmp    8
    -
    - Example:
    -
    - To permit ping from the local zone to the firewall:
    - -
    ACCEPT    loc    fw    -icmp    8
    -
    - If you would like to accept 'ping' by default even when the relevant -policy is DROP or REJECT, create /etc/shorewall/icmpdef if it doesn't + In 1.3.14, Ping handling was put under control of the rules and policies + just like any other connection request. In order to accept ping requests +from zone z1 to zone z2 where the policy for z1 to z2 is not ACCEPT and z1 +is not the firewall zone, you need a rule in /etc/shoreall/rules of the form:
    + +
    ACCEPT    z1    z2    + icmp    8
    +
    + Example:
    +
    + To permit ping from the local zone to the firewall:
    + +
    ACCEPT    loc    fw    + icmp    8
    +
    + If you would like to accept 'ping' by default even when the relevant +policy is DROP or REJECT, create /etc/shorewall/icmpdef if it doesn't already exist and in that file place the following command:
    - -
    + +
    run_iptables -A icmpdef -p icmp --icmp-type 8 -j ACCEPT
    -
    - With that rule in place, if you want to ignore 'ping' from z1 to z2 then -you need a rule of the form:
    - -
    DROP    z1    z2    - icmp    8
    -
    - Example:
    -
    - To drop ping from the internet, you would need this rule in /etc/shorewall/rules:
    - -
    DROP    net    fw    -icmp    8
    -
    - +
    + With that rule in place, if you want to ignore 'ping' from z1 to z2 then + you need a rule of the form:
    + +
    DROP    z1    z2    + icmp    8
    +
    + Example:
    +
    + To drop ping from the internet, you would need this rule in /etc/shorewall/rules:
    + +
    DROP    net    fw    + icmp    8
    +
    +
    - +

    Shorewall Versions < 1.3.14 or with OLD_PING_HANDLING=Yes in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf
    -

    - There are several aspects to the old Shorewall Ping management:
    - -
      -
    1. The noping and filterping interface options in /etc/shorewall/interfaces.
    2. -
    3. The FORWARDPING option in -/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.
    4. -
    5. Explicit rules in /etc/shorewall/rules.
    6. - -
    - There are two cases to consider:
    - -
      -
    1. Ping requests addressed to the firewall itself; and
    2. -
    3. Ping requests being forwarded to another system. Included here are - all cases of packet forwarding including NAT, DNAT rule, Proxy ARP and simple - routing.
    4. - -
    - These cases will be covered separately.
    - -

    Ping Requests Addressed to the Firewall Itself

    - For ping requests addressed to the firewall, the sequence is as follows:
    - -
      -
    1. If neither noping nor filterping are specified for -the interface that receives the ping request then the request will be responded - to with an ICMP echo-reply.
    2. -
    3. If noping is specified for the interface that receives the -ping request then the request is ignored.
    4. -
    5. If filterping is specified for the interface then the request - is passed to the rules/policy evaluation.
    6. - -
    - -

    Ping Requests Forwarded by the Firewall

    - These requests are always passed to rules/policy evaluation.
    - -

    Rules Evaluation

    - Ping requests are ICMP type 8. So the general rule format is:
    -
    -     Target    Source    -Destination    icmp    8
    -
    - Example 1. Accept pings from the net to the dmz (pings are responded to -with an ICMP echo-reply):
    -
    -     ACCEPT    net    dmz    - icmp    8
    -
    - Example 2. Drop pings from the net to the firewall
    -
    -     DROP    net    fw    - icmp    8
    - -

    Policy Evaluation

    - If no applicable rule is found, then the policy for the source to the destination - is applied.
    - -
      -
    1. If the relevant policy is ACCEPT then the request is responded to -with an ICMP echo-reply.
    2. -
    3. If FORWARDPING is set to Yes in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf - then the request is responded to with an ICMP echo-reply.
    4. -
    5. Otherwise, the relevant REJECT or DROP policy is used and the request - is either rejected or simply ignored.
    6. - -
    - -

    Updated 1/21/2003 - Tom Eastep -

    + + There are several aspects to the old Shorewall Ping management:
    +
      +
    1. The noping and filterping interface options in /etc/shorewall/interfaces.
    2. +
    3. The FORWARDPING option in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.
    4. +
    5. Explicit rules in /etc/shorewall/rules.
    6. + +
    + There are two cases to consider:
    + +
      +
    1. Ping requests addressed to the firewall itself; and
    2. +
    3. Ping requests being forwarded to another system. Included here are + all cases of packet forwarding including NAT, DNAT rule, Proxy ARP and simple + routing.
    4. + +
    + These cases will be covered separately.
    + +

    Ping Requests Addressed to the Firewall Itself

    + For ping requests addressed to the firewall, the sequence is as follows:
    + +
      +
    1. If neither noping nor filterping are specified for +the interface that receives the ping request then the request will be responded + to with an ICMP echo-reply.
    2. +
    3. If noping is specified for the interface that receives the + ping request then the request is ignored.
    4. +
    5. If filterping is specified for the interface then the request + is passed to the rules/policy evaluation.
    6. + +
    + +

    Ping Requests Forwarded by the Firewall

    + These requests are always passed to rules/policy evaluation.
    + +

    Rules Evaluation

    + Ping requests are ICMP type 8. So the general rule format is:
    +
    +     Target    Source    + Destination    icmp    8
    +
    + Example 1. Accept pings from the net to the dmz (pings are responded to + with an ICMP echo-reply):
    +
    +     ACCEPT    net    dmz    + icmp    8
    +
    + Example 2. Drop pings from the net to the firewall
    +
    +     DROP    net    fw    + icmp    8
    + +

    Policy Evaluation

    + If no applicable rule is found, then the policy for the source to the +destination is applied.
    + +
      +
    1. If the relevant policy is ACCEPT then the request is responded to + with an ICMP echo-reply.
    2. +
    3. If FORWARDPING is set to Yes in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf + then the request is responded to with an ICMP echo-reply.
    4. +
    5. Otherwise, the relevant REJECT or DROP policy is used and the request + is either rejected or simply ignored.
    6. + +
    + +

    Updated 2/14/2003 - Tom Eastep +

    +

    Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2003 Thomas M. Eastep.

    +



    diff --git a/STABLE/documentation/seattlefirewall_index.htm b/STABLE/documentation/seattlefirewall_index.htm index 5e0a09cab..a37f4e966 100644 --- a/STABLE/documentation/seattlefirewall_index.htm +++ b/STABLE/documentation/seattlefirewall_index.htm @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - + Shoreline Firewall (Shorewall) 1.3 @@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ - + - + - + - + - + - + - + + - +
    + @@ -39,15 +39,15 @@ - +

    Shorwall Logo - Shorewall - 1.3 - "iptables - made easy"

    + Shorewall + 1.3 - "iptables + made easy" @@ -56,42 +56,44 @@ - + + + -
    +
    -
    - +
    - +
    - + - + - + - - - + - + + - +
    + @@ -100,7 +102,8 @@ - + +

    What is it?

    @@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ - +

    The Shoreline Firewall, more commonly known as "Shorewall", is a Netfilter (iptables) based firewall that can be used on a dedicated firewall system, a multi-function @@ -127,28 +130,29 @@ firewall that can be used on a dedicated firewall system, a multi-functio - +

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify - it under the terms of - Version 2 of + it under the terms of + Version 2 of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation.
    -
    +
    - This program is distributed in the - hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY - WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY - or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the - GNU General Public License for more details.
    + This program is distributed in + the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT + ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty + of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR + PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for + more details.
    -
    +
    - You should have received a copy of - the GNU General Public License along -with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA - 02139, USA

    + You should have received a copy + of the GNU General Public License along + with this program; if not, write to the Free Software + Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, +MA 02139, USA

    @@ -159,7 +163,7 @@ with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - +

    Copyright 2001, 2002, 2003 Thomas M. Eastep

    @@ -171,28 +175,30 @@ with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - +

    - Jacques Nilo and Eric Wolzak - have a LEAF (router/firewall/gateway on a floppy, - CD or compact flash) distribution called Bering - that features Shorewall-1.3.10 and Kernel-2.4.18. - You can find their work at: Jacques Nilo and Eric + Wolzak have a LEAF (router/firewall/gateway on a floppy, + CD or compact flash) distribution called Bering + that features Shorewall-1.3.10 and Kernel-2.4.18. + You can find their work at: http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo
    -

    +

    - + +

    Congratulations to Jacques and Eric on the recent release of Bering 1.0 Final!!!
    -

    +

    - + +

    This is a mirror of the main Shorewall web site at SourceForge (http://shorewall.sf.net)

    @@ -207,7 +213,8 @@ Bering 1.0 Final!!!
    - + +

    News

    @@ -219,7 +226,7 @@ Bering 1.0 Final!!!
    - +

    @@ -228,116 +235,135 @@ Bering 1.0 Final!!!
    - -

    2/8/2003 - Shoreawll 1.3.14 2/8/2003 - Shorewall 1.3.14 (New) -

    - +

    +

    New features include

    - +
      -
    1. An OLD_PING_HANDLING option has been added to shorewall.conf. -When set to Yes, Shorewall ping handling is as it has always been (see -http://www.shorewall.net/ping.html).
      +
    2. An OLD_PING_HANDLING option has been added to shorewall.conf. + When set to Yes, Shorewall ping handling is as it has always been (see + http://www.shorewall.net/ping.html).
      +
      + When OLD_PING_HANDLING=No, icmp echo (ping) is handled via rules +and policies just like any other connection request. The FORWARDPING=Yes +option in shorewall.conf and the 'noping' and 'filterping' options in +/etc/shorewall/interfaces will all generate an error.
      +
      +
    3. +
    4. It is now possible to direct Shorewall to create a "label" + such as  "eth0:0" for IP addresses that it creates under ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes + and ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes. This is done by specifying the label instead +of just the interface name:
      +  
      +    a) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/masq
      +    b) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/nat
      +  
    5. +
    6. Support for OpenVPN Tunnels.

      - When OLD_PING_HANDLING=No, icmp echo (ping) is handled via rules and -policies just like any other connection request. The FORWARDPING=Yes option -in shorewall.conf and the 'noping' and 'filterping' options in /etc/shorewall/interfaces -will all generate an error.
      +
    7. +
    8. Support for VLAN devices with names of the form $DEV.$VID +(e.g., eth0.0)
      +
      +
    9. +
    10. In /etc/shorewall/tcrules, the MARK value may be optionally followed +by ":" and either 'F' or 'P' to designate that the marking will occur in +the FORWARD or PREROUTING chains respectively. If this additional specification +is omitted, the chain used to mark packets will be determined by the setting +of the MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN option in shorewall.conf.

    11. -
    12. It is now possible to direct Shorewall to create a "label" such - as  "eth0:0" for IP addresses that it creates under ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes -and ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes. This is done by specifying the label instead -of just the interface name:
      -  
      -    a) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/masq
      -    b) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/nat
      -  
    13. -
    14. Support for OpenVPN Tunnels.
      -
      -
    15. -
    16. Support for VLAN devices with names of the form $DEV.$VID (e.g., -eth0.0)
      -
      -
    17. -
    18. When an interface name is entered in the SUBNET column of the -/etc/shorewall/masq file, Shorewall previously masqueraded traffic from -only the first subnet defined on that interface. It did not masquerade -traffic from:
      -  
      -    a) The subnets associated with other addresses on the interface.
      -    b) Subnets accessed through local routers.
      -  
      - Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.14, if you enter an interface name in the - SUBNET column, shorewall will use the firewall's routing table to construct - the masquerading/SNAT rules.
      -  
      - Example 1 -- This is how it works in 1.3.14.
      -   
      - +
    19. When an interface name is entered in the SUBNET column of +the /etc/shorewall/masq file, Shorewall previously masqueraded traffic +from only the first subnet defined on that interface. It did not masquerade + traffic from:
      +  
      +    a) The subnets associated with other addresses on the interface.
      +    b) Subnets accessed through local routers.
      +  
      + Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.14, if you enter an interface name +in the SUBNET column, shorewall will use the firewall's routing table +to construct the masquerading/SNAT rules.
      +  
      + Example 1 -- This is how it works in 1.3.14.
      +   
      + +
         [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
      #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
      eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
      #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
      - + +
         [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
      192.168.1.0/24  scope link
      192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
      - + +
         [root@gateway test]# shorewall start
      ...
      Masqueraded Subnets and Hosts:
      To 0.0.0.0/0 from 192.168.1.0/24 through eth0 using 206.124.146.176
      To 0.0.0.0/0 from 192.168.10.0/24 through eth0 using 206.124.146.176
      Processing /etc/shorewall/tos...
      -  
      - When upgrading to Shorewall 1.3.14, if you have multiple local subnets - connected to an interface that is specified in the SUBNET column of an /etc/shorewall/masq - entry, your /etc/shorewall/masq file will need changing. In most cases, -you will simply be able to remove redundant entries. In some cases though, -you might want to change from using the interface name to listing specific -subnetworks if the change described above will cause masquerading to occur -on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
      -  
      - Example 2 -- Suppose that your current config is as follows:
      -   
      - +  
      + When upgrading to Shorewall 1.3.14, if you have multiple local subnets + connected to an interface that is specified in the SUBNET column of an + /etc/shorewall/masq entry, your /etc/shorewall/masq file will need changing. + In most cases, you will simply be able to remove redundant entries. In some + cases though, you might want to change from using the interface name to +listing specific subnetworks if the change described above will cause masquerading + to occur on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
      +  
      + Example 2 -- Suppose that your current config is as follows:
      +   
      + +
         [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
      #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
      eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
      eth0                    192.168.10.0/24         206.124.146.176
      #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
      - + +
         [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
      192.168.1.0/24  scope link
      192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
      [root@gateway test]#
      -  
      -    In this case, the second entry in /etc/shorewall/masq is no longer - required.
      -  
      - Example 3 -- What if your current configuration is like this?
      -  
      - +  
      +    In this case, the second entry in /etc/shorewall/masq is no longer + required.
      +  
      + Example 3 -- What if your current configuration is like this?
      +  
      + +
         [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
      #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
      eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
      #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
      - + +
         [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
      192.168.1.0/24  scope link
      192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
      [root@gateway test]#
      -  
      -    In this case, you would want to change the entry in  /etc/shorewall/masq - to:
      - +  
      +    In this case, you would want to change the entry in  /etc/shorewall/masq + to:
      + +
         #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
      eth0                    192.168.1.0/24          206.124.146.176
      #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
      -
    20. + +
    -
    - +
    +

    2/5/2003 - Shorewall Support included in Webmin 1.060 (New) -

    - Webmin version 1.060 now has Shorewall support included as standard. See - http://www.webmin.com. - +

    + Webmin version 1.060 now has Shorewall support included as standard. + See http://www.webmin.com. +

    - + +

    - +
      - + +
    - + +

    More News

    @@ -349,40 +375,44 @@ on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
    - +

    Donations

    -
    + + M
    -
    + -
    + - + + - + - + - + - + - + + - +
    + + @@ -390,13 +420,12 @@ on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
    - - +

    -  

    +  

    @@ -406,30 +435,32 @@ on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
    - + +

    Shorewall is free but if you try it and find it useful, please consider making a donation - to Starlight Children's Foundation. Thanks!

    -
    - -

    Updated 2/7/2003 - Tom Eastep + +

    Updated 2/13/2003 - Tom Eastep -
    +

    diff --git a/STABLE/documentation/shorewall_setup_guide.htm b/STABLE/documentation/shorewall_setup_guide.htm index 872073076..3e99fc871 100644 --- a/STABLE/documentation/shorewall_setup_guide.htm +++ b/STABLE/documentation/shorewall_setup_guide.htm @@ -1,2507 +1,2508 @@ - + - + - + - + Shorewall Setup Guide - + - +

    Shorewall Setup Guide

    - +

    1.0 Introduction
    - 2.0 Shorewall Concepts
    - 3.0 Network Interfaces
    - 4.0 Addressing, Subnets and Routing

    - -
    + 2.0 Shorewall Concepts
    + 3.0 Network Interfaces
    + 4.0 Addressing, Subnets and Routing

    + +

    4.1 IP Addresses
    - 4.2 Subnets
    - 4.3 Routing
    - 4.4 Address Resolution Protocol
    - 4.5 RFC 1918

    -
    - + 4.2 Subnets
    + 4.3 Routing
    + 4.4 Address Resolution Protocol
    + 4.5 RFC 1918

    +
    +

    5.0 Setting up your Network

    - -
    + +

    5.1 Routed
    - 5.2 Non-routed

    - -
    + 5.2 Non-routed

    + +

    5.2.1 SNAT
    - 5.2.2 DNAT
    - 5.2.3 Proxy ARP
    - 5.2.4 Static NAT

    -
    - + 5.2.2 DNAT
    + 5.2.3 Proxy ARP
    + 5.2.4 Static NAT

    +
    +

    5.3 Rules
    - 5.4 Odds and Ends

    -
    - + 5.4 Odds and Ends

    +
    +

    6.0 DNS
    - 7.0 Starting and Stopping the Firewall

    - + 7.0 Starting and Stopping the Firewall

    +

    1.0 Introduction

    - -

    This guide is intended for users who are setting up Shorewall in an environment - where a set of public IP addresses must be managed or who want to know + +

    This guide is intended for users who are setting up Shorewall in an environment + where a set of public IP addresses must be managed or who want to know more about Shorewall than is contained in the single-address guides. Because - the range of possible applications is so broad, the Guide will give you + href="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">single-address guides. Because + the range of possible applications is so broad, the Guide will give you general guidelines and will point you to other resources as necessary.

    - +

    -     If you run LEAF Bering, your Shorewall configuration is NOT what -I release -- I suggest that you consider installing a stock Shorewall lrp -from the shorewall.net site before you proceed.

    - -

    This guide assumes that you have the iproute/iproute2 package installed - (on RedHat, the package is called iproute). You can tell -if this package is installed by the presence of an ip program on -your firewall system. As root, you can use the 'which' command to check +     If you run LEAF Bering, your Shorewall configuration is NOT what + I release -- I suggest that you consider installing a stock Shorewall +lrp from the shorewall.net site before you proceed.

    + +

    This guide assumes that you have the iproute/iproute2 package installed + (on RedHat, the package is called iproute). You can tell +if this package is installed by the presence of an ip program on +your firewall system. As root, you can use the 'which' command to check for this program:

    - +
         [root@gateway root]# which ip
    /sbin/ip
    [root@gateway root]#
    - -

    I recommend that you first read through the guide to familiarize yourself - with what's involved then go back through it again making your configuration - changes. Points at which configuration changes are recommended are flagged + +

    I recommend that you first read through the guide to familiarize yourself + with what's involved then go back through it again making your configuration + changes. Points at which configuration changes are recommended are flagged with - .

    - + .

    +

    -     If you edit your configuration files on a Windows system, you must - save them as Unix files if your editor supports that option or you must -run them through dos2unix before trying to use them with Shorewall. Similarly, - if you copy a configuration file from your Windows hard drive to a floppy - disk, you must run dos2unix against the copy before using it with Shorewall.

    - +     If you edit your configuration files on a Windows system, you must + save them as Unix files if your editor supports that option or you must + run them through dos2unix before trying to use them with Shorewall. Similarly, + if you copy a configuration file from your Windows hard drive to a floppy + disk, you must run dos2unix against the copy before using it with Shorewall.

    + - +

    2.0 Shorewall Concepts

    - -

    The configuration files for Shorewall are contained in the directory /etc/shorewall --- for most setups, you will only need to deal with a few of these as described -in this guide. Skeleton files are created during the Shorewall Installation Process.

    - -

    As each file is introduced, I suggest that you look through the actual - file on your system -- each file contains detailed configuration instructions + +

    The configuration files for Shorewall are contained in the directory +/etc/shorewall -- for most setups, you will only need to deal with a few +of these as described in this guide. Skeleton files are created during the +Shorewall Installation Process.

    + +

    As each file is introduced, I suggest that you look through the actual + file on your system -- each file contains detailed configuration instructions and some contain default entries.

    - -

    Shorewall views the network where it is running as being composed of a - set of zones. In the default installation, the following zone names + +

    Shorewall views the network where it is running as being composed of a + set of zones. In the default installation, the following zone names are used:

    - + - + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    NameDescription
    NameDescription
    netThe Internet
    locYour Local Network
    dmzDemilitarized Zone
    netThe Internet
    locYour Local Network
    dmzDemilitarized Zone
    - -

    Zones are defined in the /etc/shorewall/zones + +

    Zones are defined in the /etc/shorewall/zones file.

    - -

    Shorewall also recognizes the firewall system as its own zone - by default, - the firewall itself is known as fw but that may be changed in the - /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf file. - In this guide, the default name (fw) will be used.

    - -

    With the exception of fw, Shorewall attaches absolutely no meaning - to zone names. Zones are entirely what YOU make of them. That means that - you should not expect Shorewall to do something special "because this -is the internet zone" or "because that is the DMZ".

    - + +

    Shorewall also recognizes the firewall system as its own zone - by default, + the firewall itself is known as fw but that may be changed in the + /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf +file. In this guide, the default name (fw) will be used.

    + +

    With the exception of fw, Shorewall attaches absolutely no meaning + to zone names. Zones are entirely what YOU make of them. That means that + you should not expect Shorewall to do something special "because this is + the internet zone" or "because that is the DMZ".

    +

    -     Edit the /etc/shorewall/zones file and make any changes necessary.

    - -

    Rules about what traffic to allow and what traffic to deny are expressed +     Edit the /etc/shorewall/zones file and make any changes necessary.

    + +

    Rules about what traffic to allow and what traffic to deny are expressed in terms of zones.

    - + - -

    Shorewall is built on top of the Netfilter + +

    Shorewall is built on top of the Netfilter kernel facility. Netfilter implements a connection - tracking function that allows what is often referred to as stateful - inspection of packets. This stateful property allows firewall rules - to be defined in terms of connections rather than in terms of - packets. With Shorewall, you:

    - + href="http://www.cs.princeton.edu/%7Ejns/security/iptables/iptables_conntrack.html">connection + tracking function that allows what is often referred to as stateful + inspection of packets. This stateful property allows firewall rules + to be defined in terms of connections rather than in terms of +packets. With Shorewall, you:

    +
      -
    1. Identify the source zone.
    2. -
    3. Identify the destination zone.
    4. -
    5. If the POLICY from the client's zone to the server's zone - is what you want for this client/server pair, you need do nothing +
    6. Identify the source zone.
    7. +
    8. Identify the destination zone.
    9. +
    10. If the POLICY from the client's zone to the server's +zone is what you want for this client/server pair, you need do nothing further.
    11. -
    12. If the POLICY is not what you want, then you must add -a rule. That rule is expressed in terms of the client's zone and -the server's zone.
    13. - +
    14. If the POLICY is not what you want, then you must add +a rule. That rule is expressed in terms of the client's zone and the + server's zone.
    15. +
    - -

    Just because connections of a particular type are allowed from zone -A to the firewall and are also allowed from the firewall to zone B DOES NOT mean that these connections are allowed - from zone A to zone B. It rather means that you can have - a proxy running on the firewall that accepts a connection from zone A -and then establishes its own separate connection from the firewall to -zone B.

    - -

    For each connection request entering the firewall, the request is first - checked against the /etc/shorewall/rules file. If no rule in that file -matches the connection request then the first policy in /etc/shorewall/policy -that matches the request is applied. If that policy is REJECT or DROP  -the request is first checked against the rules in /etc/shorewall/common.def.

    - + +

    Just because connections of a particular type are allowed from zone A +to the firewall and are also allowed from the firewall to zone B DOES NOT mean that these connections are allowed + from zone A to zone B. It rather means that you can have + a proxy running on the firewall that accepts a connection from zone A +and then establishes its own separate connection from the firewall to zone +B.

    + +

    For each connection request entering the firewall, the request is first + checked against the /etc/shorewall/rules file. If no rule in that file +matches the connection request then the first policy in /etc/shorewall/policy +that matches the request is applied. If that policy is REJECT or DROP  the + request is first checked against the rules in /etc/shorewall/common.def.

    +

    The default /etc/shorewall/policy file has the following policies:

    - -
    + +
    - + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    Source ZoneDestination ZonePolicyLog LevelLimit:Burst
    Source ZoneDestination ZonePolicyLog LevelLimit:Burst
    locnetACCEPT  
    netallDROPinfo 
    allallREJECTinfo 
    locnetACCEPT  
    netallDROPinfo 
    allallREJECTinfo 
    -
    - +
    +

    The above policy will:

    - +
      -
    1. allow all connection requests from your local network to the internet
    2. -
    3. drop (ignore) all connection requests from the internet to your - firewall or local network and log a message at the info level +
    4. allow all connection requests from your local network to the +internet
    5. +
    6. drop (ignore) all connection requests from the internet to your + firewall or local network and log a message at the info level (here is a description of log levels).
    7. -
    8. reject all other connection requests and log a message at the - info level. When a request is rejected, the firewall will -return an RST (if the protocol is TCP) or an ICMP port-unreachable packet +
    9. reject all other connection requests and log a message at the + info level. When a request is rejected, the firewall will +return an RST (if the protocol is TCP) or an ICMP port-unreachable packet for other protocols.
    10. - +
    - +

    -     At this point, edit your /etc/shorewall/policy and make any changes - that you wish.

    - +     At this point, edit your /etc/shorewall/policy and make any changes + that you wish.

    +

    3.0 Network Interfaces

    - -

    For the remainder of this guide, we'll refer to the following - diagram. While it may not look like your own network, it can be used to + +

    For the remainder of this guide, we'll refer to the following + diagram. While it may not look like your own network, it can be used to illustrate the important aspects of Shorewall configuration.

    - +

    In this diagram:

    - + - +

    -

    - -

    The simplest way to define zones is to simply associate the - zone name (previously defined in /etc/shorewall/zones) with a network -interface. This is done in the /etc/shorewall/interfaces +

    + +

    The simplest way to define zones is to simply associate the + zone name (previously defined in /etc/shorewall/zones) with a network interface. + This is done in the /etc/shorewall/interfaces file.

    - -

    The firewall illustrated above has three network interfaces. - Where Internet connectivity is through a cable or DSL "Modem", the External - Interface will be the Ethernet adapter that is connected to that "Modem" - (e.g., eth0unless you connect via Point-to-Point - Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) or Point-to-Point - Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) in which case the External -Interface will be a ppp interface (e.g., ppp0). If you connect -via a regular modem, your External Interface will also be ppp0. -If you connect using ISDN, you external interface will be ippp0.

    - + +

    The firewall illustrated above has three network interfaces. + Where Internet connectivity is through a cable or DSL "Modem", the External + Interface will be the Ethernet adapter that is connected to that "Modem" + (e.g., eth0unless you connect via Point-to-Point + Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) or Point-to-Point + Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) in which case the External Interface + will be a ppp interface (e.g., ppp0). If you connect via a regular + modem, your External Interface will also be ppp0. If you connect + using ISDN, you external interface will be ippp0.

    +

    -     If your external interface is ppp0 or ippp0 then you - will want to set CLAMPMSS=yes in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.

    - -

    Your Local Interface will be an Ethernet adapter (eth0, - eth1 or eth2) and will be connected to a hub or switch. Your local computers - will be connected to the same switch (note: If you have only a single -local system, you can connect the firewall directly to the computer using -a cross-over cable).

    - -

    Your DMZ Interface will also be an Ethernet adapter - (eth0, eth1 or eth2) and will be connected to a hub or switch. Your DMZ - computers will be connected to the same switch (note: If you have only -a single DMZ system, you can connect the firewall directly to the computer +     If your external interface is ppp0 or ippp0 then +you will want to set CLAMPMSS=yes in +/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.

    + +

    Your Local Interface will be an Ethernet adapter (eth0, + eth1 or eth2) and will be connected to a hub or switch. Your local computers + will be connected to the same switch (note: If you have only a single local + system, you can connect the firewall directly to the computer using a +cross-over cable).

    + +

    Your DMZ Interface will also be an Ethernet adapter + (eth0, eth1 or eth2) and will be connected to a hub or switch. Your DMZ + computers will be connected to the same switch (note: If you have only a + single DMZ system, you can connect the firewall directly to the computer using a cross-over cable).

    - +

    - Do not connect more than one interface to the same hub or switch - (even for testing). It won't work the way that you expect it to and you - will end up confused and believing that Linux networking doesn't work at + Do not connect more than one interface to the same hub or switch + (even for testing). It won't work the way that you expect it to and you + will end up confused and believing that Linux networking doesn't work at all.

    - +

    For the remainder of this Guide, we will assume that:

    - + - -

    The Shorewall default configuration does not define the contents - of any zone. To define the above configuration using the /etc/shorewall/interfaces + +

    The Shorewall default configuration does not define the contents + of any zone. To define the above configuration using the /etc/shorewall/interfaces file, that file would might contain:

    - -
    + +
    - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ZoneInterfaceBroadcastOptions
    ZoneInterfaceBroadcastOptions
    neteth0detectnorfc1918
    loceth1detect 
    dmzeth2detect 
    neteth0detectnorfc1918
    loceth1detect 
    dmzeth2detect 
    -
    - +
    +

    -     Edit the /etc/shorewall/interfaces file and define the network interfaces - on your firewall and associate each interface with a zone. If you have -a zone that is interfaced through more than one interface, simply include - one entry for each interface and repeat the zone name as many times as -necessary.

    - +     Edit the /etc/shorewall/interfaces file and define the network +interfaces on your firewall and associate each interface with a zone. +If you have a zone that is interfaced through more than one interface, +simply include one entry for each interface and repeat the zone name as +many times as necessary.

    +

    Example:

    - -
    + +
    - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ZoneInterfaceBroadcastOptions
    ZoneInterfaceBroadcastOptions
    neteth0detectnorfc1918
    loceth1detect 
    loceth2detectdhcp
    neteth0detectnorfc1918
    loceth1detect 
    loceth2detectdhcp
    -
    - -
    -

    When you have more than one interface to a zone, you will +

    + +
    +

    When you have more than one interface to a zone, you will usually want a policy that permits intra-zone traffic:

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    Source ZoneDestination ZonePolicyLog LevelLimit:Burst
    loclocACCEPT  
    Source ZoneDestination ZonePolicyLog LevelLimit:Burst
    loclocACCEPT  
    -
    -
    - + + +

    -     You may define more complicated zones using the /etc/shorewall/hosts file but in most +     You may define more complicated zones using the /etc/shorewall/hosts file but in most cases, that isn't necessary.

    - +

    4.0 Addressing, Subnets and Routing

    - -

    Normally, your ISP will assign you a set of Public - IP addresses. You will configure your firewall's external interface to -use one of those addresses permanently and you will then have to decide -how you are going to use the rest of your addresses. Before we tackle that -question though, some background is in order.

    - -

    If you are thoroughly familiar with IP addressing and routing, + +

    Normally, your ISP will assign you a set of Public + IP addresses. You will configure your firewall's external interface to use + one of those addresses permanently and you will then have to decide how + you are going to use the rest of your addresses. Before we tackle that question + though, some background is in order.

    + +

    If you are thoroughly familiar with IP addressing and routing, you may go to the next section.

    - -

    The following discussion barely scratches the surface of -addressing and routing. If you are interested in learning more about this -subject, I highly recommend "IP Fundamentals: What Everyone Needs to -Know about Addressing & Routing", Thomas A. Maufer, Prentice-Hall, - 1999, ISBN 0-13-975483-0.

    - + +

    The following discussion barely scratches the surface of addressing +and routing. If you are interested in learning more about this subject, +I highly recommend "IP Fundamentals: What Everyone Needs to Know about +Addressing & Routing", Thomas A. Maufer, Prentice-Hall, 1999, ISBN +0-13-975483-0.

    +

    4.1 IP Addresses

    - -

    IP version 4 (IPv4) addresses are 32-bit numbers. - The notation w.x.y.z refers to an address where the high-order byte has -value "w", the next byte has value "x", etc. If we take the address 192.0.2.14 + +

    IP version 4 (IPv4) addresses are 32-bit numbers. + The notation w.x.y.z refers to an address where the high-order byte has +value "w", the next byte has value "x", etc. If we take the address 192.0.2.14 and express it in hexadecimal, we get:

    - -
    + +

    C0.00.02.0E

    -
    - +
    +

    or looking at it as a 32-bit integer

    - -
    + +

    C000020E

    -
    - +
    +

    4.2 Subnets

    - -

    You will still hear the terms "Class A network", "Class B - network" and "Class C network". In the early days of IP, networks only - came in three sizes (there were also Class D networks but they were used + +

    You will still hear the terms "Class A network", "Class B + network" and "Class C network". In the early days of IP, networks only + came in three sizes (there were also Class D networks but they were used differently):

    - -
    + +

    Class A - netmask 255.0.0.0, size = 2 ** 24

    - +

    Class B - netmask 255.255.0.0, size = 2 ** 16

    - +

    Class C - netmask 255.255.255.0, size = 256

    -
    - -

    The class of a network was uniquely determined by the value - of the high order byte of its address so you could look at an IP address - and immediately determine the associated netmask. The netmask is - a number that when logically ANDed with an address isolates the network - number; the remainder of the address is the host number. For - example, in the Class C address 192.0.2.14, the network number is hex C00002 +

    + +

    The class of a network was uniquely determined by the value + of the high order byte of its address so you could look at an IP address + and immediately determine the associated netmask. The netmask is + a number that when logically ANDed with an address isolates the network + number; the remainder of the address is the host number. For + example, in the Class C address 192.0.2.14, the network number is hex C00002 and the host number is hex 0E.

    - -

    As the internet grew, it became clear that such a gross partitioning -of the 32-bit address space was going to be very limiting (early on, large -corporations and universities were assigned their own class A network!). -After some false starts, the current technique of subnetting these -networks into smaller subnetworks evolved; that technique is referred -to as Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR). Today, any system that - you are likely to work with will understand CIDR and Class-based networking + +

    As the internet grew, it became clear that such a gross +partitioning of the 32-bit address space was going to be very limiting (early + on, large corporations and universities were assigned their own class A + network!). After some false starts, the current technique of subnetting + these networks into smaller subnetworks evolved; that technique is +referred to as Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR). Today, any system +that you are likely to work with will understand CIDR and Class-based networking is largely a thing of the past.

    - -

    A subnetwork (often referred to as a subnet) is + +

    A subnetwork (often referred to as a subnet) is a contiguous set of IP addresses such that:

    - +
      -
    1. +
    2. The number of addresses in the set is a power of 2; and

      -
    3. -
    4. -

      The first address in the set is a multiple of the set +

    5. +
    6. +

      The first address in the set is a multiple of the set size.

      -
    7. -
    8. -

      The first address in the subnet is reserved and is referred +

    9. +
    10. +

      The first address in the subnet is reserved and is referred to as the subnet address.

      -
    11. -
    12. -

      The last address in the subnet is reserved as the subnet's +

    13. +
    14. +

      The last address in the subnet is reserved as the subnet's broadcast address.

      -
    15. - + +
    + +

    As you can see by this definition, in each subnet of size + n there are (n - 2) usable addresses (addresses that can + be assigned to hosts). The first and last address in the subnet are used + for the subnet address and subnet broadcast address respectively. Consequently, + small subnetworks are more wasteful of IP addresses than are large ones. +

    + +

    Since n is a power of two, we can easily calculate + the Natural Logarithm (log2) of n. For the more common + subnet sizes, the size and its natural logarithm are given in the following + table:

    -

    As you can see by this definition, in each subnet of size - n there are (n - 2) usable addresses (addresses that can - be assigned to hosts). The first and last address in the subnet are -used for the subnet address and subnet broadcast address respectively. -Consequently, small subnetworks are more wasteful of IP addresses than -are large ones.

    - -

    Since n is a power of two, we can easily calculate - the Natural Logarithm (log2) of n. For the more -common subnet sizes, the size and its natural logarithm are given in the - following table:

    - -
    +
    - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    nlog2 n(32 - log2 n)
    nlog2 n(32 - log2 n)
    8329
    16428
    32527
    64626
    128725
    256824
    512923
    10241022
    20481121
    40961220
    81921319
    163841418
    327681517
    655361616
    8329
    16428
    32527
    64626
    128725
    256824
    512923
    10241022
    20481121
    40961220
    81921319
    163841418
    327681517
    655361616
    -
    - -

    You will notice that the above table also contains a column - for (32 - log2 n). That number is the Variable Length Subnet - Mask for a network of size n. From the above table, we can +

    + +

    You will notice that the above table also contains a column + for (32 - log2 n). That number is the Variable Length Subnet + Mask for a network of size n. From the above table, we can derive the following one which is a little easier to use.

    - -
    + +
    - + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    Size of SubnetVLSMSubnet Mask
    Size of SubnetVLSMSubnet Mask
    8/29255.255.255.248
    16/28255.255.255.240
    32/27255.255.255.224
    64/26255.255.255.192
    128/25255.255.255.128
    256/24255.255.255.0
    512/23255.255.254.0
    1024/22255.255.252.0
    2048/21255.255.248.0
    4096/20255.255.240.0
    8192/19255.255.224.0
    16384/18255.255.192.0
    32768/17255.255.128.0
    65536/16255.255.0.0
    2 ** 24/8255.0.0.0
    8/29255.255.255.248
    16/28255.255.255.240
    32/27255.255.255.224
    64/26255.255.255.192
    128/25255.255.255.128
    256/24255.255.255.0
    512/23255.255.254.0
    1024/22255.255.252.0
    2048/21255.255.248.0
    4096/20255.255.240.0
    8192/19255.255.224.0
    16384/18255.255.192.0
    32768/17255.255.128.0
    65536/16255.255.0.0
    2 ** 24/8255.0.0.0
    -
    - -

    Notice that the VLSM is written with a slash ("/") -- you - will often hear a subnet of size 64 referred to as a "slash 26" subnet +

    + +

    Notice that the VLSM is written with a slash ("/") -- you + will often hear a subnet of size 64 referred to as a "slash 26" subnet and one of size 8 referred to as a "slash 29".

    - -

    The subnet's mask (also referred to as its netmask) is - simply a 32-bit number with the first "VLSM" bits set to one and the -remaining bits set to zero. For example, for a subnet of size 64, the + +

    The subnet's mask (also referred to as its netmask) is + simply a 32-bit number with the first "VLSM" bits set to one and the +remaining bits set to zero. For example, for a subnet of size 64, the subnet mask has 26 leading one bits:

    - -
    -

    11111111111111111111111111000000 = FFFFFFC0 = FF.FF.FF.C0 + +

    +

    11111111111111111111111111000000 = FFFFFFC0 = FF.FF.FF.C0 = 255.255.255.192

    -
    - -

    The subnet mask has the property that if you logically AND - the subnet mask with an address in the subnet, the result is the subnet - address. Just as important, if you logically AND the subnet mask with - an address outside the subnet, the result is NOT the subnet address. -As we will see below, this property of subnet masks is very useful in -routing.

    - -

    For a subnetwork whose address is a.b.c.d and whose - Variable Length Subnet Mask is /v, we denote the subnetwork as +

    + +

    The subnet mask has the property that if you logically AND + the subnet mask with an address in the subnet, the result is the subnet + address. Just as important, if you logically AND the subnet mask with + an address outside the subnet, the result is NOT the subnet address. As + we will see below, this property of subnet masks is very useful in routing.

    + +

    For a subnetwork whose address is a.b.c.d and whose + Variable Length Subnet Mask is /v, we denote the subnetwork as "a.b.c.d/v" using CIDR Notation

    - +

    Example:

    - -
    + +
    - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    Subnet:10.10.10.0 - 10.10.10.127
    Subnet Size:128
    Subnet Address:10.10.10.0
    Broadcast Address:10.10.10.127
    CIDR Notation:10.10.10.0/25
    Subnet:10.10.10.0 - 10.10.10.127
    Subnet Size:128
    Subnet Address:10.10.10.0
    Broadcast Address:10.10.10.127
    CIDR Notation:10.10.10.0/25
    -
    - -

    There are two degenerate subnets that need mentioning; namely, +

    + +

    There are two degenerate subnets that need mentioning; namely, the subnet with one member and the subnet with 2 ** 32 members.

    - -
    + +
    - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    Size of SubnetworkVLSM LengthSubnet MaskCIDR Notation
    Size of SubnetworkVLSM LengthSubnet MaskCIDR Notation
    132255.255.255.255a.b.c.d/32
    2 ** 3200.0.0.00.0.0.0/0
    132255.255.255.255a.b.c.d/32
    2 ** 3200.0.0.00.0.0.0/0
    -
    - -

    So any address a.b.c.d may also be written a.b.c.d/32 - and the set of all possible IP addresses is written 0.0.0.0/0.

    - -

    Later in this guide, you will see the notation a.b.c.d/v - used to describe the ip configuration of a network interface (the 'ip' -utility also uses this syntax). This simply means that the interface is -configured with ip address a.b.c.d and with the netmask that corresponds -to VLSM /v.

    - -

    Example: 192.0.2.65/29

    - -

        The interface is configured with IP address 192.0.2.65 - and netmask 255.255.255.248.

    - -

    4.3 Routing

    - -

    One of the purposes of subnetting is that it forms the basis - for routing. Here's the routing table on my firewall:

    - -
    -
    -
    [root@gateway root]# netstat -nr
    Kernel IP routing table
    Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
    192.168.9.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 40 0 0 texas
    206.124.146.177 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 40 0 0 eth1
    206.124.146.180 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 40 0 0 eth3
    192.168.3.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 40 0 0 eth3
    192.168.2.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 40 0 0 eth1
    192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 40 0 0 eth2
    206.124.146.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 40 0 0 eth0
    192.168.9.0 192.0.2.223 255.255.255.0 UG 40 0 0 texas
    127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 40 0 0 lo
    0.0.0.0 206.124.146.254 0.0.0.0 UG 40 0 0 eth0
    [root@gateway root]#
    -
    -
    - -

    The device texas is a GRE tunnel to a peer site in - the Dallas, Texas area.
    -
    - The first three routes are host routes since they indicate how - to get to a single host. In the 'netstat' output this can be seen by the - "Genmask" (Subnet Mask) of 255.255.255.255 and the "H" in the Flags column. - The remainder are 'net' routes since they tell the kernel how to route -packets to a subnetwork. The last route is the default route and -the gateway mentioned in that route is called the default gateway.

    - -

    When the kernel is trying to send a packet to IP address -A, it starts at the top of the routing table and:

    - - - -

    Since the default route matches any IP address (A -land 0.0.0.0 = 0.0.0.0), packets that don't match any of the other routing -table entries are sent to the default gateway which is usually a -router at your ISP.

    - -

    Lets take an example. Suppose that we want to route a packet - to 192.168.1.5. That address clearly doesn't match any of the host routes - in the table but if we logically and that address with 255.255.255.0, -the result is 192.168.1.0 which matches this routing table entry:

    - -
    -
    -
    192.168.1.0     0.0.0.0 	255.255.255.0 	U     40  0         0 eth2
    -
    +
    + +

    So any address a.b.c.d may also be written a.b.c.d/32 + and the set of all possible IP addresses is written 0.0.0.0/0.

    + +

    Later in this guide, you will see the notation a.b.c.d/v + used to describe the ip configuration of a network interface (the 'ip' +utility also uses this syntax). This simply means that the interface is +configured with ip address a.b.c.d and with the netmask that corresponds +to VLSM /v.

    + +

    Example: 192.0.2.65/29

    + +

        The interface is configured with IP address 192.0.2.65 + and netmask 255.255.255.248.

    + +

    4.3 Routing

    + +

    One of the purposes of subnetting is that it forms the basis + for routing. Here's the routing table on my firewall:

    + +
    +
    +
    [root@gateway root]# netstat -nr
    Kernel IP routing table
    Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
    192.168.9.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 40 0 0 texas
    206.124.146.177 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 40 0 0 eth1
    206.124.146.180 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 40 0 0 eth3
    192.168.3.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 40 0 0 eth3
    192.168.2.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 40 0 0 eth1
    192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 40 0 0 eth2
    206.124.146.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 40 0 0 eth0
    192.168.9.0 192.0.2.223 255.255.255.0 UG 40 0 0 texas
    127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 40 0 0 lo
    0.0.0.0 206.124.146.254 0.0.0.0 UG 40 0 0 eth0
    [root@gateway root]#
    +
    +
    + +

    The device texas is a GRE tunnel to a peer site in + the Dallas, Texas area.
    +
    + The first three routes are host routes since they indicate how + to get to a single host. In the 'netstat' output this can be seen by the + "Genmask" (Subnet Mask) of 255.255.255.255 and the "H" in the Flags column. + The remainder are 'net' routes since they tell the kernel how to route +packets to a subnetwork. The last route is the default route and +the gateway mentioned in that route is called the default gateway.

    + +

    When the kernel is trying to send a packet to IP address A, + it starts at the top of the routing table and:

    -

    So to route a packet to 192.168.1.5, the packet is sent directly over -eth2.

    - - -

    One more thing needs to be emphasized -- all outgoing packet - are sent using the routing table and reply packets are not a special case. - There seems to be a common mis-conception whereby people think that request - packets are like salmon and contain a genetic code that is magically transferred - to reply packets so that the replies follow the reverse route taken by -the request. That isn't the case; the replies may take a totally different -route back to the client than was taken by the requests -- they are totally -independent.

    - -

    4.4 Address Resolution Protocol

    - -

    When sending packets over Ethernet, IP addresses aren't used. - Rather Ethernet addressing is based on Media Access Control (MAC) - addresses. Each Ethernet device has it's own unique  MAC address which -is burned into a PROM on the device during manufacture. You can obtain -the MAC of an Ethernet device using the 'ip' utility:

    - -
    -
    -
    [root@gateway root]# ip addr show eth0
    2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc htb qlen 100
    link/ether 02:00:08:e3:fa:55 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 206.124.146.176/24 brd 206.124.146.255 scope global eth0
    inet 206.124.146.178/24 brd 206.124.146.255 scope global secondary eth0
    inet 206.124.146.179/24 brd 206.124.146.255 scope global secondary eth0
    [root@gateway root]#
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    As you can see from the above output, the MAC is 6 bytes -(48 bits) wide. A card's MAC is usually also printed on a label attached -to the card itself.

    -
    - -
    -

    Because IP uses IP addresses and Ethernet uses MAC addresses, - a mechanism is required to translate an IP address into a MAC address; - that is the purpose of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). -Here is ARP in action:

    -
    - -
    -
    -
    -
    [root@gateway root]# tcpdump -nei eth2 arp
    tcpdump: listening on eth2
    09:56:49.766757 2:0:8:e3:4c:48 0:6:25:aa:8a:f0 arp 42: arp who-has 192.168.1.19 tell 192.168.1.254
    09:56:49.769372 0:6:25:aa:8a:f0 2:0:8:e3:4c:48 arp 60: arp reply 192.168.1.19 is-at 0:6:25:aa:8a:f0

    2 packets received by filter
    0 packets dropped by kernel
    [root@gateway root]#
    -
    -
    -
    - -

    In this exchange, 192.168.1.254 (MAC 2:0:8:e3:4c:48) wants - to know the MAC of the device with IP address 192.168.1.19. The system -having that IP address is responding that the MAC address of the device -with IP address 192.168.1.19 is 0:6:25:aa:8a:f0.

    - -

    In order to avoid having to exchange ARP information each - time that an IP packet is to be sent, systems maintain an ARP cache - of IP<->MAC correspondences. You can see the ARP cache on your system - (including your Windows system) using the 'arp' command:

    - -
    -
    -
    [root@gateway root]# arp -na
    ? (206.124.146.177) at 00:A0:C9:15:39:78 [ether] on eth1
    ? (192.168.1.3) at 00:A0:CC:63:66:89 [ether] on eth2
    ? (192.168.1.5) at 00:A0:CC:DB:31:C4 [ether] on eth2
    ? (206.124.146.254) at 00:03:6C:8A:18:38 [ether] on eth0
    ? (192.168.1.19) at 00:06:25:AA:8A:F0 [ether] on eth2
    -
    -
    - -

    The leading question marks are a result of my having specified - the 'n' option (Windows 'arp' doesn't allow that option) which causes -the 'arp' program to forego IP->DNS name translation. Had I not given -that option, the question marks would have been replaced with the FQDN -corresponding to each IP address. Notice that the last entry in the table -records the information we saw using tcpdump above.

    - -

    4.5 RFC 1918

    - -

    IP addresses are allocated by the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) - who delegates allocations on a geographic basis to Regional Internet - Registries (RIRs). For example, allocation for the Americas and for - sub-Sahara Africa is delegated to the American - Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN). These RIRs may in turn delegate - to national registries. Most of us don't deal with these registrars but - rather get our IP addresses from our ISP.

    - -

    It's a fact of life that most of us can't afford as many -Public IP addresses as we have devices to assign them to so we end up making -use of Private IP addresses. RFC 1918 reserves several IP address -ranges for this purpose:

    - -
    -
         10.0.0.0    - 10.255.255.255
    172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
    192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
    -
    - -
    -

    The addresses reserved by RFC 1918 are sometimes referred - to as non-routable because the Internet backbone routers don't - forward packets which have an RFC-1918 destination address. This is understandable - given that anyone can select any of these addresses for their private - use.

    -
    - -
    -

    When selecting addresses from these ranges, there's a couple - of things to keep in mind:

    -
    - -
    + +

    Since the default route matches any IP address (A land + 0.0.0.0 = 0.0.0.0), packets that don't match any of the other routing table + entries are sent to the default gateway which is usually a router +at your ISP.

    + +

    Lets take an example. Suppose that we want to route a packet + to 192.168.1.5. That address clearly doesn't match any of the host routes + in the table but if we logically and that address with 255.255.255.0, the + result is 192.168.1.0 which matches this routing table entry:

    + +
    +
    +
    192.168.1.0     0.0.0.0 	255.255.255.0 	U     40  0         0 eth2
    +
    + +

    So to route a packet to 192.168.1.5, the packet is sent directly over eth2.

    + +

    One more thing needs to be emphasized -- all outgoing packet + are sent using the routing table and reply packets are not a special case. + There seems to be a common mis-conception whereby people think that request + packets are like salmon and contain a genetic code that is magically transferred + to reply packets so that the replies follow the reverse route taken by +the request. That isn't the case; the replies may take a totally different +route back to the client than was taken by the requests -- they are totally +independent.

    + +

    4.4 Address Resolution Protocol

    + +

    When sending packets over Ethernet, IP addresses aren't used. + Rather Ethernet addressing is based on Media Access Control (MAC) + addresses. Each Ethernet device has it's own unique  MAC address which +is burned into a PROM on the device during manufacture. You can obtain the +MAC of an Ethernet device using the 'ip' utility:

    + +
    +
    +
    [root@gateway root]# ip addr show eth0
    2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc htb qlen 100
    link/ether 02:00:08:e3:fa:55 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 206.124.146.176/24 brd 206.124.146.255 scope global eth0
    inet 206.124.146.178/24 brd 206.124.146.255 scope global secondary eth0
    inet 206.124.146.179/24 brd 206.124.146.255 scope global secondary eth0
    [root@gateway root]#
    +
    +
    + +
    +

    As you can see from the above output, the MAC is 6 bytes (48 + bits) wide. A card's MAC is usually also printed on a label attached to +the card itself.

    +
    + +
    +

    Because IP uses IP addresses and Ethernet uses MAC addresses, + a mechanism is required to translate an IP address into a MAC address; + that is the purpose of the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). +Here is ARP in action:

    +
    + +
    +
    +
    +
    [root@gateway root]# tcpdump -nei eth2 arp
    tcpdump: listening on eth2
    09:56:49.766757 2:0:8:e3:4c:48 0:6:25:aa:8a:f0 arp 42: arp who-has 192.168.1.19 tell 192.168.1.254
    09:56:49.769372 0:6:25:aa:8a:f0 2:0:8:e3:4c:48 arp 60: arp reply 192.168.1.19 is-at 0:6:25:aa:8a:f0

    2 packets received by filter
    0 packets dropped by kernel
    [root@gateway root]#
    +
    +
    +
    + +

    In this exchange, 192.168.1.254 (MAC 2:0:8:e3:4c:48) wants + to know the MAC of the device with IP address 192.168.1.19. The system +having that IP address is responding that the MAC address of the device +with IP address 192.168.1.19 is 0:6:25:aa:8a:f0.

    + +

    In order to avoid having to exchange ARP information each + time that an IP packet is to be sent, systems maintain an ARP cache + of IP<->MAC correspondences. You can see the ARP cache on your system + (including your Windows system) using the 'arp' command:

    + +
    +
    +
    [root@gateway root]# arp -na
    ? (206.124.146.177) at 00:A0:C9:15:39:78 [ether] on eth1
    ? (192.168.1.3) at 00:A0:CC:63:66:89 [ether] on eth2
    ? (192.168.1.5) at 00:A0:CC:DB:31:C4 [ether] on eth2
    ? (206.124.146.254) at 00:03:6C:8A:18:38 [ether] on eth0
    ? (192.168.1.19) at 00:06:25:AA:8A:F0 [ether] on eth2
    +
    +
    + +

    The leading question marks are a result of my having specified + the 'n' option (Windows 'arp' doesn't allow that option) which causes the + 'arp' program to forego IP->DNS name translation. Had I not given that + option, the question marks would have been replaced with the FQDN corresponding + to each IP address. Notice that the last entry in the table records the + information we saw using tcpdump above.

    + +

    4.5 RFC 1918

    + +

    IP addresses are allocated by the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) + who delegates allocations on a geographic basis to Regional Internet + Registries (RIRs). For example, allocation for the Americas and for + sub-Sahara Africa is delegated to the American + Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN). These RIRs may in turn delegate + to national registries. Most of us don't deal with these registrars but + rather get our IP addresses from our ISP.

    + +

    It's a fact of life that most of us can't afford as many Public + IP addresses as we have devices to assign them to so we end up making use +of Private IP addresses. RFC 1918 reserves several IP address ranges +for this purpose:

    + +
    +
         10.0.0.0    - 10.255.255.255
    172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
    192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
    +
    + +
    +

    The addresses reserved by RFC 1918 are sometimes referred + to as non-routable because the Internet backbone routers don't + forward packets which have an RFC-1918 destination address. This is understandable + given that anyone can select any of these addresses for their private + use.

    +
    + +
    +

    When selecting addresses from these ranges, there's a couple + of things to keep in mind:

    +
    + +
    +
      +
    • +

      As the IPv4 address space becomes depleted, more and more + organizations (including ISPs) are beginning to use RFC 1918 addresses + in their infrastructure.

      +
    • +
    • +

      You don't want to use addresses that are being used by + your ISP or by another organization with whom you want to establish + a VPN relationship.

      +
    • -
      -

      So it's a good idea to check with your ISP to see if they - are using (or are planning to use) private addresses before you decide +

    +
    + +
    +

    So it's a good idea to check with your ISP to see if they + are using (or are planning to use) private addresses before you decide the addresses that you are going to use.

    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    5.0 Setting up your Network

    -
    - -
    -

    The choice of how to set up your network depends primarily - on how many Public IP addresses you have vs. how many addressable entities - you have in your network. Regardless of how many addresses you have, +

    + +
    +

    The choice of how to set up your network depends primarily + on how many Public IP addresses you have vs. how many addressable entities + you have in your network. Regardless of how many addresses you have, your ISP will handle that set of addresses in one of two ways:

    -
    - -
    -
      -
    1. -

      Routed - Traffic to any of your addresses will - be routed through a single gateway address. This will generally - only be done if your ISP has assigned you a complete subnet (/29 or -larger). In this case, you will assign the gateway address as the IP -address of your firewall/router's external interface.

      -
    2. -
    3. -

      Non-routed - Your ISP will send traffic to each - of your addresses directly.

      -
    4. - -
    + +
    +
      +
    1. +

      Routed - Traffic to any of your addresses will + be routed through a single gateway address. This will generally + only be done if your ISP has assigned you a complete subnet (/29 or larger). + In this case, you will assign the gateway address as the IP address +of your firewall/router's external interface.

      +
    2. +
    3. +

      Non-routed - Your ISP will send traffic to each + of your addresses directly.

      +
    4. -
      -

      In the subsections that follow, we'll look at each of these +

    +
    + +
    +

    In the subsections that follow, we'll look at each of these separately.
    -

    - +

    +

    Before we begin, there is one thing for you to check:

    - +

    -     If you are using the Debian package, please check your shorewall.conf - file to ensure that the following are set correctly; if they are not, change - them appropriately:
    -

    - +     If you are using the Debian package, please check your shorewall.conf + file to ensure that the following are set correctly; if they are not, change + them appropriately:
    +

    +
      -
    • NAT_ENABLED=Yes
    • -
    • IP_FORWARDING=On
      -
    • - +
    • NAT_ENABLED=Yes
    • +
    • IP_FORWARDING=On
      +
    • +
    -
    - -
    -

    5.1 Routed

    - -
    -

    Let's assume that your ISP has assigned you the subnet - 192.0.2.64/28 routed through 192.0.2.65. That means that you have IP addresses - 192.0.2.64 - 192.0.2.79 and that your firewall's external IP address -is 192.0.2.65. Your ISP has also told you that you should use a netmask -of 255.255.255.0 (so your /28 is part of a larger /24). With this many -IP addresses, you are able to subnet your /28 into two /29's and set -up your network as shown in the following diagram.

    -
    - -
    + +
    +

    5.1 Routed

    +
    + +
    +

    Let's assume that your ISP has assigned you the subnet +192.0.2.64/28 routed through 192.0.2.65. That means that you have IP addresses + 192.0.2.64 - 192.0.2.79 and that your firewall's external IP address +is 192.0.2.65. Your ISP has also told you that you should use a netmask +of 255.255.255.0 (so your /28 is part of a larger /24). With this many +IP addresses, you are able to subnet your /28 into two /29's and set up +your network as shown in the following diagram.

    +
    + +

    -

    -
    - -
    -

    Here, the DMZ comprises the subnet 192.0.2.64/29 and the -Local network is 192.0.2.72/29. The default gateway for hosts in the DMZ -would be configured to 192.0.2.66 and the default gateway for hosts in -the local network would be 192.0.2.73.

    -
    - -
    -

    Notice that this arrangement is rather wasteful of public - IP addresses since it is using 192.0.2.64 and 192.0.2.72 for subnet -addresses, 192.0.2.71 and 192.0.2.79 for subnet broadcast addresses -and 192.0.2.66 and 168.0.2.73 for internal addresses on the firewall/router. -Nevertheless, it shows how subnetting can work and if we were dealing -with a /24 rather than a /28 network, the use of 6 IP addresses out -of 256 would be justified because of the simplicity of the setup.

    -
    - -
    -

    The astute reader may have noticed that the Firewall/Router's - external interface is actually part of the DMZ subnet (192.0.2.64/29). - What if DMZ 1 (192.0.2.67) tries to communicate with 192.0.2.65? The -routing table on DMZ 1 will look like this:

    -
    - -
    -
    -
    Kernel IP routing table
    Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
    192.0.2.64 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.248 U 40 0 0 eth0
    0.0.0.0 192.0.2.66 0.0.0.0 UG 40 0 0 eth0
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    This means that DMZ 1 will send an ARP "who-has 192.0.2.65" - request and no device on the DMZ Ethernet segment has that IP address. - Oddly enough, the firewall will respond to the request with the MAC -address of its DMZ Interface!! DMZ 1 can then send Ethernet frames -addressed to that MAC address and the frames will be received (correctly) -by the firewall/router.

    -
    - -
    -

    It is this rather unexpected ARP behavior on the part of -the Linux Kernel that prompts the warning earlier in this guide regarding -the connecting of multiple firewall/router interfaces to the same hub -or switch. When an ARP request for one of the firewall/router's IP addresses -is sent by another system connected to the hub/switch, all of the firewall's - interfaces that connect to the hub/switch can respond! It is then a -race as to which "here-is" response reaches the sender first.

    -
    - -
    -

    5.2 Non-routed

    -
    - -
    -

    If you have the above situation but it is non-routed, -you can configure your network exactly as described above with one additional - twist; simply specify the "proxyarp" option on all three firewall interfaces - in the /etc/shorewall/interfaces file.

    -
    - -
    -

    Most of us don't have the luxury of having enough public -IP addresses to set up our networks as shown in the preceding example -(even if the setup is routed).

    -
    - -
    -

    For the remainder of this section, assume that your ISP - has assigned you IP addresses 192.0.2.176-180 and has told you to use - netmask 255.255.255.0 and default gateway 192.0.2.254.

    -
    - -
    -

    Clearly, that set of addresses doesn't comprise a subnetwork - and there aren't enough addresses for all of the network interfaces. -There are four different techniques that can be used to work around this -problem.

    -
    - -
    -
      -
    • -

      Source Network Address Translation (SNAT).

      -
    • -
    • -

      Destination Network Address Translation (DNAT) +

    + +
    +

    Here, the DMZ comprises the subnet 192.0.2.64/29 and the Local + network is 192.0.2.72/29. The default gateway for hosts in the DMZ would +be configured to 192.0.2.66 and the default gateway for hosts in the local + network would be 192.0.2.73.

    +
    + +
    +

    Notice that this arrangement is rather wasteful of public + IP addresses since it is using 192.0.2.64 and 192.0.2.72 for subnet addresses, + 192.0.2.71 and 192.0.2.79 for subnet broadcast addresses and 192.0.2.66 + and 168.0.2.73 for internal addresses on the firewall/router. Nevertheless, + it shows how subnetting can work and if we were dealing with a /24 rather + than a /28 network, the use of 6 IP addresses out of 256 would be justified + because of the simplicity of the setup.

    +
    + +
    +

    The astute reader may have noticed that the Firewall/Router's + external interface is actually part of the DMZ subnet (192.0.2.64/29). + What if DMZ 1 (192.0.2.67) tries to communicate with 192.0.2.65? The +routing table on DMZ 1 will look like this:

    +
    + +
    +
    +
    Kernel IP routing table
    Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface
    192.0.2.64 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.248 U 40 0 0 eth0
    0.0.0.0 192.0.2.66 0.0.0.0 UG 40 0 0 eth0
    +
    +
    + +
    +

    This means that DMZ 1 will send an ARP "who-has 192.0.2.65" + request and no device on the DMZ Ethernet segment has that IP address. + Oddly enough, the firewall will respond to the request with the MAC address + of its DMZ Interface!! DMZ 1 can then send Ethernet frames addressed + to that MAC address and the frames will be received (correctly) by the + firewall/router.

    +
    + +
    +

    It is this rather unexpected ARP behavior on the part of the + Linux Kernel that prompts the warning earlier in this guide regarding the + connecting of multiple firewall/router interfaces to the same hub or switch. + When an ARP request for one of the firewall/router's IP addresses is sent +by another system connected to the hub/switch, all of the firewall's + interfaces that connect to the hub/switch can respond! It is then a race + as to which "here-is" response reaches the sender first.

    +
    + +
    +

    5.2 Non-routed

    +
    + +
    +

    If you have the above situation but it is non-routed, you +can configure your network exactly as described above with one additional + twist; simply specify the "proxyarp" option on all three firewall interfaces + in the /etc/shorewall/interfaces file.

    +
    + +
    +

    Most of us don't have the luxury of having enough public IP + addresses to set up our networks as shown in the preceding example (even +if the setup is routed).

    +
    + +
    +

    For the remainder of this section, assume that your ISP + has assigned you IP addresses 192.0.2.176-180 and has told you to use + netmask 255.255.255.0 and default gateway 192.0.2.254.

    +
    + +
    +

    Clearly, that set of addresses doesn't comprise a subnetwork + and there aren't enough addresses for all of the network interfaces. +There are four different techniques that can be used to work around this +problem.

    +
    + +
    +
      +
    • +

      Source Network Address Translation (SNAT). +

      +
    • +
    • +

      Destination Network Address Translation (DNAT) also known as Port Forwarding.

      -
    • -
    • +
    • +
    • Proxy ARP.

      -
    • -
    • -

      Network Address Translation (NAT) also referred +

    • +
    • +

      Network Address Translation (NAT) also referred to as Static NAT.

      -
    • - + +
    +
    + +
    +

    Often a combination of these techniques is used. Each of these + will be discussed in the sections that follow.

    - -
    -

    Often a combination of these techniques is used. Each of -these will be discussed in the sections that follow.

    -
    - -
    + +

     5.2.1 SNAT

    -
    - -
    -

    With SNAT, an internal LAN segment is configured using RFC - 1918 addresses. When a host A on this internal segment initiates - a connection to host B on the internet, the firewall/router rewrites - the IP header in the request to use one of your public IP addresses -as the source address. When B responds and the response is received - by the firewall, the firewall changes the destination address back to +

    + +
    +

    With SNAT, an internal LAN segment is configured using RFC + 1918 addresses. When a host A on this internal segment initiates + a connection to host B on the internet, the firewall/router rewrites + the IP header in the request to use one of your public IP addresses as + the source address. When B responds and the response is received + by the firewall, the firewall changes the destination address back to the RFC 1918 address of A and forwards the response back to A.

    -
    - -
    -

    Let's suppose that you decide to use SNAT on your local zone - and use public address 192.0.2.176 as both your firewall's external -IP address and the source IP address of internet requests sent from -that zone.

    -
    - -
    +
    + +
    +

    Let's suppose that you decide to use SNAT on your local zone + and use public address 192.0.2.176 as both your firewall's external IP + address and the source IP address of internet requests sent from that + zone.

    +
    + +

    -

    -
    - -
    The local zone has been subnetted as 192.168.201.0/29 + +
    + +
    The local zone has been subnetted as 192.168.201.0/29 (netmask 255.255.255.248).
    - +
     
    - +
    -     The systems in the local zone would be configured with a default - gateway of 192.168.201.1 (the IP address of the firewall's local interface).
    - +     The systems in the local zone would be configured with a default + gateway of 192.168.201.1 (the IP address of the firewall's local interface).
    +
     
    - +
    -     SNAT is configured in Shorewall using the /etc/shorewall/masq file.
    - -
    -
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - + - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + +
    INTERFACESUBNETADDRESS
    eth0192.168.201.0/29192.0.2.176
    INTERFACESUBNETADDRESS
    eth0192.168.201.0/29192.0.2.176
    -
    +
    +
    + +
    +

    This example used the normal technique of assigning the same + public IP address for the firewall external interface and for SNAT. If + you wanted to use a different IP address, you would either have to use + your distributions network configuration tools to add that IP address + to the external interface or you could set ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes in +/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf and Shorewall will add the address for you.

    - -
    -

    This example used the normal technique of assigning the same - public IP address for the firewall external interface and for SNAT. -If you wanted to use a different IP address, you would either have to -use your distributions network configuration tools to add that IP address - to the external interface or you could set ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes in - /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf and Shorewall will add the address for you.

    -
    - -
    + +

    5.2.2 DNAT

    +
    + +
    +

    When SNAT is used, it is impossible for hosts on the internet + to initiate a connection to one of the internal systems since those systems + do not have a public IP address. DNAT provides a way to allow selected + connections from the internet.

    - -
    -

    When SNAT is used, it is impossible for hosts on the internet - to initiate a connection to one of the internal systems since those -systems do not have a public IP address. DNAT provides a way to allow -selected connections from the internet.

    -
    - -
    + +

    -      Suppose that your daughter wants to run a web server on her system - "Local 3". You could allow connections to the internet to her server -by adding the following entry in /etc/shorewall/rules:

    -
    - -
    -
    +      Suppose that your daughter wants to run a web server on her +system "Local 3". You could allow connections to the internet to her +server by adding the following entry in /etc/shorewall/rules:

    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL DESTINATION
    DNATnetloc:192.168.201.4tcpwww-192.0.2.176
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL DESTINATION
    DNATnetloc:192.168.201.4tcpwww-192.0.2.176
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    If one of your daughter's friends at address A wants + +

    + +
    +

    If one of your daughter's friends at address A wants to access your daughter's server, she can connect to http://192.0.2.176 (the firewall's external - IP address) and the firewall will rewrite the destination IP address -to 192.168.201.4 (your daughter's system) and forward the request. When -your daughter's server responds, the firewall will rewrite the source + href="http://192.0.2.176"> http://192.0.2.176 (the firewall's external + IP address) and the firewall will rewrite the destination IP address +to 192.168.201.4 (your daughter's system) and forward the request. When +your daughter's server responds, the firewall will rewrite the source address back to 192.0.2.176 and send the response back to A.

    -
    - -
    -

    This example used the firewall's external IP address for -DNAT. You can use another of your public IP addresses but Shorewall will -not add that address to the firewall's external interface for you.

    -
    - -
    +
    + +
    +

    This example used the firewall's external IP address for DNAT. + You can use another of your public IP addresses but Shorewall will not +add that address to the firewall's external interface for you.

    +
    + +

    5.2.3 Proxy ARP

    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    The idea behind proxy ARP is that:

    -
    - -
    -
      -
    • -

      A host H behind your firewall is assigned one -of your public IP addresses (A) and is assigned the same netmask - (M) as the firewall's external interface.

      -
    • -
    • -

      The firewall responds to ARP "who has" requests for A. -

      -
    • -
    • -

      When H issues an ARP "who has" request for an -address in the subnetwork defined by A and M, the firewall -will respond (with the MAC if the firewall interface to H).

      -
    • - -
    + +
    +
      +
    • +

      A host H behind your firewall is assigned one of +your public IP addresses (A) and is assigned the same netmask + (M) as the firewall's external interface.

      +
    • +
    • +

      The firewall responds to ARP "who has" requests for A. +

      +
    • +
    • +

      When H issues an ARP "who has" request for an address + in the subnetwork defined by A and M, the firewall will +respond (with the MAC if the firewall interface to H).

      +
    • -
      -

      Let suppose that we decide to use Proxy ARP on the DMZ in +

    +
    + +
    +

    Let suppose that we decide to use Proxy ARP on the DMZ in our example network.

    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    -

    -
    - -
    Here, we've assigned the IP addresses 192.0.2.177 to - system DMZ 1 and 192.0.2.178 to DMZ 2. Notice that we've just assigned - an arbitrary RFC 1918 IP address and subnet mask to the DMZ interface - on the firewall. That address and netmask isn't relevant - just be sure +

    +
    + +
    Here, we've assigned the IP addresses 192.0.2.177 to + system DMZ 1 and 192.0.2.178 to DMZ 2. Notice that we've just assigned + an arbitrary RFC 1918 IP address and subnet mask to the DMZ interface + on the firewall. That address and netmask isn't relevant - just be sure it doesn't overlap another subnet that you've defined.
    - +
     
    - +
    -     The Shorewall configuration of Proxy ARP is done using the /etc/shorewall/proxyarp file.
    - -
    -
    +     The Shorewall configuration of Proxy ARP is done using the +/etc/shorewall/proxyarp file.
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ADDRESSINTERFACEEXTERNALHAVE ROUTE
    192.0.2.177eth2eth0No
    192.0.2.178eth2eth0No
    ADDRESSINTERFACEEXTERNALHAVE ROUTE
    192.0.2.177eth2eth0No
    192.0.2.178eth2eth0No
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    Because the HAVE ROUTE column contains No, Shorewall will + +

    + +
    +

    Because the HAVE ROUTE column contains No, Shorewall will add host routes thru eth2 to 192.0.2.177 and 192.0.2.178.
    -

    -

    The ethernet interfaces on DMZ 1 and DMZ 2 should be configured -to have the IP addresses shown but should have the same default gateway as +

    + +

    The ethernet interfaces on DMZ 1 and DMZ 2 should be configured +to have the IP addresses shown but should have the same default gateway as the firewall itself -- namely 192.0.2.254.
    -

    -
    - -
    +

    +
    + +

    -
    - -
    -
    -

    A word of warning is in order here. ISPs typically configure - their routers with a long ARP cache timeout. If you move a system from - parallel to your firewall to behind your firewall with Proxy ARP, it will - probably be HOURS before that system can communicate with the internet. -There are a couple of things that you can try:
    -

    +
    +
    +
    +

    A word of warning is in order here. ISPs typically configure + their routers with a long ARP cache timeout. If you move a system from + parallel to your firewall to behind your firewall with Proxy ARP, it +will probably be HOURS before that system can communicate with the internet. + There are a couple of things that you can try:
    +

    +
      -
    1. (Courtesy of Bradey Honsinger) A reading of Stevens' TCP/IP Illustrated, -Vol 1 reveals that a
      -
      - "gratuitous" ARP packet should cause the ISP's router to refresh their ARP -cache (section 4.7). A gratuitous ARP is simply a host requesting the MAC -address for its own IP; in addition to ensuring that the IP address isn't -a duplicate,...
      +
    2. (Courtesy of Bradey Honsinger) A reading of Stevens' TCP/IP Illustrated, + Vol 1 reveals that a

      - "if the host sending the gratuitous ARP has just changed its hardware address..., - this packet causes any other host...that has an entry in its cache for the - old hardware address to update its ARP cache entry accordingly."
      -
      - Which is, of course, exactly what you want to do when you switch a host -from being exposed to the Internet to behind Shorewall using proxy ARP (or -static NAT for that matter). Happily enough, recent versions of Redhat's iputils -package include "arping", whose "-U" flag does just that:
      -
      -     arping -U -I <net if> <newly proxied -IP>
      -     arping -U -I eth0 66.58.99.83 # for example
      -
      - Stevens goes on to mention that not all systems respond correctly to gratuitous - ARPs, but googling for "arping -U" seems to support the idea that it works + "gratuitous" ARP packet should cause the ISP's router to refresh their +ARP cache (section 4.7). A gratuitous ARP is simply a host requesting the +MAC address for its own IP; in addition to ensuring that the IP address +isn't a duplicate,...
      +
      + "if the host sending the gratuitous ARP has just changed its hardware +address..., this packet causes any other host...that has an entry in its +cache for the old hardware address to update its ARP cache entry accordingly."
      +
      + Which is, of course, exactly what you want to do when you switch a host + from being exposed to the Internet to behind Shorewall using proxy ARP +(or static NAT for that matter). Happily enough, recent versions of Redhat's +iputils package include "arping", whose "-U" flag does just that:
      +
      +     arping -U -I <net if> <newly proxied + IP>
      +     arping -U -I eth0 66.58.99.83 # for example
      +
      + Stevens goes on to mention that not all systems respond correctly to gratuitous + ARPs, but googling for "arping -U" seems to support the idea that it works most of the time.
      -
      -
    3. -
    4. You can call your ISP and ask them to purge the stale ARP cache -entry but many either can't or won't purge individual entries.
    5. - +
      + +
    6. You can call your ISP and ask them to purge the stale ARP cache + entry but many either can't or won't purge individual entries.
    7. +
    - You can determine if your ISP's gateway ARP cache is stale using ping -and tcpdump. Suppose that we suspect that the gateway router has a stale -ARP cache entry for 130.252.100.19. On the firewall, run tcpdump as follows:
    - -
    + You can determine if your ISP's gateway ARP cache is stale using ping + and tcpdump. Suppose that we suspect that the gateway router has a stale + ARP cache entry for 130.252.100.19. On the firewall, run tcpdump as follows:
    + +
    	tcpdump -nei eth0 icmp
    +
    + +
    +

    Now from 130.252.100.19, ping the ISP's gateway (which we + will assume is 130.252.100.254):

    - -
    -

    Now from 130.252.100.19, ping the ISP's gateway (which we -will assume is 130.252.100.254):

    -
    - -
    + +
    	ping 130.252.100.254
    -
    -
    - -
    +
    +
    + +

    We can now observe the tcpdump output:

    -
    - -
    +
    + +
    	13:35:12.159321 0:4:e2:20:20:33 0:0:77:95:dd:19 ip 98: 192.0.2.177 > 192.0.2.254: icmp: echo request (DF)
    13:35:12.207615 0:0:77:95:dd:19 0:c0:a8:50:b2:57 ip 98: 192.0.2.254 > 192.0.2.177 : icmp: echo reply
    -
    - -
    -

    Notice that the source MAC address in the echo request is - different from the destination MAC address in the echo reply!! In this - case 0:4:e2:20:20:33 was the MAC of the firewall's eth0 NIC while 0:c0:a8:50:b2:57 - was the MAC address of DMZ 1. In other words, the gateway's ARP cache - still associates 192.0.2.177 with the NIC in DMZ 1 rather than with the +

    + +
    +

    Notice that the source MAC address in the echo request is + different from the destination MAC address in the echo reply!! In this + case 0:4:e2:20:20:33 was the MAC of the firewall's eth0 NIC while 0:c0:a8:50:b2:57 + was the MAC address of DMZ 1. In other words, the gateway's ARP cache + still associates 192.0.2.177 with the NIC in DMZ 1 rather than with the firewall's eth0.

    -
    - -
    -

    5.2.4 Static NAT

    - -
    -

    With static NAT, you assign local systems RFC 1918 addresses - then establish a one-to-one mapping between those addresses and public - IP addresses. For outgoing connections SNAT occurs and on incoming connections - DNAT occurs. Let's go back to our earlier example involving your daughter's - web server running on system Local 3.

    -
    - -
    + +
    +

    5.2.4 Static NAT

    +
    + +
    +

    With static NAT, you assign local systems RFC 1918 addresses + then establish a one-to-one mapping between those addresses and public + IP addresses. For outgoing connections SNAT (Source Network Address +Translation) occurs and on incoming connections DNAT (Destination Network +Address Translation) occurs. Let's go back to our earlier example involving +your daughter's web server running on system Local 3.

    +
    + +

    -

    -
    - -
    -

    Recall that in this setup, the local network is using SNAT - and is sharing the firewall external IP (192.0.2.176) for outbound connections. +

    +
    + +
    +

    Recall that in this setup, the local network is using SNAT + and is sharing the firewall external IP (192.0.2.176) for outbound connections. This is done with the following entry in /etc/shorewall/masq:

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - + - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + +
    INTERFACESUBNETADDRESS
    eth0192.168.201.0/29192.0.2.176
    INTERFACESUBNETADDRESS
    eth0192.168.201.0/29192.0.2.176
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    -     Suppose now that you have decided to give your daughter her own - IP address (192.0.2.179) for both inbound and outbound connections. -You would do that by adding an entry in /etc/shorewall/nat.

    -
    - -
    -
    +     Suppose now that you have decided to give your daughter her own + IP address (192.0.2.179) for both inbound and outbound connections. You + would do that by adding an entry in /etc/shorewall/nat.

    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    EXTERNALINTERFACEINTERNALALL INTERFACES LOCAL
    192.0.2.179eth0192.168.201.4NoNo
    EXTERNALINTERFACEINTERNALALL INTERFACES LOCAL
    192.0.2.179eth0192.168.201.4NoNo
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    With this entry in place, you daughter has her own IP address + +

    + +
    +

    With this entry in place, you daughter has her own IP address and the other two local systems share the firewall's IP address.

    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    -     Once the relationship between 192.0.2.179 and 192.168.201.4 is -established by the nat file entry above, it is no longer appropriate -to use a DNAT rule for you daughter's web server -- you would rather just -use an ACCEPT rule:

    -
    - -
    -
    +     Once the relationship between 192.0.2.179 and 192.168.201.4 is + established by the nat file entry above, it is no longer appropriate + to use a DNAT rule for you daughter's web server -- you would rather +just use an ACCEPT rule:

    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL DESTINATION
    ACCEPTnetloc:192.168.201.4tcpwww  
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL DESTINATION
    ACCEPTnetloc:192.168.201.4tcpwww  
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    5.3 Rules

    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    -     With the default policies, your local systems (Local 1-3) can -access any servers on the internet and the DMZ can't access any other +     With the default policies, your local systems (Local 1-3) can +access any servers on the internet and the DMZ can't access any other host (including the firewall). With the exception of DNAT rules which cause address translation and allow -the translated connection request to pass through the firewall, the way -to allow connection requests through your firewall is to use ACCEPT -rules.

    -
    - -
    -

    NOTE: Since the SOURCE PORT and ORIG. DEST. Columns aren't + href="#DNAT">DNAT rules which cause address translation and allow +the translated connection request to pass through the firewall, the way +to allow connection requests through your firewall is to use ACCEPT rules.

    +
    + +
    +

    NOTE: Since the SOURCE PORT and ORIG. DEST. Columns aren't used in this section, they won't be shown

    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    You probably want to allow ping between your zones:

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORT
    ACCEPTnetdmzicmpecho-request
    ACCEPTnetlocicmpecho-request
    ACCEPTdmzlocicmpecho-request
    ACCEPTlocdmzicmpecho-request
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORT
    ACCEPTnetdmzicmpecho-request
    ACCEPTnetlocicmpecho-request
    ACCEPTdmzlocicmpecho-request
    ACCEPTlocdmzicmpecho-request
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    Let's suppose that you run mail and pop3 servers on DMZ 2 + +

    + +
    +

    Let's suppose that you run mail and pop3 servers on DMZ 2 and a Web Server on DMZ 1. The rules that you would need are:

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTCOMMENTS
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcppop3# Pop3 from the Internet
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Local Network
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.178tcppop3# Pop3 from the Local Network
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Firewall
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.178nettcpsmtp# Mail to the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177tcphttp# WWW from the Net
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177tcphttps# Secure HTTP from the Net
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.177tcphttps# Secure HTTP from the Local Net
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTCOMMENTS
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcppop3# Pop3 from the Internet
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Local Network
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.178tcppop3# Pop3 from the Local Network
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Firewall
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.178nettcpsmtp# Mail to the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177tcphttp# WWW from the Net
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177tcphttps# Secure HTTP from the Net
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.177tcphttps# Secure HTTP from the Local Net
    -
    + +
    + +
    +

    If you run a public DNS server on 192.0.2.177, you would need + to add the following rules:

    - -
    -

    If you run a public DNS server on 192.0.2.177, you would -need to add the following rules:

    -
    - -
    -
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTCOMMENTS
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from the internet
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from firewall
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from firewall
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from the local Net
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from the local Net
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.177netudpdomain# UDP DNS to the Internet
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.177nettcpdomain# TCP DNS to the Internet
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTCOMMENTS
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from the internet
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from firewall
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from firewall
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from the local Net
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from the local Net
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.177netudpdomain# UDP DNS to the Internet
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.177nettcpdomain# TCP DNS to the Internet
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    You probably want some way to communicate with your firewall - and DMZ systems from the local network -- I recommend SSH which through +

    +
    + +
    +

    You probably want some way to communicate with your firewall + and DMZ systems from the local network -- I recommend SSH which through its scp utility can also do publishing and software update distribution.

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTCOMMENTS
    ACCEPTlocdmztcpssh# SSH to the DMZ
    ACCEPTlocfwtcpssh# SSH to the Firewall
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTCOMMENTS
    ACCEPTlocdmztcpssh# SSH to the DMZ
    ACCEPTlocfwtcpssh# SSH to the Firewall
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    5.4 Odds and Ends

    +
    + +
    +

    The above discussion reflects my personal preference for using + Proxy ARP for my servers in my DMZ and SNAT/NAT for my local systems. I +prefer to use NAT only in cases where a system that is part of an RFC 1918 +subnet needs to have it's own public IP. 

    - -
    -

    The above discussion reflects my personal preference for -using Proxy ARP for my servers in my DMZ and SNAT/NAT for my local systems. -I prefer to use NAT only in cases where a system that is part of an RFC -1918 subnet needs to have it's own public IP. 

    -
    - -
    + +

    -     If you haven't already, it would be a good idea to browse through - /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf just - to see if there is anything there that might be of interest. You might - also want to look at the other configuration files that you haven't -touched yet just to get a feel for the other things that Shorewall can -do.

    -
    - -
    -

    In case you haven't been keeping score, here's the final -set of configuration files for our sample network. Only those that were -modified from the original installation are shown.

    -
    - -
    -

    /etc/shorewall/interfaces (The "options" will be very -site-specific).

    -
    - -
    -
    +     If you haven't already, it would be a good idea to browse through + /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf just + to see if there is anything there that might be of interest. You might + also want to look at the other configuration files that you haven't touched + yet just to get a feel for the other things that Shorewall can do.

    +
    + +
    +

    In case you haven't been keeping score, here's the final set + of configuration files for our sample network. Only those that were modified + from the original installation are shown.

    +
    + +
    +

    /etc/shorewall/interfaces (The "options" will be very site-specific).

    +
    + +
    +
    - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ZoneInterfaceBroadcastOptions
    ZoneInterfaceBroadcastOptions
    neteth0detectnorfc1918,routefilter
    loceth1detect 
    dmzeth2detect 
    neteth0detectnorfc1918,routefilter
    loceth1detect 
    dmzeth2detect 
    -
    + +
    + +
    +

    The setup described here requires that your network interfaces + be brought up before Shorewall can start. This opens a short window during + which you have no firewall protection. If you replace 'detect' with +the actual broadcast addresses in the entries above, you can bring up +Shorewall before you bring up your network interfaces.

    - -
    -

    The setup described here requires that your network interfaces - be brought up before Shorewall can start. This opens a short window -during which you have no firewall protection. If you replace 'detect' -with the actual broadcast addresses in the entries above, you can bring -up Shorewall before you bring up your network interfaces.

    -
    - -
    -
    + +
    +
    - + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ZoneInterfaceBroadcastOptions
    ZoneInterfaceBroadcastOptions
    neteth0192.0.2.255norfc1918,routefilter
    loceth1192.168.201.7 
    dmzeth2192.168.202.7 
    neteth0192.0.2.255norfc1918,routefilter
    loceth1192.168.201.7 
    dmzeth2192.168.202.7 
    -
    -
    - -
    +
    +
    + +

    /etc/shorewall/masq - Local subnet

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - + - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + +
    INTERFACESUBNETADDRESS
    eth0192.168.201.0/29192.0.2.176
    INTERFACESUBNETADDRESS
    eth0192.168.201.0/29192.0.2.176
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    /etc/shorewall/proxyarp - DMZ

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ADDRESSINTERFACEEXTERNALHAVE ROUTE
    192.0.2.177eth2eth0No
    192.0.2.178eth2eth0No
    ADDRESSINTERFACEEXTERNALHAVE ROUTE
    192.0.2.177eth2eth0No
    192.0.2.178eth2eth0No
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    /etc/shorewall/nat- Daughter's System

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    EXTERNALINTERFACEINTERNALALL INTERFACES LOCAL
    192.0.2.179eth0192.168.201.4NoNo
    EXTERNALINTERFACEINTERNALALL INTERFACES LOCAL
    192.0.2.179eth0192.168.201.4NoNo
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    /etc/shorewall/rules

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTCOMMENTS
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcppop3# Pop3 from the Internet
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Local Network
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.178tcppop3# Pop3 from the Local Network
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Firewall
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.178nettcpsmtp# Mail to the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcphttp# WWW from the Net
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcphttps# Secure HTTP from the Net
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.178tcphttps# Secure HTTP from the Local Net
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from the internet
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from firewall
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from firewall
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from the local Net
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from the local Net
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.177netudpdomain# UDP DNS to the Internet
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.177nettcpdomain# TCP DNS to the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmzicmpecho-request# Ping
    ACCEPTnetlocicmpecho-request#  "
    ACCEPTdmzlocicmpecho-request# "
    ACCEPTlocdmzicmpecho-request# "
    ACCEPTlocdmztcpssh# SSH to the DMZ
    ACCEPTlocfwtcpssh# SSH to the Firewall
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTCOMMENTS
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcppop3# Pop3 from the Internet
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Local Network
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.178tcppop3# Pop3 from the Local Network
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.178tcpsmtp# Mail from the Firewall
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.178nettcpsmtp# Mail to the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcphttp# WWW from the Net
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.178tcphttps# Secure HTTP from the Net
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.178tcphttps# Secure HTTP from the Local Net
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from the internet
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from firewall
    ACCEPTfwdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from firewall
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.177udpdomain# UDP DNS from the local Net
    ACCEPTlocdmz:192.0.2.177tcpdomain# TCP DNS from the local Net
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.177netudpdomain# UDP DNS to the Internet
    ACCEPTdmz:192.0.2.177nettcpdomain# TCP DNS to the Internet
    ACCEPTnetdmzicmpecho-request# Ping
    ACCEPTnetlocicmpecho-request#  "
    ACCEPTdmzlocicmpecho-request# "
    ACCEPTlocdmzicmpecho-request# "
    ACCEPTlocdmztcpssh# SSH to the DMZ
    ACCEPTlocfwtcpssh# SSH to the Firewall
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    6.0 DNS

    -
    - -
    -

    Given the collection of RFC 1918 and public addresses in -this setup, it only makes sense to have separate internal and external -DNS servers. You can combine the two into a single BIND 9 server using -Views. If you are not interested in Bind 9 views, you can + +

    - -
    -

    Suppose that your domain is foobar.net and you want the two - DMZ systems named www.foobar.net and mail.foobar.net and you want the - three local systems named "winken.foobar.net, blinken.foobar.net and -nod.foobar.net. You want your firewall to be known as firewall.foobar.net -externally and it's interface to the local network to be know as gateway.foobar.net -and its interface to the dmz as dmz.foobar.net. Let's have the DNS server +

    + +
    +

    Suppose that your domain is foobar.net and you want the two + DMZ systems named www.foobar.net and mail.foobar.net and you want the + three local systems named "winken.foobar.net, blinken.foobar.net and nod.foobar.net. + You want your firewall to be known as firewall.foobar.net externally +and it's interface to the local network to be know as gateway.foobar.net +and its interface to the dmz as dmz.foobar.net. Let's have the DNS server on 192.0.2.177 which will also be known by the name ns1.foobar.net.

    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    The /etc/named.conf file would look like this:

    -
    - -
    -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    +
    options {
    directory "/var/named";
    listen-on { 127.0.0.1 ; 192.0.2.177; };
    };

    logging {
    channel xfer-log {
    file "/var/log/named/bind-xfer.log";
    print-category yes;
    print-severity yes;
    print-time yes;
    severity info;
    };
    category xfer-in { xfer-log; };
    category xfer-out { xfer-log; };
    category notify { xfer-log; };
    };
    -
    - -
    +
    + +
    #
    # This is the view presented to our internal systems
    #

    view "internal" {
    #
    # These are the clients that see this view
    #
    match-clients { 192.168.201.0/29;
    192.168.202.0/29;
    127.0.0/24;
    192.0.2.176/32;
    192.0.2.178/32;
    192.0.2.179/32;
    192.0.2.180/32; };
    #
    # If this server can't complete the request, it should use outside
    # servers to do so
    #
    recursion yes;

    zone "." in {
    type hint;
    file "int/root.cache";
    };

    zone "foobar.net" in {
    type master;
    notify no;
    allow-update { none; };
    file "int/db.foobar";
    };

    zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify no;
    allow-update { none; };
    file "int/db.127.0.0";
    };

    zone "201.168.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify no;
    allow-update { none; };
    file "int/db.192.168.201";
    };

    zone "202.168.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify no;
    allow-update { none; };
    file "int/db.192.168.202";
    };

    zone "176.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify no;
    allow-update { none; };
    file "db.192.0.2.176";
    };
    (or status NAT for that matter)
    zone "177.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify no;
    allow-update { none; };
    file "db.192.0.2.177";
    };

    zone "178.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify no;
    allow-update { none; };
    file "db.192.0.2.178";
    };

    zone "179.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify no;
    allow-update { none; };
    file "db.206.124.146.179";
    };

    };
    #
    # This is the view that we present to the outside world
    #
    view "external" {
    match-clients { any; };
    #
    # If we can't answer the query, we tell the client so
    #
    recursion no;

    zone "foobar.net" in {
    type master;
    notify yes;
    allow-update {none; };
    allow-transfer { <secondary NS IP>; };
    file "ext/db.foobar";
    };

    zone "176.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify yes;
    allow-update { none; };
    allow-transfer { <secondary NS IP>; };
    file "db.192.0.2.176";
    };

    zone "177.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify yes;
    allow-update { none; };
    allow-transfer { <secondary NS IP>; };
    file "db.192.0.2.177";
    };

    zone "178.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify yes;
    allow-update { none; };
    allow-transfer { <secondary NS IP>; };
    file "db.192.0.2.178";
    };

    zone "179.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa" in {
    type master;
    notify yes;
    allow-update { none; };
    allow-transfer { <secondary NS IP>; };
    file "db.192.0.2.179";
    };
    };
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    Here are the files in /var/named (those not shown are usually +

    +
    +
    + +
    +

    Here are the files in /var/named (those not shown are usually included in your bind disbribution).

    - -

    db.192.0.2.176 - This is the reverse zone for the firewall's + +

    db.192.0.2.176 - This is the reverse zone for the firewall's external interface

    - -
    + +
    ; ############################################################
    ; Start of Authority (Inverse Address Arpa) for 192.0.2.176/32
    ; Filename: db.192.0.2.176
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN SOA ns1.foobar.net. netadmin.foobar.net. (
    2001102303 ; serial
    10800 ; refresh (3 hour)
    3600 ; retry (1 hour)
    604800 ; expire (7 days)
    86400 ) ; minimum (1 day)
    ;
    ; ############################################################
    ; Specify Name Servers for all Reverse Lookups (IN-ADDR.ARPA)
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN NS ns1.foobar.net.
    @ 604800 IN NS <name of secondary ns>.
    ;
    ; ############################################################
    ; Iverse Address Arpa Records (PTR's)
    ; ############################################################
    176.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR firewall.foobar.net.
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    db.192.0.2.177 - This is the reverse zone for the www/DNS - server -
    +
    +
    + +
    +
    db.192.0.2.177 - This is the reverse zone for the www/DNS + server +
    ; ############################################################
    ; Start of Authority (Inverse Address Arpa) for 192.0.2.177/32
    ; Filename: db.192.0.2.177
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN SOA ns1.foobar.net. netadmin.foobar.net. (
    2001102303 ; serial
    10800 ; refresh (3 hour)
    3600 ; retry (1 hour)
    604800 ; expire (7 days)
    86400 ) ; minimum (1 day)
    ;
    ; ############################################################
    ; Specify Name Servers for all Reverse Lookups (IN-ADDR.ARPA)
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN NS ns1.foobar.net.
    @ 604800 IN NS <name of secondary ns>.
    ;
    ; ############################################################
    ; Iverse Address Arpa Records (PTR's)
    ; ############################################################
    177.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR www.foobar.net.
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    db.192.0.2.178 - This is the reverse zone for the mail - server -
    +
    +
    +
    + +
    +
    db.192.0.2.178 - This is the reverse zone for the mail + server +
    ; ############################################################
    ; Start of Authority (Inverse Address Arpa) for 192.0.2.178/32
    ; Filename: db.192.0.2.178
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN SOA ns1.foobar.net. netadmin.foobar.net. (
    2001102303 ; serial
    10800 ; refresh (3 hour)
    3600 ; retry (1 hour)
    604800 ; expire (7 days)
    86400 ) ; minimum (1 day)
    ;
    ; ############################################################
    ; Specify Name Servers for all Reverse Lookups (IN-ADDR.ARPA)
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN NS ns1.foobar.net.
    @ 604800 IN NS <name of secondary ns>.
    ;
    ; ############################################################
    ; Iverse Address Arpa Records (PTR's)
    ; ############################################################
    178.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR mail.foobar.net.
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    -
    db.192.0.2.179 - This is the reverse zone for daughter's - web server's public IP -
    +
    +
    +
    + +
    +
    db.192.0.2.179 - This is the reverse zone for daughter's + web server's public IP +
    ; ############################################################
    ; Start of Authority (Inverse Address Arpa) for 192.0.2.179/32
    ; Filename: db.192.0.2.179
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN SOA ns1.foobar.net. netadmin.foobar.net. (
    2001102303 ; serial
    10800 ; refresh (3 hour)
    3600 ; retry (1 hour)
    604800 ; expire (7 days)
    86400 ) ; minimum (1 day)
    ;
    ; ############################################################
    ; Specify Name Servers for all Reverse Lookups (IN-ADDR.ARPA)
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN NS ns1.foobar.net.
    @ 604800 IN NS <name of secondary ns>.
    ;
    ; ############################################################
    ; Iverse Address Arpa Records (PTR's)
    ; ############################################################
    179.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 86400 IN PTR nod.foobar.net.
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    +
    + +

    int/db.127.0.0 - The reverse zone for localhost

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    ; ############################################################
    ; Start of Authority (Inverse Address Arpa) for 127.0.0.0/8
    ; Filename: db.127.0.0
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN SOA ns1.foobar.net. netadmin.foobar.net. (
    2001092901 ; serial
    10800 ; refresh (3 hour)
    3600 ; retry (1 hour)
    604800 ; expire (7 days)
    86400 ) ; minimum (1 day)
    ; ############################################################
    ; Specify Name Servers for all Reverse Lookups (IN-ADDR.ARPA)
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN NS ns1.foobar.net.

    ; ############################################################
    ; Iverse Address Arpa Records (PTR's)
    ; ############################################################
    1 86400 IN PTR localhost.foobar.net.
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    int/db.192.168.201 - Reverse zone for the local net. This + +

    + +
    +

    int/db.192.168.201 - Reverse zone for the local net. This is only shown to internal clients

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    ; ############################################################
    ; Start of Authority (Inverse Address Arpa) for 192.168.201.0/29
    ; Filename: db.192.168.201
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN SOA ns1.foobar.net netadmin.foobar.net. (
    2002032501 ; serial
    10800 ; refresh (3 hour)
    3600 ; retry (1 hour)
    604800 ; expire (7 days)
    86400 ) ; minimum (1 day)

    ; ############################################################
    ; Specify Name Servers for all Reverse Lookups (IN-ADDR.ARPA)
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN NS ns1.foobar.net.

    ; ############################################################
    ; Iverse Address Arpa Records (PTR's)
    ; ############################################################
    1 86400 IN PTR gateway.foobar.net.
    2 86400 IN PTR winken.foobar.net.
    3 86400 IN PTR blinken.foobar.net.
    4 86400 IN PTR nod.foobar.net.
    -
    + +
    + +
    +

    int/db.192.168.202 - Reverse zone for the firewall's DMZ + interface

    - -
    -

    int/db.192.168.202 - Reverse zone for the firewall's DMZ - interface

    -
    - -
    -
    -
    + +
    +
    +
    ; ############################################################
    ; Start of Authority (Inverse Address Arpa) for 192.168.202.0/29
    ; Filename: db.192.168.202
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN SOA ns1.foobar.net netadmin.foobar.net. (
    2002032501 ; serial
    10800 ; refresh (3 hour)
    3600 ; retry (1 hour)
    604800 ; expire (7 days)
    86400 ) ; minimum (1 day)

    ; ############################################################
    ; Specify Name Servers for all Reverse Lookups (IN-ADDR.ARPA)
    ; ############################################################
    @ 604800 IN NS ns1.foobar.net.

    ; ############################################################
    ; Iverse Address Arpa Records (PTR's)
    ; ############################################################
    1 86400 IN PTR dmz.foobar.net.
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    +
    +
    +
    + +

    int/db.foobar - Forward zone for use by internal clients.

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    ;##############################################################
    ; Start of Authority for foobar.net.
    ; Filename: db.foobar
    ;##############################################################
    @ 604800 IN SOA ns1.foobar.net. netadmin.foobar.net. (
    2002071501 ; serial
    10800 ; refresh (3 hour)
    3600 ; retry (1 hour)
    604800 ; expire (7 days)
    86400 ); minimum (1 day)
    ;############################################################
    ; foobar.net Nameserver Records (NS)
    ;############################################################
    @ 604800 IN NS ns1.foobar.net.

    ;############################################################
    ; Foobar.net Office Records (ADDRESS)
    ;############################################################
    localhost 86400 IN A 127.0.0.1

    firewall 86400 IN A 192.0.2.176
    www 86400 IN A 192.0.2.177
    ns1 86400 IN A 192.0.2.177
    www 86400 IN A 192.0.2.177

    gateway 86400 IN A 192.168.201.1
    winken 86400 IN A 192.168.201.2
    blinken 86400 IN A 192.168.201.3
    nod 86400 IN A 192.168.201.4
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    ext/db.foobar - Forward zone for external clients

    -
    - -
    -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    +
    ;##############################################################
    ; Start of Authority for foobar.net.
    ; Filename: db.foobar
    ;##############################################################
    @ 86400 IN SOA ns1.foobar.net. netadmin.foobar.net. (
    2002052901 ; serial
    10800 ; refresh (3 hour)
    3600 ; retry (1 hour)
    604800 ; expire (7 days)
    86400 ); minimum (1 day)
    ;############################################################
    ; Foobar.net Nameserver Records (NS)
    ;############################################################
    @ 86400 IN NS ns1.foobar.net.
    @ 86400 IN NS <secondary NS>.
    ;############################################################
    ; Foobar.net Foobar Wa Office Records (ADDRESS)
    ;############################################################
    localhost 86400 IN A 127.0.0.1
    ;
    ; The firewall itself
    ;
    firewall 86400 IN A 192.0.2.176
    ;
    ; The DMZ
    ;
    ns1 86400 IN A 192.0.2.177
    www 86400 IN A 192.0.2.177
    mail 86400 IN A 192.0.2.178
    ;
    ; The Local Network
    ;
    nod 86400 IN A 192.0.2.179

    ;############################################################
    ; Current Aliases for foobar.net (CNAME)
    ;############################################################

    ;############################################################
    ; foobar.net MX Records (MAIL EXCHANGER)
    ;############################################################
    foobar.net. 86400 IN A 192.0.2.177
    86400 IN MX 0 mail.foobar.net.
    86400 IN MX 1 <backup MX>.
    -
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    7.0 Starting and Stopping +

    +
    +
    + +
    +

    7.0 Starting and Stopping Your Firewall

    -
    - -
    -

    The installation procedure configures +

    + +
    +

    The installation procedure configures your system to start Shorewall at system boot.

    -
    - -
    -

    The firewall is started using the "shorewall start" command - and stopped using "shorewall stop". When the firewall is stopped, routing +

    + +
    +

    The firewall is started using the "shorewall start" command + and stopped using "shorewall stop". When the firewall is stopped, routing is enabled on those hosts that have an entry in /etc/shorewall/routestopped. A - running firewall may be restarted using the "shorewall restart" command. - If you want to totally remove any trace of Shorewall from your Netfilter + href="Documentation.htm#Routestopped">/etc/shorewall/routestopped. A + running firewall may be restarted using the "shorewall restart" command. + If you want to totally remove any trace of Shorewall from your Netfilter configuration, use "shorewall clear".

    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    -     Edit the /etc/shorewall/routestopped file and configure those +     Edit the /etc/shorewall/routestopped file and configure those systems that you want to be able to access the firewall when it is stopped.

    -
    - -
    -

    WARNING: If you are connected to your firewall from - the internet, do not issue a "shorewall stop" command unless you have +

    + +
    +

    WARNING: If you are connected to your firewall from + the internet, do not issue a "shorewall stop" command unless you have added an entry for the IP address that you are connected from to /etc/shorewall/routestopped. - Also, I don't recommend using "shorewall restart"; it is better to create - an alternate configuration - and test it using the "shorewall + href="Documentation.htm#Routestopped">/etc/shorewall/routestopped. + Also, I don't recommend using "shorewall restart"; it is better to create + an alternate configuration + and test it using the "shorewall try" command.

    -
    - -

    Last updated 1/13/2003 - + +

    Last updated 2/13/2003 - Tom Eastep

    - -

    Copyright 2002, 2003 -Thomas M. Eastep

    -
    + +

    Copyright 2002, 2003 + Thomas M. Eastep

    +
    +



    diff --git a/STABLE/documentation/sourceforge_index.htm b/STABLE/documentation/sourceforge_index.htm index f1733f3f1..ceebf3c3f 100644 --- a/STABLE/documentation/sourceforge_index.htm +++ b/STABLE/documentation/sourceforge_index.htm @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ - + Shoreline Firewall (Shorewall) 1.3 @@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ - + - + - + - + - - + + + - - - + + +
    + @@ -40,16 +40,16 @@ - +

    Shorwall Logo - Shorewall - 1.3 - "iptables - made easy" -

    + Shorewall 1.3 - "iptables made easy" @@ -59,34 +59,35 @@ - + -
    - -
    - -
    - + +
    + +
    + - + - + - + - + - + - - - + + +
    + @@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ - +

    What is it?

    @@ -109,11 +110,12 @@ - -

    The Shoreline Firewall, more commonly known as  "Shorewall", is - a Netfilter (iptables) based - firewall that can be used on a dedicated firewall system, a multi-function - gateway/router/server or on a standalone GNU/Linux system.

    + +

    The Shoreline Firewall, more commonly known as  "Shorewall", is + a Netfilter (iptables) +based firewall that can be used on a dedicated firewall system, +a multi-function gateway/router/server or on a standalone GNU/Linux +system.

    @@ -125,29 +127,29 @@ - -

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify - it under the terms of - Version 2 of - the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software - Foundation.
    + +

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify + it under the terms + of Version + 2 of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software + Foundation.
    -
    +
    - This program is distributed - in the hope that it will be useful, but -WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty - of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR - PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License - for more details.
    + This program is distributed + in the hope that it will be useful, but + WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied +warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR + PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License +for more details.
    -
    +
    - You should have received a copy - of the GNU General Public License -along with this program; if not, write to the Free -Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, - MA 02139, USA

    + You should have received a + copy of the GNU General Public License + along with this program; if not, write to the + Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, + Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

    @@ -159,7 +161,7 @@ Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge - +

    Copyright 2001, 2002, 2003 Thomas M. Eastep

    @@ -172,23 +174,23 @@ Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge - +

    - Jacques Nilo and Eric - Wolzak have a LEAF (router/firewall/gateway on -a floppy, CD or compact flash) distribution called - Bering that features Shorewall-1.3.10 - and Kernel-2.4.18. You can find their work at: + Jacques Nilo and + Eric Wolzak have a LEAF (router/firewall/gateway + on a floppy, CD or compact flash) distribution called + Bering that features Shorewall-1.3.10 + and Kernel-2.4.18. You can find their work at: http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo

    - Congratulations to Jacques and - Eric on the recent release of Bering 1.0 Final!!!
    -
    + Congratulations to Jacques + and Eric on the recent release of Bering 1.0 Final!!!
    +
    - +

    News

    @@ -203,99 +205,107 @@ a floppy, CD or compact flash) distribution called - -

    2/8/2003 - Shoreawll 1.3.14 2/8/2003 - Shorewall 1.3.14 (New) -

    - +

    +

    New features include

    - +
      -
    1. An OLD_PING_HANDLING option has been added to shorewall.conf. -When set to Yes, Shorewall ping handling is as it has always been (see +
    2. An OLD_PING_HANDLING option has been added to shorewall.conf. + When set to Yes, Shorewall ping handling is as it has always been (see http://www.shorewall.net/ping.html).
      -
      - When OLD_PING_HANDLING=No, icmp echo (ping) is handled via rules and -policies just like any other connection request. The FORWARDPING=Yes option -in shorewall.conf and the 'noping' and 'filterping' options in /etc/shorewall/interfaces -will all generate an error.
      -
      -
    3. -
    4. It is now possible to direct Shorewall to create a "label" such - as  "eth0:0" for IP addresses that it creates under ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes -and ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes. This is done by specifying the label instead -of just the interface name:
      -  
      -    a) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/masq
      -    b) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/nat
      -  
    5. -
    6. Support for OpenVPN Tunnels.
      -
      -
    7. -
    8. Support for VLAN devices with names of the form $DEV.$VID (e.g., -eth0.0)
      -
      -
    9. -
    10. When an interface name is entered in the SUBNET column of the -/etc/shorewall/masq file, Shorewall previously masqueraded traffic from -only the first subnet defined on that interface. It did not masquerade +
      + When OLD_PING_HANDLING=No, icmp echo (ping) is handled via rules +and policies just like any other connection request. The FORWARDPING=Yes +option in shorewall.conf and the 'noping' and 'filterping' options in +/etc/shorewall/interfaces will all generate an error.
      +
      +
    11. +
    12. It is now possible to direct Shorewall to create a "label" +such as  "eth0:0" for IP addresses that it creates under ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes +and ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes. This is done by specifying the label instead of +just the interface name:
      +  
      +    a) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/masq
      +    b) In the INTERFACE column of /etc/shorewall/nat
      +  
    13. +
    14. Support for OpenVPN Tunnels.
      +
      +
    15. +
    16. Support for VLAN devices with names of the form $DEV.$VID +(e.g., eth0.0)
      +
      +
    17. +
    18. In /etc/shorewall/tcrules, the MARK value may be optionally followed +by ":" and either 'F' or 'P' to designate that the marking will occur in +the FORWARD or PREROUTING chains respectively. If this additional specification +is omitted, the chain used to mark packets will be determined by the setting +of the MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN option in shorewall.conf.
      +
      +
    19. +
    20. When an interface name is entered in the SUBNET column of +the /etc/shorewall/masq file, Shorewall previously masqueraded traffic +from only the first subnet defined on that interface. It did not masquerade traffic from:
      -  
      -    a) The subnets associated with other addresses on the interface.
      -    b) Subnets accessed through local routers.
      -  
      - Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.14, if you enter an interface name in the - SUBNET column, shorewall will use the firewall's routing table to construct - the masquerading/SNAT rules.
      -  
      - Example 1 -- This is how it works in 1.3.14.
      -   
      - +  
      +    a) The subnets associated with other addresses on the interface.
      +    b) Subnets accessed through local routers.
      +  
      + Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.14, if you enter an interface name in + the SUBNET column, shorewall will use the firewall's routing table to +construct the masquerading/SNAT rules.
      +  
      + Example 1 -- This is how it works in 1.3.14.
      +   
      +
         [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
      #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
      eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
      #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
      - +
         [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
      192.168.1.0/24  scope link
      192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
      - +
         [root@gateway test]# shorewall start
      ...
      Masqueraded Subnets and Hosts:
      To 0.0.0.0/0 from 192.168.1.0/24 through eth0 using 206.124.146.176
      To 0.0.0.0/0 from 192.168.10.0/24 through eth0 using 206.124.146.176
      Processing /etc/shorewall/tos...
      -  
      - When upgrading to Shorewall 1.3.14, if you have multiple local subnets - connected to an interface that is specified in the SUBNET column of an /etc/shorewall/masq - entry, your /etc/shorewall/masq file will need changing. In most cases, -you will simply be able to remove redundant entries. In some cases though, -you might want to change from using the interface name to listing specific -subnetworks if the change described above will cause masquerading to occur -on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
      -  
      - Example 2 -- Suppose that your current config is as follows:
      -   
      - +  
      + When upgrading to Shorewall 1.3.14, if you have multiple local subnets + connected to an interface that is specified in the SUBNET column of an + /etc/shorewall/masq entry, your /etc/shorewall/masq file will need changing. + In most cases, you will simply be able to remove redundant entries. In +some cases though, you might want to change from using the interface name +to listing specific subnetworks if the change described above will cause +masquerading to occur on subnetworks that you don't wish to masquerade.
      +  
      + Example 2 -- Suppose that your current config is as follows:
      +   
      +
         [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
      #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
      eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
      eth0                    192.168.10.0/24         206.124.146.176
      #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
      - +
         [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
      192.168.1.0/24  scope link
      192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
      [root@gateway test]#
      -  
      -    In this case, the second entry in /etc/shorewall/masq is no longer - required.
      -  
      - Example 3 -- What if your current configuration is like this?
      -  
      - +  
      +    In this case, the second entry in /etc/shorewall/masq is no longer + required.
      +  
      + Example 3 -- What if your current configuration is like this?
      +  
      +
         [root@gateway test]# cat /etc/shorewall/masq
      #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
      eth0                    eth2                    206.124.146.176
      #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
      - +
         [root@gateway test]# ip route show dev eth2
      192.168.1.0/24  scope link
      192.168.10.0/24  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.10.254
      [root@gateway test]#
      -  
      -    In this case, you would want to change the entry in  /etc/shorewall/masq - to:
      - +  
      +    In this case, you would want to change the entry in  /etc/shorewall/masq + to:
      +
         #INTERFACE              SUBNET                  ADDRESS
      eth0                    192.168.1.0/24          206.124.146.176
      #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE
      -
    21. + +
    - -

    2/5/2003 - Shorewall Support included in Webmin 1.060 - 2/5/2003 - Shorewall Support included in Webmin 1.060 + (New) -

    - Webmin version 1.060 now has Shorewall support included as standard. -See http://www.webmin.com - +

    + Webmin version 1.060 now has Shorewall support included as standard. + See http://www.webmin.com +

    @@ -304,7 +314,8 @@ See http://www.webmin.com - + + @@ -320,7 +332,8 @@ See http://www.webmin.com - + +

    More News

    @@ -333,28 +346,31 @@ See http://www.webmin.com - +

    - + +

    SourceForge Logo -

    + - + +

    - + +

    This site is hosted by the generous folks at SourceForge.net

    @@ -362,44 +378,44 @@ See http://www.webmin.com - +

    Donations

    -

    -
    -
    +
    -
    +
    - + - + - + - + + + + + + + + + -

    Shorewall is free but -if you try it and find it useful, please consider making a donation - to Starlight Children's -Foundation. Thanks!

    - - - - - - - - - - - -
    + @@ -408,12 +424,12 @@ See http://www.webmin.com - +

    -

    +

    @@ -424,31 +440,31 @@ See http://www.webmin.com + +

    Shorewall is free +but if you try it and find it useful, please consider making a donation + to Starlight +Children's Foundation. Thanks!

    + +
    - -

    Updated 2/7/2003 - Tom Eastep - + +

    Updated 2/14/2003 - Tom Eastep +

    diff --git a/STABLE/documentation/starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm b/STABLE/documentation/starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm index f055e0998..c3d8cf4e1 100644 --- a/STABLE/documentation/starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm +++ b/STABLE/documentation/starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ - + - + - + - + Starting and Stopping Shorewall @@ -15,315 +15,316 @@ - + - - + + - + - + - - + +
    + - -

    Starting/Stopping and Monitoring - the Firewall

    + +

    Starting/Stopping and Monitoring + the Firewall

    -
    - -

    If you have a permanent internet connection such as DSL or Cable, - I recommend that you start the firewall automatically at boot. Once - you have installed "firewall" in your init.d directory, simply type - "chkconfig --add firewall". This will start the firewall in run -levels 2-5 and stop it in run levels 1 and 6. If you want to configure -your firewall differently from this default, you can use the "--level" -option in chkconfig (see "man chkconfig") or using your favorite -graphical run-level editor.

    - - - - - - - - -

    Important Notes:
    -

    - -
      -
    1. Shorewall startup is disabled by default. Once you have configured - your firewall, you can enable startup by removing the file /etc/shorewall/startup_disabled. - Note: Users of the .deb package must edit /etc/default/shorewall and set - 'startup=1'.
      -
    2. -
    3. If you use dialup, you may want to start the firewall in -your /etc/ppp/ip-up.local script. I recommend just placing "shorewall - restart" in that script.
    4. - -
    - -

    -

    - - - -

    You can manually start and stop Shoreline Firewall using the "shorewall" +

    If you have a permanent internet connection such as DSL or Cable, + I recommend that you start the firewall automatically at boot. Once + you have installed "firewall" in your init.d directory, simply type + "chkconfig --add firewall". This will start the firewall in run + levels 2-5 and stop it in run levels 1 and 6. If you want to configure + your firewall differently from this default, you can use the "--level" + option in chkconfig (see "man chkconfig") or using your favorite + graphical run-level editor.

    + + + + + + + + +

    Important Notes:
    +

    + +
      +
    1. Shorewall startup is disabled by default. Once you have configured + your firewall, you can enable startup by removing the file /etc/shorewall/startup_disabled. + Note: Users of the .deb package must edit /etc/default/shorewall and +set 'startup=1'.
      +
    2. +
    3. If you use dialup, you may want to start the firewall in + your /etc/ppp/ip-up.local script. I recommend just placing "shorewall + restart" in that script.
    4. + +
    + +

    +

    + + + + +

    You can manually start and stop Shoreline Firewall using the "shorewall" shell program:

    - +
      -
    • shorewall start - starts the firewall
    • -
    • shorewall stop - stops the firewall
    • -
    • shorewall restart - stops the firewall (if it's - running) and then starts it again
    • -
    • shorewall reset - reset the packet and byte counters - in the firewall
    • -
    • shorewall clear - remove all rules and chains -installed by Shoreline Firewall
    • -
    • shorewall refresh - refresh the rules involving the broadcast +
    • shorewall start - starts the firewall
    • +
    • shorewall stop - stops the firewall
    • +
    • shorewall restart - stops the firewall (if it's + running) and then starts it again
    • +
    • shorewall reset - reset the packet and byte counters + in the firewall
    • +
    • shorewall clear - remove all rules and chains + installed by Shoreline Firewall
    • +
    • shorewall refresh - refresh the rules involving the broadcast addresses of firewall interfaces and the black and white lists.
    • - +
    - If you include the keyword debug as the first argument, then a + If you include the keyword debug as the first argument, then a shell trace of the command is produced as in:
    - +
    	shorewall debug start 2> /tmp/trace
    - -

    The above command would trace the 'start' command and place the trace information -in the file /tmp/trace
    -

    - -

    The Shorewall State Diagram is shown at the + +

    The above command would trace the 'start' command and place the trace +information in the file /tmp/trace
    +

    + +

    The Shorewall State Diagram is shown at the bottom of this page.
    -

    - +

    +

    The "shorewall" program may also be used to monitor the firewall.

    - +
      -
    • shorewall status - produce a verbose report about the firewall - (iptables -L -n -v)
    • -
    • shorewall show chain - produce a verbose report about - chain (iptables -L chain -n -v)
    • -
    • shorewall show nat - produce a verbose report about the nat +
    • shorewall status - produce a verbose report about the firewall + (iptables -L -n -v)
    • +
    • shorewall show chain - produce a verbose report about + chain (iptables -L chain -n -v)
    • +
    • shorewall show nat - produce a verbose report about the nat table (iptables -t nat -L -n -v)
    • -
    • shorewall show tos - produce a verbose report about the mangle - table (iptables -t mangle -L -n -v)
    • -
    • shorewall show log - display the last 20 packet log entries.
    • -
    • shorewall show connections - displays the IP connections currently - being tracked by the firewall.
    • -
    • shorewall - show - tc - displays information - about the traffic control/shaping configuration.
    • -
    • shorewall monitor [ delay ] - Continuously display the firewall - status, last 20 log entries and nat. When the log entry display - changes, an audible alarm is sounded.
    • -
    • shorewall hits - Produces several reports about the Shorewall +
    • shorewall show tos - produce a verbose report about the mangle + table (iptables -t mangle -L -n -v)
    • +
    • shorewall show log - display the last 20 packet log entries.
    • +
    • shorewall show connections - displays the IP connections +currently being tracked by the firewall.
    • +
    • shorewall + show + tc - displays information + about the traffic control/shaping configuration.
    • +
    • shorewall monitor [ delay ] - Continuously display the firewall + status, last 20 log entries and nat. When the log entry display + changes, an audible alarm is sounded.
    • +
    • shorewall hits - Produces several reports about the Shorewall packet log messages in the current /var/log/messages file.
    • -
    • shorewall version - Displays the installed version number.
    • -
    • shorewall check - Performs a cursory validation - of the zones, interfaces, hosts, rules and policy files. The "check" command does not parse and validate - the generated iptables commands so even though the "check" command -completes successfully, the configuration may fail to start. See the - recommended way to make configuration changes described below. -
    • -
    • shorewall try configuration-directory [ timeout - ] - Restart shorewall using the specified configuration and if an -error occurs or if the timeout option is given and the new configuration - has been up for that many seconds then shorewall is restarted using - the standard configuration.
    • -
    • shorewall deny, shorewall reject, shorewall accept and shorewall - save implement dynamic blacklisting.
    • -
    • shorewall logwatch (added in version 1.3.2) - Monitors the - LOGFILE and produces an audible alarm when new +
    • shorewall version - Displays the installed version number.
    • +
    • shorewall check - Performs a cursory validation + of the zones, interfaces, hosts, rules and policy files. The "check" command does not parse and validate + the generated iptables commands so even though the "check" command + completes successfully, the configuration may fail to start. See the + recommended way to make configuration changes described below. +
    • +
    • shorewall try configuration-directory [ timeout + ] - Restart shorewall using the specified configuration and if an +error occurs or if the timeout option is given and the new configuration + has been up for that many seconds then shorewall is restarted using + the standard configuration.
    • +
    • shorewall deny, shorewall reject, shorewall accept and shorewall + save implement dynamic blacklisting.
    • +
    • shorewall logwatch (added in version 1.3.2) - Monitors the + LOGFILE and produces an audible alarm when new Shorewall messages are logged.
    • - +
    - Finally, the "shorewall" program may be used to dynamically alter the + Finally, the "shorewall" program may be used to dynamically alter the contents of a zone.
    - +
      -
    • shorewall add interface[:host] zone - Adds +
    • shorewall add interface[:host] zone - Adds the specified interface (and host if included) to the specified zone.
    • -
    • shorewall delete interface[:host] zone - -Deletes the specified interface (and host if included) from the specified +
    • shorewall delete interface[:host] zone - +Deletes the specified interface (and host if included) from the specified zone.
    • - +
    - +
    Examples:
    - -
    shorewall add ipsec0:192.0.2.24 vpn1 - -- adds the address 192.0.2.24 from interface ipsec0 to the zone vpn1
    - shorewall delete ipsec0:192.0.2.24 vpn1 - -- deletes the address 192.0.2.24 from interface ipsec0 from zone vpn1
    -
    -
    + +
    shorewall add ipsec0:192.0.2.24 vpn1 + -- adds the address 192.0.2.24 from interface ipsec0 to the zone vpn1
    + shorewall delete ipsec0:192.0.2.24 vpn1 + -- deletes the address 192.0.2.24 from interface ipsec0 from zone vpn1
    +
    + - -

    The shorewall start, shorewall restart, shorewall check  and + +

    The shorewall start, shorewall restart, shorewall check  and shorewall try commands allow you to specify which Shorewall configuration + href="configuration_file_basics.htm#Configs"> Shorewall configuration to use:

    - -
    + +
    - +

    shorewall [ -c configuration-directory ] {start|restart|check}
    - shorewall try configuration-directory

    -
    + shorewall try configuration-directory

    +
    - -

    If a configuration-directory is specified, each time that Shorewall - is going to use a file in /etc/shorewall it will first look in the configuration-directory - . If the file is present in the configuration-directory, that + +

    If a configuration-directory is specified, each time that Shorewall + is going to use a file in /etc/shorewall it will first look in the configuration-directory + . If the file is present in the configuration-directory, that file will be used; otherwise, the file in /etc/shorewall will be used.

    - -

    When changing the configuration of a production firewall, I recommend - the following:

    + +

    When changing the configuration of a production firewall, I recommend + the following:

    - +
      -
    • mkdir /etc/test
    • +
    • mkdir /etc/test
    • -
    • cd /etc/test
    • +
    • cd /etc/test
    • -
    • <copy any files that you need to change from /etc/shorewall - to . and change them here>
    • +
    • <copy any files that you need to change from /etc/shorewall + to . and change them here>
    • -
    • shorewall -c . check
    • +
    • shorewall -c . check
    • -
    • <correct any errors found by check and check again>
    • +
    • <correct any errors found by check and check again>
    • -
    • /sbin/shorewall try .
    • - +
    • /sbin/shorewall try .
    • +
    - -

    If the configuration starts but doesn't work, just "shorewall restart" - to restore the old configuration. If the new configuration fails to start, - the "try" command will automatically start the old one for you.

    + +

    If the configuration starts but doesn't work, just "shorewall restart" + to restore the old configuration. If the new configuration fails to +start, the "try" command will automatically start the old one for you.

    - +

    When the new configuration works then just

    - +
      -
    • cp * /etc/shorewall
    • +
    • cp * /etc/shorewall
    • -
    • cd
    • +
    • cd
    • -
    • rm -rf /etc/test
    • - +
    • rm -rf /etc/test
    • +
    - +

    The Shorewall State Diargram is depicted below.
    -

    -
    + +
    (State Diagram) -
    -
    - +
    +
    +

     
    -

    - You will note that the commands that result in state transitions use -the word "firewall" rather than "shorewall". That is because the actual -transitions are done by /usr/lib/shorewall/firewall (/usr/share/shorewall/firewall -on Debian); /sbin/shorewall runs 'firewall" according to the following table:
    -
    - +

    + You will note that the commands that result in state transitions use +the word "firewall" rather than "shorewall". That is because the actual transitions + are done by /usr/lib/shorewall/firewall (/usr/share/shorewall/firewall on + Debian); /sbin/shorewall runs 'firewall" according to the following table:
    +
    + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    shorewall start
    -
    firewall start
    -
    shorewall stop
    -
    firewall stop
    -
    shorewall restart
    -
    firewall restart
    -
    shorewall add
    -
    firewall add
    -
    shorewall delete
    -
    firewall delete
    -
    shorewall refresh
    -
    firewall refresh
    -
    shorewall try
    -
    firewall -c <new configuration> restart
    - If unsuccessful then firewall start (standard configuration)
    - If timeout then firewall restart (standard configuration)
    -
    shorewall start
    +
    firewall start
    +
    shorewall stop
    +
    firewall stop
    +
    shorewall restart
    +
    firewall restart
    +
    shorewall add
    +
    firewall add
    +
    shorewall delete
    +
    firewall delete
    +
    shorewall refresh
    +
    firewall refresh
    +
    shorewall try
    +
    firewall -c <new configuration> restart
    + If unsuccessful then firewall start (standard configuration)
    + If timeout then firewall restart (standard configuration)
    +
    -
    - -

    Updated 1/29/2003 - Tom Eastep +
    + +

    Updated 2/10/2003 - Tom Eastep

    - -

    Copyright - © 2001, 2002, 2003 Thomas M. Eastep.

    + +

    Copyright + © 2001, 2002, 2003 Thomas M. Eastep.

    -
    +
    +



    diff --git a/STABLE/documentation/support.htm b/STABLE/documentation/support.htm index 8e6c88b57..ba24f7016 100644 --- a/STABLE/documentation/support.htm +++ b/STABLE/documentation/support.htm @@ -2,128 +2,129 @@ - + - + - + - + Support - + - + - - - + + - + + + - - + +
    +
    - - + +

    Shorewall Support -

    -
    - -

    While I don't answer Shorewall  questions - emailed directly to me, I try to spend some time each day answering questions - on the Shorewall Users Mailing List. While I don't answer Shorewall  questions + emailed directly to me, I try to spend some time each day answering questions + on the Shorewall Users Mailing List.

    - +

    -Tom Eastep

    - +

    Before Reporting a Problem

    -"Well at least you tried to read the documentation, which is a lot more + "Well at least you tried to read the documentation, which is a lot more than some people on this list appear to do."
    -
    +
    +
    - Wietse Venema - On the Postfix mailing list
    -
    -
    - There are a number of sources for -problem solution information. Please try these before you post. - +
    +
    + There are a number of sources for + problem solution information. Please try these before you post. +

    - +

    - + - +

    - +
      -
    • The Troubleshooting Information contains - a number of tips to help you solve common problems.
    • - +
    • The Troubleshooting Information contains + a number of tips to help you solve common problems.
    • +
    - +

    - +
      -
    • The Errata has links to download updated - components.
    • - +
    • The Errata has links to download updated + components.
    • +
    - +

    - +
      -
    • The Mailing List -Archives search facility can locate posts about similar problems: -
    • - +
    • The Mailing List + Archives search facility can locate posts about similar +problems:
    • +
    - +

    - +

    Mailing List Archive Search

    - -
    - - -

    Match: - + + + + +

    Match: + - Format: - + Format: + - Sort by: - + Sort by: + -
    - Search:

    - - + +

    Problem Reporting Guidelines

    - "Let me see if I can translate your message into a real-world - example. It would be like saying that you have three rooms at home, - and when you walk into one of the rooms, you detect this strange smell. - Can anyone tell you what that strange smell is?
    -
    - Now, all of us could do some wonderful guessing as to the -smell and even what's causing it. You would be absolutely amazed -at the range and variety of smells we could come up with. Even more -amazing is that all of the explanations for the smells would be completely -plausible."
    -

    - + "Let me see if I can translate your message into a real-world + example. It would be like saying that you have three rooms at home, + and when you walk into one of the rooms, you detect this strange smell. + Can anyone tell you what that strange smell is?
    +
    + Now, all of us could do some wonderful guessing as to the +smell and even what's causing it. You would be absolutely amazed at +the range and variety of smells we could come up with. Even more amazing +is that all of the explanations for the smells would be completely plausible."
    +

    +
    - Russell Mosemann on the Postfix mailing list
    -
    -
    +
    +
    +

    - +
      -
    • Please remember we only know what is posted in your message. - Do not leave out any information that appears to be correct, or was mentioned - in a previous post. There have been countless posts by people who were - sure that some part of their configuration was correct when it actually - contained a small error. We tend to be skeptics where detail is lacking.
      -
      -
    • -
    • Please keep in mind that you're asking for free - technical support. Any help we offer is an act of generosity, not an obligation. - Try to make it easy for us to help you. Follow good, courteous practices - in writing and formatting your e-mail. Provide details that we need if - you expect good answers. Exact quoting of error messages, log - entries, command output, and other output is better than a paraphrase or - summary.
      -
      -
    • -
    • Please don't describe your - environment and then ask us to send you custom configuration - files. We're here to answer your questions but we can't - do your job for you.
      -
      -
    • -
    • When reporting a problem, ALWAYS include +
    • Please remember we only know what is posted in your message. + Do not leave out any information that appears to be correct, or was +mentioned in a previous post. There have been countless posts by people +who were sure that some part of their configuration was correct when +it actually contained a small error. We tend to be skeptics where detail +is lacking.
      +
      +
    • +
    • Please keep in mind that you're asking for free + technical support. Any help we offer is an act of generosity, not an +obligation. Try to make it easy for us to help you. Follow good, courteous +practices in writing and formatting your e-mail. Provide details that +we need if you expect good answers. Exact quoting of error messages, +log entries, command output, and other output is better than a paraphrase +or summary.
      +
      +
    • +
    • Please don't describe +your environment and then ask us to send you custom +configuration files. We're here to answer your questions but +we can't do your job for you.
      +
      +
    • +
    • When reporting a problem, ALWAYS include this information:
    • - + +
    + +
      + +
        +
      • the exact version of Shorewall you are running.
        +
        + shorewall version
        +

        +
      • + +
      + +
        +
      • the exact kernel version you are running
        +
        + uname -a
        +
        +
      • + +
      + +
        +
      • the complete, exact output of
        +
        + ip addr show
        +
        +
      • + +
      + +
        +
      • the complete, exact output of
        +
        + ip route show
        +
        +
      • + +
      + +
        +
      • If your kernel is modularized, the exact output from
        +
        + lsmod
        +
        +
      • +
      • the exact wording of any ping failure responses
        +
        +
      • +
      • If you installed Shorewall using one of the QuickStart Guides, +please indicate which one.
        +
        +
      • +
      • If you are running Shorewall under Mandrake using the Mandrake + installation of Shorewall, please say so.
        +
        +
      • + +
      +
      - -
        -
      • the exact version of Shorewall you are running.
        -
        - shorewall version
        -

        -
      • - -
      - -
        -
      • the exact kernel version you are running
        -
        - uname -a
        -
        -
      • - -
      - -
        -
      • the complete, exact output of
        -
        - ip addr show
        -
        -
      • - -
      - -
        -
      • the complete, exact output of
        -
        - ip route show
        -
        -
      • - -
      - -
        -
      • If your kernel is modularized, the exact output from
        -
        - lsmod
        -
        -
      • -
      • the exact wording of any ping failure responses
        -
        -
      • -
      • If you installed Shorewall using one of the QuickStart Guides, please -indicate which one.
        -
        -
      • -
      • If you are running Shorewall under Mandrake using the Mandrake -installation of Shorewall, please say so.
        -
        -
      • - -
      - -
    - -
      -
    • NEVER include the output of "iptables -L". Instead, if you are having connection - problems of any kind, post the exact output of
      -
      - /sbin/shorewall status
      -
      -
      Since that command generates a lot of output, we -suggest that you redirect the output to a file and attach the file to +
    • NEVER include the output of "iptables -L". Instead, if you are having +connection problems of any kind, post the exact output of
      +
      + /sbin/shorewall status
      +
      +
      Since that command generates a lot of output, we +suggest that you redirect the output to a file and attach the file to your post
      -
      - /sbin/shorewall status > /tmp/status.txt
      -
      -
    • -
    • As a general matter, please do not edit the diagnostic - information in an attempt to conceal your IP address, netmask, - nameserver addresses, domain name, etc. These aren't secrets, and concealing - them often misleads us (and 80% of the time, a hacker could derive them - anyway from information contained in the SMTP headers of your post).
    • - +
      + /sbin/shorewall status > /tmp/status.txt
      +
      + +
    • As a general matter, please do not edit the diagnostic + information in an attempt to conceal your IP address, netmask, + nameserver addresses, domain name, etc. These aren't secrets, and concealing + them often misleads us (and 80% of the time, a hacker could derive them + anyway from information contained in the SMTP headers of your post).
    • +
    - +
      - +
    - +

    - +
      - +
    - +

    - +
      -
    • Do you see any "Shorewall" - messages ("/sbin/shorewall show log") - when you exercise the function that is giving you problems? If - so, include the message(s) in your post along with a copy of your /etc/shorewall/interfaces - file.
      -
      -
    • -
    • Please include any of the Shorewall configuration files - (especially the /etc/shorewall/hosts file if you have modified - that file) that you think are relevant. If you include /etc/shorewall/rules, - please include /etc/shorewall/policy as well (rules are meaningless unless - one also knows the policies).
    • - +
    • Do you see any +"Shorewall" messages ("/sbin/shorewall show +log") when you exercise the function that is giving +you problems? If so, include the message(s) in your post along with a +copy of your /etc/shorewall/interfaces file.
      +
      +
    • +
    • Please include any of the Shorewall configuration files + (especially the /etc/shorewall/hosts file if you have modified + that file) that you think are relevant. If you include /etc/shorewall/rules, + please include /etc/shorewall/policy as well (rules are meaningless +unless one also knows the policies).
    • +
    - +

    - +
      - -
    - -

    - -
      -
    • If an error occurs -when you try to "shorewall start", - include a trace (See the Troubleshooting - section for instructions).
    • - -
    - -

    - -
      -
    • -

      The list server limits posts to 120kb so don't post GIFs of - your network layout, etc. to the Mailing List -- your - post will be rejected.

      -
    • -
    - The author gratefully acknowleges that the above list was heavily - plagiarized from the excellent LEAF document by Ray Olszewski + +

    + +
      +
    • If an error occurs +when you try to "shorewall start", + include a trace (See the Troubleshooting + section for instructions).
    • + +
    + +

    + +
      +
    • + +

      The list server limits posts to 120kb so don't post GIFs of + your network layout, etc. to the Mailing List -- your + post will be rejected.

      +
    • + +
    + The author gratefully acknowleges that the above list was heavily + plagiarized from the excellent LEAF document by Ray Olszewski found at http://leaf-project.org/pub/doc/docmanager/docid_1891.html.
    - +

    Please post in plain text

    - -
    - A growing number of MTAs serving list subscribers are rejecting - all HTML traffic. At least one MTA has gone so far as to blacklist shorewall.net - "for continuous abuse" because it has been my policy to allow HTML in -list posts!!
    -
    - I think that blocking all HTML is a Draconian way to control - spam and that the ultimate losers here are not the spammers but the -list subscribers whose MTAs are bouncing all shorewall.net mail. As -one list subscriber wrote to me privately "These e-mail admin's need -to get a (expletive deleted) life instead of trying to rid the -planet of HTML based e-mail". Nevertheless, to allow subscribers to receive -list posts as must as possible, I have now configured the list server -at shorewall.net to strip all HTML from outgoing posts.
    - -

    Where to Send your Problem Report or to Ask for Help

    - -
    -

    If you run Shorewall under Bering -- please post your question or problem - to the LEAF Users - mailing list.

    - If you run Shorewall under MandrakeSoft Multi Network Firewall - (MNF) and you have not purchased an MNF license from MandrakeSoft then - you can post non MNF-specific Shorewall questions to the Shorewall users mailing - list. Do not expect to get free MNF support on the list.
    - -

    Otherwise, please post your question or problem to the Shorewall users mailing - list.

    -
    - - - - -

    To Subscribe to the mailing list go to http://lists.shorewall.net/mailman/listinfo/shorewall-users - .

    - -

    Last Updated 2/4/2003 - Tom Eastep

    - +
    + A growing number of MTAs serving list subscribers are rejecting + all HTML traffic. At least one MTA has gone so far as to blacklist shorewall.net + "for continuous abuse" because it has been my policy to allow HTML in + list posts!!
    +
    + I think that blocking all HTML is a Draconian way to control + spam and that the ultimate losers here are not the spammers but the list + subscribers whose MTAs are bouncing all shorewall.net mail. As one +list subscriber wrote to me privately "These e-mail admin's need to get +a (expletive deleted) life instead of trying to rid the planet +of HTML based e-mail". Nevertheless, to allow subscribers to receive list +posts as must as possible, I have now configured the list server at shorewall.net +to strip all HTML from outgoing posts.
    + +

    Where to Send your Problem Report or to Ask for Help

    + +
    +

    If you run Shorewall under Bering -- please post your question or problem + to the LEAF Users + mailing list.

    + If you run Shorewall under MandrakeSoft Multi Network Firewall + (MNF) and you have not purchased an MNF license from MandrakeSoft then + you can post non MNF-specific Shorewall questions to the Shorewall users mailing + list. Do not expect to get free MNF support on the list.
    + +

    Otherwise, please post your question or problem to the Shorewall users mailing + list.

    +
    + + + + +

    To Subscribe to the mailing list go to http://lists.shorewall.net/mailman/listinfo/shorewall-users + .

    + + +

    Last Updated 2/9/2003 - Tom Eastep

    +

    Copyright © 2001, 2002, 2003 Thomas M. Eastep.
    -

    -
    -
    -
    +

    +
    +
    +
    +


    diff --git a/STABLE/documentation/traffic_shaping.htm b/STABLE/documentation/traffic_shaping.htm index d1888baa0..9f4a40dbb 100644 --- a/STABLE/documentation/traffic_shaping.htm +++ b/STABLE/documentation/traffic_shaping.htm @@ -1,324 +1,331 @@ - + - + - + - + Traffic Shaping - + - - - + + - - - + + + +
    - +
    +

    Traffic Shaping/Control

    -
    - +

    Beginning with version 1.2.0, Shorewall has limited support - for traffic shaping/control. In order to use traffic shaping under Shorewall, - it is essential that you get a copy of the Linux Advanced Routing and Shaping HOWTO, - version 0.3.0 or later. You must also install the iproute (iproute2) package - to provide the "ip" and "tc" utilities.

    - + version 0.3.0 or later. You must also install the iproute (iproute2) +package to provide the "ip" and "tc" utilities.

    +

    Shorewall traffic shaping support consists of the following:

    - +
      -
    • A new TC_ENABLED parameter in /etc/shorewall.conf. -Traffic Shaping also requires that you enable packet mangling.
    • -
    • A new CLEAR_TC parameter in /etc/shorewall.conf (Added in Shorewall -1.3.13). When Traffic Shaping is enabled (TC_ENABLED=Yes), the setting of -this variable determines whether Shorewall clears the traffic shaping configuration -during Shorewall [re]start and Shorewall stop.
      -
    • -
    • /etc/shorewall/tcrules - A file where you can specify - firewall marking of packets. The firewall mark value may be used to -classify packets for traffic shaping/control.
      -
    • -
    • /etc/shorewall/tcstart - A user-supplied file that -is sourced by Shorewall during "shorewall start" and which you can - use to define your traffic shaping disciplines and classes. I have -provided a sample -that does table-driven CBQ shaping but if you read the traffic shaping -sections of the HOWTO mentioned above, you can probably code your -own faster than you can learn how to use my sample. I personally use - HTB (see below). -HTB support may eventually become an integral part of Shorewall since - HTB is a lot simpler and better-documented than CBQ. As of 2.4.20, -HTB is a standard part of the kernel but iproute2 must be patched in -order to use it.
      -
      - In tcstart, when you want to run the 'tc' utility, use the -run_tc function supplied by shorewall if you want tc errors to stop -the firewall.
      -
      - You can generally use off-the-shelf traffic shaping scripts by simply -copying them to /etc/shorewall/tcstart. I use A new TC_ENABLED parameter in /etc/shorewall.conf. + Traffic Shaping also requires that you enable packet mangling.
    • +
    • A new CLEAR_TC parameter in /etc/shorewall.conf (Added in +Shorewall 1.3.13). When Traffic Shaping is enabled (TC_ENABLED=Yes), the +setting of this variable determines whether Shorewall clears the traffic +shaping configuration during Shorewall [re]start and Shorewall stop.
      +
    • +
    • /etc/shorewall/tcrules - A file where you can specify + firewall marking of packets. The firewall mark value may be used +to classify packets for traffic shaping/control.
      +
    • +
    • /etc/shorewall/tcstart - A user-supplied file that + is sourced by Shorewall during "shorewall start" and which you can + use to define your traffic shaping disciplines and classes. I have + provided a sample + that does table-driven CBQ shaping but if you read the traffic shaping + sections of the HOWTO mentioned above, you can probably code your + own faster than you can learn how to use my sample. I personally +use HTB (see +below). HTB support may eventually become an integral part of Shorewall +since HTB is a lot simpler and better-documented than CBQ. As of 2.4.20, + HTB is a standard part of the kernel but iproute2 must be patched in + order to use it.
      +
      + In tcstart, when you want to run the 'tc' utility, use the + run_tc function supplied by shorewall if you want tc errors to stop + the firewall.
      +
      + You can generally use off-the-shelf traffic shaping scripts by simply + copying them to /etc/shorewall/tcstart. I use The Wonder Shaper (HTB version) - that way (i.e., I just copied wshaper.htb to /etc/shorewall/tcstart and -modified it according to the Wonder Shaper README). WARNING: If you -use use Masquerading or SNAT (i.e., you only have one external IP address) -then listing internal hosts in the NOPRIOHOSTSRC variable in the wshaper[.htb] -script won't work. Traffic shaping occurs after SNAT has already been applied -so when traffic shaping happens, all outbound traffic will have as a source - address the IP addresss of your firewall's external interface.
      -
    • -
    • /etc/shorewall/tcclear - A user-supplied file that -is sourced by Shorewall when it is clearing traffic shaping. This -file is normally not required as Shorewall's method of clearing qdisc -and filter definitions is pretty general.
    • - + that way (i.e., I just copied wshaper.htb to /etc/shorewall/tcstart and + modified it according to the Wonder Shaper README). WARNING: If +you use use Masquerading or SNAT (i.e., you only have one external IP address) + then listing internal hosts in the NOPRIOHOSTSRC variable in the wshaper[.htb] + script won't work. Traffic shaping occurs after SNAT has already been applied + so when traffic shaping happens, all outbound traffic will have as a source + address the IP addresss of your firewall's external interface.
      + +
    • /etc/shorewall/tcclear - A user-supplied file that + is sourced by Shorewall when it is clearing traffic shaping. This + file is normally not required as Shorewall's method of clearing qdisc + and filter definitions is pretty general.
    • +
    -Shorewall allows you to start traffic shaping when Shorewall itself starts -or it allows you to bring up traffic shaping when you bring up your interfaces.
    -
    -To start traffic shaping when Shorewall starts:
    + Shorewall allows you to start traffic shaping when Shorewall itself starts + or it allows you to bring up traffic shaping when you bring up your interfaces.
    +
    + To start traffic shaping when Shorewall starts:
    +
      -
    1. Set TC_ENABLED=Yes and CLEAR_TC=Yes
    2. -
    3. Supply an /etc/shorewall/tcstart script to configure your traffic shaping -rules.
    4. -
    5. Optionally supply an /etc/shorewall/tcclear script to stop traffic -shaping. That is usually unnecessary.
    6. -
    7. If your tcstart script uses the 'fwmark' classifier, you can mark packets -using entries in /etc/shorewall/tcrules.
    8. +
    9. Set TC_ENABLED=Yes and CLEAR_TC=Yes
    10. +
    11. Supply an /etc/shorewall/tcstart script to configure your traffic +shaping rules.
    12. +
    13. Optionally supply an /etc/shorewall/tcclear script to stop traffic + shaping. That is usually unnecessary.
    14. +
    15. If your tcstart script uses the 'fwmark' classifier, you can mark +packets using entries in /etc/shorewall/tcrules.
    16. +
    -To start traffic shaping when you bring up your network interfaces, you will -have to arrange for your traffic shaping configuration script to be run at -that time. How you do that is distribution dependent and will not be covered + To start traffic shaping when you bring up your network interfaces, you +will have to arrange for your traffic shaping configuration script to be run +at that time. How you do that is distribution dependent and will not be covered here. You then should:
    +
      -
    1. Set TC_ENABLED=Yes and CLEAR_TC=No
    2. -
    3. Do not supply /etc/shorewall/tcstart or /etc/shorewall/tcclear scripts.
    4. -
    5. If your tcstart script uses the 'fwmark' classifier, you -can mark packets using entries in /etc/shorewall/tcrules.
    6. +
    7. Set TC_ENABLED=Yes and CLEAR_TC=No
    8. +
    9. Do not supply /etc/shorewall/tcstart or /etc/shorewall/tcclear scripts.
    10. +
    11. If your tcstart script uses the 'fwmark' classifier, you + can mark packets using entries in /etc/shorewall/tcrules.
    12. +
    - +

    Kernel Configuration

    - +

    This screen shot show how I've configured QoS in my Kernel:

    - +

    -

    - +

    +

    /etc/shorewall/tcrules

    - +

    The fwmark classifier provides a convenient way to classify - packets for traffic shaping. The /etc/shorewall/tcrules file provides - a means for specifying these marks in a tabular fashion.
    -

    - -

    Normally, packet marking occurs in the PREROUTING chain before - any address rewriting takes place. This makes it impossible to mark inbound - packets based on their destination address when SNAT or Masquerading are -being used. Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.12, you can cause packet marking -to occur in the FORWARD chain by using the MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN option in -shorewall.conf.
    -

    - -

    Columns in the file are as follows:

    - -
      -
    • MARK - Specifies the mark value is to be assigned in case -of a match. This is an integer in the range 1-255.
      -
      - Example - 5
      -
    • -
    • SOURCE - The source of the packet. If the packet originates - on the firewall, place "fw" in this column. Otherwise, this is a - comma-separated list of interface names, IP addresses, MAC addresses in - Shorewall Format and/or Subnets.
      -
      - Examples
      -     eth0
      -     192.168.2.4,192.168.1.0/24
      -
    • -
    • DEST -- Destination of the packet. Comma-separated list of - IP addresses and/or subnets.
      -
    • -
    • PROTO - Protocol - Must be the name of a protocol from - /etc/protocol, a number or "all"
      -
    • -
    • PORT(S) - Destination Ports. A comma-separated list of Port - names (from /etc/services), port numbers or port ranges (e.g., 21:22); - if the protocol is "icmp", this column is interpreted as the -destination icmp type(s).
      -
    • -
    • CLIENT PORT(S) - (Optional) Port(s) used by the client. If - omitted, any source port is acceptable. Specified as a comma-separate - list of port names, port numbers or port ranges.
    • - -
    - -

    Example 1 - All packets arriving on eth1 should be marked - with 1. All packets arriving on eth2 and eth3 should be marked with 2. - All packets originating on the firewall itself should be marked with 3.

    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    MARKSOURCEDESTPROTOPORT(S)CLIENT PORT(S)
    1eth10.0.0.0/0all  
    2eth20.0.0.0/0all  
    2
    -
    eth3
    -
    0.0.0.0/0
    -
    all
    -

    -

    -
    3fw0.0.0.0/0all  
    - -

    Example 2 - All GRE (protocol 47) packets not originating - on the firewall and destined for 155.186.235.151 should be marked with - 12.

    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    MARKSOURCEDESTPROTOPORT(S)CLIENT PORT(S)
    120.0.0.0/0155.186.235.15147  
    - -

    Example 3 - All SSH packets originating in 192.168.1.0/24 - and destined for 155.186.235.151 should be marked with 22.

    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    MARKSOURCEDESTPROTOPORT(S)CLIENT PORT(S)
    22192.168.1.0/24155.186.235.151tcp22 
    - -

    My Setup
    -

    - -

    While I am currently using the HTB version of The Wonder Shaper (I just copied - wshaper.htb to /etc/shorewall/tcstart and modified it as shown in -the Wondershaper README), I have also run with the following set of hand-crafted -rules in my /etc/shorewall/tcstart file:
    + packets for traffic shaping. The /etc/shorewall/tcrules file provides + a means for specifying these marks in a tabular fashion.

    -
    +

    Normally, packet marking occurs in the PREROUTING chain before + any address rewriting takes place. This makes it impossible to mark inbound + packets based on their destination address when SNAT or Masquerading are + being used. Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.12, you can cause packet marking + to occur in the FORWARD chain by using the MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN option +in shorewall.conf.
    +

    + +

    Columns in the file are as follows:

    + +
      +
    • MARK - Specifies the mark value is to be assigned in case + of a match. This is an integer in the range 1-255. Beginning with Shorewall +version 1.3.14, this value may be optionally followed by ":" and either 'F' +or 'P' to designate that the marking will occur in the FORWARD or PREROUTING +chains respectively. If this additional specification is omitted, the chain +used to mark packets will be determined by the setting of the MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN +option in shorewall.conf.
      +
      + Example - 5
      +
    • +
    • SOURCE - The source of the packet. If the packet originates + on the firewall, place "fw" in this column. Otherwise, this is a + comma-separated list of interface names, IP addresses, MAC addresses in + Shorewall Format and/or Subnets.
      +
      + Examples
      +     eth0
      +     192.168.2.4,192.168.1.0/24
      +
    • +
    • DEST -- Destination of the packet. Comma-separated list +of IP addresses and/or subnets.
      +
    • +
    • PROTO - Protocol - Must be the name of a protocol from + /etc/protocol, a number or "all"
      +
    • +
    • PORT(S) - Destination Ports. A comma-separated list of +Port names (from /etc/services), port numbers or port ranges (e.g., +21:22); if the protocol is "icmp", this column is interpreted as +the destination icmp type(s).
      +
    • +
    • CLIENT PORT(S) - (Optional) Port(s) used by the client. +If omitted, any source port is acceptable. Specified as a comma-separate + list of port names, port numbers or port ranges.
    • + +
    + +

    Example 1 - All packets arriving on eth1 should be marked + with 1. All packets arriving on eth2 and eth3 should be marked with 2. + All packets originating on the firewall itself should be marked with 3.

    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    MARKSOURCEDESTPROTOPORT(S)CLIENT PORT(S)
    1eth10.0.0.0/0all  
    2eth20.0.0.0/0all  
    2
    +
    eth3
    +
    0.0.0.0/0
    +
    all
    +

    +

    +
    3fw0.0.0.0/0all  
    + +

    Example 2 - All GRE (protocol 47) packets not originating + on the firewall and destined for 155.186.235.151 should be marked with + 12.

    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    MARKSOURCEDESTPROTOPORT(S)CLIENT PORT(S)
    120.0.0.0/0155.186.235.15147  
    + +

    Example 3 - All SSH packets originating in 192.168.1.0/24 + and destined for 155.186.235.151 should be marked with 22.

    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    MARKSOURCEDESTPROTOPORT(S)CLIENT PORT(S)
    22192.168.1.0/24155.186.235.151tcp22 
    + +

    My Setup
    +

    + +

    While I am currently using the HTB version of The Wonder Shaper (I just copied + wshaper.htb to /etc/shorewall/tcstart and modified it as shown +in the Wondershaper README), I have also run with the following set of +hand-crafted rules in my /etc/shorewall/tcstart file:
    +

    + +
    run_tc qdisc add dev eth0 root handle 1: htb default 30

    run_tc class add dev eth0 parent 1: classid 1:1 htb rate 384kbit burst 15k

    echo "   Added Top Level Class -- rate 384kbit"
    - +
    run_tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:10 htb rate 140kbit ceil 384kbit burst 15k prio 1
    run_tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:20 htb rate 224kbit ceil 384kbit burst 15k prio 0
    run_tc class add dev eth0 parent 1:1 classid 1:30 htb rate 20kbit  ceil 384kbit burst 15k quantum 1500 prio 1
    - +
    echo "   Added Second Level Classes -- rates 140kbit, 224kbit, 20kbit"
    - +
    run_tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:10 pfifo limit 5
    run_tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:20 pfifo limit 10
    run_tc qdisc add dev eth0 parent 1:30 pfifo limit 5
    - +
    echo "   Enabled PFIFO on Second Level Classes"
    - +
    run_tc filter add dev eth0 protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 1 handle 1 fw classid 1:10
    run_tc filter add dev eth0 protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 0 handle 2 fw classid 1:20
    run_tc filter add dev eth0 protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 1 handle 3 fw classid 1:30
    - +
    echo "   Defined fwmark filters"
    -
    - +
    +

    My tcrules file that went with this tcstart file is shown in Example 1 - above. You can look at my network configuration - to get an idea of why I wanted these particular rules.
    -

    - + above. You can look at my network configuration + to get an idea of why I wanted these particular rules.
    +

    +
      -
    1. I wanted to allow up to 140kbits/second for traffic outbound from - my DMZ (note that the ceiling is set to 384kbit so outbound DMZ traffic -can use all available bandwidth if there is no traffic from the local systems - or from my laptop or firewall).
    2. -
    3. My laptop and local systems could use up to 224kbits/second.
    4. -
    5. My firewall could use up to 20kbits/second.
      -
    6. - +
    7. I wanted to allow up to 140kbits/second for traffic outbound +from my DMZ (note that the ceiling is set to 384kbit so outbound DMZ traffic + can use all available bandwidth if there is no traffic from the local systems + or from my laptop or firewall).
    8. +
    9. My laptop and local systems could use up to 224kbits/second.
    10. +
    11. My firewall could use up to 20kbits/second.
      +
    12. +
    + +

    Last Updated 2/13/2003 - Tom Eastep

    -

    Last Updated 12/31/2002 - Tom Eastep

    -

    Copyright - © 2001, 2002 Thomas M. Eastep.
    -

    -
    -
    + © 2001, 2002, 2003 Thomas M. Eastep.

    +

    diff --git a/STABLE/documentation/two-interface.htm b/STABLE/documentation/two-interface.htm index ef83fa92d..a12c37b39 100644 --- a/STABLE/documentation/two-interface.htm +++ b/STABLE/documentation/two-interface.htm @@ -1,713 +1,537 @@ - + - + - + - + Two-Interface Firewall - + - + - - - + + - - - + + + +
    - +
    + +

    Basic Two-Interface Firewall

    -
    - +

    Setting up a Linux system as a firewall for a small network - is a fairly straight-forward task if you understand the basics and -follow the documentation.

    - + is a fairly straight-forward task if you understand the basics and + follow the documentation.

    +

    This guide doesn't attempt to acquaint you with all of the features of - Shorewall. It rather focuses on what is required to configure Shorewall - in its most common configuration:

    - + Shorewall. It rather focuses on what is required to configure Shorewall + in its most common configuration:

    +
      -
    • Linux system used as a firewall/router for a small local - network.
    • -
    • Single public IP address.
    • -
    • Internet connection through cable modem, DSL, ISDN, Frame - Relay, dial-up ...
    • - +
    • Linux system used as a firewall/router for a small +local network.
    • +
    • Single public IP address.
    • +
    • Internet connection through cable modem, DSL, ISDN, +Frame Relay, dial-up ...
    • +
    - +

    Here is a schematic of a typical installation.

    - +

    -

    - +

    +

    If you are running Shorewall under Mandrake 9.0 or later, you can easily - configure the above setup using the Mandrake "Internet Connection Sharing" - applet. From the Mandrake Control Center, select "Network & Internet" - then "Connection Sharing". You should not need to refer to this guide.
    -

    - + configure the above setup using the Mandrake "Internet Connection Sharing" + applet. From the Mandrake Control Center, select "Network & Internet" + then "Connection Sharing".
    +

    +

    Note however, that the Shorewall configuration produced by Mandrake +Internet Connection Sharing is strange and is apt to confuse you if you use +the rest of this documentation (it has two local zones; "loc" and "masq" +where "loc" is empty; this conflicts with this documentation which assumes +a single local zone "loc"). We therefore recommend that once you have set +up this sharing that you uninstall the Mandrake Shorewall RPM and install +the one from the download page then follow the +instructions in this Guide.
    +

    + +


    +

    +

    This guide assumes that you have the iproute/iproute2 package installed - (on RedHat, the package is called iproute). You can tell - if this package is installed by the presence of an ip program - on your firewall system. As root, you can use the 'which' command to -check for this program:

    - + (on RedHat, the package is called iproute). You can +tell if this package is installed by the presence of an ip program + on your firewall system. As root, you can use the 'which' command to + check for this program:

    +
         [root@gateway root]# which ip
    /sbin/ip
    [root@gateway root]#
    - +

    I recommend that you first read through the guide to familiarize yourself - with what's involved then go back through it again making your configuration - changes. Points at which configuration changes are recommended are -flagged with - . Configuration notes that are unique to LEAF/Bering are marked -with (LEAF Logo) -

    - +

    +

    -     If you edit your configuration files on a Windows system, - you must save them as Unix files if your editor supports that option - or you must run them through dos2unix before trying to use them. Similarly, - if you copy a configuration file from your Windows hard drive to a floppy - disk, you must run dos2unix against the copy before using it with Shorewall.

    - +     If you edit your configuration files on a Windows system, + you must save them as Unix files if your editor supports that option + or you must run them through dos2unix before trying to use them. Similarly, + if you copy a configuration file from your Windows hard drive to a floppy + disk, you must run dos2unix against the copy before using it with Shorewall.

    + - +

    Shorewall Concepts

    - +

    -     The configuration files for Shorewall are contained in the directory - /etc/shorewall -- for simple setups, you will only need to deal with +     The configuration files for Shorewall are contained in the directory + /etc/shorewall -- for simple setups, you will only need to deal with a few of these as described in this guide. After you have installed Shorewall, download the two-interface sample, - un-tar it (tar -zxvf two-interfaces.tgz) and and copy the files to /etc/shorewall - (these files will replace files with the same name).

    - + un-tar it (tar -zxvf two-interfaces.tgz) and and copy the files to +/etc/shorewall (these files will replace files with the same name).

    +

    As each file is introduced, I suggest that you look through the actual - file on your system -- each file contains detailed configuration instructions - and default entries.

    - + file on your system -- each file contains detailed configuration instructions + and default entries.

    +

    Shorewall views the network where it is running as being composed of a - set of zones. In the two-interface sample configuration, the - following zone names are used:

    - + set of zones. In the two-interface sample configuration, the + following zone names are used:

    + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    NameDescription
    netThe Internet
    locYour Local Network
    NameDescription
    netThe Internet
    locYour Local Network
    - +

    Zones are defined in the /etc/shorewall/zones - file.

    - + file.

    +

    Shorewall also recognizes the firewall system as its own zone - by default, - the firewall itself is known as fw.

    - + the firewall itself is known as fw.

    +

    Rules about what traffic to allow and what traffic to deny are expressed - in terms of zones.

    - + in terms of zones.

    + - +

    For each connection request entering the firewall, the request is first - checked against the /etc/shorewall/rules file. If no rule in that file - matches the connection request then the first policy in /etc/shorewall/policy - that matches the request is applied. If that policy is REJECT or DROP  - the request is first checked against the rules in /etc/shorewall/common - (the samples provide that file for you).

    - + checked against the /etc/shorewall/rules file. If no rule in that +file matches the connection request then the first policy in /etc/shorewall/policy + that matches the request is applied. If that policy is REJECT or +DROP  the request is first checked against the rules in /etc/shorewall/common + (the samples provide that file for you).

    +

    The /etc/shorewall/policy file included with the two-interface sample has the following policies:

    - -
    + +
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + +
    Source ZoneDestination ZonePolicyLog LevelLimit:Burst
    locnetACCEPT  
    netallDROPinfo 
    allallREJECTinfo 
    Source ZoneDestination ZonePolicyLog LevelLimit:Burst
    locnetACCEPT  
    netallDROPinfo 
    allallREJECTinfo 
    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    In the two-interface sample, the line below is included but commented - out. If you want your firewall system to have full access to servers - on the internet, uncomment that line.

    - + out. If you want your firewall system to have full access to servers + on the internet, uncomment that line.

    + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + +
    Source ZoneDestination ZonePolicyLog LevelLimit:Burst
    fwnetACCEPT  
    Source ZoneDestination ZonePolicyLog LevelLimit:Burst
    fwnetACCEPT  
    -
    - +
    +

    The above policy will:

    - +
      -
    1. allow all connection requests from your local network -to the internet
    2. -
    3. drop (ignore) all connection requests from the internet - to your firewall or local network
    4. -
    5. optionally accept all connection requests from the firewall - to the internet (if you uncomment the additional policy)
    6. -
    7. reject all other connection requests.
    8. - +
    9. allow all connection requests from your local network + to the internet
    10. +
    11. drop (ignore) all connection requests from the internet + to your firewall or local network
    12. +
    13. optionally accept all connection requests from the +firewall to the internet (if you uncomment the additional policy)
    14. +
    15. reject all other connection requests.
    16. +
    - +

    -     At this point, edit your /etc/shorewall/policy and make -any changes that you wish.

    - +     At this point, edit your /etc/shorewall/policy and make + any changes that you wish.

    +

    Network Interfaces

    - +

    -

    - +

    +

    The firewall has two network interfaces. Where Internet connectivity is through a cable or DSL "Modem", the External Interface will be the ethernet adapter that is connected to that "Modem" (e.g., eth0)  - unless you connect via Point-to-Point Protocol - over Ethernet (PPPoE) or Point-to-Point - Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) in which case the External - Interface will be a ppp interface (e.g., ppp0). If you connect -via a regular modem, your External Interface will also be ppp0. -If you connect via ISDN, your external interface will be ippp0.

    - + unless you connect via Point-to-Point Protocol + over Ethernet (PPPoE) or Point-to-Point + Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) in which case the External + Interface will be a ppp interface (e.g., ppp0). If you connect + via a regular modem, your External Interface will also be ppp0. + If you connect via ISDN, your external interface will be ippp0.

    +

    -     If your external interface is ppp0 or ippp0  - then you will want to set CLAMPMSS=yes in ppp0 or ippp0  + then you will want to set CLAMPMSS=yes in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.

    - +

    Your Internal Interface will be an ethernet adapter - (eth1 or eth0) and will be connected to a hub or switch. Your other - computers will be connected to the same hub/switch (note: If you have - only a single internal system, you can connect the firewall directly - to the computer using a cross-over cable).

    - + (eth1 or eth0) and will be connected to a hub or switch. Your other + computers will be connected to the same hub/switch (note: If you have + only a single internal system, you can connect the firewall directly + to the computer using a cross-over cable).

    +

    - Do not connect the internal and external interface -to the same hub or switch (even for testing). It won't work the way -that you think that it will and you will end up confused and believing -that Shorewall doesn't work at all.

    - + Do not connect the internal and external interface + to the same hub or switch (even for testing). It won't work the way + that you think that it will and you will end up confused and believing + that Shorewall doesn't work at all.

    +

    -     The Shorewall two-interface sample configuration assumes -that the external interface is eth0 and the internal interface -is eth1. If your configuration is different, you will have to -modify the sample /etc/shorewall/interfaces - file accordingly. While you are there, you may wish to review the list - of options that are specified for the interfaces. Some hints:

    - +     The Shorewall two-interface sample configuration assumes + that the external interface is eth0 and the internal interface + is eth1. If your configuration is different, you will have to + modify the sample /etc/shorewall/interfaces + file accordingly. While you are there, you may wish to review the +list of options that are specified for the interfaces. Some hints:

    +
      -
    • - +
    • +

      If your external interface is ppp0 or ippp0, - you can replace the "detect" in the second column with "-".

      -
    • -
    • - + you can replace the "detect" in the second column with "-".

      +
    • +
    • +

      If your external interface is ppp0 or ippp0 - or if you have a static IP address, you can remove "dhcp" from the - option list.

      -
    • - + or if you have a static IP address, you can remove "dhcp" from the + option list.

      + +
    - +

    IP Addresses

    - +

    Before going further, we should say a few words about Internet - Protocol (IP) addresses. Normally, your ISP will assign you -a single Public IP address. This address may be assigned via the - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) or as part of establishing + Protocol (IP) addresses. Normally, your ISP will assign you + a single Public IP address. This address may be assigned via +the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) or as part of establishing your connection when you dial in (standard modem) or establish your PPP connection. In rare cases, your ISP may assign you a static IP address; that means that you configure your firewall's external interface - to use that address permanently. However your external address is - assigned, it will be shared by all of your systems when you access the -Internet. You will have to assign your own addresses in your internal network + to use that address permanently. However your external address +is assigned, it will be shared by all of your systems when you access the + Internet. You will have to assign your own addresses in your internal network (the Internal Interface on your firewall plus your other computers). RFC 1918 reserves several Private IP address ranges for this purpose:

    - -
    + +
         10.0.0.0    - 10.255.255.255
    172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
    192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    -     Before starting Shorewall, you should look at the IP -address of your external interface and if it is one of the above -ranges, you should remove the 'norfc1918' option from the external -interface's entry in /etc/shorewall/interfaces.

    -
    - -
    +     Before starting Shorewall, you should look at the IP + address of your external interface and if it is one of the above + ranges, you should remove the 'norfc1918' option from the external + interface's entry in /etc/shorewall/interfaces.

    +
    + +

    You will want to assign your addresses from the same sub-network (subnet).  For our purposes, we can consider a subnet - to consists of a range of addresses x.y.z.0 - x.y.z.255. Such a subnet - will have a Subnet Mask of 255.255.255.0. The address x.y.z.0 - is reserved as the Subnet Address and x.y.z.255 is reserved - as the Subnet Broadcast Address. In Shorewall, a subnet - is described using Classless - InterDomain Routing (CIDR) notation with consists of the subnet - address followed by "/24". The "24" refers to the number of consecutive - leading "1" bits from the left of the subnet mask.

    -
    - -
    + to consists of a range of addresses x.y.z.0 - x.y.z.255. Such a +subnet will have a Subnet Mask of 255.255.255.0. The address +x.y.z.0 is reserved as the Subnet Address and x.y.z.255 is +reserved as the Subnet Broadcast Address. In Shorewall, +a subnet is described using Classless InterDomain Routing + (CIDR) notation with consists of the subnet address followed + by "/24". The "24" refers to the number of consecutive leading "1" bits +from the left of the subnet mask.

    +
    + +

    Example sub-network:

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + +
    Range:10.10.10.0 - 10.10.10.255
    Subnet Address:10.10.10.0
    Broadcast Address:10.10.10.255
    CIDR Notation:10.10.10.0/24
    Range:10.10.10.0 - 10.10.10.255
    Subnet Address:10.10.10.0
    Broadcast Address:10.10.10.255
    CIDR Notation:10.10.10.0/24
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    It is conventional to assign the internal interface either - the first usable address in the subnet (10.10.10.1 in the above example) - or the last usable address (10.10.10.254).

    -
    - -
    + the first usable address in the subnet (10.10.10.1 in the above +example) or the last usable address (10.10.10.254).

    +
    + +

    One of the purposes of subnetting is to allow all computers - in the subnet to understand which other computers can be communicated - with directly. To communicate with systems outside of the subnetwork, - systems send packets through a  gateway  (router).

    -
    - -
    + in the subnet to understand which other computers can be communicated + with directly. To communicate with systems outside of the subnetwork, + systems send packets through a  gateway  (router).

    +
    + +

    -     Your local computers (computer 1 and computer 2 in the - above diagram) should be configured with their default gateway - to be the IP address of the firewall's internal interface.      -

    -
    - +     Your local computers (computer 1 and computer 2 in +the above diagram) should be configured with their default gateway + to be the IP address of the firewall's internal interface.      +

    +
    +

    The foregoing short discussion barely scratches the surface - regarding subnetting and routing. If you are interested in learning - more about IP addressing and routing, I highly recommend "IP Fundamentals: - What Everyone Needs to Know about Addressing & Routing", Thomas - A. Maufer, Prentice-Hall, 1999, ISBN 0-13-975483-0.

    - + regarding subnetting and routing. If you are interested in learning + more about IP addressing and routing, I highly recommend "IP Fundamentals: + What Everyone Needs to Know about Addressing & Routing", Thomas + A. Maufer, Prentice-Hall, 1999, ISBN 0-13-975483-0.

    +

    The remainder of this quide will assume that you have configured - your network as shown here:

    - + your network as shown here:

    +

    -

    - +

    +

    The default gateway for computer's 1 & 2 would be 10.10.10.254.
    -

    - +

    +

    -     WARNING: Your ISP might assign -your external interface an RFC 1918 address. If that address is in the 10.10.10.0/24 -subnet then you will need to select a DIFFERENT RFC 1918 subnet for your local -network.
    -

    - +     WARNING: Your ISP might assign + your external interface an RFC 1918 address. If that address is in the 10.10.10.0/24 + subnet then you will need to select a DIFFERENT RFC 1918 subnet for your +local network.
    +

    +

    IP Masquerading (SNAT)

    - +

    The addresses reserved by RFC 1918 are sometimes referred - to as non-routable because the Internet backbone routers don't - forward packets which have an RFC-1918 destination address. When one - of your local systems (let's assume computer 1) sends a connection request - to an internet host, the firewall must perform Network Address Translation - (NAT). The firewall rewrites the source address in the packet to - be the address of the firewall's external interface; in other words, - the firewall makes it look as if the firewall itself is initiating the - connection.  This is necessary so that the destination host will be able - to route return packets back to the firewall (remember that packets whose - destination address is reserved by RFC 1918 can't be routed across the - internet so the remote host can't address its response to computer 1). -When the firewall receives a return packet, it rewrites the destination address - back to 10.10.10.1 and forwards the packet on to computer 1.

    - + to as non-routable because the Internet backbone routers don't + forward packets which have an RFC-1918 destination address. When one + of your local systems (let's assume computer 1) sends a connection request + to an internet host, the firewall must perform Network Address +Translation (NAT). The firewall rewrites the source address in +the packet to be the address of the firewall's external interface; in +other words, the firewall makes it look as if the firewall itself is +initiating the connection.  This is necessary so that the destination +host will be able to route return packets back to the firewall (remember +that packets whose destination address is reserved by RFC 1918 can't +be routed across the internet so the remote host can't address its response +to computer 1). When the firewall receives a return packet, it rewrites +the destination address back to 10.10.10.1 and forwards the packet on to +computer 1.

    +

    On Linux systems, the above process is often referred to as IP Masquerading but you will also see the term Source Network Address Translation (SNAT) used. Shorewall follows the convention used with Netfilter:

    - +
      -
    • - +
    • +

      Masquerade describes the case where you let your - firewall system automatically detect the external interface address. -

      -
    • -
    • - + firewall system automatically detect the external interface address. +

      +
    • +
    • +

      SNAT refers to the case when you explicitly specify - the source address that you want outbound packets from your local - network to use.

      -
    • - + the source address that you want outbound packets from your local + network to use.

      + +
    - +

    In Shorewall, both Masquerading and SNAT are configured with - entries in the /etc/shorewall/masq file. You will normally use Masquerading - if your external IP is dynamic and SNAT if the IP is static.

    - + entries in the /etc/shorewall/masq file. You will normally use Masquerading + if your external IP is dynamic and SNAT if the IP is static.

    +

    -     If your external firewall interface is eth0, you -do not need to modify the file provided with the sample. Otherwise, -edit /etc/shorewall/masq and change the first column to the name of -your external interface and the second column to the name of your internal - interface.

    - +     If your external firewall interface is eth0, you + do not need to modify the file provided with the sample. Otherwise, + edit /etc/shorewall/masq and change the first column to the name +of your external interface and the second column to the name of your +internal interface.

    +

    -     If your external IP is static, you can enter it in the -third column in the /etc/shorewall/masq entry if you like although -your firewall will work fine if you leave that column empty. Entering -your static IP in column 3 makes processing outgoing packets a little - more efficient.
    -
    - +
    + -     If you are using the Debian package, please check your shorewall.conf - file to ensure that the following are set correctly; if they are not, change - them appropriately:
    -

    - +     If you are using the Debian package, please check your shorewall.conf + file to ensure that the following are set correctly; if they are not, change + them appropriately:
    +

    +
      -
    • NAT_ENABLED=Yes
    • -
    • IP_FORWARDING=On
      -
    • - +
    • NAT_ENABLED=Yes
    • +
    • IP_FORWARDING=On
      +
    • +
    - +

    Port Forwarding (DNAT)

    - +

    One of your goals may be to run one or more servers on your - local computers. Because these computers have RFC-1918 addresses, it - is not possible for clients on the internet to connect directly to them. - It is rather necessary for those clients to address their connection -requests to the firewall who rewrites the destination address to the -address of your server and forwards the packet to that server. When your -server responds, the firewall automatically performs SNAT to rewrite -the source address in the response.

    - + local computers. Because these computers have RFC-1918 addresses, +it is not possible for clients on the internet to connect directly to +them. It is rather necessary for those clients to address their connection + requests to the firewall who rewrites the destination address to the + address of your server and forwards the packet to that server. When +your server responds, the firewall automatically performs SNAT to rewrite + the source address in the response.

    +

    The above process is called Port Forwarding or - Destination Network Address Translation (DNAT). You configure + Destination Network Address Translation (DNAT). You configure port forwarding using DNAT rules in the /etc/shorewall/rules file.

    - +

    The general form of a simple port forwarding rule in /etc/shorewall/rules - is:

    - -
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    DNATnetloc:<server local ip address> [:<server - port>]<protocol><port>  
    -
    - -

    Example - you run a Web Server on computer 2 and you want to forward incoming - TCP port 80 to that system:

    - -
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    DNATnetloc:10.10.10.2tcp80  
    -
    - -

    A couple of important points to keep in mind:

    - -
      -
    • You must test the above rule from a client outside of -your local network (i.e., don't test from a browser running on computers - 1 or 2 or on the firewall). If you want to be able to access your -web server using the IP address of your external interface, see Shorewall FAQ #2.
    • -
    • Many ISPs block incoming connection requests to port -80. If you have problems connecting to your web server, try the -following rule and try connecting to port 5000.
    • - -
    - -
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    DNATnetloc:10.10.10.2:80tcp5000  
    -
    - -

    -     At this point, modify /etc/shorewall/rules to add any DNAT - rules that you require.

    - -

    Domain Name Server (DNS)

    - -

    Normally, when you connect to your ISP, as part of getting - an IP address your firewall's Domain Name Service (DNS) resolver - will be automatically configured (e.g., the /etc/resolv.conf file will - be written). Alternatively, your ISP may have given you the IP address - of a pair of DNS name servers for you to manually configure as -your primary and secondary name servers. Regardless of how DNS gets configured - on your firewall, it is your responsibility to configure the resolver - in your internal systems. You can take one of two approaches:

    - -
      -
    • - -

      You can configure your internal systems to use your ISP's - name servers. If you ISP gave you the addresses of their servers -or if those addresses are available on their web site, you can configure - your internal systems to use those addresses. If that information -isn't available, look in /etc/resolv.conf on your firewall system -- -the name servers are given in "nameserver" records in that file.

      -
    • -
    • - -

      -     You can configure a Caching Name Server on your - firewall. Red Hat has an RPM for a caching name server -(the RPM also requires the 'bind' RPM) and for Bering users, there -is dnscache.lrp. If you take this approach, you configure your internal -systems to use the firewall itself as their primary (and only) name server. -You use the internal IP address of the firewall (10.10.10.254 in the -example above) for the name server address. To allow your local systems -to talk to your caching name server, you must open port 53 (both UDP -and TCP) from the local network to the firewall; you do that by adding -the following rules in /etc/shorewall/rules.

      -
    • - -
    - -
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTlocfwtcp53  
    ACCEPTlocfwudp53  
    -
    - -
    -

    Other Connections

    -
    - -
    -

    The two-interface sample includes the following rules:

    -
    - -
    -
    + is:

    + +
    - + @@ -717,325 +541,507 @@ the following rules in /etc/shorewall/rules.

    - - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    ACTION SOURCE DESTINATION ORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTfwDNAT nettcp53  
    ACCEPTfwnetudp53  
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    Those rules allow DNS access from your firewall and may be - removed if you uncommented the line in /etc/shorewall/policy allowing - all connections from the firewall to the internet.

    -
    - -
    -

    The sample also includes:

    -
    - -
    -
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTlocfwtcp22  
    -
    -
    - -
    -

    That rule allows you to run an SSH server on your firewall - and connect to that server from your local systems.

    -
    - -
    -

    If you wish to enable other connections between your firewall - and other systems, the general format is:

    -
    - -
    -
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPT<source zone><destination zone>loc:<server local ip address> [:<server + port>] <protocol> <port>    
    -
    + +

    Example - you run a Web Server on computer 2 and you want to forward incoming + TCP port 80 to that system:

    + +
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    DNATnetloc:10.10.10.2tcp80  
    +
    + +

    A couple of important points to keep in mind:

    + +
      +
    • You must test the above rule from a client outside +of your local network (i.e., don't test from a browser running on +computers 1 or 2 or on the firewall). If you want to be able to +access your web server using the IP address of your external interface, +see Shorewall FAQ #2.
    • +
    • Many ISPs block incoming connection requests to port + 80. If you have problems connecting to your web server, try the +following rule and try connecting to port 5000.
    • + +
    + +
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    DNATnetloc:10.10.10.2:80tcp5000  
    +
    + +

    +     At this point, modify /etc/shorewall/rules to add any +DNAT rules that you require.

    + +

    Domain Name Server (DNS)

    + +

    Normally, when you connect to your ISP, as part of getting + an IP address your firewall's Domain Name Service (DNS) resolver + will be automatically configured (e.g., the /etc/resolv.conf file will + be written). Alternatively, your ISP may have given you the IP address + of a pair of DNS name servers for you to manually configure as + your primary and secondary name servers. Regardless of how DNS gets +configured on your firewall, it is your responsibility to configure +the resolver in your internal systems. You can take one of two approaches:

    + +
      +
    • -
      +

      You can configure your internal systems to use your ISP's + name servers. If you ISP gave you the addresses of their servers + or if those addresses are available on their web site, you can configure + your internal systems to use those addresses. If that information + isn't available, look in /etc/resolv.conf on your firewall system +-- the name servers are given in "nameserver" records in that file. +

      +
    • +
    • + +

      +     You can configure a Caching Name Server on your + firewall. Red Hat has an RPM for a caching name server + (the RPM also requires the 'bind' RPM) and for Bering users, there + is dnscache.lrp. If you take this approach, you configure your internal + systems to use the firewall itself as their primary (and only) name +server. You use the internal IP address of the firewall (10.10.10.254 +in the example above) for the name server address. To allow your +local systems to talk to your caching name server, you must open port +53 (both UDP and TCP) from the local network to the firewall; you +do that by adding the following rules in /etc/shorewall/rules.

      +
    • + +
    + +
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTlocfwtcp53  
    ACCEPTlocfwudp53  
    +
    + +
    +

    Other Connections

    +
    + +
    +

    The two-interface sample includes the following rules:

    +
    + +
    +
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTfwnettcp53  
    ACCEPTfwnetudp53  
    +
    +
    + +
    +

    Those rules allow DNS access from your firewall and may be + removed if you uncommented the line in /etc/shorewall/policy allowing + all connections from the firewall to the internet.

    +
    + +
    +

    The sample also includes:

    +
    + +
    +
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTlocfwtcp22  
    +
    +
    + +
    +

    That rule allows you to run an SSH server on your firewall + and connect to that server from your local systems.

    +
    + +
    +

    If you wish to enable other connections between your firewall + and other systems, the general format is:

    +
    + +
    +
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPT<source zone><destination zone><protocol><port>  
    +
    +
    + +

    Example - You want to run a Web Server on your firewall system:

    -
    - -
    -
    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTnetfwtcp80#Allow web accessfrom the internet
    ACCEPTlocfwtcp80#Allow web accessfrom the local network
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTnetfwtcp80#Allow web accessfrom the internet
    ACCEPTlocfwtcp80#Allow web accessfrom the local network
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    Those two rules would of course be in addition to the rules - listed above under "You can configure a Caching Name Server on your - firewall"

    -
    - -
    + listed above under "You can configure a Caching Name Server on your + firewall"

    +
    + +

    If you don't know what port and protocol a particular application uses, look here.

    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    Important: I don't recommend enabling telnet to/from - the internet because it uses clear text (even for login!). If you - want shell access to your firewall from the internet, use SSH:

    -
    - -
    -
    + the internet because it uses clear text (even for login!). If you + want shell access to your firewall from the internet, use SSH:

    +
    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTnetfwtcp22  
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTnetfwtcp22  
    -
    -
    - -
    + +
    + +

    (LEAF Logo) -    Bering users will want to add the following two rules to be compatible -with Jacques's Shorewall configuration.

    -
    -
    +     Bering users will want to add the following two rules to be compatible + with Jacques's Shorewall configuration.

    + +
    +
    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - + +
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTloc
    -
    fwudp
    -
    53
    -
    #Allow DNS Cache towork
    -
    ACCEPTlocfwtcp80#Allow weblet to work
    -
    ACTIONSOURCEDESTINATIONPROTOCOLPORTSOURCE PORTORIGINAL ADDRESS
    ACCEPTloc
    +
    fwudp
    +
    53
    +
    #Allow DNS Cache towork
    +
    ACCEPTlocfwtcp80#Allow weblet to work
    +
    -
    -
    +
    +
    +


    - -     Now edit your /etc/shorewall/rules file to add or delete - other connections as required.

    -
    - -
    + +     Now edit your /etc/shorewall/rules file to add or delete + other connections as required.

    +
    + +

    Starting and Stopping Your Firewall

    -
    - -
    +
    + +

    Arrow -     The installation procedure configures - your system to start Shorewall at system boot  but beginning with Shorewall - version 1.3.9 startup is disabled so that your system won't try to start - Shorewall before configuration is complete. Once you have completed configuration - of your firewall, you can enable Shorewall startup by removing the file - /etc/shorewall/startup_disabled.
    -

    - +     The installation procedure + configures your system to start Shorewall at system boot  but beginning +with Shorewall version 1.3.9 startup is disabled so that your system +won't try to start Shorewall before configuration is complete. Once you +have completed configuration of your firewall, you can enable Shorewall +startup by removing the file /etc/shorewall/startup_disabled.
    +

    +

    IMPORTANT: Users of the .deb package must edit /etc/default/shorewall - and set 'startup=1'.
    -

    -
    - -
    + and set 'startup=1'.
    +

    +
    + +

    The firewall is started using the "shorewall start" command - and stopped using "shorewall stop". When the firewall is stopped, - routing is enabled on those hosts that have an entry in /etc/shorewall/routestopped. A - running firewall may be restarted using the "shorewall restart" command. - If you want to totally remove any trace of Shorewall from your Netfilter - configuration, use "shorewall clear".

    -
    - -
    + running firewall may be restarted using the "shorewall restart" +command. If you want to totally remove any trace of Shorewall from +your Netfilter configuration, use "shorewall clear".

    +
    + +

    -     The two-interface sample assumes that you want to enable - routing to/from eth1 (the local network) when Shorewall is stopped. - If your local network isn't connected to eth1 or if you wish to - enable access to/from other hosts, change /etc/shorewall/routestopped - accordingly.

    -
    - -
    +     The two-interface sample assumes that you want to enable + routing to/from eth1 (the local network) when Shorewall is +stopped. If your local network isn't connected to eth1 or if you +wish to enable access to/from other hosts, change /etc/shorewall/routestopped + accordingly.

    +
    + +

    WARNING: If you are connected to your firewall from - the internet, do not issue a "shorewall stop" command unless you -have added an entry for the IP address that you are connected from -to /etc/shorewall/routestopped. - Also, I don't recommend using "shorewall restart"; it is better to create - an alternate configuration - and test it using the /etc/shorewall/routestopped. + Also, I don't recommend using "shorewall restart"; it is better to create + an alternate configuration + and test it using the "shorewall try" command.

    -
    - -

    Last updated 1/21/2003 - + +

    Last updated 2/13/2003 - Tom Eastep

    - +

    Copyright 2002, 2003 - Thomas M. Eastep

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    + Thomas M. Eastep

    +