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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd">
<article>
<!--$Id$-->
<articleinfo>
<title>Shorewall FAQs</title>
<authorgroup>
<corpauthor>Shorewall Community</corpauthor>
<author>
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
<surname>Eastep</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<pubdate><?dbtimestamp format="Y/m/d"?></pubdate>
<copyright>
<year>2001-2006</year>
<holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
<para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled <quote>
<ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink>
</quote>.</para>
</legalnotice>
</articleinfo>
<caution>
<para><emphasis role="bold">This article applies to Shorewall 3.0 and
later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall
3.0.0 then please see the documentation for that
release.</emphasis></para>
</caution>
<section>
<title>Installing Shorewall</title>
<section>
<title>Where do I find Step by Step Installation and Configuration
Instructions?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Check out the <ulink
url="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart Guides</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq37">
<title>(FAQ 37) I just installed Shorewall on Debian and the
/etc/shorewall directory is empty!!!</title>
<important>
<para>Once you have installed the .deb package and before you attempt
to configure Shorewall, please heed the advice of Lorenzo Martignoni,
the Shorewall Debian Maintainer:</para>
<para><quote>For more information about Shorewall usage on Debian
system please look at /usr/share/doc/shorewall/README.Debian provided
by [the] shorewall Debian package.</quote></para>
</important>
<para>If you install using the .deb, you will find that your <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> directory is empty. This is
intentional. The released configuration file skeletons may be found on
your system in the directory <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/doc/shorewall/default-config</filename>.
Simply copy the files you need from that directory to <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and modify the
copies.</para>
<para>Note that you must copy <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/doc/shorewall/default-config/shorewall.conf</filename>
and <filename>/usr/share/doc/shorewall/default-config/modules</filename>
to <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> even if you do
not modify those files.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq44">
<title>(FAQ 44) I can't install/upgrade the RPM — I keep getting the
message "error: failed dependencies:iproute is needed..."</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Read the <ulink
url="Install.htm">Installation Instructions</ulink>!</para>
</section>
<section id="faq50">
<title>(FAQ 50) When I install/upgrade I get multiple instance of the
message "warning: user teastep does not exist - using root"</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> You may safely ignore
this warning message. It was caused by a minor packaging error that has
since been corrected. It makes no difference to Shorewall's
operation.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Port Forwarding (Port Redirection)</title>
<section id="faq1">
<title>(FAQ 1) I want to forward UDP port 7777 to my personal PC with IP
address 192.168.1.5. I've looked everywhere and can't find how to do
it.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The first example in the
<ulink url="Documentation.htm#Rules">rules file documentation</ulink>
shows how to do port forwarding under Shorewall. The format of a
port-forwarding rule to a local system is as follows:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT
DNAT net loc:&lt;l<emphasis>ocal IP address</emphasis>&gt;[:&lt;<emphasis>local port</emphasis>&gt;] &lt;<emphasis>protocol</emphasis>&gt; &lt;<emphasis>port #</emphasis>&gt;</programlisting>
<para>So to forward UDP port 7777 to internal system 192.168.1.5, the
rule is:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT
DNAT net loc:192.168.1.5 udp 7777</programlisting>
<para>If you want to forward requests directed to a particular address (
<emphasis>&lt;external IP&gt;</emphasis> ) on your firewall to an
internal system:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT DEST.
DNAT net loc:&lt;l<emphasis>ocal IP address</emphasis>&gt;[:&lt;<emphasis>local port</emphasis>&gt;] &lt;<emphasis>protocol</emphasis>&gt; &lt;<emphasis>port #</emphasis>&gt; - &lt;<emphasis>external IP</emphasis>&gt;</programlisting>
<para>Finally, if you need to forward a range of ports, in the DEST PORT
column specify the range as
<emphasis>&lt;low-port&gt;:&lt;high-port&gt;</emphasis>.</para>
<section id="faq1a">
<title>(FAQ 1a) Ok -- I followed those instructions but it doesn't
work</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> That is usually the
result of one of four things:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>You are trying to test from inside your firewall (no, that
won't work -- see <xref linkend="faq2" />).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You have a more basic problem with your local system (the
one that you are trying to forward to) such as an incorrect
default gateway (it should be set to the IP address of your
firewall's internal interface).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Your ISP is blocking that particular port inbound.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You are running Mandriva Linux prior to 10.0 final and have
configured Internet Connection Sharing. In that case, the name of
your local zone is 'masq' rather than 'loc' (change all instances
of 'loc' to 'masq' in your rules). You may want to consider
re-installing Shorewall in a configuration which matches the
Shorewall documentation. See the <ulink
url="two-interface.htm">two-interface QuickStart Guide</ulink> for
details.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section id="faq1b">
<title>(FAQ 1b) I'm still having problems with port forwarding</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> To further diagnose
this problem:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>As root, type <quote> <command>iptables -t nat -Z</command>
</quote>. This clears the NetFilter counters in the nat
table.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Try to connect to the redirected port from an external
host.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>As root type <quote> <command>shorewall[-lite] show
nat</command> </quote></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Locate the appropriate DNAT rule. It will be in a chain
called <emphasis>&lt;source zone&gt;</emphasis>_dnat
(<quote>net_dnat</quote> in the above examples).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Is the packet count in the first column non-zero? If so, the
connection request is reaching the firewall and is being
redirected to the server. In this case, the problem is usually a
missing or incorrect default gateway setting on the local system
(the system you are trying to forward to -- its default gateway
should be the IP address of the firewall's interface to that
system).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the packet count is zero:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>the connection request is not reaching your server
(possibly it is being blocked by your ISP); or</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>you are trying to connect to a secondary IP address on
your firewall and your rule is only redirecting the primary IP
address (You need to specify the secondary IP address in the
<quote>ORIG. DEST.</quote> column in your DNAT rule);
or</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>your DNAT rule doesn't match the connection request in
some other way. In that case, you may have to use a packet
sniffer such as tcpdump or ethereal to further diagnose the
problem.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the packet count is non-zero, check your log to see if
the connection is being dropped or rejected. If it is, then you
may have a zone definition problem such that the server is in a
different zone than what is specified in the DEST column. At a
root promt, type "<command>shorewall[-lite] show zones</command>"
then be sure that in the DEST column you have specified the
<emphasis role="bold">first</emphasis> zone in the list that
matches OUT=&lt;dev&gt; and DEST= &lt;ip&gt;from the REJECT/DROP
log message.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section id="faq1c">
<title>(FAQ 1c) From the internet, I want to connect to port 1022 on
my firewall and have the firewall forward the connection to port 22 on
local system 192.168.1.3. How do I do that?</title>
<para>In /<filename>etc/shorewall/rules</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT
DNAT net loc:192.168.1.3:22 tcp 1022</programlisting>
</section>
<section id="faq1d">
<title>(FAQ 1d) I have a web server in my DMZ and I use port
forwarding to make that server accessible from the Internet. That
works fine but when my local users try to connect to the server using
the Firewall's external IP address, it doesn't work.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Let's assume the
following:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>External IP address is 206.124.146.176 on <filename
class="devicefile">eth0</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Server's IP address is 192.168.2.4</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>You can enable access to the server from your local network
using the firewall's external IP address by adding this rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT DEST
DNAT loc dmz:192.168.2.4 tcp 80 - 206.124.146.176</programlisting>
<para>If your external IP address is dynamic, then you must do the
following:</para>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/params</filename>:</para>
<programlisting><command>ETH0_IP=`find_interface_address eth0`</command> </programlisting>
<para>For users of Shorewall 2.1.0 and later:</para>
<programlisting><command>ETH0_IP=`find_first_interface_address eth0`</command></programlisting>
<para>and make your DNAT rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT DEST.
DNAT loc dmz:192.168.2.4 tcp 80 - $ETH0_IP</programlisting>
</section>
<section id="faq1e">
<title>(FAQ 1e) In order to discourage brute force attacks I would
like to redirect all connections on a non-standard port (4104) to port
22 on the router/firewall. I notice that setting up a REDIRECT rule
causes the firewall to open both ports 4104 and 22 to connections from
the net. Is it possible to only redirect 4104 to the localhost port 22
and have connection attempts to port 22 from the net dropped?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer </emphasis>courtesy of Ryan: Assume
that the IP address of your local firewall interface is 192.168.1.1.
If you configure SSHD to only listen on that interface and add the
following rule then from the net, you will have 4104 listening, from
your LAN, port 22.</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
DNAT net fw:192.168.1.1:22 tcp 4104</programlisting>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq30">
<title>(FAQ 30) I'm confused about when to use DNAT rules and when to
use ACCEPT rules.</title>
<para>It would be a good idea to review the <ulink
url="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart Guide</ulink>
appropriate for your setup; the guides cover this topic in a tutorial
fashion. DNAT rules should be used for connections that need to go the
opposite direction from SNAT/MASQUERADE. So if you masquerade or use
SNAT from your local network to the internet then you will need to use
DNAT rules to allow connections from the internet to your local network.
In all other cases, you use ACCEPT unless you need to hijack connections
as they go through your firewall and handle them on the firewall box
itself; in that case, you use a REDIRECT rule.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>(FAQ 38) Where can I find more information about DNAT?</title>
<para>Ian Allen has written a <ulink
url="http://ian.idallen.ca/dnat.txt">Paper about DNAT and
Linux</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq48">
<title>(FAQ 48) How do I Set up Transparent Proxy with
Shorewall?</title>
<para>Answer: See <ulink
url="Shorewall_Squid_Usage.html">Shorewall_Squid_Usage.html</ulink>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>DNS and Port Forwarding/NAT</title>
<section id="faq2">
<title>(FAQ 2) I port forward www requests to www.mydomain.com (IP
130.151.100.69) to system 192.168.1.5 in my local network. External
clients can browse http://www.mydomain.com but internal clients
can't.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> I have two objections to
this setup.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Having an internet-accessible server in your local network is
like raising foxes in the corner of your hen house. If the server is
compromised, there's nothing between that server and your other
internal systems. For the cost of another NIC and a cross-over
cable, you can put your server in a DMZ such that it is isolated
from your local systems - assuming that the Server can be located
near the Firewall, of course :-)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The accessibility problem is best solved using <ulink
url="shorewall_setup_guide.htm#DNS">Bind Version 9
<quote>views</quote> </ulink> (or using a separate DNS server for
local clients) such that www.mydomain.com resolves to 130.141.100.69
externally and 192.168.1.5 internally. That's what I do here at
shorewall.net for my local systems that use one-to-one NAT.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Assuming that your external interface is eth0 and your internal
interface is eth1 and that eth1 has IP address 192.168.1.254 with subnet
192.168.1.0/24, then:<warning>
<para>All traffic redirected through use of this hack will look to
the server as if it came from the firewall (192.168.1.254) rather
than from the original client!</para>
</warning></para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
loc eth1 detect <emphasis role="bold">routeback</emphasis> </programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS PROTO PORT(S)
eth1:192.168.1.5 eth1 192.168.1.254 tcp www</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT DEST.
DNAT loc loc:192.168.1.5 tcp www - 130.151.100.69</programlisting>
<para>That rule only works of course if you have a static external
IP address. If you have a dynamic IP address then include this in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/params</filename>:</para>
<programlisting><command>ETH0_IP=`find_first_interface_address eth0`</command> </programlisting>
<para>and make your DNAT rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT DEST.
DNAT loc loc:192.168.1.5 tcp www - $ETH0_IP</programlisting>
<para>Using this technique, you will want to configure your
DHCP/PPPoE client to automatically restart Shorewall each time that
you get a new IP address.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<section id="faq2a">
<title>(FAQ 2a) I have a zone <quote>Z</quote> with an RFC1918 subnet
and I use one-to-one NAT to assign non-RFC1918 addresses to hosts in
Z. Hosts in Z cannot communicate with each other using their external
(non-RFC1918 addresses) so they can't access each other using their
DNS names.</title>
<note>
<para>If the ALL INTERFACES column in /etc/shorewall/nat is empty or
contains <quote>Yes</quote>, you will also see log messages like the
following when trying to access a host in Z from another host in Z
using the destination hosts's public address:</para>
<programlisting>Oct 4 10:26:40 netgw kernel:
Shorewall:FORWARD:REJECT:IN=eth1 OUT=eth1 SRC=192.168.118.200
DST=192.168.118.210 LEN=48 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=127 ID=1342 DF
PROTO=TCP SPT=1494 DPT=1491 WINDOW=17472 RES=0x00 ACK SYN URGP=0</programlisting>
</note>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> This is another problem
that is best solved using Bind Version 9 <quote>views</quote>. It
allows both external and internal clients to access a NATed host using
the host's DNS name.</para>
<para>Another good way to approach this problem is to switch from
one-to-one NAT to Proxy ARP. That way, the hosts in Z have non-RFC1918
addresses and can be accessed externally and internally using the same
address.</para>
<para>If you don't like those solutions and prefer to stupidly route
all Z-&gt;Z traffic through your firewall then:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Set the routeback option on the interface to Z.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Set the ALL INTERFACES column in the nat file to
<quote>Yes</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<example>
<title>Example:</title>
<literallayout>Zone: dmz Interface: eth2 Subnet: 192.168.2.0/24 Address: 192.168.2.254</literallayout>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
dmz eth2 192.168.2.255 <emphasis role="bold">routeback</emphasis> </programlisting>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/na</filename>t, be sure that you
have <quote>Yes</quote> in the ALL INTERFACES column.</para>
<para>In /etc/shorewall/masq:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNETS ADDRESS
eth2 eth2 192.168.2.254</programlisting>
<para>Like the idiotic hack in FAQ 2 above, this will make all
dmz-&gt;dmz traffic appear to originate on the firewall.</para>
</example>
</section>
<section id="faq2b">
<title>(FAQ 2b) I have a web server in my DMZ and I use port
forwarding to make that server accessible from the Internet as
www.mydomain.com. That works fine but when my local users try to
connect to www.mydomain.com, it doesn't work.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Let's assume the
following:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>External IP address is 206.124.146.176 on <filename
class="devicefile">eth0</filename> (www.mydomain.com).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Server's IP address is 192.168.2.4</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>You can enable access to the server from your local network
using the firewall's external IP address by adding this rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT DEST
DNAT loc dmz:192.168.2.4 tcp 80 - 206.124.146.176</programlisting>
<para>If your external IP address is dynamic, then you must do the
following:</para>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/params</filename>:</para>
<programlisting><command>ETH0_IP=`find_first_interface_address eth0`</command> </programlisting>
<para>and make your DNAT rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT DEST.
DNAT loc dmz:192.168.2.4 tcp 80 - $ETH0_IP</programlisting>
<warning>
<para>With dynamic IP addresses, you probably don't want to use
<ulink
url="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm"><command>shorewall[-lite]
save</command> and <command>shorewall[-lite]
restore</command></ulink>.</para>
</warning>
</section>
<section id="faq2c">
<title>(FAQ 2c) I tried to apply the answer to FAQ 2 to my external
interface and the net zone and it didn't work. Why?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Did you set <emphasis
role="bold">IP_FORWARDING=On</emphasis> in
<filename>shorewall.conf</filename>?</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Netmeeting/MSN</title>
<section id="faq3">
<title>(FAQ 3) I want to use Netmeeting or MSN Instant Messenger with
Shorewall. What do I do?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> There is an <ulink
url="http://www.kfki.hu/%7Ekadlec/sw/netfilter/newnat-suite/">H.323
connection tracking/NAT module</ulink> that helps with Netmeeting. Note
however that one of the Netfilter developers recently posted the
following:</para>
<blockquote>
<para><programlisting>&gt; I know PoM -ng is going to address this issue, but till it is ready, and
&gt; all the extras are ported to it, is there any way to use the h.323
&gt; contrack module kernel patch with a 2.6 kernel?
&gt; Running 2.6.1 - no 2.4 kernel stuff on the system, so downgrade is not
&gt; an option... The module is not ported yet to 2.6, sorry.
&gt; Do I have any options besides a gatekeeper app (does not work in my
&gt; network) or a proxy (would prefer to avoid them)?
I suggest everyone to setup a proxy (gatekeeper) instead: the module is
really dumb and does not deserve to exist at all. It was an excellent tool
to debug/develop the newnat interface.</programlisting></para>
</blockquote>
<para>Look <ulink url="UPnP.html">here</ulink> for a solution for MSN IM
but be aware that there are significant security risks involved with
this solution. Also check the Netfilter mailing list archives at <ulink
url="http://www.netfilter.org">http://www.netfilter.org</ulink>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Open Ports</title>
<section id="faq4">
<title>(FAQ 4) I just used an online port scanner to check my firewall
and it shows some ports as <quote>closed</quote> rather than
<quote>blocked</quote>. Why?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The default Shorewall
setup invokes the <emphasis role="bold">Drop</emphasis> action prior to
enforcing a DROP policy and the default policy to all zone from the
internet is DROP. The Drop action is defined in
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/action.Drop</filename> which in turn
invokes the <emphasis role="bold">Auth</emphasis> macro (defined in
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/macro.Auth</filename>) specifying the
<emphasis role="bold">DROP</emphasis> action (i.e., <emphasis
role="bold">Auth/DROP</emphasis>). This is necessary to prevent outgoing
connection problems to services that use the <quote>Auth</quote>
mechanism for identifying requesting users. That is the only service
which the default setup rejects.</para>
<para>If you are seeing closed TCP ports other than 113 (auth) then
either you have added rules to REJECT those ports or a router outside of
your firewall is responding to connection requests on those
ports.</para>
<section id="faq4a">
<title>(FAQ 4a) I just ran an nmap UDP scan of my firewall and it
showed 100s of ports as open!!!!</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Take a deep breath and
read the nmap man page section about UDP scans. If nmap gets <emphasis
role="bold">nothing</emphasis> back from your firewall then it reports
the port as open. If you want to see which UDP ports are really open,
temporarily change your net-&gt;all policy to REJECT, restart
Shorewall and do the nmap UDP scan again.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq4b">
<title>(FAQ 4b) I have a port that I can't close no matter how I
change my rules.</title>
<para>I had a rule that allowed telnet from my local network to my
firewall; I removed that rule and restarted Shorewall but my telnet
session still works!!!</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Rules only govern the
establishment of new connections. Once a connection is established
through the firewall it will be usable until disconnected (tcp) or
until it times out (other protocols). If you stop telnet and try to
establish a new session your firerwall will block that attempt.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq4c">
<title>(FAQ 4c) How do I use Shorewall with PortSentry?</title>
<para><ulink
url="http://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/contrib/PortsentryHOWTO.txt">Here's
a writeup</ulink> describing a nice integration of Shorewall and
PortSentry.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq51">
<title>(FAQ 51) How do I "Open a Port" with Shorewall</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: It depends…</para>
<para>If the application serving the port is running on the same system
as Shorewall then add this rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
ACCEPT net $FW &lt;protocol&gt; &lt;port number&gt;</programlisting>
<para>Where &lt;protocol&gt; is either <emphasis>tcp</emphasis> or
<emphasis>udp</emphasis> and &lt;port number&gt; is the port that you
wish to "open".</para>
<para>If the application serving the port is running on one of the
systems in your local network then please see <link linkend="faq1">FAQ
1</link>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Connection Problems</title>
<section id="faq5">
<title>(FAQ 5) I've installed Shorewall and now I can't ping through the
firewall</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> For a complete
description of Shorewall <quote>ping</quote> management, see <ulink
url="ping.html">this page</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq15">
<title>(FAQ 15) My local systems can't see out to the net</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Every time I read
<quote>systems can't see out to the net</quote>, I wonder where the
poster bought computers with eyes and what those computers will
<quote>see</quote> when things are working properly. That aside, the
most common causes of this problem are:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The default gateway on each local system isn't set to the IP
address of the local firewall interface.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The entry for the local network in the /etc/shorewall/masq
file is wrong or missing.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The DNS settings on the local systems are wrong or the user is
running a DNS server on the firewall and hasn't enabled UDP and TCP
port 53 from the firewall to the internet.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Forwarding is not enabled (This is often the problem for
Debian users). Enter this command:</para>
<programlisting>cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</programlisting>
<para>If the value displayed is 0 (zero) then set <emphasis
role="bold">IP_FORWARDING=On</emphasis> in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> and restart
Shorewall.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="faq29">
<title>(FAQ 29) FTP Doesn't Work</title>
<para>See the <ulink url="FTP.html">Shorewall and FTP
page</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq33">
<title>(FAQ 33) From clients behind the firewall, connections to some
sites fail. Connections to the same sites from the firewall itself work
fine. What's wrong.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Most likely, you need to
set CLAMPMSS=Yes in <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq35">
<title>(FAQ 35) I have two Ethernet interfaces to my local network which
I have bridged. When Shorewall is started, I'm unable to pass traffic
through the bridge. I have defined the bridge interface (br0) as the
local interface in /etc/shorewall/interfaces; the bridged Ethernet
interfaces are not defined to Shorewall. How do I tell Shorewall to
allow traffic through the bridge?</title>
<para>Answer: Add the <firstterm>routeback</firstterm> option to
<filename class="devicefile">br0</filename> in <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Interfaces">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</ulink>.</para>
<para>For more information on this type of configuration, see the <ulink
url="SimpleBridge.html">Shorewall Simple Bridge
documentation</ulink>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Logging</title>
<section id="faq6">
<title>(FAQ 6) Where are the log messages written and how do I change
the destination?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> NetFilter uses the
kernel's equivalent of syslog (see <quote>man syslog</quote>) to log
messages. It always uses the LOG_KERN (kern) facility (see <quote>man
openlog</quote>) and you get to choose the log level (again, see
<quote>man syslog</quote>) in your <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Policy">policies</ulink> and <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Rules">rules</ulink>. The destination for
messages logged by syslog is controlled by
<filename>/etc/syslog.conf</filename> (see <quote>man
syslog.conf</quote>). When you have changed /etc/syslog.conf, be sure to
restart syslogd (on a RedHat system, <quote>service syslog
restart</quote>).</para>
<para>By default, older versions of Shorewall rate-limited log messages
through <ulink url="Documentation.htm#Conf">settings</ulink> in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> -- If you want to log
all messages, set:</para>
<programlisting>LOGLIMIT=""
LOGBURST=""</programlisting>
<para>It is also possible to <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">set up
Shorewall to log all of its messages to a separate file</ulink>.</para>
<section id="faq6a">
<title>(FAQ 6a) Are there any log parsers that work with
Shorewall?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Here are several links
that may be helpful:</para>
<literallayout>
<ulink url="http://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/parsefw/">http://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/parsefw/</ulink>
<ulink url="http://www.fireparse.com">http://www.fireparse.com</ulink>
<ulink url="http://cert.uni-stuttgart.de/projects/fwlogwatch">http://cert.uni-stuttgart.de/projects/fwlogwatch</ulink>
<ulink url="http://www.logwatch.org">http://www.logwatch.org</ulink>
<ulink url="http://gege.org/iptables">http://gege.org/iptables</ulink>
<ulink url="http://home.regit.org/ulogd-php.html">http://home.regit.org/ulogd-php.html</ulink>
</literallayout>
<para>I personally use Logwatch. It emails me a report each day from
my various systems with each report summarizing the logged activity on
the corresponding system.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq6b">
<title>(FAQ 6b) DROP messages on port 10619 are flooding the logs with
their connect requests. Can i exclude these error messages for this
port temporarily from logging in Shorewall?</title>
<para>Temporarily add the following rule:</para>
<programlisting>DROP net fw udp 10619</programlisting>
</section>
<section id="faq6d">
<title>(FAQ 6d) Why is the MAC address in Shorewall log messages so
long? I thought MAC addresses were only 6 bytes in length.</title>
<para>What is labeled as the MAC address in a Netfilter (Shorewall)
log message is actually the Ethernet frame header. It contains:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>the destination MAC address (6 bytes)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the source MAC address (6 bytes)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the ethernet frame type (2 bytes)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para><example>
<title>Example</title>
<para><programlisting>MAC=00:04:4c:dc:e2:28:00:b0:8e:cf:3c:4c:08:00</programlisting>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Destination MAC address = 00:04:4c:dc:e2:28</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Source MAC address = 00:b0:8e:cf:3c:4c</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ethernet Frame Type = 08:00 (IP Version 4)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist></para>
</example></para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq16">
<title>(FAQ 16) Shorewall is writing log messages all over my console
making it unusable!</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis></para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Find where klogd is being started (it will be from one of the
files in /etc/init.d -- sysklogd, klogd, ...). Modify that file or
the appropriate configuration file so that klogd is started with
<quote>-c <emphasis>&lt;n&gt;</emphasis> </quote> where
<emphasis>&lt;n&gt;</emphasis> is a log level of 5 or less;
or</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>See the <quote>dmesg</quote> man page (<quote>man
dmesg</quote>). You must add a suitable <quote>dmesg</quote> command
to your startup scripts or place it in /etc/shorewall/start.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<tip>
<para>Under RedHat and Mandriva, the max <ulink
url="shorewall_logging.html">log level</ulink> that is sent to the
console is specified in /etc/sysconfig/init in the LOGLEVEL variable.
Set <quote>LOGLEVEL=5</quote> to suppress info (log level 6) messages
on the console.</para>
</tip>
<tip>
<para>Under Debian, you can set KLOGD=<quote>-c 5</quote> in
<filename>/etc/init.d/klogd</filename> to suppress info (log level 6)
messages on the console.</para>
</tip>
<tip>
<para>Under SUSE, add <quote>-c 5</quote> to KLOGD_PARAMS in
/etc/sysconfig/syslog to suppress info (log level 6) messages on the
console.</para>
</tip>
</section>
<section id="faq17">
<title>(FAQ 17) Why are these packets being Dropped/Rejected?/How do I
decode Shorewall log messages?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Logging of
dropped/rejected packets occurs out of a number of chains (as indicated
in the log message) in Shorewall:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>man1918 or logdrop</term>
<listitem>
<para>The destination address is listed in
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/rfc1918</filename> with a <emphasis
role="bold">logdrop</emphasis> target -- see <filename> <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#rfc1918">/usr/share/shorewall/rfc1918</ulink>
</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>rfc1918 or logdrop</term>
<listitem>
<para>The source or destination address is listed in
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/rfc1918</filename> with a <emphasis
role="bold">logdrop</emphasis> target -- see <filename> <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#rfc1918">/usr/share/shorewall/rfc1918</ulink>
</filename>.</para>
<note>
<para>If you see packets being dropped in the rfc1918 chain and
neither the source nor the destination IP address is reserved by
RFC 1918, that usually means that you have a old
<filename>rfc1918</filename> file in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> (this problem most
frequently occurs if you are running Debian or one if its
derivatives). The <filename>rfc1918</filename> file used to
include bogons as well as the three ranges reserved by RFC 1918
and it resided in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename>. The file now only
includes the three RFC 1918 ranges and it resides in <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename>. Remove the
stale <filename>rfc1918</filename> file in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename>.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry id="all2all">
<term>all2&lt;zone&gt;, &lt;zone&gt;2all or all2all</term>
<listitem>
<para>You have a <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Policy">policy</ulink> that specifies a log
level and this packet is being logged under that policy. If you
intend to ACCEPT this traffic then you need a <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Rules">rule</ulink> to that effect.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>&lt;zone1&gt;2&lt;zone2&gt;</term>
<listitem>
<para>Either you have a <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Policy">policy</ulink> for <emphasis
role="bold">&lt;zone1&gt;</emphasis> to <emphasis
role="bold">&lt;zone2&gt;</emphasis> that specifies a log level
and this packet is being logged under that policy or this packet
matches a <ulink url="Documentation.htm#Rules">rule</ulink> that
includes a log level.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>@&lt;source&gt;2&lt;dest&gt;</term>
<listitem>
<para>You have a policy for traffic from &lt;<emphasis
role="bold">source</emphasis>&gt; to &lt;<emphasis
role="bold">dest</emphasis>&gt; that specifies TCP connection rate
limiting (value in the LIMIT:BURST column). The logged packet
exceeds that limit and was dropped. Note that these log messages
themselves are severely rate-limited so that a syn-flood won't
generate a secondary DOS because of excessive log message. These
log messages were added in Shorewall 2.2.0 Beta 7.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>&lt;interface&gt;_mac</term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet is being logged under the <emphasis
role="bold">maclist</emphasis> <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Interfaces">interface
option</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>logpkt</term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet is being logged under the <emphasis
role="bold">logunclean</emphasis> <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Interfaces">interface
option</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>badpkt</term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet is being logged under the <emphasis
role="bold">dropunclean</emphasis> <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Interfaces">interface option</ulink> as
specified in the <emphasis role="bold">LOGUNCLEAN</emphasis>
setting in <ulink url="Documentation.htm#Conf">
<filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename>
</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>blacklst</term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet is being logged because the source IP is
blacklisted in the <filename> <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Blacklist">/etc/shorewall/blacklist</ulink>
</filename> file.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>INPUT or FORWARD</term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet has a source IP address that isn't in any of your
defined zones (<quote>shorewall[-lite] show zones</quote> and look
at the printed zone definitions) or the chain is FORWARD and the
destination IP isn't in any of your defined zones. If the chain is
FORWARD and the IN and OUT interfaces are the same, then you
probably need the <emphasis role="bold">routeback</emphasis>
option on that interface in <filename> <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Interfaces">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</ulink>
</filename> or you need the <emphasis
role="bold">routeback</emphasis> option in the relevant entry in
<filename> <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Hosts">/etc/shorewall/hosts</ulink>
</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>OUTPUT</term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet has a destination IP address that isn't in any of
your defined zones("shorewall show zones" and look at the printed
zone definitions).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>logflags</term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet is being logged because it failed the checks
implemented by the <emphasis role="bold">tcpflags</emphasis>
<ulink url="Documentation.htm#Interfaces">interface
option</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<example>
<title>Here is an example:</title>
<programlisting>Jun 27 15:37:56 gateway kernel:
Shorewall:<emphasis role="bold">all2all:REJECT</emphasis>:<emphasis
role="bold">IN=eth2</emphasis>
<emphasis role="bold">OUT=eth1</emphasis>
<emphasis role="bold">SRC=192.168.2.2</emphasis>
<emphasis role="bold">DST=192.168.1.3 </emphasis>LEN=67 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=5805 DF <emphasis
role="bold">PROTO=UDP</emphasis>
SPT=1803 <emphasis role="bold">DPT=53</emphasis> LEN=47</programlisting>
<para>Let's look at the important parts of this message:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>all2all:REJECT</term>
<listitem>
<para>This packet was REJECTed out of the <emphasis
role="bold">all2all</emphasis> chain -- the packet was rejected
under the <quote>all</quote>-&gt;<quote>all</quote> REJECT
policy (<link linkend="all2all">all2all</link> above).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>IN=eth2</term>
<listitem>
<para>the packet entered the firewall via eth2. If you see
<quote>IN=</quote> with no interface name, the packet originated
on the firewall itself.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>OUT=eth1</term>
<listitem>
<para>if accepted, the packet would be sent on eth1. If you see
<quote>OUT=</quote> with no interface name, the packet would be
processed by the firewall itself.</para>
<note>
<para>When a DNAT rule is logged, there will never be an OUT=
shown because the packet is being logged before it is routed.
Also, DNAT logging will show the <emphasis>original</emphasis>
destination IP address and destination port number.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SRC=192.168.2.2</term>
<listitem>
<para>the packet was sent by 192.168.2.2</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DST=192.168.1.3</term>
<listitem>
<para>the packet is destined for 192.168.1.3</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PROTO=UDP</term>
<listitem>
<para>UDP Protocol</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DPT=53</term>
<listitem>
<para>The destination port is 53 (DNS)</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>For additional information about the log message, see <ulink
url="http://logi.cc/linux/netfilter-log-format.php3">http://logi.cc/linux/netfilter-log-format.php3</ulink>.</para>
<para>In this case, 192.168.2.2 was in the <quote>dmz</quote> zone and
192.168.1.3 is in the <quote>loc</quote> zone. I was missing the
rule:</para>
<programlisting>ACCEPT dmz loc udp 53</programlisting>
</example>
</section>
<section id="faq21">
<title>(FAQ 21) I see these strange log entries occasionally; what are
they?</title>
<programlisting>Nov 25 18:58:52 linux kernel:
Shorewall:net2all:DROP:IN=eth1 OUT=
MAC=00:60:1d:f0:a6:f9:00:60:1d:f6:35:50:08:00 SRC=206.124.146.179
DST=192.0.2.3 LEN=56 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=110 ID=18558 PROTO=ICMP
TYPE=3 CODE=3 [SRC=192.0.2.3 DST=172.16.1.10 LEN=128 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00
TTL=47 ID=0 DF PROTO=UDP SPT=53 DPT=2857 LEN=108 ]</programlisting>
<para>192.0.2.3 is external on my firewall... 172.16.0.0/24 is my
internal LAN</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> While most people
associate the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) with
<quote>ping</quote>, ICMP is a key piece of IP. ICMP is used to report
problems back to the sender of a packet; this is what is happening here.
Unfortunately, where NAT is involved (including SNAT, DNAT and
Masquerade), there are a lot of broken implementations. That is what you
are seeing with these messages. When Netfilter displays these messages,
the part before the "[" describes the ICMP packet and the part between
the "[" and "]" describes the packet for which the ICMP is a
response.</para>
<para>Here is my interpretation of what is happening -- to confirm this
analysis, one would have to have packet sniffers placed a both ends of
the connection.</para>
<para>Host 172.16.1.10 behind NAT gateway 206.124.146.179 sent a UDP DNS
query to 192.0.2.3 and your DNS server tried to send a response (the
response information is in the brackets -- note source port 53 which
marks this as a DNS reply). When the response was returned to to
206.124.146.179, it rewrote the destination IP TO 172.16.1.10 and
forwarded the packet to 172.16.1.10 who no longer had a connection on
UDP port 2857. This causes a port unreachable (type 3, code 3) to be
generated back to 192.0.2.3. As this packet is sent back through
206.124.146.179, that box correctly changes the source address in the
packet to 206.124.146.179 but doesn't reset the DST IP in the original
DNS response similarly. When the ICMP reaches your firewall (192.0.2.3),
your firewall has no record of having sent a DNS reply to 172.16.1.10 so
this ICMP doesn't appear to be related to anything that was sent. The
final result is that the packet gets logged and dropped in the all2all
chain. I have also seen cases where the source IP in the ICMP itself
isn't set back to the external IP of the remote NAT gateway; that causes
your firewall to log and drop the packet out of the rfc1918 chain
because the source IP is reserved by RFC 1918.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq52">
<title>(FAQ 52) When I blacklist an IP address with "shorewall[-lite]
drop www.xxx.yyy.zzz", why does my log still show REDIRECT and DNAT
entries from that address?</title>
<para>I blacklisted the address 130.252.100.59 using <command>shorewall
drop 130.252.100.59</command> but I am still seeing these log
messages:</para>
<programlisting>Jan 30 15:38:34 server Shorewall:net_dnat:REDIRECT:IN=eth1 OUT= MAC=00:4f:4e:14:97:8e:00:01:5c:23:24:cc:08:00
SRC=130.252.100.59 DST=206.124.146.176 LEN=64 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=43 ID=42444 DF
PROTO=TCP SPT=2215 DPT=139 WINDOW=53760 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0</programlisting>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Please refer to the
<ulink url="NetfilterOverview.html">Shorewall Netfilter
Documentation</ulink>. Logging of REDIRECT and DNAT rules occurs in the
nat table's PREROUTING chain where the original destination IP address
is still available. Blacklisting occurs out of the filter table's INPUT
and FORWARD chains which aren't traversed until later.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq56">
<title>(FAQ 56) When I start or restart Shorewall, I see these messages
in my log. Are they harmful?</title>
<blockquote>
<programlisting>modprobe: Can't locate module ipt_physdev
modprobe: Can't locate module iptable_raw</programlisting>
</blockquote>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> No. These occur when
Shorewall probes your system to determine the features that it support.
They are completely harmless.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Routing</title>
<section id="faq32">
<title>(FAQ 32) My firewall has two connections to the internet from two
different ISPs. How do I set this up in Shorewall?</title>
<para>Answer: See <ulink url="MultiISP.html">this article on Shorewall
and Routing</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq49">
<title>(FAQ 49) When I start Shorewall, my routing table gets blown
away. Why does Shorewall do that?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: This is usually the
consequence of a one-to-one nat configuration blunder:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Specifying the primary IP address for an interface in the
EXTERNAL column of <filename>/etc/shorewall/nat</filename> even
though the documentation (and the comments in the file) warn you not
to do that.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Specifying ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes and RETAIN_ALIASES=No in
/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>This combination causes Shorewall to delete the primary IP address
from the network interface specified in the INTERFACE column which
usually causes all routes out of that interface to be deleted. The
solution is to <emphasis role="bold">not specify the primary IP address
of an interface in the EXTERNAL column</emphasis>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Starting and Stopping</title>
<section id="faq7">
<title>(FAQ 7) When I stop Shorewall using <quote>shorewall[-lite]
stop</quote>, I can't connect to anything. Why doesn't that command
work?</title>
<para>The <quote> <command>stop</command> </quote> command is intended
to place your firewall into a safe state whereby only those hosts listed
in <filename>/etc/shorewall/routestopped</filename>' are activated. If
you want to totally open up your firewall, you must use the <quote>
<command>shorewall[-lite] clear</command> </quote> command.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq8">
<title>(FAQ 8) When I try to start Shorewall on RedHat, I get messages
about insmod failing -- what's wrong?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The output you will see
looks something like this:</para>
<programlisting>/lib/modules/2.4.17/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_tables.o: init_module: Device or resource busy
Hint: insmod errors can be caused by incorrect module parameters, including invalid IO or IRQ parameters
/lib/modules/2.4.17/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_tables.o: insmod
/lib/modules/2.4.17/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_tables.o failed
/lib/modules/2.4.17/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter/ip_tables.o: insmod ip_tables failed
iptables v1.2.3: can't initialize iptables table `nat': iptables who? (do you need to insmod?)
Perhaps iptables or your kernel needs to be upgraded.</programlisting>
<para>This problem is usually corrected through the following sequence
of commands</para>
<programlisting><command>service ipchains stop
chkconfig --delete ipchains
rmmod ipchains</command></programlisting>
<para>Also, be sure to check the <ulink url="errata.htm">errata</ulink>
for problems concerning the version of iptables (v1.2.3) shipped with
RH7.2.</para>
<section id="faq8a">
<title>(FAQ 8a) When I try to start Shorewall on RedHat I get a
message referring me to FAQ #8</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> This is usually cured
by the sequence of commands shown above in <xref
linkend="faq8" />.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq9">
<title>(FAQ 9) Why can't Shorewall detect my interfaces properly at
startup?</title>
<para>I just installed Shorewall and when I issue the start command, I
see the following:</para>
<programlisting>Processing /etc/shorewall/params ...
Processing /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf ...
Starting Shorewall...
Loading Modules...
Initializing...
Determining Zones...
Zones: net loc
Validating interfaces file...
Validating hosts file...
Determining Hosts in Zones...
<emphasis role="bold">Net Zone: eth0:0.0.0.0/0
</emphasis><emphasis role="bold">Local Zone: eth1:0.0.0.0/0</emphasis>
Deleting user chains...
Creating input Chains...
...</programlisting>
<para>Why can't Shorewall detect my interfaces properly?</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The above output is
perfectly normal. The Net zone is defined as all hosts that are
connected through eth0 and the local zone is defined as all hosts
connected through <filename class="devicefile">eth1</filename>. If you
are running Shorewall 1.4.10 or later, you can consider setting the
<ulink url="Documentation.htm#Interfaces"> <emphasis
role="bold">detectnets</emphasis> interface option</ulink> on your local
interface (<filename class="devicefile">eth1</filename> in the above
example). That will cause Shorewall to restrict the local zone to only
those networks routed through that interface.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq22">
<title>(FAQ 22) I have some iptables commands that I want to run when
Shorewall starts. Which file do I put them in?</title>
<para>You can place these commands in one of the <ulink
url="shorewall_extension_scripts.htm">Shorewall Extension
Scripts</ulink>. Be sure that you look at the contents of the chain(s)
that you will be modifying with your commands to be sure that the
commands will do what they are intended. Many iptables commands
published in HOWTOs and other instructional material use the -A command
which adds the rules to the end of the chain. Most chains that Shorewall
constructs end with an unconditional DROP, ACCEPT or REJECT rule and any
rules that you add after that will be ignored. Check <quote>man
iptables</quote> and look at the -I (--insert) command.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq34">
<title>(FAQ 34) How can I speed up start (restart)?</title>
<para>Using a light-weight shell such as <command>ash</command> can
dramatically decrease the time required to <emphasis
role="bold">start</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">restart</emphasis>
Shorewall. See the SHOREWALL_SHELL variable in <filename> <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Conf">shorewall.conf</ulink> </filename>.</para>
<para>Use a fast terminal emulator -- in particular the KDE konsole
scrolls much faster than the Gnome terminal. Also use the '-q' option if
you are restarting remotely or from a slow terminal (or redirect the
output to a file as in <command>shorewall restart &gt;
/dev/null</command>).</para>
<para>Upgrade your hardware. Many people find that even a modest
increase in CPU and memory speed (e.g. from P3 with SDRAM to P4 with
DDR) helps dramatically. EM64T-capable CPUs (from either AMD or Intel)
exhibit quite acceptable restart speeds, even with a fairly complex
ruleset.</para>
<para>Shorewall also supports a fast start capability. To use this
capability:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>With Shorewall in the <ulink
url="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">started state</ulink>, run
<command>shorewall save</command>. This creates the script
<filename>/var/lib/shorewall/restore</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use the <emphasis role="bold">-f </emphasis>option to the
start command (e.g., <command>shorewall -f start</command>). This
causes Shorewall to look for the
<filename>/var/lib/shorewall/restore</filename> script and if that
script exists, it is run. Running
<filename>/var/lib/shorewall/restore</filename> takes much less time
than a full <command>shorewall start</command>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The <filename>/etc/init.d/shorewall</filename> script that is
run at boot time uses the <emphasis role="bold">-f</emphasis>
option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The <filename>/var/lib/shorewall/restore</filename> script can
be run any time to restore the firewall. The script may be run
directly or it may be run indirectly using the <command>shorewall
restore</command> command.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>If you change your Shorewall configuration, you must execute a
<emphasis role="bold">shorewall start</emphasis> (without <emphasis
role="bold">-f</emphasis>) or <command>shorewall restart</command> prior
to doing another <command>shorewall save</command>. The
<command>shorewall save</command> command saves the currently running
configuration and not the one reflected in your updated configuration
files.</para>
<para>Likewise, if you change your Shorewall configuration then once you
are satisfied that it is working properly, you must do another
<command>shorewall save</command>. Otherwise at the next reboot, you
will revert to the old configuration stored in
<filename>/var/lib/shorewall/restore</filename>.</para>
<para>Finally, the time that new connections are blocked during
shorewall restart can be dramatically reduced by upgrading to Shorewall
3.2 or later. In 3.2 and later releases, <command>shorewall
[re]start</command> proceeds in two phases:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The current configuration is compiled to produce a shell
program tailored for your configuration.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If compilation is error-free, the compiled program is run to
[re]start your firewall.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="faq43">
<title>(FAQ 43) I just installed the Shorewall RPM and Shorewall doesn't
start at boot time.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: When you install using
the "rpm -U" command, Shorewall doesn't run your distribution's tool for
configuring Shorewall startup. You will need to run that tool (insserv,
chkconfig, run-level editor, …) to configure Shorewall to start in the
run-levels that you run your firewall system at.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq45">
<title>(FAQ 45) Why does "shorewall[-lite] start" fail when trying to
set up SNAT/Masquerading?</title>
<para><command>shorewall start</command> produces the following
output:</para>
<programlisting>…
Processing /etc/shorewall/policy...
Policy ACCEPT for fw to net using chain fw2net
Policy ACCEPT for loc0 to net using chain loc02net
Policy ACCEPT for loc1 to net using chain loc12net
Policy ACCEPT for wlan to net using chain wlan2net
Masqueraded Networks and Hosts:
iptables: Invalid argument
ERROR: Command "/sbin/iptables -t nat -A …" Failed</programlisting>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: 99.999% of the time, this
error is caused by a mismatch between your iptables and kernel.</para>
<orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
<listitem>
<para>Your iptables must be compiled against a kernel source tree
that is Netfilter-compatible with the kernel that you are
running.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you rebuild iptables using the defaults and install it, it
will be installed in /usr/local/sbin/iptables. As shown above, you
have the IPTABLES variable in shorewall.conf set to
"/sbin/iptables".</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>About Shorewall</title>
<section id="faq10">
<title>(FAQ 10) What Distributions does it work with?</title>
<para>Shorewall works with any GNU/Linux distribution that includes the
<ulink url="shorewall_prerequisites.htm">proper
prerequisites</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq11">
<title>(FAQ 11) What Features does it have?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> See the <ulink
url="shorewall_features.htm">Shorewall Feature List</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq12">
<title>(FAQ 12) Is there a GUI?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Yes. Shorewall support is
included in Webmin 1.060 and later versions. See <ulink
url="http://www.webmin.com">http://www.webmin.com</ulink></para>
</section>
<section id="faq13">
<title>(FAQ 13) Why do you call it <quote>Shorewall</quote>?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Shorewall is a
concatenation of <quote> <emphasis>Shore</emphasis>line</quote> (<ulink
url="http://www.cityofshoreline.com">the city where I live</ulink>) and
<quote>Fire<emphasis>wall</emphasis> </quote>. The full name of the
product is actually <quote>Shoreline Firewall</quote> but
<quote>Shorewall</quote> is much more commonly used.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq23">
<title>(FAQ 23) Why do you use such ugly fonts on your web site?</title>
<para>The Shorewall web site is almost font neutral (it doesn't
explicitly specify fonts except on a few pages) so the fonts you see are
largely the default fonts configured in your browser. If you don't like
them then reconfigure your browser.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq25">
<title>(FAQ 25) How to I tell which version of Shorewall or Shorewall
Lite I am running?</title>
<para>At the shell prompt, type:</para>
<programlisting><command>/sbin/shorewall[-lite] version</command> </programlisting>
</section>
<section id="faq31">
<title>(FAQ 31) Does Shorewall provide protection against....</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>IP Spoofing: Sending packets over the WAN interface using an
internal LAP IP address as the source address?</term>
<listitem>
<para>Answer: Yes.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Tear Drop: Sending packets that contain overlapping
fragments?</term>
<listitem>
<para>Answer: This is the responsibility of the IP stack, not the
Netfilter-based firewall since fragment reassembly occurs before
the stateful packet filter ever touches each packet.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Smurf and Fraggle: Sending packets that use the WAN or LAN
broadcast address as the source address?</term>
<listitem>
<para>Answer: Shorewall can be configured to do that using the
<ulink url="blacklisting_support.htm">blacklisting</ulink>
facility. Shorewall versions 2.0.0 and later filter these packets
under the <firstterm>nosmurfs</firstterm> interface option in
<ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Interfaces">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Land Attack: Sending packets that use the same address as the
source and destination address?</term>
<listitem>
<para>Answer: Yes, if the <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Interfaces">routefilter interface
option</ulink> is selected.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DOS: - SYN Dos - ICMP Dos - Per-host Dos protection</term>
<listitem>
<para>Answer: Shorewall has facilities for limiting SYN and ICMP
packets. Netfilter as included in standard Linux kernels doesn't
support per-remote-host limiting except by explicit rule that
specifies the host IP address; that form of limiting is supported
by Shorewall.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="faq36">
<title>(FAQ 36) Does Shorewall Work with the 2.6 Linux Kernel?</title>
<para>Shorewall works with the 2.6 Kernels with a couple of
caveats:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Netfilter/iptables doesn't fully support IPSEC in the 2.6
Kernels prior to 2.6.16 -- kernel and iptables patches are available
and the details may be found at the <ulink
url="IPSEC-2.6.html">Shorewall IPSEC-2.6 page</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The 2.6 Kernels do not provide support for the logunclean and
dropunclean options in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>. Note that support
for those options was also removed from Shorewall in version
2.0.0.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>RFC 1918</title>
<section id="faq14">
<title>(FAQ 14) I'm connected via a cable modem and it has an internal
web server that allows me to configure/monitor it but as expected if I
enable rfc1918 blocking for my eth0 interface (the internet one), it
also blocks the cable modems web server.</title>
<para>Is there any way it can add a rule before the rfc1918 blocking
that will let all traffic to and from the 192.168.100.1 address of the
modem in/out but still block all other rfc1918 addresses?</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Add the following to
<ulink url="Documentation.htm#rfc1918">/etc/shorewall/rfc1918</ulink>
(Note: If you are running Shorewall 2.0.0 or later, you may need to
first copy <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/rfc1918</filename> to
<filename>/etc/shorewall/rfc1918</filename>):</para>
<para>Be sure that you add the entry ABOVE the entry for
192.168.0.0/16.</para>
<programlisting>#SUBNET TARGET
192.168.100.1 RETURN</programlisting>
<note>
<para>If you add a second IP address to your external firewall
interface to correspond to the modem address, you must also make an
entry in /etc/shorewall/rfc1918 for that address. For example, if you
configure the address 192.168.100.2 on your firewall, then you would
add two entries to /etc/shorewall/rfc1918:</para>
<programlisting>#SUBNET TARGET
192.168.100.1 RETURN
192.168.100.2 RETURN</programlisting>
</note>
<section id="faq14a">
<title>(FAQ 14a) Even though it assigns public IP addresses, my ISP's
DHCP server has an RFC 1918 address. If I enable RFC 1918 filtering on
my external interface, my DHCP client cannot renew its lease.</title>
<para>The solution is the same as <xref linkend="faq14" /> above.
Simply substitute the IP address of your ISPs DHCP server.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq14b">
<title>(FAQ 14b) I connect to the internet with PPPoE. When I try to
access the built-in web server in my DSL Modem, I get connection
Refused.</title>
<para>I see the following in my log:</para>
<programlisting>Mar 1 18:20:07 Mail kernel: Shorewall:OUTPUT:REJECT:IN= OUT=eth0 SRC=192.168.1.2 DST=192.168.1.1 LEN=60
TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=26774 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=32797 DPT=80 WINDOW=5840 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0 </programlisting>
<para>Answer: The fact that the message is being logged from the
OUTPUT chain means that the destination IP address is not in any
defined zone (see <link linkend="faq17">FAQ 17</link>). You need
to:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Add a zone for the modem in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS
modem ipv4</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Define the zone to be associated with <filename
class="devicefile">eth0</filename> (or whatever interface connects
to your modem) in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
modem eth0 detect</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Allow web traffic to the modem in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
ACCEPT fw modem tcp 80
ACCEPT loc modem tcp 80</programlisting>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Note that many of these ADSL/Cable Modems have no default
gateway or their default gateway is at a fixed IP address that is
different from the IP address you have assigned to your external
interface. In either case, you may have problems browsing the modem
from your local network even if you have the correct routes
established on your firewall. This is usually solved by masquerading
traffic from your local network to the modem.</para>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
eth0 eth1 # eth1 = interface to local network</programlisting>
<para>For an example of this when the ADSL/Cable modem is bridged, see
<ulink url="myfiles.htm">my configuration</ulink>. In that case, I
masquerade using the IP address of my local interface!</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Alias IP Addresses/Virtual Interfaces</title>
<section id="faq18">
<title>(FAQ 18) Is there any way to use aliased ip addresses with
Shorewall, and maintain separate rulesets for different IPs?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Yes. See <ulink
url="Shorewall_and_Aliased_Interfaces.html">Shorewall and Aliased
Interfaces</ulink>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Shorewall Lite</title>
<section id="faq53">
<title>(FAQ 53) What is Shorewall Lite?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Shorewall Lite is a
companion product to Shorewall and is designed to allow you to maintain
all Shorewall configuration information on a single system within your
network. See the <ulink url="CompiledPrograms.html#Lite">Compiled
Firewall script documentation</ulink> for details.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq54">
<title>(FAQ 54) If I want to use Shorewall Lite, do I also need to
install Shorewall on the same system?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: No. In fact, we recommend
that you do <emphasis role="bold">NOT</emphasis> install Shorewall on
systems where you wish to use Shorewall Lite. You must have Shorewall
installed on at least one system within your network in order to use
Shorewall Lite.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq55">
<title>(FAQ 55) How do I decide which product to use - Shorewall or
Shorewall Lite?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: If you plan to have only
a single firewall system, then Shorewall is the logical choice. I also
think that Shorewall is the appropriate choice for laptop systems that
may need to have their firewall configuration changed while on the road.
In the remaining cases, Shorewall Lite will work very well. At
shorewall.net, the two laptop systems have the full Shorewall product
installed as does my personal Linux desktop system. All other Linux
systems that run a firewall use Shorewall Lite and have their
configuration directories on my desktop.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Miscellaneous</title>
<section id="faq20">
<title>(FAQ 20) I have just set up a server. Do I have to change
Shorewall to allow access to my server from the internet?</title>
<para>Yes. Consult the <ulink
url="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart guide</ulink> that you
used during your initial setup for information about how to set up rules
for your server.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq24">
<title>(FAQ 24) How can I allow conections to let's say the ssh port
only from specific IP Addresses on the internet?</title>
<para>In the SOURCE column of the rule, follow <quote>net</quote> by a
colon and a list of the host/subnet addresses as a comma-separated
list.</para>
<programlisting>net:&lt;ip1&gt;,&lt;ip2&gt;,...</programlisting>
<example>
<title>Example:</title>
<programlisting>ACCEPT net:192.0.2.16/28,192.0.2.44 fw tcp 22</programlisting>
</example>
</section>
<section id="faq26">
<title>(FAQ 26) When I try to use any of the SYN options in nmap on or
behind the firewall, I get <quote>operation not permitted</quote>. How
can I use nmap with Shorewall?"</title>
<para>Temporarily remove and rejNotSyn, dropNotSyn and dropInvalid rules
from <filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename> and restart
Shorewall.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq27">
<title>(FAQ 27) I'm compiling a new kernel for my firewall. What should
I look out for?</title>
<para>First take a look at the <ulink url="kernel.htm">Shorewall kernel
configuration page</ulink>. You probably also want to be sure that you
have selected the <quote> <emphasis role="bold">NAT of local connections
(READ HELP)</emphasis> </quote> on the Netfilter Configuration menu.
Otherwise, DNAT rules with your firewall as the source zone won't work
with your new kernel.</para>
<section id="faq27a">
<title>(FAQ 27a) I just built (or downloaded or otherwise acquired)
and installed a new kernel and now Shorewall won't start. I know that
my kernel options are correct.</title>
<para>The last few lines of <ulink url="troubleshoot.htm">a startup
trace</ulink> are these:</para>
<programlisting>+ run_iptables2 -t nat -A eth0_masq -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -j
MASQUERADE
+ '[' 'x-t nat -A eth0_masq -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -j
MASQUERADE' = 'x-t nat -A eth0_masq -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d 0.0.0.
0/0 -j MASQUERADE' ']'
+ run_iptables -t nat -A eth0_masq -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -j
MASQUERADE
+ iptables -t nat -A eth0_masq -s 192.168.2.0/24 -d 0.0.0.0/0 -j
MASQUERADE
iptables: Invalid argument
+ '[' -z '' ']'
+ stop_firewall
+ set +x</programlisting>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Your new kernel
contains headers that are incompatible with the ones used to compile
your <command>iptables</command> utility. You need to rebuild
<command>iptables</command> using your new kernel source.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq28">
<title>(FAQ 28) How do I use Shorewall as a Bridging Firewall?</title>
<para>Shorewall Bridging Firewall support is available — <ulink
url="bridge.html">check here for details</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq39">
<title>(FAQ 39) How do I block connections to a particular domain
name?</title>
<para>I tried this rule to block Google's Adsense that you'll find on
everyone's site. Adsense is a Javascript that people add to their Web
pages. So I entered the rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO
REJECT fw net:pagead2.googlesyndication.com all</programlisting>
<para>However, this also sometimes restricts access to "google.com". Why
is that? Using dig, I found these IPs for domain
googlesyndication.com:<programlisting>216.239.37.99
216.239.39.99</programlisting>And this for google.com:<programlisting>216.239.37.99
216.239.39.99
216.239.57.99</programlisting>So my guess is that you are not actually
blocking the domain, but rather the IP being called. So how in the world
do you block an actual domain name?</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Packet filters like
Netfilter base their decisions on the contents of the various protocol
headers at the front of each packet. Stateful packet filters (of which
Netfilter is an example) use a combination of header contents and state
created when the packet filter processed earlier packets. Netfilter (and
Shorewall's use of netfilter) also consider the network interface(s)
where each packet entered and/or where the packet will leave the
firewall/router.</para>
<para>When you specify <ulink
url="configuration_file_basics.htm#dnsnames">a domain name in a
Shorewall rule</ulink>, the iptables program resolves that name to one
or more IP addresses and the actual netfilter rules that are created are
expressed in terms of those IP addresses. So the rule that you entered
was equivalent to:</para>
<para><programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO
REJECT fw net:216.239.37.99 all
REJECT fw net:216.239.39.99 all</programlisting>Given that
name-based multiple hosting is a common practice (another example:
lists.shorewall.net and www1.shorewall.net are both hosted on the same
system with a single IP address), it is not possible to filter
connections to a particular name by examiniation of protocol headers
alone. While some protocols such as <ulink url="FTP.html">FTP</ulink>
require the firewall to examine and possibly modify packet payload,
parsing the payload of individual packets doesn't always work because
the application-level data stream can be split across packets in
arbitrary ways. This is one of the weaknesses of the 'string match'
Netfilter extension available in Patch-O-Matic. The only sure way to
filter on packet content is to proxy the connections in question -- in
the case of HTTP, this means running something like <ulink
url="Shorewall_Squid_Usage.html">Squid</ulink>. Proxying allows the
proxy process to assemble complete application-level messages which can
then be accurately parsed and decisions can be made based on the
result.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq42">
<title>(FAQ 42) How can I tell which features my kernel and iptables
support?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Use the
<command>shorewall[-lite] show capabilities</command> command at a root
prompt.</para>
<programlisting>gateway:~# shorewall show capabilities
Loading /usr/share/shorewall/functions...
Processing /etc/shorewall/params ...
Processing /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf...
Loading Modules...
Shorewall has detected the following iptables/netfilter capabilities:
NAT: Available
Packet Mangling: Available
Multi-port Match: Available
Extended Multi-port Match: Available
Connection Tracking Match: Available
Packet Type Match: Available
Policy Match: Available
Physdev Match: Available
IP range Match: Available
Recent Match: Available
Owner Match: Available
Ipset Match: Available
ROUTE Target: Available
Extended MARK Target: Available
CONNMARK Target: Available
Connmark Match: Available
Raw Table: Available
gateway:~#</programlisting>
</section>
<section id="faq19">
<title>(FAQ 19) How do I open the firewall for all traffic to/from the
LAN?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Add these two
policies:</para>
<programlisting>#SOURCE DESTINATION POLICY LOG LIMIT:BURST
# LEVEL
$FW loc ACCEPT
loc $FW ACCEPT </programlisting>
<para>You can also delete any ACCEPT rules from $FW-&gt;loc and
loc-&gt;$FW since those rules are redundant with the above
policies.</para>
</section>
</section>
</article>
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