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657 lines
23 KiB
XML
657 lines
23 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<article>
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<!--$Id$-->
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<articleinfo>
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<title>Configuration Files</title>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Tom</firstname>
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<surname>Eastep</surname>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<pubdate>2005-05-27</pubdate>
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<copyright>
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<year>2001-2005</year>
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<holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
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</copyright>
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<legalnotice>
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<para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
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1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
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no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
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Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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<quote><ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation
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License</ulink></quote>.</para>
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</legalnotice>
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</articleinfo>
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<caution>
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<para>If you copy or edit your configuration files on a system running
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Microsoft Windows, you must run them through <ulink
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url="http://www.megaloman.com/~hany/software/hd2u/">dos2unix</ulink>
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before you use them with Shorewall.</para>
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</caution>
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<section id="Files">
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<title>Files</title>
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<para><itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> - used to
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set several firewall parameters.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/params</filename> - use this file to
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set shell variables that you will expand in other files.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename> - partition the
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firewall's view of the world into zones.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename> - establishes
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firewall high-level policy.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename> - describes the
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interfaces on the firewall system.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/hosts</filename> - allows defining
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zones in terms of individual hosts and subnetworks.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename> - directs the
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firewall where to use many-to-one (dynamic) Network Address
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Translation (a.k.a. Masquerading) and Source Network Address
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Translation (SNAT).</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/modules</filename> - directs the
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firewall to load kernel modules.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename> - defines rules that
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are exceptions to the overall policies established in
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/etc/shorewall/policy.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/nat</filename> - defines one-to-one
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NAT rules.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/proxyarp</filename> - defines use of
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Proxy ARP.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/routestopped</filename> (Shorewall
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1.3.4 and later) - defines hosts accessible when Shorewall is
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stopped.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/tcrules </filename>- defines marking
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of packets for later use by traffic control/shaping or policy
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routing.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/tos</filename> - defines rules for
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setting the TOS field in packet headers.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/tunnels</filename> - defines IPSEC,
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GRE and IPIP tunnels with end-points on the firewall system.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/blacklist</filename> - lists
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blacklisted IP/subnet/MAC addresses.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/init</filename> - commands that you
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wish to execute at the beginning of a <quote>shorewall start</quote>
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or <quote>shorewall restart</quote>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/start</filename> - commands that you
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wish to execute at the completion of a <quote>shorewall
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start</quote> or <quote>shorewall restart</quote></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/stop </filename>- commands that you
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wish to execute at the beginning of a <quote>shorewall
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stop</quote>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/stopped</filename> - commands that
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you wish to execute at the completion of a <quote>shorewall
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stop</quote>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/ecn</filename> - disable Explicit
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Congestion Notification (ECN - RFC 3168) to remote hosts or
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networks.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/accounting</filename> - define IP
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traffic accounting rules</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/actions</filename> and
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<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/action.template</filename> - define
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your own actions for rules in /etc/shorewall/rules (Shorewall 1.4.9
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and later).</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/providers</filename> - defines an
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alternate routing table.(Shorewall 2.3.2 and later).</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/routes</filename> - see <ulink
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url="Shorewall_and_Routing.html#RouteTarget">here</ulink> (Shorewall
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2.3.2 and later,experimental)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/usr/share/shorewall/actions.std</filename> -
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Actions defined by Shorewall.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/usr/share/shorewall/actions.*</filename> - Details
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of actions defined by Shorewall.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/usr/share/rfc1918</filename> — Defines the behavior
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of the 'norfc1918' interface option in
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<filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>. <emphasis
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role="bold">If you need to change this file, copy it to
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<filename>/etc/shorewall</filename> and modify the
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copy</emphasis>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><filename>/usr/share/bogons</filename> — Defines the behavior
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of the 'nobogons' interface option in
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<filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>. <emphasis
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role="bold">If you need to change this file, copy it to
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<filename>/etc/shorewall</filename> and modify the
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copy</emphasis>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist></para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Special Note about /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</title>
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<para>It is a good idea to modify your /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf file,
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even if you just add a comment that says "I modified this file". That way,
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your package manager won't overwrite the file with future updated
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versions. Such overwrites can cause unwanted changes in the behavior of
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Shorewall.</para>
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</section>
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<section id="Comments">
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<title>Comments</title>
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<para>You may place comments in configuration files by making the first
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non-whitespace character a pound sign (<quote>#</quote>). You may also
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place comments at the end of any line, again by delimiting the comment
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from the rest of the line with a pound sign.</para>
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<example>
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<title>Comments in a Configuration File</title>
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<programlisting># This is a comment
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ACCEPT net fw tcp www #This is an end-of-line comment</programlisting>
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</example>
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</section>
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<section id="Continuation">
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<title>Line Continuation</title>
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<para>You may continue lines in the configuration files using the usual
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backslash (<quote>\</quote>) followed immediately by a new line
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character.</para>
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<example>
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<title>Line Continuation</title>
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<programlisting>ACCEPT net fw tcp \
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smtp,www,pop3,imap #Services running on the firewall</programlisting>
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</example>
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</section>
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<section id="INCLUDE">
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<title>INCLUDE Directive</title>
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<para>Beginning with Shorewall version 1.4.2, any file may contain INCLUDE
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directives. An INCLUDE directive consists of the word INCLUDE followed by
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a path name and causes the contents of the named file to be logically
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included into the file containing the INCLUDE. Relative path names given
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in an INCLUDE directive are assumed to reside in /etc/shorewall or in an
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alternate configuration directory if one has been specified for the
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command.</para>
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<para>INCLUDE's may be nested to a level of 3 -- further nested INCLUDE
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directives are ignored with a warning message.</para>
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<example>
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<title>Use of INCLUDE</title>
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<programlisting> shorewall/params.mgmt:
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MGMT_SERVERS=1.1.1.1,2.2.2.2,3.3.3.3
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TIME_SERVERS=4.4.4.4
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BACKUP_SERVERS=5.5.5.5
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----- end params.mgmt -----
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shorewall/params:
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# Shorewall 1.3 /etc/shorewall/params
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[..]
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#######################################
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INCLUDE params.mgmt
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# params unique to this host here
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#LAST LINE - ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS ONE - DO NOT REMOVE
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----- end params -----
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shorewall/rules.mgmt:
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ACCEPT net:$MGMT_SERVERS $FW tcp 22
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ACCEPT $FW net:$TIME_SERVERS udp 123
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ACCEPT $FW net:$BACKUP_SERVERS tcp 22
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----- end rules.mgmt -----
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shorewall/rules:
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# Shorewall version 1.3 - Rules File
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[..]
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#######################################
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INCLUDE rules.mgmt
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# rules unique to this host here
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#LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES BEFORE THIS ONE -- DO NOT REMOVE
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----- end rules -----</programlisting>
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</example>
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</section>
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<section id="dnsnames">
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<title>Using DNS Names</title>
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<caution>
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<para>I personally recommend strongly against using DNS names in
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Shorewall configuration files. If you use DNS names and you are called
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out of bed at 2:00AM because Shorewall won't start as a result of DNS
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problems then don't say that you were not forewarned.</para>
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</caution>
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<para>Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.9, Host addresses in Shorewall
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configuration files may be specified as either IP addresses or DNS
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Names.</para>
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<para>DNS names in iptables rules aren't nearly as useful as they first
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appear. When a DNS name appears in a rule, the iptables utility resolves
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the name to one or more IP addresses and inserts those addresses into the
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rule. So changes in the DNS->IP address relationship that occur after
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the firewall has started have absolutely no effect on the firewall's
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ruleset.</para>
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<para>If your firewall rules include DNS names then:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>If your <filename>/etc/resolv.conf </filename>is wrong then your
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firewall won't start.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>If your <filename>/etc/nsswitch.conf</filename> is wrong then
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your firewall won't start.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>If your Name Server(s) is(are) down then your firewall won't
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start.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>If your startup scripts try to start your firewall before
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starting your DNS server then your firewall won't start.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Factors totally outside your control (your ISP's router is down
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for example), can prevent your firewall from starting.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>You must bring up your network interfaces prior to starting your
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firewall.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Each DNS name must be fully qualified and include a minimum of two
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periods (although one may be trailing). This restriction is imposed by
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Shorewall to insure backward compatibility with existing configuration
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files.</para>
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<example>
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<title>Valid DNS Names</title>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>mail.shorewall.net</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>shorewall.net. (note the trailing period).</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</example>
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<example>
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<title>Invalid DNS Names</title>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>mail (not fully qualified)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>shorewall.net (only one period)</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</example>
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<para>DNS names may not be used as:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>The server address in a DNAT rule (/etc/shorewall/rules
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file)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>In the ADDRESS column of an entry in /etc/shorewall/masq.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>In the <filename>/etc/shorewall/nat</filename> file.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>These restrictions are imposed by Netfilter and not by
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Shorewall.</para>
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</section>
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<section id="Compliment">
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<title>Complementing an Address or Subnet</title>
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<para>Where specifying an IP address, a subnet or an interface, you can
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precede the item with <quote>!</quote> to specify the complement of the
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item. For example, !192.168.1.4 means <quote>any host but
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192.168.1.4</quote>. There must be no white space following the
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<quote>!</quote>.</para>
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</section>
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<section id="Lists">
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<title>Comma-separated Lists</title>
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<para>Comma-separated lists are allowed in a number of contexts within the
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configuration files. A comma separated list:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Must not have any embedded white space.<programlisting> Valid: routefilter,dhcp,norfc1918
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Invalid: routefilter, dhcp, norfc1818</programlisting></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>If you use line continuation to break a comma-separated list,
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the continuation line(s) must begin in column 1 (or there would be
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embedded white space)</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Entries in a comma-separated list may appear in any
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order.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</section>
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<section id="IPRanges">
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<title>IP Address Ranges</title>
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<para>Beginning with Shorewall 2.2.0, if you kernel and iptables have
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iprange match support, you may use IP address ranges in Shorewall
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configuration file entries; IP address ranges have the syntax
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<<emphasis>low IP address</emphasis>>-<<emphasis>high IP
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address</emphasis>>. Example: 192.168.1.5-192.168.1.12.</para>
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<para>To see if your kernel and iptables have the required support, use
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the <command>shorewall check</command> command:</para>
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<programlisting>>~ <command>shorewall check</command>
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...
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Shorewall has detected the following iptables/netfilter capabilities:
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NAT: Available
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Packet Mangling: Available
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Multi-port Match: Available
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Connection Tracking Match: Available
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Packet Type Match: Not available
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Policy Match: Available
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Physdev Match: Available
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<emphasis role="bold">IP range Match: Available <-------------- </emphasis></programlisting>
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</section>
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<section id="Ports">
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<title>Port Numbers/Service Names</title>
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|
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<para>Unless otherwise specified, when giving a port number you can use
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either an integer or a service name from /etc/services.</para>
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</section>
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<section id="Ranges">
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<title>Port Ranges</title>
|
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|
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<para>If you need to specify a range of ports, the proper syntax is
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<low port number>:<high port number>. For example, if you want
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to forward the range of tcp ports 4000 through 4100 to local host
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192.168.1.3, the entry in /etc/shorewall/rules is:</para>
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<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DESTINATION PROTO DEST PORTS(S)
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DNAT net loc:192.168.1.3 tcp 4000:4100</programlisting>
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<para>If you omit the low port number, a value of zero is assumed; if you
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omit the high port number, a value of 65535 is assumed.</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Port Lists</title>
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<para>In most cases where a port or port range may appear, a
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comma-separated list of ports or port ranges may also be entered.
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Shorewall will use the Netfilter <emphasis
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role="bold">multiport</emphasis> match capability if it is available (see
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the output of "<emphasis role="bold">shorewall check</emphasis>" under the
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heading "Shorewall has detected the following iptables/netfilter
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capabilities:") and if its use is appropriate.</para>
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|
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<para>Shorewall can use multiport match if:</para>
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|
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>The list contains 15 or fewer port number; and</para>
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|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>There are no port ranges listed OR your iptables/kernel support
|
|
the Extended <emphasis role="bold">multiport</emphasis> match (again
|
|
see the output of "shorewall check"). Where the Extended <emphasis
|
|
role="bold">multiport</emphasis> match is available, each port range
|
|
counts as two ports toward the maximum of 15.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section id="Variables">
|
|
<title>Using Shell Variables</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>You may use the /etc/shorewall/params file to set shell variables
|
|
that you can then use in some of the other configuration files.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>It is suggested that variable names begin with an upper case letter
|
|
to distinguish them from variables used internally within the Shorewall
|
|
programs</para>
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
<title>Using Shell Variables</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting> /etc/shorewall/params
|
|
|
|
NET_IF=eth0
|
|
NET_BCAST=130.252.100.255
|
|
NET_OPTIONS=routefilter,norfc1918
|
|
|
|
/etc/shorewall/interfaces record:
|
|
|
|
net $NET_IF $NET_BCAST $NET_OPTIONS
|
|
|
|
The result will be the same as if the record had been written
|
|
|
|
net eth0 130.252.100.255 routefilter,norfc1918
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Variables may be used anywhere in the other configuration
|
|
files.</para>
|
|
</example>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section id="MAC">
|
|
<title>Using MAC Addresses</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Media Access Control (MAC) addresses can be used to specify packet
|
|
source in several of the configuration files. In order to control traffic
|
|
to/from a host by its MAC address, the host must be on the same network as
|
|
the firewall.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>To use this feature, your kernel must have MAC Address Match support
|
|
(CONFIG_IP_NF_MATCH_MAC) included.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>MAC addresses are 48 bits wide and each Ethernet Controller has a
|
|
unique MAC address.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>In GNU/Linux, MAC addresses are usually written as a series of 6 hex
|
|
numbers separated by colons.</para>
|
|
|
|
<example>
|
|
<title>MAC Address of an Ethernet Controller</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting> [root@gateway root]# <command>ifconfig eth0</command>
|
|
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr <emphasis
|
|
role="bold">02:00:08:E3:FA:55</emphasis>
|
|
inet addr:206.124.146.176 Bcast:206.124.146.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
|
|
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
|
|
RX packets:2398102 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
|
|
TX packets:3044698 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
|
|
collisions:30394 txqueuelen:100
|
|
RX bytes:419871805 (400.4 Mb) TX bytes:1659782221 (1582.8 Mb)
|
|
Interrupt:11 Base address:0x1800
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</example>
|
|
|
|
<para>Because Shorewall uses colons as a separator for address fields,
|
|
Shorewall requires MAC addresses to be written in another way. In
|
|
Shorewall, MAC addresses begin with a tilde (<quote>~</quote>) and consist
|
|
of 6 hex numbers separated by hyphens. In Shorewall, the MAC address in
|
|
the example above would be written <emphasis
|
|
role="bold">~02-00-08-E3-FA-55</emphasis>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>It is not necessary to use the special Shorewall notation in the
|
|
<filename><ulink
|
|
url="MAC_Validation.html">/etc/shorewall/maclist</ulink></filename>
|
|
file.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section id="Levels">
|
|
<title>Shorewall Configurations</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Shorewall allows you to have configuration directories other than
|
|
<filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename>. The shorewall
|
|
check, start and restart commands allow you to specify an alternate
|
|
configuration directory and Shorewall will use the files in the alternate
|
|
directory rather than the corresponding files in /etc/shorewall. The
|
|
alternate directory need not contain a complete configuration; those files
|
|
not in the alternate directory will be read from <filename
|
|
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>This facility permits you to easily create a test or temporary
|
|
configuration by</para>
|
|
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>copying the files that need modification from /etc/shorewall to
|
|
a separate directory;</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>modify those files in the separate directory; and</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>specifying the separate directory in a <command>shorewall
|
|
start</command> or <command>shorewall restart</command> command (e.g.,
|
|
<command>shorewall restart /etc/testconfig</command> using Shorewall
|
|
2.2.0 and later or <command>shorewall -c /etc/testconf
|
|
restart</command> using earlier versions )</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <ulink url="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">try
|
|
command</ulink> allows you to attempt to restart using an alternate
|
|
configuration and if an error occurs to automatically restart the standard
|
|
configuration.</para>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</article> |