IPsec
Tom
Eastep
Roberto
Sanchez
2004
2005
2006
2009
2016
Thomas M. Eastep
2007
Roberto C. Sanchez
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
GNU Free Documentation
License
.
This article applies to Shorewall 4.3 and
later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall
4.3.5 then please see the documentation for that
release.
Shorewall does not configure IPsec for
you -- it rather configures netfilter to accommodate your IPsec
configuration.
The information in this article is only applicable if you plan to
have IPsec end-points on the same system where Shorewall is used.
While this article shows configuration of
IPsec using ipsec-tools, Shorewall
configuration is exactly the same when using OpenSwan or any of the other Swan derivatives.
When running a Linux kernel prior to 2.6.20, the Netfilter+IPsec and
policy match support are broken when used with a bridge device. The
problem was corrected in Kernel 2.6.20 as a result of the removal of
deferred FORWARD/OUTPUT processing of traffic destined for a bridge. See
the "Shorewall-perl and
Bridged Firewalls" article.
Shorwall and Kernel 2.6 IPsec
This is not a HOWTO for Kernel 2.6
IPsec -- for that, please see http://www.ipsec-howto.org/.
The 2.6 Linux Kernel introduced new facilities for defining
encrypted communication between hosts in a network. The network
administrator defines a set of Security Policies
which are stored in the kernel as a Security Policy
Database (SPD). Security policies determine which traffic is
subject to encryption. Security Associations are
created between pairs of hosts in the network (one SA for traffic in each
direction); these SAs define how traffic is to be encrypted. Outgoing
traffic that is to be encrypted according to the contents of the SPD
requires an appropriate SA to exist. SAs may be created manually using
setkey(8) but most often, they are created by a
cooperative process involving the ISAKMP protocol and a daemon included in
your IPsec package (StrongSwan, LibreSwan, ipsec-tools/Racoon, etc.) .
Incoming traffic is verified against the SPD to ensure that no unencrypted
traffic is accepted in violation of the administrator's policies.
There are three ways in which IPsec traffic can interact with
Shorewall policies and rules:
Traffic that is encrypted on the firewall system. The traffic
passes through Netfilter twice -- first as unencrypted then
encrypted.
Traffic that is decrypted on the firewall system. The traffic
passes through Netfilter twice -- first as encrypted then as
unencrypted.
Encrypted traffic that is passed through the firewall system.
The traffic passes through Netfilter once.
In cases 1 and 2, the encrypted traffic is handled by entries in
/etc/shorewall/tunnels (don't be mislead by the name
of the file -- transport mode encrypted traffic is
also handled by entries in that file). The unencrypted traffic is handled
by normal rules and policies.
Under the 2.4 Linux Kernel, the association of unencrypted traffic
and zones was made easy by the presence of IPsec pseudo-interfaces with
names of the form ipsecN (e.g.
ipsec0). Outgoing unencrypted
traffic (case 1.) was sent through an ipsecN device while incoming unencrypted
traffic (case 2) arrived from an ipsecN device. The 2.6 kernel-based
implementation does away with these pseudo-interfaces. Outgoing traffic
that is going to be encrypted and incoming traffic that has been decrypted
must be matched against policies in the SPD and/or the appropriate
SA.
Shorewall provides support for policy matching in three ways:
In /etc/shorewall/masq
(/etc/shorewall/snat when running Shorewall
5.0.14 or later), traffic that will later be encrypted is exempted
from MASQUERADE/SNAT using existing entries. If you want to
MASQUERADE/SNAT outgoing traffic that will later be encrypted, you
must include the appropriate indication in the IPSEC column in that
file.
The /etc/shorewall/zones
file allows you to associate zones with traffic that will be encrypted
or that has been decrypted.
A new option (ipsec) has been
provided for entries in /etc/shorewall/hosts.
When an entry has this option specified, traffic to/from the hosts
described in the entry is assumed to be encrypted.
In summary, Shorewall provides the facilities to replace the use of
IPsec pseudo-interfaces in zone and MASQUERADE/SNAT definition.
There are two cases to consider:
Encrypted communication is used to/from all hosts in a
zone.
The value ipsec is placed in
the TYPE column of the /etc/shorewall/zones entry
for the zone.
By default, encrypted communication is not used to communicate
with the hosts in a zone.
The value ipv4 is placed in the
TYPE column of the /etc/shorewall/zones entry for
the zone and the new ipsec option is
specified in /etc/shorewall/hosts for any hosts
requiring secure communication.
For simple zones such as are shown in the following examples, the
two techniques are equivalent and are used interchangeably.
It is redundant to have ipsec in
the TYPE column of the /etc/shorewall/zones entry
for a zone and to also have the ipsec
option in /etc/shorewall/hosts entries for that
zone.
Finally, the OPTIONS, IN OPTIONS and OUT OPTIONS columns in
/etc/shorewall/zones can be used to match the zone to a particular (set
of) SA(s) used to encrypt and decrypt traffic to/from the zone and the
security policies that select which traffic to encrypt/decrypt.
This article provides guidance regarding configuring Shorewall to
use with IPsec. For configuring IPsec itself, consult your IPsec
product's documentation.
IPsec Gateway on the Firewall System
Suppose that we have the following situation:
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We want systems in the 192.168.1.0/24 sub-network to be able to
communicate with systems in the 10.0.0.0/8 network. We assume that on both
systems A and B, eth0 is the Internet interface.
To make this work, we need to do two things:
Open the firewall so that the IPsec tunnel can be established
(allow the ESP protocol and UDP Port 500).
Allow traffic through the tunnel.
Opening the firewall for the IPsec tunnel is accomplished by adding
an entry to the /etc/shorewall/tunnels file.
In /etc/shorewall/tunnels on system A, we need
the following
/etc/shorewall/tunnels —
System A:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY_ZONE
ipsec net 134.28.54.2
/etc/shorewall/tunnels —
System B:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY_ZONE
ipsec net 206.162.148.9
If either of the endpoints is behind a NAT gateway then the
tunnels file entry on the other
endpoint should specify a tunnel type of ipsecnat rather than ipsec and
the GATEWAY address should specify the external address of the NAT
gateway.
You need to define a zone for the remote subnet or include it in
your local zone. In this example, we'll assume that you have created a
zone called vpn
to represent the remote subnet.
/etc/shorewall/zones —
Systems A and B:
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN_OPTIONS OUT_OPTIONS
net ipv4
vpn ipv4
Remember the assumption that both systems A and B have eth0 as their
Internet interface.
You must define the vpn zone using the
/etc/shorewall/hosts file. The hosts file entries
below assume that you want the remote gateway to be part of the vpn zone —
If you don't wish the remote gateway included, simply omit its IP address
from the HOSTS column.
/etc/shorewall/hosts — System A
#ZONE HOSTS OPTIONS
vpn eth0:10.0.0.0/8,134.28.54.2 ipsec
/etc/shorewall/hosts — System B
#ZONE HOSTS OPTIONS
vpn eth0:192.168.1.0/24,206.162.148.9 ipsec
If you want to keep things simple, you can simply not restrict the
set of addresses in the ipsec zones:
#ZONE HOSTS OPTIONS
vpn eth0:0.0.0.0/0 ipsec
Assuming that you want to give each local network free access to the
remote network and vice versa, you would need the following
/etc/shorewall/policy entries on each system:
#SOURCE DEST POLICY LEVEL BURST:LIMIT
loc vpn ACCEPT
vpn loc ACCEPT
If you need access from each firewall to hosts in the other network,
then you could add:
#SOURCE DEST POLICY LEVEL BURST:LIMIT
$FW vpn ACCEPT
If you need access between the firewall's, you should describe the
access in your /etc/shorewall/rules file. For example, to allow SSH access
from System B, add this rule on system A:
#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO POLICY
ACCEPT vpn:134.28.54.2 $FW
If you have hosts that access the Internet through an IPsec
tunnel, then it is a good idea to set the MSS value for traffic from
those hosts explicitly in the /etc/shorewall/zones
file. For example, if hosts in the vpn
zone access the Internet through an ESP tunnel then the following entry
would be appropriate:
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN_OPTIONS OUT_OPTIONS
vpn ipsec mode=tunnel mss=1400
You should also set FASTACCEPT=No in shorewall.conf to ensure that
both the SYN and SYN,ACK packets have their MSS field adjusted.
Note that CLAMPMSS=Yes in shorewall.conf
isn't effective with the 2.6 native IPsec implementation because there
is no separate IPsec device with a lower mtu as there was under the 2.4
and earlier kernels.
Mobile System (Road Warrior)
Suppose that you have a laptop system (B) that you take with you
when you travel and you want to be able to establish a secure connection
back to your local network.
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Road Warrior VPN
You need to define a zone for the laptop or include it in your
local zone. In this example, we'll assume that you have created a zone
called vpn
to represent the remote host.
/etc/shorewall/zones — System A
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN_OPTIONS OUT_OPTIONS
net ipv4
vpn ipsec
loc ipv4
In this instance, the mobile system (B) has IP address 134.28.54.2
but that cannot be determined in advance. In the
/etc/shorewall/tunnels file on system A, the
following entry should be made:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY_ZONE
ipsec net 0.0.0.0/0 vpn
the GATEWAY_ZONE column contains the name of the zone
corresponding to peer subnetworks. This indicates that the gateway
system itself comprises the peer subnetwork; in other words, the
remote gateway is a standalone system.
The VPN zone is defined using the /etc/shorewall/hosts
file:
/etc/shorewall/hosts — System A:
#ZONE HOSTS OPTIONS
vpn eth0:0.0.0.0/0
You will need to configure your through the tunnel
policy as shown under the first example above.
On the laptop:
/etc/shorewall/zones - System B:
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN_OPTIONS OUT_OPTIONS
vpn ipsec
net ipv4
loc ipv4
/etc/shorewall/tunnels - System B:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY_ZONE
ipsec net 206.162.148.9 vpn
/etc/shorewall/hosts - System B:
#ZONE HOSTS OPTIONS
vpn eth0:0.0.0.0/0
Mobile System (Road Warrior) with Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
(L2TP)
This section is based on the previous section. Please make sure that
you read it thoroughly and understand it. The setup described in this
section is more complex because you are including an additional layer of
tunneling. Again, make sure that you have read the previous section and it
is highly recommended to have the IPsec-only configuration working
first.
Additionally, this section assumes that you are running IPsec,
xl2tpd and pppd on the same system that is running shorewall. However,
configuration of these additional services is beyond the scope of this
document.
Getting layer 2 tunneling to work is an endeavour unto itself.
However, if you succeed it can be very convenient. Reasons why you might
want configure layer 2 tunneling protocol (L2TP):
You want to give your road warrior an address that is in the
same segment as the other hosts on your network.
Your road warriors are using a legacy operating system (such as
MS Windows or Mac OS X) and you do not want them to have to install
third party software in order to connect to the VPN (both MS Windows
and Mac OS X include VPN clients which natively support L2TP over
IPsec, but not plain IPsec).
You like a challenge.
Since the target for a VPN including L2TP will (almost) never be a
road warrior running Linux, I will not include the client side of the
configuration.
The first thing that needs to be done is to create a new zone called
l2tp
to represent the tunneled layer 2 traffic.
/etc/shorewall/zones — System A
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN_OPTIONS OUT_OPTIONS
et ipv4
vpn ipsec
l2tp ipv4
loc ipv4
Since the L2TP will require the use of pppd, you will end up with
one or more ppp interfaces (each representing an individual road warrior
connection) for which you will need to account. This can be done by
modifying the interfaces file. (Modify with additional options as
needed.)
/etc/shorewall/interfaces:
#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
net eth0 detect routefilter
loc eth1 192.168.1.255
l2tp ppp+ -
The next thing that must be done is to adjust the policy so that the
traffic can go where it needs to go.
First, you need to decide if you want for hosts in your local zone
to be able to connect to your road warriors. You may or may not want to
allow this. For example, one reason you might want to allow this is so
that your support personnel can use ssh, VNC or remote desktop to fix a
problem on the road warrior's laptop.
Second, you need to decide if you want the road warrior to have
access to hosts on the local network. You generally want to allow this.
For example, if you have DNS servers on your local network that you want
the road warrior to use. Or perhaps the road warrior needs to mount NFS
shares or needs to access intranet sites which are not visible from the
public Internet.
Finally, you need to decide if you want the road warriors to be able
to access the public Internet. You probably want to do this, unless you
are trying to create a situation where when the road warrior connects to
the VPN, it is no longer possible to send traffic from the road warrior's
machine to the public Internet. Please note that this not really a strong
security measure. The road warrior could trivially modify the routing
table on the remote machine to have only traffic destined for systems on
the VPN local network go through the secure channel. The rest of the
traffic would simply travel over an Ethernet or wireless interface
directly to the public Internet. In fact, this latter situation is
dangerous, as a simple mistake could easily create a situation where the
road warrior's machine is acting as a router between your local network
and the public Internet, which you certainly do not want to happen. In
short, it is best to allow the road warrior to connect to the public
Internet by default.
/etc/shorewall/policy:
#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOGLEVEL LIMIT
$FW all ACCEPT
loc net ACCEPT
loc l2tp ACCEPT # Allows local machines to connect to road warriors
l2tp loc ACCEPT # Allows road warriors to connect to local machines
l2tp net ACCEPT # Allows road warriors to connect to the Internet
net all DROP info
# The FOLLOWING POLICY MUST BE LAST
all all REJECT info
The final step is to modify your rules file. There are three
important components. First, you must allow the l2tp traffic to reach the
xl2tpd process running on the firewall machine. Second, you must add rules
to open up ports on the firewall to the road warrior for services which
are running on the firewall. For example, if you are running a webserver
on the firewall that must be accessible to road warriors. The reason for
the second step is that the policy does not by default allow unrestricted
access to the firewall itself. Finally, you should protect an exploit
where an attacker can exploit your LT2P server due to a hole in the way
that L2TP interacts with UDP connection tracking.
/etc/shorewall/rules:
#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT
?SECTION ESTABLISHED
# Prevent IPsec bypass by hosts behind a NAT gateway
L2TP(REJECT) net $FW
REJECT $FW net udp - 1701
?SECTION NEW
# l2tp over the IPsec VPN
ACCEPT vpn $FW udp 1701
# webserver that can only be accessed internally
HTTP(ACCEPT) loc $FW
HTTP(ACCEPT) l2tp $FW
HTTPS(ACCEPT) loc $FW
HTTPS(ACCEPT) l2tp $FW
Transport Mode
In today's wireless world, it is often the case that individual
hosts in a network need to establish secure connections with the other
hosts in that network. In that case, IPsec transport mode is an
appropriate solution.
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Shorewall configuration goes as follows:
/etc/shorewall/interfaces:
#ZONE INTERFACE OPTIONS
net eth0 routefilter,dhcp,tcpflags
/etc/shorewall/tunnels:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY
# ZONE
ipsec net 192.168.20.0/24 loc
/etc/shorewall/zones:
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN OUT
# OPTIONS OPTIONS
loc ipsec mode=transport
net ipv4
/etc/shorewall/hosts:
#ZONE HOST(S) OPTIONS
loc eth0:192.168.20.0/24
It is worth noting that although loc is a
sub-zone of net, because loc
is an IPsec-only zone it does not need to be defined before
net in
/etc/shorewall/zones.
/etc/shorewall/policy:
#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOGLEVEL LIMIT
$FW all ACCEPT
loc $FW ACCEPT
net loc NONE
loc net NONE
net all DROP info
# The FOLLOWING POLICY MUST BE LAST
all all REJECT info
Since there are no cases where net<->loc traffic should
occur, NONE policies are used.
IPCOMP
If your IPsec tunnel or transport mode connection fails to work with
Shorewall started and you see log messages like the following when you try
to use the connection, the problem is that ip compression is being
used.Feb 18 23:43:52 vpngw kernel: Shorewall:vpn2fw:REJECT:IN=eth2 OUT= MAC=00:e0:81:32:b3:5e:00:18:de:12:e5:15:08:00
SRC=172.29.59.58 DST=172.29.59.254 LEN=85 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=25600 DF PROTO=4The solution is to
add an IPCOMP tunnel to /etc/shorewall/tunnels as follows:#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY
# ZONE
ipip vpn 0.0.0.0/0The
above assumes that the name of your IPsec vpn zone is
vpn.
Note that this protocol 4 (IPIP) traffic appears to originate in
the vpn zone, but it's source IP address is that of the remote gateway.
As a consequence, that address must be included in the definition of the
remote zone. If you haven't done that, the traffic will be dropped in
the INPUT chain.
Using SNAT to Force Traffic over an IPsec Tunnel
Cases can arise where you need to use an IPsec tunnel to access a
remote network, but you have no control over the associated security
polices. In such cases, the resulting tunnel is accessible from your
firewall but not from your local networks.
Let's take an example:
Remote gateway 192.0.2.26
Remote subnet 172.22.4.0/24
Your public IP address is 192.0.2.199
Your Internet-facing interface is eth0
Your local network is 192.168.219.0/24
You want to access 172.22.4.0/24 from 192.168.219.0/24
The IPsec tunnel is configured between 172.22.4.0/24 and
192.0.2.199
You need to configure as follows.
/etc/shorewall/zones:
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS
...
vpn ip # Note that the zone cannot be declared as type ipsec
...
/etc/shorewall/interfaces:
#ZONE INTERFACE OPTIONS
net eth0 nets=(!172.22.4.0/24),... # You must exclude the remote network from the net zone
/etc/shorewall/hosts:
#ZONE HOSTS OPTIONS
vpn eth0:172.22.4.0/24 mss=1380,destonly
vpn eth0:0.0.0.0/0 mss=1380,ipsec
/etc/shorewall/snat:
SNAT(192.0.2.199) 192.168.219.0/24 eth0:172.22.4.0/24
/etc/shorewall/tunnels:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY_ZONE
ipsec net 192.0.2.26 vpn