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Shorewall 4.3.12
Shorewall 4.3 is the development thread for Shorewall 4.4 which will be
released late in 2009.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
R E L E A S E 4 . 3 H I G H L I G H T S
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Support for Shorewall-shell has been discontinued. Shorewall-perl
has been combined with Shorewall-common to produce a single
Shorewall package.
2) Support for the "Hierarchical Fair Service Curve" (HFSC) queuing
discipline has been added. HFSC is superior to the "Hierarchical
Token Bucket" queuing discipline where realtime traffic such as
VOIP is being used.
3) Support for the "flow" traffic classifier has been added. This
classifier can help prevent multi-connection applications such as
BitTorrent from using an unfair amount of bandwidth.
4) The Shorewall documentation and man pages have been purged of
information about earlier Shorewall releases. The documentation
describes only the behavior of Shorewall 4.3 and later versions.
5) The interfaces file OPTIONs have been extended to largely remove the
need for the hosts file.
6) It is now possible to define PREROUTING and OUTPUT marking rules
that cause new connections to use the same provider as an existing
connection of the same kind.
7) Dynamic Zone support is once again available for IPv4; ipset support is
required in your kernel and in iptables.
8) A new AUTOMAKE option has been added to shorewall.conf and
shorewall6.conf. Setting this option will allow Shorewall to skip
the compilation phase during start/restart if no configuration
changes have occurred since the last start/restart.
9) The LIMIT:BURST column in /etc/shorewall/policy
(/etc/shorewall6/policy) and the RATE LIMIT column in
/etc/shorewall/rules (/etc/shorewall6/rules) may now be used to
limit on a per source IP or per destination IP basis.
10) Support for per-IP traffic shaping classes has been added.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
M I G R A T I O N I S S U E S
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) The 'shorewall stop', 'shorewall clear', 'shorewall6 stop' and
'shorewall6 clear' commands no longer read the 'routestopped'
file. The 'routestopped' file used is the one that was present at
the last 'start', 'restart' or 'restore' command.
2) The old macro parameter syntax (e.g., SSH/ACCEPT) is now deprecated
in favor of the new syntax (e.g., SSH(ACCEPT)). The 4.3 documentation
uses the new syntax exclusively, although the old syntax
continues to be supported.
3) Support for the SAME target in /etc/shorewall/masq and
/etc/shorewall/rules has been removed, following the removal of the
underlying support in the Linux kernel.
4) Supplying an interface name in the SOURCE column of
/etc/shorewall/masq is now deprecated. Entering the name of an
interface there will result in a compile-time warning:
WARNING: Using an interface as the masq SOURCE requires the
interface to be up and configured when Shorewall
starts/restarts
To avoid this warning, replace interface names by the corresponding
network addresses (e.g., 192.168.144.0/24).
5) Previously, Shorewall has treated traffic shaping class IDs as
decimal numbers (or pairs of decimal numbers). That worked fine
until IPMARK was implemented. IPMARK requires Shorewall to generate
class Ids in numeric sequence. In 4.3.9, that didn't work correctly
because Shorewall was generating the sequence "..8,9,10,11..." when
the correct sequence was "...8,9,a,b,...". Shorewall now treats
class IDs as hex, as do 'tc' and 'iptables'.
This should only be an issue if you have more than 9 interfaces
defined in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices and if you use class IDs in
/etc/shorewall/tcrules or /etc/shorewall/tcfilters. You will need
to renumber the class IDs for devices 10 and greater.
6) Jozsef Kadlecsik has removed the set binding capability from ipset
3.1. As a consequence, Shorewall 4.3 no longer supports set
binding.
9) Support for the 'norfc1918' interface and host option has been
removed. If 'norfc1918' is specified for an entry in either the
interfaces or the hosts file, a warning is issued and the option is
ignored.
Similarly, if RFC1918_STRICT=Yes or a non-empty RFC1918_LOG_LEVEL
is given in shorewall.conf, a warning will be issued and the option
will be ignored.
Users who currently use 'norfc1918' are encouraged to consider
using NULL_ROUTE_RFC1918=Yes instead.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
P R O B L E M S C O R R E C T E D I N 4 . 3 . 12
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) A 'large quantum' warning log message during restart has been
eliminated. The log message occurred when an interface with a large
OUT-BANDWIDTH was defined in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices.
2) The 'shorewall reset' command no longer generates this error:
/sbin/shorewall: 885: report: not found
3) A mis-coded test after the 'findgw' script was executed caused the
value returned by that script to be ignored.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
K N O W N P R O B L E M S R E M A I N I N G
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
None.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
N E W F E A T U R E S I N 4 . 3 . 12
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Support for the "Hierarchical Fair Service Curve" (HFSC) queuing
discipline has been added. HFSC is superior to the "Hierarchical
Token Bucket" queuing discipline where realtime traffic such as
VOIP is being used.
An excellent overview of HFSC on Linux may be found at
http://linux-ip.net/articles/hfsc.en/.
To use HFSC, several changes need to be made to your traffic
shaping configuration:
- To use HFSC on an interface rather than HTB, specify the
'hfsc' option in the OPTIONS column in the interfaces's
entry in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices.
- Modify the RATE colum for each 'leaf' class (class with no
parent class specified) defined for the interface.
When using HFSC, the RATE column may specify 1, 2 or 3
pieces of information separated by colons (":").
1. The Guaranteed bandwidth (as always).
2. The Maximum delay (DMAX) that the first queued packet
in the class should experience. The delay is expressed
in milliseconds and may be followed by 'ms' (e.g.,
10ms. Note that there may be no white space between the
number and 'ms').
3. The maximum transmission unit (UMAX) for this class of
traffic. If not specified, the MTU of the interface is
used. The length is specified in bytes and may be
followed by 'b' (e.g., 800b. Note that there may be no
white space between the number and 'b').
DMAX should be specified for each leaf class. The Shorewall
compiler will issue a warning if DMAX is omitted.
Example:
full/2:10ms:1500b
Guaranteed bandwidth is 1/2 of the devices
OUT-BANDWIDTH. Maximum delay is 10ms. Maximum packet
size is 1500 bytes.
2) Support for ipset bindings has been removed. Jozsef Kadlecsik has
already removed such support from ipset itself.
3) Optional TOS and LENGTH fields have been added to the tcfilters
file.
The TOS field may contain any of the following:
tos-minimize-delay
tos-maximuze-throughput
tos-maximize-reliability
tos-minimize-cost
tos-normal-service
Hex-number
Hex-number/Hex-number
The hex numbers must have exactly two digits.
The LENGTH value must be a numeric power of two between 32 and 8192
inclusive. Packets with a total length that is strictly less that
the specified value will match the rule.
4) Support for 'norfc1918' has been removed. See the Migration
Considerations above.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
N E W F E A T U R E S IN 4 . 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) The Shorewall packaging has been completely revamped in Shorewall
4.3.
The new packages are:
- Shorewall. Includes the former Shorewall-common and
Shorewall-perl packages. Includes everything needed
to create an IPv4 firewall.
- Shorewall6. Requires Shorewall. Adds the components necessary to
create an IPv6 firewall.
- Shorewall-lite
May be installed on a firewall system to run
IPv4 firewall scripts generated by Shorewall.
- Shorewall6-lite
May be installed on a firewall system to run
IPv6 firewall scripts generated by Shorewall6.
2) The interfaces file supports a new 'nets=' option. This option
allows users to restrict a zone's definition to particular networks
through an interface without having to use the hosts file.
Example interfaces file:
#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
loc eth3 detect dhcp,logmartians=1,routefilter=1,nets=172.20.1.0/24
dmz eth4 detect logmartians=1,routefilter=1,nets=206.124.146.177
net eth0 detect dhcp,blacklist,tcpflags,optional,routefilter=0,nets=(!172.20.0.0/24,206.124.146.177)
net eth2 detect dhcp,blacklist,tcpflags,optional,upnp,routefilter=0,nets=(!172.20.0.0/24,206.124.146.177)
loc tun+ detect nets=172.20.0.0/24
#LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES BEFORE THIS ONE -- DO NOT REMOVE
Note that when more than one network address is listed, the list
must be enclosed in parentheses. Notice also that exclusion may be
used.
The first entry in the above interfaces file is equivalent to the
following:
interfaces:
#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
- eth0 detect dhcp,logmartians=1,routefilter=1
hosts:
#ZONE HOST(S) OPTIONS
loc $INT_IF:192.20.1.0/24 broadcast
Note that the 'broadcast' option is automatically assumed and need
not be explicitly specified.
3) Some websites run applications that require multiple connections
from a client browser. Where multiple 'balanced' providers are
configured, this can lead to problems when some of the connections
are routed through one provider and some through another.
To work around this issue, the SAME target has been added to
/etc/shorewall/tcrules. SAME may be used in the PREROUTING and
OUTPUT chains. When used in PREROUTING, it causes matching
connections from an individual local system to all use the same
provider.
For example:
SAME:P 192.168.1.0/24 - tcp 80,443
If a host in 192.168.1.0/24 attempts a connection on TCP port 80 or
443 and it has sent a packet on either of those ports in the last
five minutes then the new connection will use the same provider as
the connection over which that last packet was sent.
When used in the OUTPUT chain, it causes all matching connections
to an individual remote system to all use the same provider.
For example:
SAME $FW - tcp 80,443
If the firewall attempts a connection on TCP port 80 or
443 and it has sent a packet on either of those ports in the last
five minutes to the same remote system then the new connection will
use the same provider as the connection over which that last packet
was sent.
Important note: SAME only works with providers that have the
'track' option specified in /etc/shorewall/providers.
4) The file /var/lib/shorewall/.restore has been renamed to
/var/lib/shorewall/firewall. A similar change has been made in
Shorewall6.
When a successful start or restart is completed, the script that
executed the command copies itself to to
/var/lib/shorewall[6]/firewall.
5) Dynamic zone support is once again available for IPv4. This support
is built on top of ipsets so you must have the xtables-addons
installed on the firewall system.
Dynamic zones are available when Shorewall-lite is used as well.
Note that the dynamic zone support built into Shorewall provides no
additional functionality over what is provided by simply defining a
zone in terms of an ipset (see
http://www1.shorewall.net/ipsets.html#Dynamic).
You define a zone as having dynamic content in one of two ways:
- By specifying nets=dynamic in the OPTIONS column of an entry for
the zone in /etc/shorewall/interfaces; or
- By specifying <interface>:dynamic in the HOST(S) column of an
entry for the zone in /etc/shorewall/hosts.
When there are any dynamic zones present in your configuration,
Shorewall (Shorewall-lite) will:
a) Execute the following commands during 'shorewall start' or
'shorewall-lite start'.
ipset -U :all: :all:
ipset -U :all: :default:
ipset -F
ipset -X
ipset -R < ${VARDIR}/ipsets.save
where $VARDIR normally contains /var/lib/shorewall
(/var/lib/shorewall-lite) but may be modified by
/etc/shorewall/vardir (/etc/shorewall-lite/vardir).
b) During 'start', 'restart' and 'restore' processing, Shorewall
will then attempt to create an ipset named <zone>_<interface>
for each zone/interface pair that has been specified as
dynamic. The type of ipset created is 'iphash' so that only
individual IPv4 addresses may be added to the set.
c) Execute the following commands during 'shorewall stop' or
'shorewall-lite stop':
if ipset -S > ${VARDIR}/ipsets.tmp; then
mv -f ${VARDIR}/ipsets.tmp ${VARDIR}/ipsets.save
fi
The 'shorewall add' and 'shorewall delete' commands are supported
with their original syntax:
add <interface>[:<host-list>] ... <zone>
delete <interface>[:<host-list>] ... <zone>
In addition, the 'show dynamic' command is added that lists the dynamic
content of a zone.
show dynamic <zone>
These commands are supported by shorewall-lite as well.
6) The generated program now attempts to detect all dynamic
information when it first starts. If any of those steps fail, an
error message is generated and the state of the firewall is not
changed.
7) Shorewall will now attempt to detect a dynamic gateway by reading
the dhclient lease file for the interface
(/var/run/dhcp/dhclient-<if>.lease).
8) To improve readability of the configuration files, Shorewall now
allows leading white space in continuation lines when the continued
line ends in ":" or ",".
Example (/etc/shorewall/rules):
#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST
# PORT(S)
ACCEPT net:\
206.124.146.177,\
206.124.146.178,\
206.124.146.180\
dmz tcp 873
The leading white space on the lines that contain just an IP
address is ignored so the SOURCE column effectively contains
"net:206.124.146.177,206.124.147.178,206.124.146.180".
9) The generated script now uses iptables[6]-restore to instantiate
the Netfilter ruleset during processing of the 'stop' command. As a
consequence, the 'critical' option in /etc/shorewall/route_stopped
is no longer needed and will result in a warning.
10) A new AUTOMAKE option has been added to shorewall.conf and
shorewall6.conf. When set to 'Yes', this option causes new behavior
during processing of the 'start' and 'restart' commands; if no
files in /etc/shorewall/ (/etc/shorewall6) have changed since the last
'start' or 'restart', then the compilation step is skipped and the
script used during the last 'start' or 'restart' is used to
start/restart the firewall.
Note that if a <directory> is specified in the start/restart
command (e.g., "shorewall restart /etc/shorewall.new") then the
setting of AUTOMAKE is ignored.
Note that the 'make' utility must be installed on the firewall
system in order for AUTOMAKE=Yes to work correctly.
11) The 'compile' command now allows you to omit the <pathname>. When
you do that, the <pathname> defaults to /var/lib/shorewall/firewall
(/var/lib/shorewall6/firewall) unless you have overridden VARDIR
using /etc/shorewall/vardir (/etc/shorewall6/vardir).
When combined with AUTOMAKE=Yes, it allows the following:
gateway:~ # shorewall compile
Compiling...
Shorewall configuration compiled to /root/shorewall/firewall
gateway:~ #
...
gateway:~ # shorewall restart
Restarting Shorewall....
done.
gateway:~ #
In other words, you can compile the current configuration then
install it at a later time.
12) Thanks to I. Buijs, it is now possible to rate-limit connections by
source IP or destination IP. The LIMIT:BURST column in
/etc/shorewall/policy (/etc/shorewall6/policy) and the RATE LIMIT
column /etc/shorewall/rules (/etc/shorewall6/rules) have been
extended as follows:
[{s|d}:[[<name>]:]]<rate>/{sec|min}[:<burst>]
When s: is specified, the rate is per source IP address.
When d: is specified, the rate is per destination IP address.
The <name> specifies the name of a hash table -- you get to choose
the name. If you don't specify a name, the name 'shorewall' is
assumed. Rules with the same name have their connection counts
aggregated and the individual rates are applied to the aggregate.
Example:
ACCEPT net fw tcp 22 - - s:ssh:3/min
This will limit SSH connections from net->fw to 3 per minute.
ACCEPT net fw tcp 25 - - s:mail:3/min
ACCEPT net fw tcp 587 - - s:mail:3/min
Since the same hash table name is used in both rules, the above is
equivalent to this single rule:
ACCEPT net fw tcp 25,587 - - s:mail:3/min
13) Rules that specify a log level with a target other than LOG or NFLOG
are now implemented through a separate chain. While this may increase
the processing cost slightly for packets that match these rules, it
is expected to reduce the overall cost of such rules because each
packet that doesn't match the rules only has to be processed once
per rule rather than twice.
Example:
/etc/shorewall/rules:
REJECT:info loc net tcp 25
This previously generated these two rules (long rules folded):
-A loc2net -p 6 --dport 25 -j LOG --log-level 6
--log-prefix "Shorewall:loc2net:reject:"
-A loc2net -p 6 --dport 25 -j reject
It now generates these rules:
:log0 - [0:0]
...
-A loc2net -p 6 --dport 25 -g log0
...
-A log0 -j LOG --log-level 6
--log-prefix "Shorewall:loc2net:REJECT:"
-A log0 -p 6 --dport 25 -j reject
Notice that now there is only a single rule generated in the
'loc2net' chain where before there were two. Packets for other than
TCP port 25 had to be processed by both rules.
Notice also that the new LOG rule reflects the original action
("REJECT") rather than what Shorewall maps that to ("reject").
14) Shorewall6 has now been tested on kernel 2.6.24 (Ubuntu Hardy) and
hence will now start successfully when running on that kernel.
15) Three new options (IP, TC and IPSET) have been added to
shorewall.conf and shorwall6.conf. These options specify the name
of the executable for the 'ip', 'tc' and 'ipset' utilities
respectively.
If not specified, the default values are:
IP=ip
TC=tc
IPSET=ipset
In other words, the utilities will be located via the current PATH
setting.
16) There has been a desire in the user community to limit traffic by
IP address using Shorewall traffic shaping. Heretofore, that has
required a very inefficient process:
a) Define a tcclass for each internal host (two, if shaping both in
and out).
b) Define a tcrule for each host to mark to classify the packets
accordingly.
Beginning with Shorewall 4.3.9, this process is made easier IF YOU
ARE WILLING TO INSTALL xtables-addons. The feature requires IPMARK
support in iptables[6] and your kernel. That support is available
in xtables-addons.
The new facility has two components:
a) A new IPMARK MARKing command in /etc/shorewall/tcrules.
b) A new 'occurs' OPTION in /etc/shorewall/tcclasses.
The facility is currently only available with IPv4.
In a sense, the IPMARK target is more like an IPCLASSIFY target in
that the mark value is later interpreted as a class ID. A packet
mark is 32 bits wide; so is a class ID. The <major> class occupies
the high-order 16 bits and the <minor> class occupies the low-order
16 bits. So the class ID 1:4ff (remember that class IDs are always
in hex) is equivalent to a mark value of 0x104ff. Remember that
Shorewall uses the interface number as the <major> number where the
first interface in tcdevices has <major> number 1, the second has
<major> number 2, and so on.
The IPMARK target assigns a mark to each matching packet based on
the either the source or destination IP address. By default, it
assigns a mark value equal to the low-order 8 bits of the source
address.
The syntax is as follows:
IPMARK[([{src|dst}][,[<mask1>][,[<mask2>][,[<shift>]]]])]
Default values are:
src
<mask1> = 0xFF
<mask2> = 0x00
<shift> = 0
'src' and 'dst' specify whether the mark is to be based on the
source or destination address respectively.
The selected address is first shifted right by <shift>, then
LANDed with <mask1> and then LORed with <mask2>. The <shift>
argument is intended to be used primarily with IPv6 addresses.
Example:
IPMARK(src,0xff,0x10100)
Destination IP address is 192.168.4.3 = 0xc0a80403
0xc0a80403 >> 0 = 0xc0a80403
0xc0a80403 LAND 0xFF = 0x03
0x03 LOR 0x10100 = 0x10103
So the mark value is 0x10103 which corresponds to class id
1:103.
It is important to realize that, while class IDs are composed of a
<major> and a <minor> value, the set of <minor> values must be
unique. You must keep this in mind when deciding how to map IP
addresses to class IDs.
For example, suppose that your internal network is 192.168.1.0/29
(host IP addresses 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.6). Your first notion
might be to use IPMARK(src,0xFF,0x10000) so as to produce class IDs
1:1 through 1:6. But 1:1 is the class ID if the base HTB class on
interface 1. So you might chose instent to use
IPMARK(src,0xFF,0x10100) as shown in the example above so as to
avoid minor class 1.
The 'occurs' option in /etc/shorewall/tcclasses causes the class
definition to be replicated many times. The synax is:
occurs=<number>
When 'occurs' is used:
a) The associated device may not have the 'classify' option.
b) The class may not be the default class.
c) The class may not have any 'tos=' options (including
'tcp-ack').
d) The class should not specify a MARK value. Any MARK value
given is ignored with a warning.
The 'RATE' and 'CEIL' parameters apply to each instance of the
class. So the total RATE represented by an entry with 'occurs' will
be the listed RATE multiplied by the 'occurs' number.
Example:
/etc/shorewall/tcdevices:
#INTERFACE IN-BANDWIDTH OUT-BANDWIDTH
eth0 100mbit 100mbit
/etc/shorewall/tcclasses:
#DEVICE MARK RATE CEIL PRIORITY OPTIONS
eth0:101 - 1kbit 230kbit 4 occurs=6
The above defines 6 classes with class IDs 0x101-0x106. Each
class has a guaranteed rate of 1kbit/second and a ceiling of
230kbit.
/etc/shoreall/tcrules:
#MARK SOURCE DEST
IPMARK(src,0xff,0x10100):F 192.168.1.0/29 eth0
This change also altered the way in which Shorewall generates a
class number when none is given.
- Prior to this change, the class number was constructed by concatinating
the mark value with the either '1' or '10'. '10' is used when
there are more than 10 devices defined in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices.
- Beginning with this change, a new method is added; class numbers
are assigned sequentially beginning with 2.
The WIDE_TC_MARKS option in shorewall.conf selects which
construction to use. WIDE_TC_MARKS=No (the default) produces
pre-4.3.9 behavior. WIDE_TC_MARKS=Yes produces the new behavior.
In addition to determining the method of constructing class Ids,
WIDE_TC_MARKS=Yes provides for larger mark values for traffic
shaping. Traffic shaping marks may have values up to 16383 (0x3fff)
with WIDE_TC_MARKS=Yes. This means that when both WIDE_TC_MARKS=Yes and
HIGH_ROUTE_MARKS=Yes, routing marks (/etc/shorewall/providers MARK
column) must be >= 65536 (0x10000) and must be a multiple of 65536
(0x1000, 0x20000, 0x30000, ...).
17) In the 'shorewall compile' command, the filename '-' is now causes
the compiled script to be written to Standard Out. As a side
effect, the effective VERBOSITY is set to -1 (silent).
Examples:
shorewall compile -v-1 -- - # Compile the configuration in
# /etc/shorewall and send the
# output to STDOUT
shorewall compile -v-1 . - # Compile the configuration in the
# current working directory
# and send the output to STDOUT
Note that the '-v-1' suppresses the 'Compiling...' message normally
issued by /sbin/shorewall (/sbin/shorewall6) when a compilation
begins.
18) Supplying an interface name in the SOURCE column of
/etc/shorewall/masq is now deprecated. Entering the name of an
interface there will result in a compile-time warning.
19) Shorewall now supports nested HTB traffic shaping classes. The
nested classes within a class can borrow from their parent class in
the same way as the first level classes can borrow from the root
class.
To use nested classes, you must explicitly number your
classes. That does not imply that you must use the 'classify'
option.
Example:
/etc/shorewall/tcdevices
#INTERFACE IN-BANDWITH OUT-BANDWIDTH OPTIONS
eth2 - 100mbps classify
/etc/shorewall/tcclasses
#INTERFACE MARK RATE CEIL PRIORITY OPTIONS
1:10 - full/2 full 1
1:100 - 16mbit 20mbit 2
1:100:101 - 8mbit 20mbit 3 default
1:100:102 - 8mbit 20mbit 3
/etc/shorewall/tcrules
#MARK SOURCE DEST
1:102 0.0.0.0/0 eth2:172.20.1.107
1:10 206.124.146.177 eth2
1:10 172.20.1.254 eth2
The above controls download for internal interface eth2. The
external interface has a download rate of 20mbit so we guarantee
that to class 1:100. 1:100 has two subclasses, each of which is
guaranteed half of their parent's bandwidth.
Local traffic (that coming from the firewall and from the DMZ
server) is placed in the effectively unrestricted class 1:10. The
default class is guaranteed half of the download capacity and my
work system (172.20.1.107) is guarandeed the other half.
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