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337 lines
14 KiB
XML
337 lines
14 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<article id="Shorewall_and_Aliased_Interfaces">
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<!--$Id$-->
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<articleinfo>
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<title>Shorewall and Aliased Interfaces</title>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Tom</firstname>
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<surname>Eastep</surname>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<pubdate><?dbtimestamp format="Y/m/d"?></pubdate>
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<copyright>
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<year>2001-2005</year>
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<holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
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</copyright>
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<legalnotice>
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<para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
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1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
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no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
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Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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<quote><ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation
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License</ulink></quote>.</para>
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</legalnotice>
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</articleinfo>
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<caution>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">This article applies to Shorewall 3.0 and
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later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall
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3.0.0 then please see the documentation for that
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release.</emphasis></para>
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</caution>
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<section>
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<title>Background</title>
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<para>The traditional net-tools contain a program called
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<emphasis>ifconfig</emphasis> which is used to configure network devices.
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ifconfig introduced the concept of <emphasis>aliased</emphasis> or
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<emphasis>virtual</emphasis> interfaces. These virtual interfaces have
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names of the form <emphasis>interface:integer</emphasis> (e.g., <filename
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class="devicefile">eth0:0</filename>) and ifconfig treats them more or
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less like real interfaces.</para>
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<example>
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<title>ifconfig</title>
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<programlisting>[root@gateway root]# <command>ifconfig eth0:0</command>
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eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 02:00:08:3:FA:55
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inet addr:206.124.146.178 Bcast:206.124.146.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
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UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
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Interrupt:11 Base address:0x2000
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[root@gateway root]# </programlisting>
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</example>
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<para>The ifconfig utility is being gradually phased out in favor of the
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ip utility which is part of the <emphasis>iproute</emphasis> package. The
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ip utility does not use the concept of aliases or virtual interfaces but
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rather treats additional addresses on an interface as objects in their own
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right. The ip utility does provide for interaction with ifconfig in that
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it allows addresses to be <emphasis>labeled</emphasis> where these labels
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take the form of ipconfig virtual interfaces.</para>
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<example>
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<title>ip</title>
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<programlisting>[root@gateway root]# <command>ip addr show dev eth0</command>
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2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc htb qlen 100
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link/ether 02:00:08:e3:fa:55 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
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inet 206.124.146.176/24 brd 206.124.146.255 scope global eth0
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inet 206.124.146.178/24 brd 206.124.146.255 scope global secondary eth0:0
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[root@gateway root]# </programlisting>
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<para><note>
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<para>One <emphasis role="bold">cannot</emphasis> type
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<quote><command>ip addr show dev eth0:0</command></quote> because
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<quote><filename class="devicefile">eth0:0</filename></quote> is a
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label for a particular address rather than a device name.</para>
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<programlisting>[root@gateway root]# <command>ip addr show dev eth0:0</command>
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Device "eth0:0" does not exist.
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[root@gateway root]#</programlisting>
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</note></para>
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</example>
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<para>The iptables program doesn't support virtual interfaces in either
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it's <quote>-i</quote> or <quote>-o</quote> command options; as a
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consequence, Shorewall does not allow them to be used in the
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/etc/shorewall/interfaces file or anywhere else except as described in the
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discussion below.</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Adding Addresses to Interfaces</title>
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<para>Most distributions have a facility for adding additional addresses
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to interfaces. If you have already used your distribution's capability to
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add your required addresses, you can skip this section.</para>
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<para>Shorewall provides facilities for automatically adding addresses to
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interfaces as described in the following section. It is also easy to add
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them yourself using the <emphasis role="bold">ip</emphasis> utility. The
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above alias was added using:</para>
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<programlisting><command>ip addr add 206.124.146.178/24 brd 206.124.146.255 dev eth0 label eth0:0</command></programlisting>
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<para>You probably want to arrange to add these addresses when the device
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is started rather than placing commands like the above in one of the
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Shorewall extension scripts. For example, on RedHat systems, you can place
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the commands in /sbin/ifup-local:</para>
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<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
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case $1 in
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eth0)
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/sbin/ip addr add 206.124.146.178 dev eth0 label eth0:0
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;;
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esac</programlisting>
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<para>RedHat systems also allow adding such aliases from the network
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administration GUI (which only works well if you have a graphical
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environment on your firewall).</para>
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<para>On Debian and LEAF/Bering systems, it is as simple as adding the
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command to the interface definition as follows:</para>
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<programlisting># Internet interface
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auto eth0
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iface eth0 inet static
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address 206.124.146.176
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netmask 255.255.255.0
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gateway 206.124.146.254
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<command>up ip addr add 206.124.146.178/24 brd 206.124.146.255 dev eth0 label eth0:0</command></programlisting>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>So how do I handle more than one address on an interface?</title>
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<para>The answer depends on what you are trying to do with the interfaces.
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In the sub-sections that follow, we'll take a look at common
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scenarios.</para>
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<section>
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<title>Separate Rules</title>
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<para>If you need to make a rule for traffic to/from the firewall itself
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that only applies to a particular IP address, simply qualify the $FW
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zone with the IP address.</para>
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<example>
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<title>allow SSH from net to eth0:0 above</title>
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<para><optional><filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename></optional><programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
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ACCEPT net $FW:206.124.146.178 tcp 22</programlisting></para>
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</example>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>DNAT</title>
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<para>Suppose that I had set up eth0:0 as above and I wanted to port
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forward from that virtual interface to a web server running in my local
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zone at 192.168.1.3. That is accomplised by a single rule in the
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<filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename> file:</para>
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<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SOURCE ORIGINAL
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# PORT(S) DEST
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DNAT net loc:192.168.1.3 tcp 80 - 206.124.146.178 </programlisting>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>SNAT</title>
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<para>If you wanted to use eth0:0 as the IP address for outbound
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connections from your local zone (eth1), then in
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<filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
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eth0 eth1 206.124.146.178</programlisting>
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<para>Shorewall can create the alias (additional address) for you if you
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set ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes in
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<filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.con</filename>f.</para>
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<warning>
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<para>Addresses added by ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes are deleted and re-added
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during <command>shorewall restart</command>. As a consequence,
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connections using those addresses may be severed.</para>
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</warning>
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<para>Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.14, Shorewall can actually create the
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<quote>label</quote> (virtual interface) so that you can see the created
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address using ifconfig. In addition to setting ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes, you
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specify the virtual interface name in the INTERFACE column as
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follows.</para>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename><programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
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eth0:0 eth1 206.124.146.178</programlisting></para>
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<para>Shorewall can also set up SNAT to round-robin over a range of IP
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addresses. Do do that, you specify a range of IP addresses in the
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ADDRESS column. If you specify a label in the INTERFACE column,
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Shorewall will use that label for the first address of the range and
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will increment the label by one for each subsequent label.</para>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename><programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
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eth0:0 eth1 206.124.146.178-206.124.146.180</programlisting></para>
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<para>The above would create three IP addresses:</para>
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<programlisting>eth0:0 = 206.124.146.178
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eth0:1 = 206.124.146.179
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eth0:2 = 206.124.146.180</programlisting>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>One-to-one NAT</title>
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<para>If you wanted to use one-to-one NAT to link <filename
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class="devicefile">eth0:0</filename> with local address 192.168.1.3, you
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would have the following in
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<filename>/etc/shorewall/nat</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>#EXTERNAL INTERFACE INTERNAL ALL INTERFACES LOCAL
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206.124.146.178 eth0 192.168.1.3 no no</programlisting>
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<para>Shorewall can create the alias (additional address) for you if you
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set ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.</para>
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<warning>
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<para>Addresses added by ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes are deleted and re-added
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during <command>shorewall restart</command>. As a consequence,
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connections using those addresses may be severed.</para>
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</warning>
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<para>Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.14, Shorewall can actually create the
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<quote>label</quote> (virtual interface) so that you can see the created
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address using ifconfig. In addition to setting ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes, you
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specify the virtual interface name in the INTERFACE column as
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follows.</para>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/nat</filename><programlisting>#EXTERNAL INTERFACE INTERNAL ALL INTERFACES LOCAL
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206.124.146.178 eth0:0 192.168.1.3 no no</programlisting></para>
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<para>In either case, to create rules in
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<filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename> that pertain only to this NAT
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pair, you simply qualify the local zone with the internal IP
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address.</para>
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<example>
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<title>You want to allow SSH from the net to 206.124.146.178 a.k.a.
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192.168.1.3.</title>
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<para><programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
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ACCEPT net loc:192.168.1.3 tcp 22</programlisting></para>
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</example>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>MULTIPLE SUBNETS</title>
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<para>Sometimes multiple IP addresses are used because there are
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multiple subnetworks configured on a LAN segment. This technique does
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not provide for any security between the subnetworks if the users of the
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systems have administrative privileges because in that case, the users
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can simply manipulate their system's routing table to bypass your
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firewall/router. Nevertheless, there are cases where you simply want to
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consider the LAN segment itself as a zone and allow your firewall/router
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to route between the two subnetworks.</para>
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<example>
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<title>Local interface eth1 interfaces to 192.168.1.0/24 and
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192.168.20.0/24. The primary IP address of eth1 is 192.168.1.254 and
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eth1:0 is 192.168.20.254. You simply want your firewall to route
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between these two subnetworks.</title>
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<para>This example applies to Shorewall 1.4.2 and later.</para>
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<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS
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loc ipv4</programlisting>
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<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
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loc eth1 192.168.1.255,192.168.20.255 <emphasis role="bold">routeback</emphasis> </programlisting>
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<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename>, simply specify
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ACCEPT rules for the traffic that you want to permit.</para>
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</example>
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<example>
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<title>Local interface eth1 interfaces to 192.168.1.0/24 and
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192.168.20.0/24. The primary IP address of eth1 is 192.168.1.254 and
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eth1:0 is 192.168.20.254. You want to make these subnetworks into
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separate zones and control the access between them (the users of the
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systems do not have administrative privileges).</title>
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<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS
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loc ipv4
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loc2 ipv4</programlisting>
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<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
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- eth1 192.168.1.255,192.168.20.255 </programlisting>
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<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/hosts</filename>:</para>
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<programlisting>#ZONE HOSTS OPTIONS
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loc eth1:192.168.1.0/24
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loc2 eth1:192.168.20.0/24</programlisting>
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<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename>, simply specify
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ACCEPT rules for the traffic that you want to permit.</para>
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<para>For more information on handling multiple networks through a
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single interface, see <ulink
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url="Multiple_Zones.html"><emphasis>Routing on One
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Interface</emphasis></ulink>.</para>
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</example>
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</section>
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</section>
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</article> |