6to4 and 6in4 Tunnels
Eric
de Thouars
Tom
Eastep
2003-2004
2008
2009
2012
Eric de Thouars and Tom Eastep
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
GNU Free Documentation
License
.
6to4 tunneling with Shorewall can be used to connect your IPv6 network
to another IPv6 network over an IPv4 infrastructure. It can also allow you
to experiment with IPv6 even if your ISP doesn't provide IPv6
connectivity.
More information on Linux and IPv6 can be found in the Linux IPv6 HOWTO.
Details on how to setup a 6to4 tunnels are described in the section Setup
of 6to4 tunnels.
Getting your Feet Wet with IPv6, by Tom Eastep
6to4 tunnels provide a good way to introduce yourself to IPv6.
Shorewall6 was developed on a
network whose only IPv6 connectivity was an 6to4 Tunnel; that network is
described in the remainder of this section. What is shown here requires
Shorewall6 4.2.4 or later.
Configuring IPv6 using my script
I have created an init script to make the job of
configuring your firewall for IPv6 easier.
The script is installed in /etc/init.d and configures ipv6,
including a 6to4 tunnel, at boot time. Note that the script is included
in the Shorewall6 distribution but is not installed in /etc/init.d by
default. The RPMs from shorewall.net, install the file in the package
documentation directory.
The script works on OpenSuSE 11.0 and may need modification for
other distributions. On OpenSuSE, the script is installed by copying it
to /etc/init.d/ then running the command 'chkconfig
--add ipv6'.
At the top of the script, you will see several variables:
SIT - The name of the tunnel device. Usually 'sit1'
INTERFACES - local interfaces that you want to configure for
IPv6
ADDRESS4 - A static IPv4 address on your firewall that you
want to use for the tunnel.
SLA - The identity of the first local sub-network that you
want to assign to the interfaces listed in INTERFACES. Normally one
(0001).
GATEWAY - The default IPv6 gateway. For 6to4, this is
::192.88.99.1.
Here is the file from my firewall:
SIT="sit1"
ADDRESS4=206.124.146.180
INTERFACES="eth2 eth4"
SLA=1
GATEWAY=::192.88.99.1
eth2 is the interface to my local network (both wired and
wireless). eth4 goes to my DMZ which holds a single server. Here is a
diagram of the IPv4 network:
![]()
Here is the configuration after IPv6 is configured; the part in
bold font is configured by the /etc/init.d/ipv6 script.
gateway:~ # ip -6 addr ls
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
1: eth1: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qlen 1000
inet6 fe80::202:e3ff:fe08:484c/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qlen 1000
inet6 2002:ce7c:92b4:1::1/64 scope global
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::202:e3ff:fe08:55fa/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth4: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qlen 1000
inet6 2002:ce7c:92b4:2::1/64 scope global
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::2a0:ccff:fed2:353a/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: sit1@NONE: <NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1480
inet6 ::206.124.146.180/128 scope global
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 2002:ce7c:92b4::1/128 scope global
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
gateway:~ # ip -6 route ls
::/96 via :: dev sit1 metric 256 expires 21333315sec mtu 1480 advmss 1420 hoplimit 4294967295
2002:ce7c:92b4::1 dev sit1 metric 256 expires 21333315sec mtu 1480 advmss 1420 hoplimit 4294967295
2002:ce7c:92b4:1::/64 dev eth2 metric 256 expires 21333315sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295
2002:ce7c:92b4:2::/64 dev eth4 metric 256 expires 21333315sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295
fe80::/64 dev eth1 metric 256 expires 20748424sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295
fe80::/64 dev eth2 metric 256 expires 20748431sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295
fe80::/64 dev eth4 metric 256 expires 20748431sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295
fe80::/64 dev sit1 metric 256 expires 21333315sec mtu 1480 advmss 1420 hoplimit 4294967295
default via ::192.88.99.1 dev sit1 metric 1 expires 21333315sec mtu 1480 advmss 1420 hoplimit 4294967295
gateway:~ #
You will notice that sit1, eth2 and eth4 each have an IPv6 address
beginning with 2002: -- All 6to4 IPv6 addresses have that in their most
significant 16 bits. The next 32-bits (ce7c:92b4) encode the IPv4
ADDRESS (206.124.146.180). So once you start the 6to4 tunnel, you are
the proud owner of 280 IPv6 addresses! In the
case shown here, 2002:ce7c:92b4::/48. The SLA is used to assign each
interface in INTERFACES, a subnet of 264
addresses; in the case of eth2, 2002:ce7c:92b4:1::/64.
I run radvd on
the firewall to allow hosts conntected to eth2 and eth4 to automatically
perform their own IPv6 configuration. Here is my
/etc/radvd.conf file:
interface eth2 {
AdvSendAdvert on;
MinRtrAdvInterval 3;
MaxRtrAdvInterval 10;
prefix 2002:ce7c:92b4:1::/64 {
AdvOnLink on;
AdvAutonomous on;
AdvRouterAddr off;
};
RDNSS 2002:ce7c:92b4:2:2a0:ccff:fedb:31c4 {
AdvRDNSSOpen on;
AdvRDNSSPreference 2;
};
};
interface eth4 {
AdvSendAdvert on;
MinRtrAdvInterval 3;
MaxRtrAdvInterval 10;
prefix 2002:ce7c:92b4:2::/64 {
AdvOnLink on;
AdvAutonomous on;
AdvRouterAddr off;
};
RDNSS 2002:ce7c:92b4:2:2a0:ccff:fedb:31c4 {
AdvRDNSSOpen on;
AdvRDNSSPreference 2;
};
};
radvd terminates immediately if IPv6 forwarding is not enabled.
So it is a good idea to include this in
/etc/sysctl.conf:
net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 1
That way, if radvd starts before Shorewall6, it will continue to
run.
An alternative is to modify
/etc/init.d/radvd so that radvd starts after
Shorewall6:
# Should-Start: shorewall6
Here is the automatic IPv6 configuration on my server attached to
eth4:
webadmin@lists:~/ftpsite/contrib/IPv6> /sbin/ip -6 addr ls
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qlen 1000
inet6 2002:ce7c:92b4:2:2a0:ccff:fedb:31c4/64 scope global dynamic
valid_lft 2591995sec preferred_lft 604795sec
inet6 fe80::2a0:ccff:fedb:31c4/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
webadmin@lists:~/ftpsite/contrib/IPv6> /sbin/ip -6 route ls
2002:ce7c:92b4:2::/64 dev eth2 proto kernel metric 256 expires 2592161sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295
fe80::/64 dev eth2 metric 256 expires 20746963sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295
fe80::/64 dev ifb0 metric 256 expires 20746985sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295
default via fe80::2a0:ccff:fed2:353a dev eth2 proto kernel metric 1024 expires 29sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 64
webadmin@lists:~/ftpsite/contrib/IPv6>
You will note that the public IPv6 address of eth2
(2002:ce7c:92b4:2:2a0:ccff:fedb:31c4) was formed by concatenating the
prefix for eth2 shown in radvd.conf (2002:ce7c:92b4:2) and the lower 64
bits of the link level address of eth2 (2a0:ccff:fedb:31c4). You will
also notice that the address 2002:ce7c:92b4:2:2a0:ccff:fedb:31c4 appears
in the RDNSS clauses in radvd.conf; that causes my server to be
automatically configured as a DNS server.
The default route is described using the link level address of
eth2 on the firewall (fe80::2a0:ccff:fed2:353a).
On my laptop, ursa:
ursa:~ # ip -6 addr ls dev eth0
3: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qlen 1000
inet6 2002:ce7c:92b4:1:21a:24ff:fecb:2bcc/64 scope global dynamic
valid_lft 2591996sec preferred_lft 604796sec
inet6 fe80::21a:73ff:fedb:8c35/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
ursa:~ # ip -6 route ls dev eth0
2002:ce7c:92b4:1::/64 proto kernel metric 256 expires 2592160sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295
fe80::/64 metric 256 expires 21314573sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 4294967295
default via fe80::202:e3ff:fe08:55fa proto kernel metric 1024 expires 28sec mtu 1500 advmss 1440 hoplimit 64
ursa:~ #
Here is the resulting simple IPv6 Network:
![]()
Configuring IPv6 the Debian Way
In May 2009, I rebuilt the above firewall using Debian GNU/Linux
and decided to configure IPv6 using the
/etc/network/interfaces file.
When I installed Debian Lenny on the system, the network
interfaces were reunmbered as follows:
Interface Renaming
Old
Configuration
New
Configuration
eth0 (Avvanta Interface)
eth3
eth3 (Comcast Interface)
eth0
eth2 (Local Interface)
eth1
eth4 (DMZ Interface)
eth2
So the IPv4 network was transformed to this:
![]()
To implement the same IPv6 network as described above, I used this
/etc/shorewall/interfaces file:
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp
hwaddress ether 00:11:85:89:da:9b
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet static
address 172.20.1.254
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 172.20.1.0
broadcast 172.20.1.255
iface eth1 inet6 static
address 2002:ce7c:92b4:1::1
netmask 64
auto eth2
iface eth2 inet static
address 206.124.146.176
netmask 255.255.255.255
up ip route add 206.124.146.177/32 dev eth2
iface eth2 inet6 static
address 2002:ce7c:92b4:2::1
netmask 64
auto eth3 eth3:0 eth3:1 eth3:2
iface eth3 inet static
address 206.124.146.176
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 206.124.146.0
broadcast 206.124.146.255
iface eth3:0 inet static
address 206.124.146.178
netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 206.124.146.255
iface eth3:1 inet static
address 206.124.146.179
netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 206.124.146.255
iface eth3:2 inet static
address 206.124.146.180
netmask 255.255.255.0
broadcast 206.124.146.255
auto sit1
iface sit1 inet6 v4tunnel
address 2002:ce7c:92b4::1
netmask 64
endpoint 192.88.99.1
local 206.124.146.180
gateway ::192.88.99.1
ttl 64
post-up echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding
That file produces the following IPv6 network.
![]()
Configuring Shorewall
We need to add an entry in /etc/shorewall/tunnels and restart
Shorewall:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY_ZONE
6to4 net
Configuring Shorewall6
STOP -- If you have followed the
instructions above, you should have a completely functional IPv6
network. Try:
ping6 www.kame.net
ping6 ipv6.chat.eu.freenode.net
If neither of those work from your firewall and from any local
IPv6 systems that you have behind your firewall, do not go any further
until one of them does work. If you ask for help from the Shorewall
team, the first question we will ask is 'With Shorewall6 cleared, can
you ping6 kame or freenode?'.
The Shorewall6 configuration on my firewall is a very basic
three-interface one.
Key entry in
/etc/shorewall6/shorewall6.conf:
IP_FORWARDING=On
/etc/shorewall6/zones:
#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN_OPTIONS OUT_OPTIONS
fw firewall
net ipv6
loc ipv6
dmz ipv6
/etc/shorewall6/interfaces:
?FORMAT 2
#ZONE INTERFACE OPTIONS
net sit1 tcpflags,forward=1,nosmurfs
loc eth0 tcpflags,forward=1
dmz eth2 tcpflags,forward=1
/etc/shorewall6/policy:
#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LEVEL LIMIT:BURST
net all DROP info
loc net ACCEPT
dmz net ACCEPT
all all REJECT info
/etc/shorewall6/rules:
#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT ORIGINAL RATE USER MARK CONNLIMIT TIME HEADERS SWITCH HELPER
?SECTION ALL
?SECTION ESTABLISHED
?SECTION RELATED
?SECTION INVALID
?SECTION UNTRACKED
?SECTION NEW
# PORT PORT(S) DEST LIMIT GROUP
#
# Accept DNS connections from the firewall to the network
#
DNS(ACCEPT) $FW net
#
# Accept SSH connections from the local network for administration
#
SSH(ACCEPT) loc $FW
#
# Allow Ping everywhere
#
Ping(ACCEPT) all all
6in4 Tunnel
6in4 is very similar to 6to4:
Both Tunnel IPv6 traffic over IPv4 using Protocol 41
Both allow you access to the IPv6 network even though your ISP
doesn't offer native IPv6 connectivity.
The differences are:
6in4 gives you a /64 prefix outside of the 2002::0/16
network
You have a dedicated fixed endpoint for the tunnel rather than
the nebulous anycast endpoint 192.88.99.1. This is:
Much more reliable
Much easier to troubleshoot (there is ONE host and one
company to call on the other end of the tunnel rather than an
indefinite cloud with noone in charge)
I converted to a 6in4 Tunnel from Hurricane Electric in April of
2010. Converting from the 6to4 tunnel configuration above to a 6in4 tunnel
from HE took less than an hour.
When I signed up for a tunnel with HE, I received these
assignments:
Server IPv4 address: 216.218.226.238
Server IPv6 address: 2001:470:a:227::1/64
Client IPv4 address: 206.124.146.180 (Same as the 6to4
tunnel)
Client IPv6 address: 2001:470:a:227::2/64
I also took advantage of their offer for a /48 prefix routed via
2001:470:a:227::2. The prefix I was assigned is
2001:470:e857::/48
Here are the key changes:
/etc/network/interfaces:
iface eth1 inet6 static
address 2001:470:e857:1::1
netmask 64
auto eth2
...
iface eth2 inet6 static
address 2001:470:e857:2::1
netmask 64
auto sit1
iface sit1 inet6 v4tunnel
address 2001:470:a:227::2
netmask 64
endpoint 216.218.226.238
local 206.124.146.180
gateway 2001:470:a:227::1
ttl 64
post-up echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding
/etc/radvd.conf (I'm currently not using RDNSS so I've
simply commented out the existing entries):
interface eth1 {
AdvSendAdvert on;
MinRtrAdvInterval 60;
MaxRtrAdvInterval 600;
AdvDefaultLifetime 9000;
prefix 2001:470:e857:1::/64 {
AdvOnLink on;
AdvAutonomous on;
AdvRouterAddr off;
};
route ::/0 {
AdvRouteLifetime infinity;
};
# RDNSS 2002:ce7c:92b4:2:221:5aff:fe22:ace0 {
# AdvRDNSSOpen on;
# AdvRDNSSPreference 2;
# };
};
interface eth2 {
AdvSendAdvert on;
MinRtrAdvInterval 60;
MaxRtrAdvInterval 600;
prefix 2001:470:e857:2::/64 {
AdvOnLink on;
AdvAutonomous on;
AdvRouterAddr off;
};
# RDNSS 2002:ce7c:92b4:2:221:5aff:fe22:ace0 {
# AdvRDNSSOpen on;
# AdvRDNSSPreference 2;
# };
};
Connecting two IPv6 Networks, by Eric de Thouars
Suppose that we have the following situation:
![]()
We want systems in the 2002:100:333::/64 subnetwork to be able to
communicate with the systems in the 2002:488:999::/64 network. This is
accomplished through use of the
/etc/shorewall/tunnels file and the ip
utility for network interface and routing configuration.
Unlike GRE and IPIP tunneling, the
/etc/shorewall/policy,
/etc/shorewall/interfaces and
/etc/shorewall/zones files are not used. There is no
need to declare a zone to represent the remote IPv6 network. This remote
network is not visible on IPv4 interfaces and to iptables. All that is
visible on the IPv4 level is an IPv4 stream which contains IPv6 traffic.
Separate IPv6 interfaces and ip6tables rules need to be defined to handle
this traffic.
In /etc/shorewall/tunnels on system A, we need
the following:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY_ZONE
6to4 net 134.28.54.2
This entry in /etc/shorewall/tunnels opens the
firewall so that the IPv6 encapsulation protocol (41) will be accepted
to/from the remote gateway.
Use the following commands to setup system A:
>ip tunnel add tun6to4 mode sit ttl 254 remote 134.28.54.2
>ip link set dev tun6to4 up
>ip addr add 3ffe:8280:0:2001::1/64 dev tun6to4
>ip route add 2002:488:999::/64 via 3ffe:8280:0:2001::2
Similarly, in /etc/shorewall/tunnels on system
B we have:
#TYPE ZONE GATEWAY GATEWAY_ZONE
6to4 net 206.191.148.9
And use the following commands to setup system B:
>ip tunnel add tun6to4 mode sit ttl 254 remote 206.191.148.9
>ip link set dev tun6to4 up
>ip addr add 3ffe:8280:0:2001::2/64 dev tun6to4
>ip route add 2002:100:333::/64 via 3ffe:8280:0:2001::1
On both systems, restart Shorewall and issue the configuration
commands as listed above. The systems in both IPv6 subnetworks can now
talk to each other using IPv6.