OpenVPN Tunnels and Bridges
Simon
Matter
Tom
Eastep
2003
2004
2005
2006
Simon Mater
Thomas M. Eastep
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
GNU Free Documentation
License
.
This article applies to Shorewall 3.0 and
later and to OpenVPN 2.0 and later. If you are running a version of
Shorewall earlier than Shorewall 3.0.0 then please see the documentation
for that release.
OpenVPN is a robust and highly configurable VPN (Virtual Private
Network) daemon which can be used to securely link two or more private
networks using an encrypted tunnel over the internet. OpenVPN is an Open
Source project and is licensed under the
GPL. OpenVPN can be downloaded from http://openvpn.net/.
Unless there are interoperability issues (the remote systems do not
support OpenVPN), OpenVPN is my choice any time that I need a VPN.
It is widely supported -- I run it on both Linux and Windows
XP.
It requires no kernel patching.
It is very easy to configure.
It just works!
Preliminary Reading
I recommend reading the VPN
Basics article if you plan to implement any type of VPN.
Bridging two Masqueraded Networks
Suppose that we have the following situation:
![]()
We want systems in the 192.168.1.0/24 subnetwork to be able to
communicate with the systems in the 10.0.0.0/8 network. This is
accomplished through use of the
/etc/shorewall/tunnels file and the
/etc/shorewall/policy file and OpenVPN.
While it was possible to use the Shorewall start and stop script to
start and stop OpenVPN, I decided to use the init script of OpenVPN to
start and stop it.
On each firewall, you will need to declare a zone to represent the
remote subnet. We'll assume that this zone is called vpn
and declare it in /etc/shorewall/zones on both
systems as follows.
/etc/shorewall/zones — Systems A &
B
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN OUT
# OPTIONS OPTIONS
vpn ipv4
On system A, the 10.0.0.0/8 will comprise the vpn zone.
In /etc/shorewall/interfaces on system
A:
#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
vpn tun0
In /etc/shorewall/tunnels on system A, we need
the following:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn net 134.28.54.2
This entry in /etc/shorewall/tunnels opens the
firewall so that OpenVPN traffic on the default port 1194/udp will be
accepted to/from the remote gateway. If you change the port used by
OpenVPN to 7777, you can define /etc/shorewall/tunnels like this:
/etc/shorewall/tunnels with port 7777:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn:7777 net 134.28.54.2
Similarly, if you want to use TCP for your tunnel rather than UDP
(the default), then you can define /etc/shorewall/tunnels like
this:
/etc/shorewall/tunnels using TCP:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn:tcp net 134.28.54.2
Finally, if you want to use TCP and port 7777:
/etc/shorewall/tunnels using TCP port 7777:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn:tcp:7777 net 134.28.54.2
This is the OpenVPN config on system A:
dev tun
local 206.162.148.9
remote 134.28.54.2
ifconfig 192.168.99.1 192.168.99.2
route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.99.2
tls-server
dh dh1024.pem
ca ca.crt
cert my-a.crt
key my-a.key
comp-lzo
verb 5
Similarly, On system B the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet will comprise the
vpn zone
In /etc/shorewall/interfaces on system
B:
#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
vpn tun0
In /etc/shorewall/tunnels on system B, we
have:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn net 206.191.148.9
And in the OpenVPN config on system B:
dev tun
local 134.28.54.2
remote 206.162.148.9
ifconfig 192.168.99.2 192.168.99.1
route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.99.1
tls-client
ca ca.crt
cert my-b.crt
key my-b.key
comp-lzo
verb 5
You will need to allow traffic between the vpn
zone
and the loc
zone on both systems -- if you simply want to
admit all traffic in both directions, you can use the policy file:
/etc/shorewall/policy on systems A &
B
#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LEVEL
loc vpn ACCEPT
vpn loc ACCEPT
On both systems, restart Shorewall and start OpenVPN. The systems in
the two masqueraded subnetworks can now talk to each other.
Roadwarrior
OpenVPN 2.0 provides excellent support for roadwarriors. Consider
the setup in the following diagram:
![]()
On the gateway system (System A), we need a zone to represent the
remote clients — we'll call that zone road
.
/etc/shorewall/zones — System A:
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN OUT
# OPTIONS OPTIONS
road ipv4
On system A, the remote clients will comprise the road zone.
In /etc/shorewall/interfaces on system
A:
#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
road tun+
In /etc/shorewall/tunnels on system A, we need
the following:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn:1194 net 0.0.0.0/0
If you are running Shorewall 2.4.3 or later, you might prefer the
following in /etc/shorewall/tunnels on system A.
Specifying the tunnel type as openvpnserver has the advantage that the VPN
connection will still work if the client is behind a gateway/firewall that
uses NAT.
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY ZONE
openvpnserver:1194 net 0.0.0.0/0
We want the remote systems to have access to the local LAN — we do
that with an entry in /etc/shorewall/policy (assume
that the local LAN comprises the zone loc
).
#SOURCE DESTINATION POLICY
road loc ACCEPT
The OpenVPN configuration file on system A is something like the
following:
dev tun
server 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
dh dh1024.pem
ca /etc/certs/cacert.pem
crl-verify /etc/certs/crl.pem
cert /etc/certs/SystemA.pem
key /etc/certs/SystemA_key.pem
port 1194
comp-lzo
user nobody
group nogroup
ping 15
ping-restart 45
ping-timer-rem
persist-tun
persist-key
verb 3
Configuration on the remote clients follows a similar line. We
define a zone to represent the remote LAN:
/etc/shorewall/zones — System B:
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN OUT
# OPTIONS OPTIONS
home ipv4
On system A, the hosts accessible through the tunnel will comprise
the home zone.
In /etc/shorewall/interfaces on system
B:
#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
home tun0
In /etc/shorewall/tunnels on system B, we need
the following:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY ZONE
openvpn:1194 net 206.162.148.9
Again in you are running Shorewall 2.4.3 or later, in
/etc/shorewall/tunnels on system B you might
prefer:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY ZONE
openvpnclient:1194 net 206.162.148.9
We want the remote client to have access to the local LAN — we do
that with an entry in /etc/shorewall/policy.
#SOURCE DESTINATION POLICY
$FW home ACCEPT
The OpenVPN configuration on the remote clients is along the
following line:
dev tun
remote 206.162.148.9
up /etc/openvpn/home.up
tls-client
pull
ca /etc/certs/cacert.pem
cert /etc/certs/SystemB.pem
key /etc/certs/SystemB_key.pem
port 1194
user nobody
group nogroup
comp-lzo
ping 15
ping-restart 45
ping-timer-rem
persist-tun
persist-key
verb 3
If you want multiple remote clients to be able to communicate openly
with each other then you must:
Include the client-to-client
directive in the server's OpenVPN configuration; and
Specify the routeback option on
the tun+ device in /etc/shorewall/interfaces.
If you want to selectively allow communication between the clients,
then see this
article by Marc Zonzon
Securing a Home Wireless Network with OpenVPN (OpenVPN
Bridge)
This section will describe how we once secured our home wireless
network using OpenVPN. Our network as it was then
Our current network uses a similar technique -- see the Xen My Way article.
is as shown in the following diagram.
![]()
The Wireless network is in the lower right of the diagram and
consists of two laptops: Eastepnc6000 (Dual Boot Windows XP - SP1, SUSE
10.0) and Tipper (SUSE 10.0). We used OpenVPN to bridge those two laptops
with the local LAN shown in the lower left hand corner. The laptops were
configured with addresses in the 192.168.3.0/24 network connected to the
firewall's eth0 interface which
places them in the firewall's Wifi zone.
OpenVPN bridging allowed them to be assigned an additional IP address from
the 192.168.1.0/24 network and to be securely bridged to the LAN on the
lower left.
Eastepnc6000 is shown in both the local LAN and in the Wifi zone
with IP address 192.168.1.6 -- clearly, the computer could only be in
one place or the other. Tipper could also be in either place and would
have the IP address 192.168.1.8 regardless.
Configuring the Bridge
The firewall ran Debian Sarge so the bridge was defined in
/etc/network/interfaces.
# LAN interface
auto br0
iface br0 inet static
address 192.168.1.254
netmask 255.255.255.0
pre-up /usr/sbin/openvpn --mktun --dev tap0
pre-up /sbin/ip link set tap0 up
pre-up /sbin/ip link set eth3 up
pre-up /usr/sbin/brctl addbr br0
pre-up /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 eth3
pre-up /usr/sbin/brctl addif br0 tap0
pre-down /usr/sbin/brctl delif br0 eth3
pre-down /sbin/ip link set eth3 down
pre-down /usr/sbin/brctl delif br0 tap0
pre-down /sbin/ip link set tap0 down
post-down /usr/sbin/brctl delbr br0
post-down /usr/sbin/openvpn --rmtun --dev tap0
Note that the IP address assigned to the bridge is 192.168.1.254
-- that was the default gateway address for hosts in the local
zone.
Configuring OpenVPN
We used X.509 certificates for authentication.
Firewall (Server) configuration.
/etc/openvpn/server-bridge.conf defined a bridge and reserved IP
addresses 192.168.1.64-192.168.1.71 for VPN clients. Note that the
bridge server only used local IP address 192.168.3.254. We ran two
instances of OpenVPN; this one and a second tunnel-mode instance for
remote access.
dev tap0
local 192.168.3.254
server-bridge 192.168.1.254 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.71
client-to-client
dh dh1024.pem
ca /etc/certs/cacert.pem
crl-verify /etc/certs/crl.pem
cert /etc/certs/gateway.pem
key /etc/certs/gateway_key.pem
port 1194
comp-lzo
user nobody
group nogroup
keepalive 15 45
ping-timer-rem
persist-tun
persist-key
client-config-dir /etc/openvpn/bridge-clients
ccd-exclusive
verb 3
The files in /etc/openvpn/bridge-clients
were used to assign a fixed IP address to each laptop. For example,
tipper.shorewall.net:
ifconfig-push 192.168.1.8 255.255.255.0
Tipper Configuration
/etc/openvpn/wireless.conf:
dev tap
remote 192.168.3.254
tls-remote gateway.shorewall.net
client
redirect-gateway
ca /etc/certs/cacert.pem
cert /etc/certs/tipper.pem
key /etc/certs/tipper_key.pem
port 1194
comp-lzo
ping 15
ping-restart 45
ping-timer-rem
persist-tun
persist-key
mute-replay-warnings
verb 3
Eastepnc6000 (Windows XP) Configuration
C:\Program Files\Openvpn\config\homewireless.ovpn:
dev tap
remote 192.168.3.254
tls-remote gateway.shorewall.net
tls-client
pull
ca "/Program Files/OpenVPN/certs/cacert.pem"
cert "/Program Files/OpenVPN/certs/eastepnc6000.pem"
key "/Program Files/OpenVPN/certs/eastepnc6000_key.pem"
redirect-gateway
port 1194
comp-lzo
ping 15
ping-restart 45
ping-timer-rem
persist-tun
persist-key
verb 3
Eastepnc6000 (SUSE 10.0) Configuration
The configuration was the same as shown above only with
"/Program Files/OpenVPN" replaced with "/etc/openvpn" (I love
OpenVPN).
Ursa (Windows Vista) Configuration
In December 2007, I acquired a new laptop that runs Windows
Vista. After a frustrating effort, I managed to get it working. The
keys to getting it working were:
You must run a version of OpenVPN that is "Vista Ready" -- I
used Matias Sundman's combined OpenVPN 2.1_rc4/OpenVPN GUI 1.0.3
installer (see http://openvpn.se/).
OpenVPN GUI must be run as the Administrator. In the
Explorer, right click on the OpenVPN GUI binary and select
Properties->Compatibilty and select "Run this program as an
administrator".
If you encounter problems where everything looks correct but
it doesn't work, reboot and try it again.
Configuring Shorewall
In this configuration, we didn't need any firewalling between the
laptops and the local LAN so we set BRIDGING=No in shorewall.conf. The
configuration of the bridge then became as described in the Simple Bridge documentation. If you need
to control the traffic allowed through the VPN bridge then you will want
to configure Shorewall as shown in the Bridge/Firewall
documentation.
Firewall
/etc/shorewall/interfaces
Note that the bridge (br0) is defined as the interface to the
local zone and has the routeback
option.
#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
net eth2 206.124.146.255 dhcp,norfc1918,logmartians,blacklist,tcpflags,nosmurfs
loc br0 192.168.1.255 dhcp,routeback
dmz eth1 - logmartians
Wifi eth0 192.168.3.255 dhcp,maclist
#LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES BEFORE THIS ONE -- DO NOT REMOVE
/etc/shorewall/tunnels
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY
# ZONE
openvpnserver:1194 Wifi 192.168.3.0/24
#LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES BEFORE THIS ONE -- DO NOT REMOVE
Tipper
Wireless networks pose a threat to all systems that are
connected to them and we therefore ran Firewalls on the two Laptops.
Eastepnc6000 ran Sygate Security Agent and
Tipper ran a Shorewall-based Netfilter firewall.
/etc/shorewall/zones
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN OUT
# OPTIONS OPTIONS
lan ipv4 #Wired LAN at our home
net ipv4
#LAST LINE - ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS ONE - DO NOT REMOVE
/etc/shorewall/interfaces
#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
#
net eth0 detect routefilter,dhcp,tcpflags
lan tap0 192.168.1.255
#LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES BEFORE THIS ONE -- DO NOT REMOVE
/etc/shorewall/policy
Since we didn't expect any traffic between the net zone and the lan zone, we used NONE policies for that
traffic. If any such traffic would have occurred, it would have been
handled according to the all->all policy.
#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LIMIT:BURST
# LEVEL
fw net ACCEPT
fw lan ACCEPT
lan fw ACCEPT
net lan NONE
lan net NONE
net all DROP info
# The FOLLOWING POLICY MUST BE LAST
all all REJECT info
#LAST LINE -- DO NOT REMOVE