Tom Eastep and Mr Dash Four 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Thomas M. Eastep, 2013 Mr Dash Four Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. This document describes the Multi-ISP facility in Shorewall 4.4.26 and later. If you are running an earlier release, please see the documentation for that release. Reading just Shorewall documentation is probably not going to give you enough background to use this material. Shorewall may make iptables easy but the Shorewall team doesn't have the resources to be able to spoon-feed Linux policy routing to you (please remember that the user's manual for a tractor doesn't teach you to grow corn either). You will likely need to refer to the following additional information: The LARTC HOWTO: http://www.lartc.org Output of man ip Output of ip route help and ip rule help

Shorewall includes limited support for multiple Internet connections. Limitations of this support are as follows: It utilizes static routing configuration. If there is a change in the routing topopogy, Shorewall must be restarted. The routing changes are made and the route cache is purged when Shorewall is started and when Shorewall is restarted (unless you specify the "-n" option to shorewall restart). Ideally, restarting the packet filter should have no effect on routing. For most routing applications, Quagga is a better solution although it requires that your ISPs offer routing protocol support.

Let's assume that a firewall is connected via two separate Ethernet interfaces to two different ISPs. While we describe a setup using different ISPs in this article, the facility also works with two uplinks from the same ISP. as in the following diagram. eth0 connects to ISP1. The IP address of eth0 is 206.124.146.176 and the ISP's gateway router has IP address 206.124.146.254. eth1 connects to ISP 2. The IP address of eth1 is 130.252.99.27 and the ISP's gateway router has IP address 130.252.99.254. eth2 connects to the local LAN. Its IP configuration is not relevant to this discussion. Each of these providers is described in an entry in the file /etc/shorewall/providers. Entries in /etc/shorewall/providers can specify that outgoing connections are to be load-balanced between the two ISPs. Entries in /etc/shorewall/mangle and /etc/shorewall/rtrules can be used to direct particular outgoing connections to one ISP or the other. Use of /etc/shorewall/tcrules is not required for /etc/shorewall/providers to work, but in most cases, you must select a unique MARK value for each provider so Shorewall can set up the correct marking rules for you. /etc/shorewall/mangle superceded /etc/shorewall/tcrules in Shorewall 4.6.0. When you use the track option in /etc/shorewall/providers, connections from the Internet are automatically routed back out of the correct interface and through the correct ISP gateway. This works whether the connection is handled by the firewall itself or if it is routed or port-forwarded to a system behind the firewall. Shorewall will set up the routing and will update the /etc/iproute2/rt_tables to include the table names and numbers of the tables that it adds. This feature uses packet marking to control the routing. As a consequence, there are some restrictions concerning entries in /etc/shorewall/mangle: Packet marking for traffic control purposes may not be done in the PREROUTING table for connections involving providers with 'track' specified (see below). You may not use the SAVE or RESTORE options unless you also set HIGH_ROUTE_MARKS=Yes (PROVIDER_OFFSET > 0 with Shorewall 4.4.26 and later) in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf. You may not use connection marking unless you also set HIGH_ROUTE_MARKS=Yes (PROVIDER_OFFSET > 0 with Shorewall 4.4.26 and later) in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf. The /etc/shorewall/providers file can also be used in other routing scenarios. See the Squid documentation for an example.

Entries in this file have the following columns. As in all Shorewall configuration files, enter "-" in a column if you don't want to enter any value. NAME The provider name. Must begin with a letter and consist of letters and digits. The provider name becomes the name of the generated routing table for this provider. NUMBER A number between 1 and 252. This becomes the routing table number for the generated table for this provider. MARK A mark value used in your /etc/shorewall/mangle file to direct packets to this provider. Shorewall will also mark connections that have seen input from this provider with this value and will restore the packet mark in the PREROUTING CHAIN. Mark values must be in the range 1-255. Alternatively, you may set HIGH_ROUTE_MARKS=Yes (PROVIDER_OFFSET > 0 with Shorewall 4.4.26 and later) in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf. This allows you to: Use connection marks for traffic shaping, provided that you assign those marks in the FORWARD chain. Use mark values > 255 for provider marks in this column. With HIGH_ROUTE_MARKS=Yes (PROVIDER_OFFSET=8), these mark values must be a multiple of 256 in the range 256-65280 (hex equivalent 0x100 - 0xFF00 with the low-order 8 bits being zero); or Set WIDE_TC_MARKS=Yes in shorewall.conf (5) (PROVIDER_OFFSET=16), and use mark values in the range 0x10000 - 0xFF0000 with the low-order 16 bits being zero. This column may be omitted if you don´t use packet marking to direct connections to a particular provider. DUPLICATE Gives the name or number of a routing table to duplicate. May be 'main' or the name or number of a previously declared provider. This field should be be specified as '-' when USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes in shorewall.conf. When USE_DEFAULT_RT=No (not recommended), this column is normally specified as main. INTERFACE The name of the interface to the provider. Where multiple providers share the same interface, you must follow the name of the interface by a colon (":") and the IP address assigned by this provider (e.g., eth0:206.124.146.176). See below for additional considerations. The interface must have been previously defined in shorewall-interfaces (5). In general, that interface should not have the proxyarp option specified unless loose is given in the OPTIONS column of this entry. GATEWAY The IP address of the provider's Gateway router. You can enter detect here and Shorewall will attempt to automatically determine the gateway IP address. Hint: "detect" is appropriate for use in cases where the interface named in the INTERFACE column is dynamically configured via DHCP etc. Be sure, however, that you don't have stale dhcp client state files in /var/lib/dhcpcd or /var/lib/dhclient-*.lease because Shorewall may try to use those stale files to determine the gateway address. The GATEWAY may be omitted (enter '-') for point-to-point links. OPTIONS A comma-separated list from the following: track Beginning with Shorwall 4.3.3, track defaults to the setting of the TRACK_PROVIDERS option in shorewall.conf (5). To disable this option when you have specified TRACK_PROVIDERS=Yes, you must specify notrack (see below). If specified, connections FROM this interface are to be tracked so that responses may be routed back out this same interface. You want to specify 'track' if Internet hosts will be connecting to local servers through this provider. Any time that you specify 'track', you will normally want to also specify 'balance' (see below). 'track' will also ensure that outgoing connections remain stay anchored to a single provider and don't try to switch providers when route cache entries expire. Use of this feature requires that your kernel and iptables include CONNMARK target and connmark match support (Warning: Until recently, standard Debian and Ubuntu kernels lacked that support. Both Lenny and Jaunty do have the proper support). If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than 4.4.3 and are using /etc/shorewall/providers because you have multiple Internet connections, we recommend that you specify track even if you don't need it. It helps maintain long-term connections in which there are significant periods with no traffic. balance The providers that have balance specified will get outbound traffic load-balanced among them. Balancing will not be perfect, as it is route based, and routes are cached. This means that routes to often-used sites will always be over the same provider. By default, each provider is given the same weight (1) . You can change the weight of a given provider by following balance with "=" and the desired weight (e.g., balance=2). The weights reflect the relative bandwidth of the providers connections and should be small numbers since the kernel actually creates additional default routes for each weight increment. If you are using /etc/shorewall/providers because you have multiple Internet connections, we recommend that you specify balance even if you don't need it. You can still use entries in /etc/shorewall/mangle and /etc/shorewall/rtrules to force all traffic to one provider or another. If you don't heed this advice then please read and follow the advice in FAQ 57 and FAQ 58. loose Do not generate routing rules that force traffic whose source IP is an address of the INTERFACE to be routed to this provider. Useful for defining providers that are to be used only when the appropriate packet mark is applied. Shorewall makes no attempt to consolidate the routing rules added when loose is not specified. So, if you have multiple IP addresses on a provider interface, you may be able to replace the rules that Shorewall generates with one or two rules in /etc/shorewall/rtrules. In that case, you can specify loose to suppress Shorewall's rule generation. See the example below. notrack Added in Shorewall 4.4.3. This option turns off the track option. optional This option is deprecated in favor of the optional interface option. That option performs the same function. Shorewall will determine if this interface is up and has a configured IP address. If it is not, a warning is issued and this provider is not configured. optional is designed to detect interface states that will cause shorewall start or shorewall restart to fail; just because an interface is in a state that Shorewall can [re]start without error doesn't mean that traffic can actually be sent through the interface. You can supply an 'isusable' extension script to extend Shorewall's interface state detection. See also the Gateway Monitoring and Failover section below. src=source-address Specifies the source address to use when routing to this provider and none is known (the local client has bound to the 0 address). May not be specified when an address is given in the INTERFACE column. If this option is not used, Shorewall substitutes the primary IP address on the interface named in the INTERFACE column. mtu=number Specifies the MTU when forwarding through this provider. If not given, the MTU of the interface named in the INTERFACE column is assumed. fallback[=weight] Indicates that a default route through the provider should be added to the default routing table (table 253). If a weight is given, a balanced route is added with the weight of this provider equal to the specified weight. If the option is given without a weight, a separate default route is added through the provider's gateway; the route has a metric equal to the provider's NUMBER. Prior to Shorewall 4.4.24, the option is ignored with a warning message if USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes in shorewall.conf. If you set this option on an interface, you must disable route filtering on the interface. Include 'routefilter=0,logmartions=0' in the OPTIONS column of shorewall-interfaces(5). For those of you who are confused between track and balance: track governs incoming connections (but is also useful for binding long-running connections to the same interface). balance governs outgoing connections. COPY A comma-separated list of other interfaces on your firewall. Wildcards specified using an asterisk ("*") are permitted (e.g., tun* ). Usually used only when DUPLICATE is main. Only copy routes through INTERFACE and through interfaces listed here. If you only wish to copy routes through INTERFACE, enter none in this column. Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.15, provider routing tables can be augmeted with additional routes through use of the /etc/shorewall/routes file.

Adding another entry in the providers file simply creates an alternate routing table for you (see the LARTC Howto). The table will usually contain two routes: A host route to the specified GATEWAY through the specified INTERFACE. A default route through the GATEWAY. Note that the first route is omitted if "-" is specified as the GATEWAY; in that case, the default route does not specify a gateway (point-to-point link). If the DUPLICATE column is non-empty, then routes from the table named in that column are copied into the new table. By default, all routes (except default routes) are copied. The set of routes copied can be restricted using the COPY column which lists the interfaces whose routes you want copied. You will generally want to include all local interfaces in this list. You should exclude the loopback interface (lo) and any interfaces that do not have an IP configuration. You should also omit interfaces like tun interfaces that are created dynamically. Traffic to networks handled by those interfaces should be routed through the main table using entries in /etc/shorewall/rtrules (see Example 2 below) or by using USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes. In addition: Unless loose is specified, an ip rule is generated for each IP address on the INTERFACE that routes traffic from that address through the associated routing table. If you specify track, then connections which have had at least one packet arrive on the interface listed in the INTERFACE column have their connection mark set to the value in the MARK column. In the PREROUTING chain, packets with a connection mark have their packet mark set to the value of the associated connection mark; packets marked in this way bypass any prerouting rules that you create in /etc/shorewall/mangle. This ensures that packets associated with connections from outside are always routed out of the correct interface. If you specify balance, then Shorewall will replace the 'default' route with weight 100 in the 'main' routing table with a load-balancing route among those gateways where balance was specified. So if you configure default routes, be sure that their weight is less than 100 or the route added by Shorewall will not be used. That's all that these entries do. You still have to follow the principle stated in the Shorewall Routing documentation: Routing determines where packets are to be sent. Once routing determines where the packet is to go, the firewall (Shorewall) determines if the packet is allowed to go there and controls rewriting of the SOURCE IP address (SNAT/MASQUERADE). The bottom line is that if you want traffic to go out through a particular provider then you must mark that traffic with the provider's MARK value in /etc/shorewall/mangle and you must do that marking in the PREROUTING chain; or, you must provide the appropriate rules in /etc/shorewall/rtrules.

Shorewall itself provides no mechanism for dealing with provider links that are in the up state but not responsive. If you want transparent failover when a link is unresponsive, you must configure all provider interfaces as optional (shorewall-interfaces(5)) then install and configure LSM. Shorewall-init provides for handling links that go hard down and are later brought back up.

If you masquerade a local network, you will need to add masquerade rules for both external interfaces. Referring to the diagram above, if each of the interfaces has only a single IP address and you have no systems with public IP addresses behind your firewall, then I suggest the following simple entries: #INTERFACE SOURCE ADDRESS eth0 0.0.0.0/0 206.124.146.176 eth1 0.0.0.0/0 130.252.99.27 If you have a public subnet (for example 206.124.146.176/30) behind your firewall, then use exclusion: #INTERFACE SOURCE ADDRESS eth0 !206.124.146.176/29 206.124.146.176 eth1 0.0.0.0/0 130.252.99.27 Note that exclusion is only used on the interface corresponding to internal subnetwork. If you have multiple IP addresses on one of your interfaces, you can use a similar technique -- simplY exclude the smallest network that contains all of those addresses from being masqueraded. Entries in /etc/shorewall/masq have no effect on which ISP a particular connection will be sent through. That is rather the purpose of entries in /etc/shorewall/mangle and /etc/shorewall/rtrules.

One problem that often arises with Multi-ISP configuration is 'Martians'. If your Internet interfaces are configured with the routefilter option in /etc/shorewall/interfaces (remember that if you set that option, you should also select logmartians), then things may not work correctly and you will see messages like this: Feb 9 17:23:45 gw.ilinx kernel: martian source 206.124.146.176 from 64.86.88.116, on dev eth1 Feb 9 17:23:45 gw.ilinx kernel: ll header: 00:a0:24:2a:1f:72:00:13:5f:07:97:05:08:00 The above message is somewhat awkwardly phrased. The source IP in this incoming packet was 64.86.88.116 and the destination IP address was 206.124.146.176. Another gotcha is that the incoming packet has already had the destination IP address changed for DNAT or because the original outgoing connection was altered by an entry in /etc/shorewall/masq (SNAT or Masquerade). So the destination IP address (206.124.146.176) may not have been the destination IP address in the packet as it was initially received. There a couple of common causes for these problems: You have connected both of your external interfaces to the same hub/switch. Connecting multiple firewall interfaces to a common hub or switch is always a bad idea that will result in hard-to-diagnose problems. You are specifying both the loose and balance options on your provider(s). This can cause individual connections to ping-pong back and forth between the interfaces which is almost guaranteed to cause problems. You are redirecting traffic from the firewall system out of one interface or the other using packet marking in your /etc/shorewall/mangle file. A better approach is to configure the application to use the appropriate local IP address (the IP address of the interface that you want the application to use). See below. If all else fails, remove the routefilter option from your external interfaces. If you do this, you may wish to add rules to log and drop packets from the Internet that have source addresses in your local networks. For example, if the local LAN in the above diagram is 192.168.1.0/24, then you would add this rule: #ACTION SOURCE DEST DROP:info net:192.168.1.0/24 all Be sure the above rule is added before any other rules with net in the SOURCE column.

This section describes the legacy method of configuring multiple uplinks. It is deprecated in favor of the USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes configuration described below. The configuration in the figure at the top of this section would be specified in /etc/shorewall/providers as follows. #NAME NUMBER MARK DUPLICATE INTERFACE GATEWAY OPTIONS COPY ISP1 1 1 main eth0 206.124.146.254 track,balance eth2 ISP2 2 2 main eth1 130.252.99.254 track,balance eth2 Other configuration files go something like this: /etc/shorewall/interfaces: #ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS net eth0 detect … net eth1 detect … /etc/shorewall/policy: #SOURCE DESTINATION POLICY LIMIT:BURST net net DROP /etc/shorewall/masq: #INTERFACE SOURCE ADDRESS eth0 0.0.0.0/0 206.124.146.176 eth1 0.0.0.0/0 130.252.99.27

This continues the example in the preceding section. Now suppose that you want to route all outgoing SMTP traffic from your local network through ISP 2. You would make this entry in /etc/shorewall/mangle (and if you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than 3.0.0, you would set TC_ENABLED=Yes in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf). #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT(S) CLIENT USER TEST # PORT(S) MARK(2):P <local network> 0.0.0.0/0 tcp 25 Note that traffic from the firewall itself must be handled in a different rule: #MARK SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT(S) CLIENT USER TEST # PORT(S) MARK(2) $FW 0.0.0.0/0 tcp 25

Shorewall provides considerable flexibility for port forwarding in a multi-ISP environment. Normal port forwarding rules such as the following will forward from both providers. /etc/shorewall/rules: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SOURCE ORIGINAL # PORTS(S) DEST DNAT net loc:192.168.1.3 tcp 25 Continuing the above example, to forward only connection requests from ISP 1, you can either: Qualify the SOURCE by ISP 1's interface: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SOURCE ORIGINAL # PORTS(S) DEST DNAT net:eth0 loc:192.168.1.3 tcp 25 or Specify the IP address of ISP 1 in the ORIGINAL DEST column: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SOURCE ORIGINAL # PORTS(S) DEST DNAT net loc:192.168.1.3 tcp 25 - 206.124.146.176

When there are more than two providers, you need to extend the two-provider case in the expected way: For each external address, you need an entry in /etc/shorewall/masq to handle the case where a connection using that address as the SOURCE is sent out of the interfaces other than the one that the address is configured on. For each external interface, you need to add an entry to /etc/shorewall/masq. If we extend the above example to add eth3 with IP address 16.105.78.4 with gateway 16.105.78.254, then: /etc/shorewall/providers:#NAME NUMBER MARK DUPLICATE INTERFACE GATEWAY OPTIONS COPY ISP1 1 1 main eth0 206.124.146.254 track,balance eth2 ISP2 2 2 main eth1 130.252.99.254 track,balance eth2 ISP3 3 3 main eth3 16.105.78.254 track,balance eth2 /etc/shorewall/masq:#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS eth0 0.0.0.0/0 206.124.146.176 eth1 0.0.0.0/0 130.252.99.27 eth3 0.0.0.0/0 16.105.78.4

As noted above, separate entries in /etc/shorewall/mangle are required for traffic originating from the firewall. Experience has shown that in some cases, problems occur with applications running on the firewall itself. This is especially true when you have specified routefilter on your external interfaces in /etc/shorewall/interfaces (see above). When this happens, it is suggested that you have the application use specific local IP addresses rather than 0. Examples: Squid: In squid.conf, set tcp_outgoing_address to the IP address of the interface that you want Squid to use. In OpenVPN, set local (--local on the command line) to the IP address that you want the server to receive connections on. Note that some traffic originating on the firewall doesn't have a SOURCE IP address before routing. At least one Shorewall user reports that an entry in /etc/shorewall/rtrules with 'lo' in the SOURCE column seems to be the most reliable way to direct such traffic to a particular ISP. Example: #SOURCE DEST PROVIDER PRIORITY lo - shorewall 1000

The rtrules file allows assigning certain traffic to a particular provider just as entries in the mangle file. The difference between the two files is that entries in rtrules are independent of Netfilter.

Routing rules are maintained by the Linux kernel and can be displayed using the ip rule ls command. When routing a packet, the rules are processed in turn until the packet is successfully routed. gateway:~ # ip rule ls 0: from all lookup local <=== Local (to the firewall) IP addresses 10001: from all fwmark 0x1 lookup Blarg <=== This and the next rule are generated by the 10002: from all fwmark 0x2 lookup Comcast 'MARK' values in /etc/shorewall/providers. 20000: from 206.124.146.176 lookup Blarg <=== This and the next rule are generated unless 20256: from 24.12.22.33 lookup Comcast 'loose' is specified; based in the output of 'ip addr ls' 32766: from all lookup main <=== This is the routing table shown by 'iproute -n' 32767: from all lookup default <=== This table is usually empty gateway:~ # In the above example, there are two providers: Blarg and Comcast with MARK 1 going to Blarg and mark 2 going to Comcast.

Columns in the file are: SOURCE (Optional) An ip address (network or host) that matches the source IP address in a packet. May also be specified as an interface name optionally followed by ":" and an address. If the device 'lo' is specified, the packet must originate from the firewall itself. DEST (Optional) An ip address (network or host) that matches the destination IP address in a packet. If you choose to omit either SOURCE or DEST, place "-" in that column. Note that you may not omit both SOURCE and DEST. PROVIDER The provider to route the traffic through. May be expressed either as the provider name or the provider number. PRIORITY The rule's priority which determines the order in which the rules are processed. 1000-1999 Before Shorewall-generated 'MARK' rules 11000- 11999 After 'MARK' rules but before Shorewall-generated rules for ISP interfaces. 26000-26999 After ISP interface rules but before 'default' rule. Rules with equal priority are applied in the order in which they appear in the file. MARK (Optional - added in Shorewall 4.4.25) Mark and optional mask in the form mark[/mask]. For this rule to be applied to a packet, the packet's mark value must match the mark when logically anded with the mask. If a mask is not supplied, Shorewall supplies a suitable provider mask.

For those VPN types that use routing to direct traffic to remote VPN clients (including but not limited to OpenVPN in routed mode and PPTP), the VPN software adds a host route to the main table for each VPN client. The best approach is to use USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes as described below. If that isn't possible, you must add a routing rule in the 1000-1999 range to specify the main table for traffic addressed to those clients. See Example 2 below. If you have an IPSEC gateway on your firewall, be sure to arrange for ESP packets to be routed out of the same interface that you have configured your keying daemon to use.

Example 1: You want all traffic entering the firewall on eth1 to be routed through Comcast. #SOURCE DEST PROVIDER PRIORITY eth1 - Comcast 1000 With this entry, the output of ip rule ls would be as follows. gateway:~ # ip rule ls 0: from all lookup local 1000: from all iif eth1 lookup Comcast 10001: from all fwmark 0x1 lookup Blarg 10002: from all fwmark 0x2 lookup Comcast 20000: from 206.124.146.176 lookup Blarg 20256: from 24.12.22.33 lookup Comcast 32766: from all lookup main 32767: from all lookup default gateway:~ #Note that because we used a priority of 1000, the test for eth1 is inserted before the fwmark tests. Example 2: You use OpenVPN (routed setup w/tunX) in combination with multiple providers. In this case you have to set up a rule to ensure that the OpenVPN traffic is routed back through the tunX interface(s) rather than through any of the providers. 10.8.0.0/24 is the subnet chosen in your OpenVPN configuration (server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0). #SOURCE DEST PROVIDER PRIORITY - 10.8.0.0/24 main 1000

Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.15, additional routes can be added to the provider routing tables using the /etc/shorewall/routes file. The columns in the file are as follows. PROVIDER The name or number of a provider defined in shorewall-providers (5). DEST Destination host address or network address. GATEWAY (Optional) If specified, gives the IP address of the gateway to the DEST. Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.14, you may specify blackhole in this column to create a blackhole route. When blackhole is specified, the DEVICE column must be empty. Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.15, you may specify prohibit or unreachable to create a prohibit or unreachable route respectively. Again, the DEVICE column must be empty. See the next section for additional information. DEVICE (Optional) Specifies the device route. If neither DEVICE nor GATEWAY is given, then the INTERFACE specified for the PROVIDER in shorewall-providers (5). Assume the following entry in /etc/shorewall/providers: #NAME NUMBER MARK DUPLICATE INTERFACE GATEWAY OPTIONS COPY Comcast 1 - xxx eth2 .... The following table gives some example entries in the file and the ip route command which results. #PROVIDER DEST GATEWAY DEVICE | Generated Command Comcast 172.20.1.0/24 - eth0 | ip -4 route add 172.20.1.0/24 dev eth0 table 1 Comcast 192.168.4.0/24 172.20.1.1 | ip -4 route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 172.20.1.1 table 1 Comcast 192.168.4.0/24 | ip -4 route add 192.168.4.0/24 dev eth2 table 1

Null routing is a type of routing which discards a given packet instead of directing it through a specific predefined route. Generally speaking, there are 3 different types of Null routing as indicated below: Unreachable routes When used, a request for a routing decision returns a destination with an unreachable route type, an ICMP unreachable is generated (icmp type 3) and returned to the source address. Example: ip route add unreachable 10.22.0.12 ip route add unreachable 192.168.14.0/26 ip route add unreachable 82.32.0.0/12 Unreachable routes are usually indicated by a dash ("-") in the "Iface" column when "route -n" is executed: ~# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.22.0.12 - 255.255.255.255 !H 0 - 0 - 192.168.14.0 - 255.255.255.192 ! 0 - 0 - 82.32.0.0 - 255.240.0.0 ! 0 - 0 - Prohibit routes Similar to "unreachable" routes above, when a request for a routing decision returns a destination with a prohibit route type, the kernel generates an ICMP prohibited to return to the source address. Example: ip route add prohibit 10.22.0.12 ip route add prohibit 192.168.14.0/26 ip route add prohibit 82.32.0.0/12 "Prohibit" type routes are also indicated by a dash in the "Iface" column as shown above. Blackhole routes The difference between this type of routing and the previous two listed above is that a packet matching a route with the route type blackhole is simply discarded (DROPed). No ICMP is sent and no packet is forwarded. Example: ip route add blackhole 10.22.0.12 ip route add blackhole 192.168.14.0/26 ip route add blackhole 82.32.0.0/12 Blackhole routes are usually indicated with a star ("*") in the "Iface" column: ~# route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.22.0.12 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 * 192.168.14.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.192 U 0 0 0 * 82.32.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.240.0.0 U 0 0 0 *

As of Shorewall 4.5.14, the only type of null routing implemented in Shorewall is "blackhole" routing. This can be specified in two different ways as described below. Null Routing with NULL_ROUTE_RFC1918 shorewall.conf configuration option. When NULL_ROUTE_RFC1918 is set to Yes, it causes Shorewall to null-route the IPv4 address ranges reserved by RFC1918 (private networks). When combined with route filtering (ROUTE_FILTER=Yes or routefilter in shorewall-interfaces(5)), this option ensures that packets with an RFC1918 source address are only accepted from interfaces having known routes to networks using such addresses. When this option is used, the blackhole routes for all RFC1918 subnets are defined for the "main" routing table only. These, however, can be copied over to different routing tables or further customised and fine-tuned to suit individual needs by using the "routes" file (see below). For example, by specifying NULL_ROUTE_RFC1918=Yes in shorewall.conf, Shorewall generates 3 different route statements to be executed at Shorewall startup: ip route replace blackhole 10.0.0.0/8 ip route replace blackhole 172.16.0.0/12 ip replace blackhole 192.168.0.0/16 When NULL_ROUTE_RFC1918=Yes is used, Shorewall creates a shell script file in ${VARDIR}/undo_rfc1918_routing to undo the null routing, if needed (see below as to some instances when this may be necessary). Null Routing Using Shorewall "routes" (added in Shorewall 4.5.14) By definition, entries in this file are used to define routes to be added to provider routing tables, including the default routing table (main). This option allows for a better control over what is defined as a null route in Shorewall and also allows for custom-defined subnets (in addition to RFC1918 type networks) to be added. Blackhole routes defined in this way need to include the word "blackhole" in the GATEWAY column and the DEVICE column must also be ommitted (see example below). Example of use (/etc/shorewall/routes): #PROVIDER DEST GATEWAY DEVICE main 10.0.0.0/8 blackhole dmz 82.32.0.0/12 blackhole dmz 192.168.14.0/26 blackhole The above generates the following 3 statements for execution upon Shorewall startup: ip route add blackhole 10.0.0.0/8 table main ip route add blackhole 82.32.0.0/12 table dmz ip route add blackhole 192.168.14.0/26 table dmz When blackhole routes are added to a provider (including 'main'), Shorewall creates a shell script file in ${VARDIR}/undo_provider_routing to undo the routing, if needed (see below as to some instances when this may be necessary). Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.15, Shorewall also supports "unreachable" and "prohibit" routing. The NULL_ROUTE_RFC1918 option may be set to "blackhole", "prohibit" or "unreachable" in addition to "Yes" and "No". Shorewall will create the three route statements using the specified type type. For compatibility with earlier releases, "Yes" is equivalent to "blackhole". For example, if NULL_ROUTE_RFC1918=prohibit, then the following three route statements will be executed at Shorewall startup: ip route replace prohibit 10.0.0.0/8 ip route replace prohibit 172.16.0.0/12 ip replace prohibit 192.168.0.0/16 The words "prohibit" and "unreachable" may be placed in the GATEWAY column of /etc/shorewall/routes. The DEVICE column must be omitted. Example of use (/etc/shorewall/routes): #PROVIDER DEST GATEWAY DEVICE main 10.0.0.0/8 unreachable dmz 82.32.0.0/12 unreachable dmz 192.168.14.0/26 unreachable The above generates the following 3 statements for execution upon Shorewall startup: ip route add unreachable 10.0.0.0/8 table main ip route add unreachable 82.32.0.0/12 table dmz ip route add unreachable 192.168.14.0/26 table dmz When prohibit or unreachable routes are added to a provider (including 'main'), Shorewall creates a shell script file in ${VARDIR}/undo_provider_routing to undo the routing, if needed (see below as to some instances when this may be necessary).

In order to create "pinhole" in a particular blackhole route, at least one route needs to be defined in addition to the null route. Lets take the following example: We need to null-route all addresses from the 10.0.0.0/8 range, except 10.1.0.0/24. In such a case we need to define two routes in our "routes" file (assuming the default "main" routing table is used and also assuming that 10.1.0.0/24 is routed via the default gateway on eth0 and we need to use 'blackhole' type null routing). /etc/shorewall/routes: #PROVIDER DEST GATEWAY DEVICE main 10.0.0.0/8 blackhole main 10.1.0.0/24 - eth0 The above will generate 2 statements for execution when Shorewall starts: ip route replace blackhole 10.0.0.0/8 table main ip route replace 10.1.0.0/24 table main The order in which the two routes above are defined in "routes" is not important, simply because, by definition, routes with lower mask value are always traversed first. In that way, packets originating from or destined to 10.1.0.0/24 will always be processed before the 10.0.0.0/8 blackhole route. Null routes, by their definition, are not attached to any network device. What this means in reality is that when the status of a particular device changes (either going up or down), that has absolutely no effect on the null routes defined (as already indicated, these are "static" and can only be removed by executing "ip route del" or by executing the relevant ${VARDIR}/undo_*_routing shell script). The ${VARDIR}/undo_*_routing scripts generated by Shorewall 4.5.14 and earlier cannot be executed directly from the shell without first sourcing ${SHAREDIR}/shorewall/functions. Example: . /usr/share/shorewall/functions . /var/lib/shorewall/undo_x_routing This sometimes may lead to undesirable side effect: when a network interface goes down (even temporarily), then all routes defined or attached to that interface are simply deleted from the routing table by the kernel, while the blackhole routes are untouched. Lets take our example above: when eth0 goes down, then the route we defined in "routes" for our private subnet (10.1.0.0/24) will be deleted from the routing table. As soon as eth0 goes back up again, unless the route for our private 10.1.0.0/24 subnet is defined again, all packets originating from or destined to 10.1.0.0/24 will simply be dropped by the kernel! An indication of this type of behaviour is getting endless "martian" packets reported in the system log, like so: IPv4: martian source 10.1.0.7 from 10.1.0.1, on dev eth0 There are currently two possible solutions to this particular problem: Add all network-interface dependent routes (the ones which are deleted when that interface goes down) to your distribution's network configuration system. On Redhat and derivatives, that would be /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-X (where "X" is the name of the interface in question). On Debian and derivatives, it is /etc/network/interfaces. That way, when the network device goes back up again, the Linux OS will add these routes "automatically". Using our example above - to add a route to 10.1.0.0/24 using the default gateway on eth0 and also using the main routing table, the following needs to be added to /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-eth0 (Redhat and derivatives): 10.1.0.0/24 dev eth0 table main On Debian and derivatives (in the eth0 stanza of /etc/network/interfaces): iface eth0 ... ... post-up ip route add 10.1.0.0/24 dev eth0 table main A more elegant solution is, in addition to the "standard" shorewall package (shorewall-lite, shorewall, etc), to add shorewall-init to take care of this automatically. With this approach, when the network interface is brought back up, the OS passes control to /sbin/ifup-local, which forms part of the shorewall-init package, and that script, in turn, executes the appropriate command to reload the network device settings in the already-compiled ${VARDIR}/firewall file. When shorewall-init is used, all configuration settings (routes, interface options etc) are kept in one place and do not have to be defined separately (via /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-X for example), which eases maintenance efforts quite considerably.

To look at the various routing tables, you must use the ip utility. To see the entire routing configuration (including rules), the command is shorewall show routing. To look at an individual provider's table use ip route ls table provider where provider can be either the provider name or number. Example: lillycat:- #ip route ls 144.77.167.142 dev ppp0 proto kernel scope link src 144.177.121.199 71.190.227.208 dev ppp1 proto kernel scope link src 71.24.88.151 192.168.7.254 dev eth1 scope link src 192.168.7.1 192.168.7.253 dev eth1 scope link src 192.168.7.1 192.168.7.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.7.1 192.168.5.0/24 via 192.168.4.2 dev eth0 192.168.4.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.4.223 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.4.222 dev eth0 default nexthop dev ppp1 weight 2 nexthop dev ppp0 weight 1 lillycat: #ip route ls table 1 144.77.167.142 dev ppp0 proto kernel scope link src 144.177.121.199 192.168.5.0/24 via 192.168.4.2 dev eth0 192.168.4.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.4.223 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.4.222 dev eth0 default dev ppp0 scope link lillycat: #

USE_DEFAULT_RT is an option in shorewall.conf (5). One of the drawbacks of the Multi-ISP support as described in the preceding sections is that changes to the main table made by applications are not added to the individual provider tables. This makes route rules such as described in one of the examples above necessary. USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes works around that problem by passing packets through the main table first rather than last. This has a number of implications: Both the DUPLICATE and the COPY columns in the providers file must remain empty or contain "-". The individual provider routing tables generated when USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes contain only a host route to the gateway and a default route via the gateway. The balance option is assumed for all interfaces that do not have the loose option. When you want both balance and loose, both must be specified. The default route generated by Shorewall is added to the default routing table (253) rather than to the main routing table (254). Packets are sent through the main routing table by a routing rule with priority 999. The priority range 1-998 may be used for inserting rules that bypass the main table. You should disable all default route management outside of Shorewall. If a default route is inadvertently added to the main table while Shorewall is started, then all policy routing will stop working except for those routing rules in the priority range 1-998. For ppp interfaces, the GATEWAY may remain unspecified ("-"). For those interfaces managed by dhcpcd or dhclient, you may specify 'detect' in the GATEWAY column; Shorewall will use the dhcp client's database to determine the gateway IP address. All other interfaces must have a GATEWAY specified explicitly. The configuration in the figure at the top of this section would be specified in /etc/shorewall/providers as follows. #NAME NUMBER MARK DUPLICATE INTERFACE GATEWAY OPTIONS COPY ISP1 1 1 - eth0 206.124.146.254 track - ISP2 2 2 - eth1 130.252.99.254 track - The remainder of the example is the same. Although 'balance' is automatically assumed when USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes, you can easily cause all traffic to use one provider except when you explicitly direct it to use the other provider via shorewall-rtrules (5) or shorewall-mangle (5). Example (send all traffic through the 'shorewall' provider unless otherwise directed). /etc/shorewall/providers:#NAME NUMBER MARK DUPLICATE INTERFACE GATEWAY OPTIONS linksys 1 1 - wlan0 172.20.1.1 track,balance=1,optional shorewall 2 2 - eth0 192.168.1.254 track,balance=2,optional/etc/shorewall/rtrules:#SOURCE DEST PROVIDER PRIORITY - - shorewall 11999 Tuomo Soini describes the following issue when using USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes. He has a /27 network (let.s call it 70.90.191.0/27) from his primary ISP and his secondary ISP supplies him with a dynamic IP address on the 91.156.0.0/19 network. From the output of shorewall show routing: 999: from all lookup main 10000: from all fwmark 0x100 lookup ISP1 10001: from all fwmark 0x200 lookup ISP2 Note that the main routing table is consulted prior to the marks for his two provlders. When clients in the large /19 network connected to his /27 (through ISP1), the responses were routed out of the ISP2 interface because the main routing table included a route to the /19. The solution was to add an additional entry to rtrules: #SOURCE DEST PROVIDER PRIORITY 70.90.191.0/27 91.156.0.0/19 ISP1 900 With this additional entry, the routing rules are as below and traffic from the /27 is returned via ISP1. 900: from 70.90.191.0/27 to 91.156.0.0/19 lookup ISP1 999: from all lookup main 10000: from all fwmark 0x100 lookup ISP1 10001: from all fwmark 0x200 lookup ISP2

When USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes, you don't want your DHCP client inserting a default route into the main routing table.

In this Debian-specific example, eth0 is managed by dhcpcd. /etc/default/dhcpcd: # Config file for dhcpcd. Note that you have to edit the interface # name below, or duplicate the configuration for different interfaces. # If you are editing this file just to get DNS servers set by DHCP, # then you should consider installing the resolvconf package instead. case ${INTERFACE} in eth0) # Uncomment this to allow dhcpcd to set the DNS servers in /etc/resolv.conf # If you are using resolvconf then you can leave this commented out. #SET_DNS='yes' # Uncomment this to allow dhcpcd to set hostname of the host to the # hostname option supplied by DHCP server. #SET_HOSTNAME='yes' # Uncomment this to allow dhcpcd to set the NTP servers in /etc/ntp.conf #SET_NTP='yes' # Uncomment this to allow dhcpcd to set the YP servers in /etc/yp.conf #SET_YP='yes' # Add other options here, see man 8 dhcpcd-bin for details. OPTIONS=(--nogateway --nodns --nontp --script /etc/shorewall/dhcpcd.sh) ;; # Add other interfaces here *) ;; esac /etc/shorewall/start: cat <<EOF > /var/lib/shorewall/eth0.info ETH0_GATEWAY=$SW_ETH0_GATEWAY ETH0_ADDRESS=$SW_ETH0_ADDRESS EOF /etc/shorewall/dhcpd.sh: #!/bin/sh if [ $2 != down ]; then if [ -f /var/lib/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-eth0.info ]; then . /var/lib/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-eth0.info else logger -p daemon.err "/var/lib/dhcpcd/dhcpcd-eth0.info does not exist!" exit 1 fi logger -p daemon.info "DHCP-assigned address/gateway for eth0 is $IPADDR/$GATEWAYS" [ -f /var/lib/shorewall/eth0.info ] && . /var/lib/shorewall/eth0.info if [ "$GATEWAYS" != "$ETH0_GATEWAY" -o "$IPADDR" != "$ETH0_ADDRESS" ]; then logger -p daemon.info "eth0 IP configuration changed - restarting lsm and Shorewall" killall lsm /sbin/shorewall restart fi fi A couple of things to notice about /etc/shorewall/dhcpcd.sh: It is hard-coded for eth0 It assumes the use of LSM; If you aren't using lSM, you can change the log message and remove the 'killall lsm' It restarts Shorewall if the current IPv4 address of eth0 and the gateway through eth0 are not the same as they were when Shorewall was last started.

On Redhat-based systems, specify DEFROUTE=No in the device's ifcfg file. /etc/sysconfig/networking/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth2: BOOTPROTO=dhcp PERSISTENT_DHCLIENT=yes PEERDNS=no PEERNTP=no DEFROUTE=no DHCLIENTARGS="-nc" DEVICE=eth2 ONBOOT=yes

On these systems, set DHCLIENT_SET_DEFAULT_ROUTE=No in the device's ifcfg file.

Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.0, an alternative to the balance=weight option in shorewall-providers (5) is available in the form of a PROBABILITY column in shorewall-mangle(5) (shorewall-tcrules) (5). This feature requires the Statistic Match capability in your iptables and kernel. This method works when there are multiple links to the same ISP where both links have the same default gateway. The key features of this method are: Providers to be balanced are given a load factor using the load= option in shorewall-providers (5). A load factor is a number in the range 0 < number <= 1 and specifies the probability that any particular new connection will be assigned to the associated provider. When one of the interfaces is disabled or enabled, the load factors of the currently-available interfaces are adjusted so that the sum of these remaining load factors totals to the sum of all interfaces that specify load=. Here's an example that sends 1/3 of the connections through provider ComcastC and the rest through ComastB. /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf: MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN=No ... USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes ... TC_BITS=0 PROVIDER_BITS=2 PROVIDER_OFFSET=16 MASK_BITS=8 ZONE_BITS=4 PROVIDER_OFFSET=16 and ZONE_BITS=4 means that the provider mask will be 0xf0000. /etc/shorewall/providers: #NAME NUMBER MARK DUPLICATE INTERFACE GATEWAY OPTIONS ComcastB 1 - - eth1 70.90.191.126 loose,balance,load=0.66666667 ComcastC 2 - - eth0 detect loose,fallback,load=0.33333333 The loose option is specified so that the compiler will not generate and rules based on interface IP addresses. That way we have complete control over the priority of such rules through entries in the rtrules file. /etc/shorewall/rtrules: #SOURCE DEST PROVIDER PRIORITY 70.90.191.120/29 - ComcastB 1000 &eth0 - ComcastC 1000 This example assumes that eth0 has a dynamic address, so &eth0 is used in the SOURCE column. That will cause the first IP address of eth0 to be substituted when the firewall is started/restarted. Priority = 1000 means that these rules will come before rules that select a provider based on marks.

There is an option (LSM) available for monitoring the status of provider links and taking action when a failure occurs. LSM assumes that each provider has a unique nexthop gateway. You specify the optional option in /etc/shorewall/interfaces: #ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS net eth0 detect optional net eth1 detect optional

Link Status Monitor was written by Mika Ilmaranta <ilmis at nullnet.fi> and performs more sophisticated monitoring than the simple SWPING script that preceded it. If you have installed Shorewall-init, you should disable its ifup/ifdown/NetworkManager integration (set IFUPDOWN=0 in the Shorewall-init configuration file) before installing LSM. Like many Open Source products, LSM is poorly documented. It's main configuration file is normally kept in /etc/lsm/lsm.conf, but the file's name is passed as an argument to the lsm program so you can name it anything you want. The sample lsm.conf included with the product shows some of the possibilities for configuration. One feature that is not mentioned in the sample is that an "include" directive is supported. This allows additional files to be sourced in from the main configuration file. LSM monitors the status of the links defined in its configuration file and runs a user-provided script when the status of a link changes. The script name is specified in the eventscript option in the configuration file. Key arguments to the script are as follows: $1 The state of the link ('up' or 'down') $2 The name of the connection as specified in the configuration file. $4 The name of the network interface associated with the connection. $5 The email address of the person specified to receive notifications. Specified in the warn_email option in the configuration file. It is the responsibility of the script to perform any action needed in reaction to the connection state change. The default script supplied with LSM composes an email and sends it to $5. I personally use LSM here at shorewall.net (configuration is described below). I have set things up so that: Shorewall [re]starts lsm during processing of the start and restore commands. I don't have Shorewall restart lsm during Shorewall restart because I restart Shorewall much more often than the average user is likely to do. Shorewall starts lsm because I have a dynamic IP address from one of my providers (Comcast); Shorewall detects the default gateway to that provider and creates a secondary configuration file (/etc/lsm/shorewall.conf) that contains the link configurations. That file is included by /etc/lsm/lsm.conf. The script run by LSM during state change (/etc/lsm/script) writes a ${VARDIR}/xxx.status file when the status of an interface changes. Those files are read by the isusable extension script (see below). Below are my relevant configuration files. These files only work with Shorewall-perl 4.4 Beta 2 and later. /etc/shorewall/isusable: local status=0 # # Read the status file (if any) created by /etc/lsm/script # [ -f ${VARDIR}/${1}.status ] && status=$(cat ${VARDIR}/${1}.status) return $status /etc/shorewall/lib.private: ############################################################################### # Create /etc/lsm/shorewall.conf # Remove the current interface status files # Start lsm ############################################################################### start_lsm() { # # Kill any existing lsm process(es) # killall lsm 2> /dev/null # # Create the Shorewall-specific part of the LSM configuration. This file is # included by /etc/lsm/lsm.conf # # Avvanta has a static gateway while Comcast's is dynamic # cat <<EOF > /etc/lsm/shorewall.conf connection { name=Avvanta checkip=206.124.146.254 device=$EXT_IF ttl=2 } connection { name=Comcast checkip=${SW_ETH0_GATEWAY:-71.231.152.1} device=$COM_IF ttl=1 } EOF # # Since LSM assumes that interfaces start in the 'up' state, remove any # existing status files that might have an interface in the down state # rm -f /var/lib/shorewall/*.status # # Run LSM -- by default, it forks into the background # /usr/sbin/lsm /etc/lsm/lsm.conf >> /var/log/lsm } eth0 has a dynamic IP address so I need to use the Shorewall-detected gateway address ($SW_ETH1_GATEWAY). I supply a default value to be used in the event that detection fails. In Shorewall 4.4.7 and earlier, the variable name is ETH1_GATEWAY. /etc/shorewall/started: ################################################################################## # [re]start lsm if this is a 'start' command or if lsm isn't running ################################################################################## if [ "$COMMAND" = start -o -z "$(ps ax | grep 'lsm ' | grep -v 'grep ' )" ]; then start_lsm fi /etc/shorewall/restored: ################################################################################## # Start lsm if it isn't running ################################################################################## if [ -z "$(ps ax | grep 'lsm ' | grep -v 'grep ' )" ]; then start_lsm fi /etc/lsm/lsm.conf: # # Defaults for the connection entries # defaults { name=defaults checkip=127.0.0.1 eventscript=/etc/lsm/script max_packet_loss=20 max_successive_pkts_lost=7 min_packet_loss=5 min_successive_pkts_rcvd=10 interval_ms=2000 timeout_ms=2000 warn_email=you@yourdomain.com check_arp=0 sourceip= ttl=0 } include /etc/lsm/shorewall.conf /etc/lsm/script#!/bin/sh # # (C) 2009 Mika Ilmaranta <ilmis@nullnet.fi> # (C) 2009 Tom Eastep <teastep@shorewall.net> # # License: GPLv2 # STATE=${1} NAME=${2} CHECKIP=${3} DEVICE=${4} WARN_EMAIL=${5} REPLIED=${6} WAITING=${7} TIMEOUT=${8} REPLY_LATE=${9} CONS_RCVD=${10} CONS_WAIT=${11} CONS_MISS=${12} AVG_RTT=${13} if [ -f /usr/share/shorewall-lite/lib.base ]; then VARDIR=/var/lib/shorewall-lite STATEDIR=/etc/shorewall-lite TOOL=/sbin/shorewall-lite else VARDIR=/var/lib/shorewall STATEDIR=/etc/shorewall TOOL=/sbin/shorewall fi [ -f ${STATEDIR}/vardir ] && . ${STATEDIR}/vardir cat <<EOM | mail -s "${NAME} ${STATE}, DEV ${DEVICE}" ${WARN_EMAIL} Hi, Connection ${NAME} is now ${STATE}. Following parameters were passed: newstate = ${STATE} name = ${NAME} checkip = ${CHECKIP} device = ${DEVICE} warn_email = ${WARN_EMAIL} Packet counters: replied = ${REPLIED} packets replied waiting = ${WAITING} packets waiting for reply timeout = ${TIMEOUT} packets that have timed out (= packet loss) reply_late = ${REPLY_LATE} packets that received a reply after timeout cons_rcvd = ${CONS_RCVD} consecutively received replies in sequence cons_wait = ${CONS_WAIT} consecutive packets waiting for reply cons_miss = ${CONS_MISS} consecutive packets that have timed out avg_rtt = ${AVG_RTT} average rtt, notice that waiting and timed out packets have rtt = 0 when calculating this Your LSM Daemon EOM # Uncomment the next two lines if you are running Shorewall 4.4.x or earlier # [ ${STATE} = up ] && state=0 || state=1 # echo $state > ${VARDIR}/${DEVICE}.status $TOOL restart -f >> /var/log/lsm 2>&1 $TOOL show routing >> /var/log/lsm exit 0 #EOFBeginning with Shorewall 4.4.23, it is not necessary to restart the firewall when an interface transitions between the usable and unusable states./etc/lsm/script#!/bin/sh # # (C) 2009 Mika Ilmaranta <ilmis@nullnet.fi> # (C) 2009 Tom Eastep <teastep@shorewall.net> # # License: GPLv2 # STATE=${1} NAME=${2} CHECKIP=${3} DEVICE=${4} WARN_EMAIL=${5} REPLIED=${6} WAITING=${7} TIMEOUT=${8} REPLY_LATE=${9} CONS_RCVD=${10} CONS_WAIT=${11} CONS_MISS=${12} AVG_RTT=${13} if [ -f /usr/share/shorewall-lite/lib.base ]; then VARDIR=/var/lib/shorewall-lite STATEDIR=/etc/shorewall-lite TOOL=/sbin/shorewall-lite else VARDIR=/var/lib/shorewall STATEDIR=/etc/shorewall TOOL=/sbin/shorewall fi [ -f ${STATEDIR}/vardir ] && . ${STATEDIR}/vardir cat <<EOM | mail -s "${NAME} ${STATE}, DEV ${DEVICE}" ${WARN_EMAIL} Hi, Connection ${NAME} is now ${STATE}. Following parameters were passed: newstate = ${STATE} name = ${NAME} checkip = ${CHECKIP} device = ${DEVICE} warn_email = ${WARN_EMAIL} Packet counters: replied = ${REPLIED} packets replied waiting = ${WAITING} packets waiting for reply timeout = ${TIMEOUT} packets that have timed out (= packet loss) reply_late = ${REPLY_LATE} packets that received a reply after timeout cons_rcvd = ${CONS_RCVD} consecutively received replies in sequence cons_wait = ${CONS_WAIT} consecutive packets waiting for reply cons_miss = ${CONS_MISS} consecutive packets that have timed out avg_rtt = ${AVG_RTT} average rtt, notice that waiting and timed out packets have rtt = 0 when calculating this Your LSM Daemon EOM if [ ${STATE} = up ]; then # echo 0 > ${VARDIR}/${DEVICE}.status # Uncomment this line if you are running Shorewall 4.4.x or earlier ${VARDIR}/firewall enable ${DEVICE} else # echo 1 > ${VARDIR}/${DEVICE}.status # Uncomment this line if you are running Shorewall 4.4.x or earlier ${VARDIR}/firewall disable ${DEVICE} fi $TOOL show routing >> /var/log/lsm exit 0 #EOF

Shared interface support has the following characteristics: Only Ethernet (or Ethernet-like) interfaces can be used. For inbound traffic, the MAC addresses of the gateway routers are used to determine which provider a packet was received through. Note that only routed traffic can be categorized using this technique. You must specify the address on the interface that corresponds to a particular provider in the INTERFACE column by following the interface name with a colon (":") and the address. Entries in /etc/shorewall/masq must be qualified by the provider name (or number). This feature requires Realm Match support in your kernel and iptables. You must add rtrules entries for networks that are accessed through a particular provider. If you have additional IP addresses through either provider, you must add rtrules to direct traffic FROM each of those addresses through the appropriate provider. You must manually add MARK rules for traffic known to come from each provider. You must specify a gateway IP address in the GATEWAY column of /etc/shorewall/providers; detect is not permitted. Taken together, b. and h. effectively preclude using this technique with dynamic IP addresses. Example: This is our home network circa fall 2008. We have two Internet providers: Comcast -- Cable modem with one dynamic IP address. Avvanta -- ADSL with 5 static IP addresses. Because the old Compaq Presario that I use for a firewall only has three PCI slots and no onboard Ethernet, it doesn't have enough Ethernet controllers to support both providers. So I use a Linksys WRT300n pre-N router as a gateway to Comcast. Note that because the Comcast IP address is dynamic, I could not share a single firewall interface between the two providers directly. On my personal laptop (ursa), I have 9 virtual machines running various Linux distributions. It is the Shorewall configuration on ursa that I will describe here. Below is a diagram of our network: The local wired network in my office is connected to both gateways and uses the private (RFC 1918) network 172.20.1.0/24. The Comcast gateway has local IP address 172.20.1.1 while the Avvanta gateway has local IP address 172.20.1.254. Ursa's eth0 interface has a single IP address (172.20.1.130). This configuration uses USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes in shorewall.conf (see above). Here is the providers file: #NAME NUMBER MARK DUPLICATE INTERFACE GATEWAY OPTIONS COPY comcast 1 1 - eth0:172.20.1.130 172.20.1.1 track,loose,balance,optional avvanta 2 2 - eth0:172.20.1.130 172.20.1.254 track,optional,loose wireless 3 3 - wlan0 172.20.1.1 track,optional Several things to note: 172.20.1.130 is specified as the eth0 IP address for both providers. Both wired providers have the loose option. This prevents Shorewall from automatically generating routing rules based on the source IP address. Only comcast has the balance option. With USE_DEFAULT_RT=yes, that means that comcast will be the default provider. While balance is the default, with USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes, it must be specified explicitly when loose is also specified. I always disable the wireless interface when the laptop is connected to the wired network. I use a different Shorewall configuration when I take the laptop on the road. Here is the rtrules file:#SOURCE DEST PROVIDER PRIORITY - 206.124.146.176/31 avvanta 1000 - 206.124.146.178/31 avvanta 1000 - 206.124.146.180/32 avvanta 1000 Those rules direct traffic to the five static Avvanta IP addresses (only two are currently used) through the avvanta provider. Here is the mangle file (MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN=No in shorewall.conf):#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST SOURCE USER TEST LENGTH TOS CONNBYTES HELPER # PORT(S) PORT(S) MARK(2) $FW 0.0.0.0/0 tcp 21 MARK(2) $FW 0.0.0.0/0 tcp - - - - - - - ftp MARK(2) $FW 0.0.0.0/0 tcp 119 Here are the equivalent tcrules entries: #MARK SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT(S) CLIENT USER TEST LENGTH TOS CONNBYTES HELPER # PORT(S) 2 $FW 0.0.0.0/0 tcp 21 2 $FW 0.0.0.0/0 tcp - - - - - - - ftp 2 $FW 0.0.0.0/0 tcp 119 These rules: Use avvanta for FTP. Use avvanta for NTTP The remaining files are for a rather standard two-interface config with a bridge as the local interface. zones:#ZONE IPSEC OPTIONS IN OUT # ONLY OPTIONS OPTIONS fw firewall net ipv4 kvm ipv4policy:net net NONE fw net ACCEPT fw kvm ACCEPT kvm all ACCEPT net all DROP info all all REJECT info interfaces:#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS GATEWAY # net eth0 detect dhcp,tcpflags,routefilter,blacklist,logmartians,optional,arp_ignore net wlan0 detect dhcp,tcpflags,routefilter,blacklist,logmartians,optional kvm br0 detect routeback #Virtual Machines wlan0 is the wireless adapter in the notebook. Used when the laptop is in our home but not connected to the wired network. masq:#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS PROTO PORT(S) IPSEC eth0 192.168.0.0/24 wlan0 192.168.0.0/24 Because the firewall has only a single external IP address, I don't need to specify the providers in the masq rules.

This section describes the network at shorewall.net in late 2013. The configuration is as follows: Two providers: ComcastC -- A consumer-grade Comcast cable line with a dynamic IP address. ComcastB -- A Comcast Business-class line with 5 static IP addresses. A local network consisting of wired and wireless client systems. A wireless-N router is used as an access point for the wireless hosts. A DMZ hosting a two servers (one has two public IP addresses - one for receiving email and one for sending) and a system dedicaed to running irssi (usually via IPv6) The network is pictured in the following diagram:

The Business Gateway manages a gigabit local network with address 10.0.1.1/24. So The firewall is given address 10.0.1.11/24 and the gateway is configured to route the public IP block via that address. The gateway's firewall is only enabled for the 10.0.1.0/24 network. Because the business network is faster and more reliable, the configuration favors sending local network traffic via that uplink rather than the consumer line. Here are the key entries in /etc/shorewall/params: LOG=NFLOG INT_IF=eth2 TUN_IF=tun+ COMB_IF=eth1 COMC_IF=eth0 STATISTICAL= PROXY= FALLBACK= PROXYDMZ= SQUID2= The last five variables are used to configure the firewall differently to exercise various Shorewall features. Their use requires Shorewall 4.5.2 or later. Here are the key entries in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf: ############################################################################### # F I R E W A L L O P T I O N S ############################################################################### ... ACCOUNTING_TABLE=mangle ... AUTOMAKE=Yes BLACKLISTNEWONLY=Yes ... EXPAND_POLICIES=No EXPORTMODULES=Yes FASTACCEPT=No .. KEEP_RT_TABLES=Yes #This is necessary when both IPv4 and IPv6 Multi-ISP are used LEGACY_FASTSTART=Yes LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY=Yes ... MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN=No MODULE_SUFFIX=ko MULTICAST=No MUTEX_TIMEOUT=60 NULL_ROUTE_RFC1918=Yes OPTIMIZE=31 OPTIMIZE_ACCOUNTING=No REQUIRE_INTERFACE=No RESTORE_DEFAULT_ROUTE=No RETAIN_ALIASES=No ROUTE_FILTER=No SAVE_IPSETS= TC_ENABLED=No TC_EXPERT=No TC_PRIOMAP="2 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2" TRACK_PROVIDERS=Yes USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes USE_PHYSICAL_NAMES=Yes ZONE2ZONE=- ################################################################################ # P A C K E T M A R K L A Y O U T ################################################################################ TC_BITS=8 PROVIDER_BITS=2 PROVIDER_OFFSET=16 MASK_BITS=8 ZONE_BITS=0 I use USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes and since there are only two providers, two provider bits are all that are required. Here is /etc/shorewall/zones: fw firewall loc ip #Local Zone net ip #Internet smc:net ip #10.0.1.0/24 vpn ip #OpenVPN clients dmz ip #LXC Containers /etc/shorewall/interfaces: #ZONE INTERFACE OPTIONS loc INT_IF dhcp,physical=$INT_IF,ignore=1,wait=5,routefilter,nets=172.20.1.0/24,routeback net COMB_IF optional,sourceroute=0,routefilter=0,arp_ignore=1,proxyarp=0,physical=$COMB_IF,upnp,nosmurfs,tcpflags net COMC_IF optional,sourceroute=0,routefilter=0,arp_ignore=1,proxyarp=0,physical=$COMC_IF,upnp,nosmurfs,tcpflags,dhcp vpn TUN_IF+ physical=tun+,ignore=1 dmz br0 routeback,proxyarp=1,required,wait=30 /etc/shorewall/hosts: #ZONE HOST(S) OPTIONS smc COMB_IF:10.1.10.0/24 smc COMC_IF:10.0.0.0/24 /etc/shorewall/providers: #NAME NUMBER MARK DUPLICATE INTERFACE GATEWAY OPTIONS COPY ?if $FALLBACK ComcastB 1 0x10000 - COMB_IF 70.90.191.126 loose,fallback ComcastC 2 0x20000 - COMC_IF detect loose,fallback ?elsif $STATISTICAL ComcastB 1 0x10000 - COMB_IF 70.90.191.126 loose,load=0.66666667 ComcastC 2 0x20000 - COMC_IF detect loose,load=0.33333333 ?else ComcastB 1 0x10000 - COMB_IF 70.90.191.126 loose,balance=2 ComcastC 2 0x20000 - COMC_IF detect loose,balance ?endif ?if $PROXY && ! $SQUID2 Squid 3 - - lo - tproxy ?endif Notice that in the current balance mode, as in the STATISTICAL mode, the business line is favored 2:1 over the consumer line. Here is /etc/shorewall/rtrules: #SOURCE DEST PROVIDER PRIORITY 70.90.191.121 - ComcastB 1000 70.90.191.123 - ComcastB 1000 &COMC_IF - ComcastC 1000 br0 - ComcastB 11000 172.20.1.191 - ComcastB 1000 For reference, this configuration generates these routing rules: root@gateway:~# ip rule ls 0: from all lookup local 1: from all fwmark 0x80000/0x80000 lookup TProxy 999: from all lookup main 1000: from 70.90.191.121 lookup ComcastB 1000: from 70.90.191.123 lookup ComcastB 1000: from 172.20.1.191 lookup ComcastB 1000: from 10.0.0.4 lookup ComcastC 10000: from all fwmark 0x10000/0x30000 lookup ComcastB 10001: from all fwmark 0x20000/0x30000 lookup ComcastC 11000: from all iif br0 lookup ComcastB 32765: from all lookup balance 32767: from all lookup default root@gateway:~# /etc/shorewall/mangle is not used to support Multi-ISP: #MARK SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST SOURCE # PORT(S) PORT(S) FORMAT 2 TTL(+1):P INT_IF - SAME:P INT_IF - tcp 80,443 ?if $PROXY && ! $SQUID2 DIVERT COMB_IF - tcp - 80 DIVERT COMC_IF - tcp - 80 DIVERT br0 172.20.1.0/24 tcp - 80 TPROXY(3129,172.20.1.254) INT_IF - tcp 80 ?if $PROXYDMZ TPROXY(3129,172.20.1.254) br0 - tcp 80 ?endif ?endif

The IPv6 configuration has two separate sub-nets, both services through 6in4 tunnels from Hurricane Electric. They are both configured through the Business IPv4 uplink. I originally had the sit2 tunnel configured through the consumer uplink but Comcast (Xfinity) decided to start blocking HE IPv6 tunnels on their consumer network, preferring their own 6to4 IPv6 solution. One HE tunnel handles the servers and one tunnel handles the local network. Here are the key entries in /etc/shorewall6/shorewall6.conf: ############################################################################### # F I R E W A L L O P T I O N S ############################################################################### ... FASTACCEPT=No FORWARD_CLEAR_MARK=Yes IMPLICIT_CONTINUE=No IP_FORWARDING=Keep KEEP_RT_TABLES=Yes #Required when both IPv4 and IPv6 Multi-ISP are used ... TRACK_PROVIDERS=No USE_DEFAULT_RT=Yes ZONE2ZONE=- ... ################################################################################ # P A C K E T M A R K L A Y O U T ################################################################################ TC_BITS=8 PROVIDER_BITS=8 PROVIDER_OFFSET=8 MASK_BITS=8 ZONE_BITS=0 Here is /etc/shorewall6/zones: #ZONE TYPE OPTIONS fw firewall net ipv6 loc ipv6 dmz ipv6 /etc/shorewall/interfaces: #ZONE INTERFACE OPTIONS net sit1 forward=1,sfilter=2001:470:b:227::40/124,optional net sit2 forward=1,sfilter=2001:470:b:227::40/124,optional net sit3 forward=1,sfilter=2001:470:b:227::40/124,optional loc eth2 forward=1 dmz br0 routeback,forward=1,required /etc/shorewall/providers: #NAME NUMBER MARK DUPLICATE INTERFACE GATEWAY OPTIONS COPY LOC 4 0x100 - sit2 - track,balance,loose DMZ 5 0x200 - sit1 - track,fallback,loose 6to4 6 0x300 - sit3 ::192.88.99.1 track,fallback,loose Notice that the provider numbers are disjoint from those in the IPv4 configuration. This allows for unique provider names in /etc/iproute2/rt_tables: # # reserved values # 255 local 254 main 253 default 250 balance 0 unspec # # local # 1 ComcastB 2 ComcastC 3 TProxy 4 LOC 5 DMZ 6 6to4 The /etc/shorewall6/rtrules file is straight-forward: #SOURCE DEST PROVIDER PRIORITY 2001:470:B:227::1/64 ::/0 DMZ 11000 2001:470:B:787::1/64 ::/0 LOC 11000 2002:465a:bf79::1/64 ::/0 6to4 11000 This results in the following routing rules: root@gateway:~# ip -6 rule ls 0: from all lookup local 999: from all lookup main 10003: from all fwmark 0x100/0xff00 lookup LOC 10004: from all fwmark 0x200/0xff00 lookup DMZ 10005: from all fwmark 0x300/0xff00 lookup 6to4 11000: from 2001:470:b:787::1/64 lookup LOC 11000: from 2001:470:b:227::1/64 lookup DMZ 11000: from 2002:465a:bf79::1/64 lookup 6to4 32765: from all lookup balance 32767: from all lookup default root@gateway:~#