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Document per-IP traffic shaping:

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docs/traffic_shaping.xml
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/sbin/shorewall refresh</programlisting> /sbin/shorewall refresh</programlisting>
</section> </section>
<section id="perIP">
<title>Per-IP Traffic Shaping</title>
<para>Some network administrators feel that they have to divy up their
available bandwidth by IP address rather than by prioritizing the
traffic based on the type of traffic. This gets really awkward when
there are a large number of local IP addresses.</para>
<para>This section describes the Shorewall facility for handling that
issue. Note that it requires that you <ulink
url="Dynamic.html#xtables-addons">install xtables-addons</ulink>. So
before you try this facility, we suggest that first you add the
following OPTION to each external interface described in
/etc/shorewall/tcdevices:</para>
<programlisting>flow=nfct-src</programlisting>
<para>If you shape traffic on your internal interface(s), then add this
to their entries:</para>
<programlisting>flow=dst</programlisting>
<para>You may find that this simple change is all that is needed to
control bandwidth hogs like Bit Torrent. If it doesn't, then proceed as
described in this section.</para>
<para>The facility has two components:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>An IPMARK MARKing command in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/tcrules</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>An <emphasis role="bold">occurs</emphasis> OPTION in
/etc/shorewall/tcclasses.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>The facility is currently only available with IPv4.</para>
<para>In a sense, the IPMARK target is more like an IPCLASSIFY target in
that the mark value is later interpreted as a class ID. A packet mark is
32 bits wide; so is a class ID. The <emphasis>major</emphasis> class
occupies the high-order 16 bits and the <emphasis>minor</emphasis> class
occupies the low-order 16 bits. So the class ID 1:4ff (remember that
class IDs are always in hex) is equivalent to a mark value of 0x104ff.
Remember that Shorewall uses the interface number as the
<emphasis>major</emphasis> number where the first interface in tcdevices
has <emphasis>major</emphasis> number 1, the second has
<emphasis>major</emphasis> number 2, and so on.</para>
<para>The IPMARK target assigns a mark to each matching packet based on
the either the source or destination IP address. By default, it assigns
a mark value equal to the low-order 8 bits of the source address.</para>
<para>The syntax is as follows:</para>
<blockquote>
<para><emphasis role="bold">IPMARK</emphasis>[<emphasis
role="bold">(</emphasis>[{<emphasis
role="bold">src</emphasis>|<emphasis
role="bold">dst</emphasis>}][<emphasis
role="bold">,</emphasis>[<emphasis>mask1</emphasis>][,[<emphasis>mask2</emphasis>][<emphasis
role="bold">,</emphasis>[<emphasis>shift</emphasis>]]]]<emphasis
role="bold">)</emphasis>]</para>
</blockquote>
<para>Default values are:</para>
<simplelist>
<member>src</member>
<member>mask1 = 0xFF</member>
<member>mask2 = 0x00</member>
<member>shift = 0</member>
</simplelist>
<para><emphasis role="bold">src</emphasis> and <emphasis
role="bold">dst</emphasis> specify whether the mark is to be based on
the source or destination address respectively. The selected address is
first shifted right by <emphasis>shift</emphasis>, then LANDed with
<emphasis>mask1</emphasis> and then LORed with
<emphasis>mask2</emphasis>. The <emphasis>shift</emphasis> argument is
intended to be used primarily with IPv6 addresses.</para>
<para>Example:</para>
<programlisting>IPMARK(src,0xff,0x10100)
Source IP address is 192.168.4.3 = 0xc0a80403
0xc0a80403 &gt;&gt; 0 = 0xc0a80403
0xc0a80403 LAND 0xFF = 0x03
0x03 LOR 0x10100 = 0x10103
So the mark value is 0x10103 which corresponds to class id 1:103.</programlisting>
<para>It is important to realize that, while class IDs are composed of a
<emphasis>major</emphasis> and a <emphasis>minor</emphasis> value, the
set of <emphasis>minor</emphasis> values must be unique. You must keep
this in mind when deciding how to map IP addresses to class IDs. For
example, suppose that your internal network is 192.168.1.0/29 (host IP
addresses 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.6). Your first notion might be to use
IPMARK(src,0xFF,0x10000) so as to produce class IDs 1:1 through 1:6. But
1:1 is the class ID of the base HTB class on interface 1. So you might
chose instead to use IPMARK(src,0xFF,0x10100) as shown in the example
above so as to avoid minor class 1.</para>
<para>The <emphasis role="bold">occurs</emphasis> option in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/tcclasses</filename> causes the class
definition to be replicated many times.</para>
<para>The synax is:</para>
<blockquote>
<para><emphasis
role="bold">occurs=</emphasis><emphasis>number</emphasis></para>
</blockquote>
<para>When <emphasis role="bold">occurs</emphasis> is used:</para>
<orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
<listitem>
<para>The associated device may not have the <emphasis
role="bold">classify</emphasis> option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The class may not be the default class.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The class may not have any <emphasis
role="bold">tos=</emphasis> options (including <emphasis
role="bold">tcp-ack</emphasis>).</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>The class should not specify a MARK value. Any MARK value given is
ignored with a warning. The RATE and CEIL parameters apply to each
instance of the class. So the total RATE represented by an entry with
<emphasis role="bold">occurs</emphasis> will be the listed RATE
multiplied by <emphasis>number</emphasis>.</para>
<para>Example:</para>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/tcdevices</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE IN-BANDWIDTH OUT-BANDWIDTH
eth0 100mbit 100mbit</programlisting>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/tcclasses</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#DEVICE MARK RATE CEIL PRIORITY OPTIONS
eth0:101 - 1kbit 230kbit 4 occurs=6</programlisting>
<para>The above defines 6 classes with class IDs 0x101-0x106. Each class
has a guaranteed rate of 1kbit/second and a ceiling of 230kbit.</para>
<para><filename>/etc/shoreall/tcrules</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#MARK SOURCE DEST
IPMARK(src,0xff,0x10100):F 192.168.1.0/29 eth0</programlisting>
<para>This facility also alters the way in which Shorewall generates a
class number when none is given. Prior to the implementation of this
facility, the class number was constructed by concatinating the MARK
value with the either '1' or '10'. '10' was used when there were more
than 10 devices defined in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/tcdevices</filename>.</para>
<para>With this facility, a new method is added; class numbers are
assigned sequentially beginning with 2. The WIDE_TC_MARKS option in
<filename>shorewall.conf</filename> selects which construction to use.
WIDE_TC_MARKS=No (the default) produces pre-Shorewall 4.4 behavior.
WIDE_TC_MARKS=Yes produces the new behavior.</para>
</section>
<section id="Real"> <section id="Real">
<title>Real life examples</title> <title>Real life examples</title>