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shorewall_code/docs/Introduction.xml
Tom Eastep 8b2c79e5ce
Merge branch '5.2.3' into 5.2.4 
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Signed-off-by: Tom Eastep <teastep@shorewall.net>
2020-03-01 13:48:45 -08:00

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd">
<article id="usefull_links">
<!--$Id$-->
<articleinfo>
<title>Introduction</title>
<author>
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
<surname>Eastep</surname>
</author>
<pubdate><?dbtimestamp format="Y/m/d"?></pubdate>
<copyright>
<year>2003-2020</year>
<year>2019</year>
<holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
<para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
<quote><ulink type="" url="Copyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation
License</ulink></quote>.</para>
</legalnotice>
</articleinfo>
<section id="Intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<para>The information in this document applies only to 4.3 and later
releases of Shorewall.</para>
<section id="Glossary">
<title>Glossary</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><ulink url="http://www.netfilter.org">Netfilter</ulink> - the
packet filter facility built into the 2.4 and later Linux
kernels.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ipchains - the packet filter facility built into the 2.2 Linux
kernels. Also the name of the utility program used to configure and
control that facility. Netfilter can be used in ipchains
compatibility mode.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>iptables - the utility program used to configure and control
Netfilter. The term <quote>iptables</quote> is often used to refer
to the combination of iptables+Netfilter (with Netfilter not in
ipchains compatibility mode).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>iptables-restore - a program included with iptables that
allows for atomic installation of a set of Netfilter rules. This is
a much more efficient way to install a rule set than running the
iptables utility once for each rule in the rule set.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ifconfig - An obsolete program included in the net-utils
package. ifconfig was used to configure network interfaces.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>route - An obsolete program included in the net-utils package.
route was used to configure routing.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ip - A program included in the iproute2 package. ip replaces
ifconfig and route in modern Linux systems.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>tc - A program included in the iproute2 package. tc is used to
configure QOS/Traffic Shaping on Linux systems.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section id="Shorewall">
<title>What is Shorewall?</title>
<para>The Shoreline Firewall, more commonly known as
<quote>Shorewall</quote>, is high-level tool for configuring Netfilter.
You describe your firewall/gateway requirements using entries in a set
of configuration files. Shorewall reads those configuration files and
with the help of the iptables, iptables-restore, ip and tc utilities,
Shorewall configures Netfilter and the Linux networking subsystem to
match your requirements. Shorewall can be used on a dedicated firewall
system, a multi-function gateway/router/server or on a standalone
GNU/Linux system. Shorewall does not use Netfilter's ipchains
compatibility mode and can thus take advantage of Netfilter's connection
state tracking capabilities.</para>
<para>Shorewall is not a daemon. Once Shorewall has configured the Linux
networking subsystem, its job is complete and there is no
<quote>Shorewall process</quote> left running in your system. The <ulink
url="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">/sbin/shorewall program can be
used at any time to monitor the Netfilter firewall</ulink>.</para>
<para>Shorewall is not the easiest to use of the available iptables
configuration tools but I believe that it is the most flexible and
powerful. So if you are looking for a simple point-and-click
set-and-forget Linux firewall solution that requires a minimum of
networking knowledge, I would encourage you to check out the following
alternatives:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><ulink url="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/UFW">UFW
(Uncomplicated Firewall)</ulink></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><ulink url="https://comparite.ch/free-firewall">Other free
firewalls</ulink></para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>If you are looking for a Linux firewall solution that can handle
complex and fast changing network environments then Shorewall is a
logical choice.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Concepts">
<title>Shorewall Concepts</title>
<para>The configuration files for Shorewall are contained in the directory
<filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> -- for simple
setups, you will only need to deal with a few of them.</para>
<para>Shorewall views the network where it is running as being composed of
a set of <firstterm>zones</firstterm>. Zones are declared and given a type
in the <ulink url="manpages/shorewall-zones.html"><filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>zones</filename></ulink>
file.Here is the <ulink url="manpages/shorewall-zones.html"><filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>zones</filename></ulink>
file from the three-interface sample:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN OUT
# OPTIONS OPTIONS
fw firewall
net ipv4
loc ipv4
dmz ipv4</programlisting>
<para>Note that Shorewall recognizes the firewall system as its own zone.
The name of the zone designating the firewall itself (usually 'fw' as
shown in the above file) is stored in the shell variable
$<firstterm>FW</firstterm> which may be used throughout the Shorewall
configuration to refer to the firewall zone.</para>
<para>The simplest way to define the hosts in a zone is to associate the
zone with a network interface using the <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html"><filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename></ulink>
file. In the three-interface sample, the three zones are defined using
that file as follows:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE OPTIONS
net NET_IF tcpflags,dhcp,nosmurfs,routefilter,logmartians,sourceroute=0,physical=eth0
loc LOC_IF tcpflags,nosmurfs,routefilter,logmartians,physical=eth1
dmz DMZ_IF tcpflags,nosmurfs,routefilter,logmartians,physical=eth2</programlisting>
<para>The above file defines the <emphasis>net</emphasis> zone as all IPv4
hosts interfacing to the firewall through NET_IF, the
<emphasis>loc</emphasis> zone as all IPv4 hosts interfacing through LOC_IF
and the <emphasis>dmz</emphasis> as all IPv4 hosts interfacing through
eth2. The interface names shown in the INTERFACE column are <emphasis>
logical</emphasis> names which are used throughout the configuration to
refer to the individual interfaces. The actual interface names are
specified using the <emphasis role="bold">physical</emphasis> option. It
is important to note that the composition of a zone is defined in terms of
a combination of addresses <emphasis role="bold">and</emphasis>
interfaces. When using the <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html"><filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename></ulink>
file to define a zone, all addresses are included; when you want to define
a zone that contains a limited subset of the IPv4 address space, you use
the <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-hosts.html"><filename>/etc/shorewall/hosts</filename></ulink>
file or you may use the nets= option in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE OPTIONS
net NET_IF tcpflags,dhcp,nosmurfs,routefilter,logmartians,sourceroute=0,physical=eth0
loc LOC_IF tcpflags,nosmurfs,routefilter,logmartians,physical=eth1,<emphasis
role="bold">nets=172.20.1.0/24</emphasis>
dmz DMZ_IF tcpflags,nosmurfs,routefilter,logmartians,physical=eth2
</programlisting>
<para>The above file defines the <emphasis>net</emphasis> zone as all IPv4
hosts interfacing to the firewall through eth0 <emphasis>except</emphasis>
for 192.168.0.0/23, the <emphasis>loc</emphasis> zone as IPv4 hosts
192.168.0.0/24 interfacing through eth1 and the <emphasis>dmz</emphasis>
as IPv4 hosts 192.168.1.0/24 interfacing through eth2 (Note that
192.168.0.0/24 together with 192.168.1.0/24 comprises
192.168.0.0/23).</para>
<para>Note that the names NET_IF, LOC_IF and DMZ_IF are <emphasis>logical
interface names</emphasis> which are mapped to actual physical network
interfaces using the <emphasis role="bold">physical=</emphasis> option in
each interface file entry.</para>
<para>Rules about what traffic to allow and what traffic to deny are
expressed in terms of zones. <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
<listitem>
<para>You express your default policy for connections from one zone
to another zone in the <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-policy.html"><filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>policy</filename></ulink>
file. The basic choices for policy are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>ACCEPT - Accept the connection.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>DROP - Ignore the connection request.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>REJECT - Return an appropriate error to the connection
request.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Connection request logging may be specified as part of a
policy and it is conventional (and highly recommended) to log DROP
and REJECT policies.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You define exceptions to these default policies in the <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html"><filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>rules</filename></ulink>
file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You only need concern yourself with connection requests. You
don't need to define rules for handling traffic that is part of an
established connection and in most cases you don't have to worry
about how related connections are handled (ICMP error packets and
<ulink url="FTP.html">related TCP connection requests such as used
by FTP</ulink>).</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>For each connection request entering the firewall, the
request is first checked against the <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>rules</filename>
file. If no rule in that file matches the connection request then the
first policy in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>policy</filename>
that matches the request is applied. If there is a default action defined
for the policy in<filename> <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink></filename>
then that action is invoked before the policy is enforced. In the standard
Shorewall distribution, the DROP policy has a default action called
<emphasis role="bold">Drop</emphasis> and the REJECT policy has a default
action called <emphasis role="bold">Reject</emphasis>. Default actions are
used primarily to discard certain packets silently so that they don't
clutter up your log.</para>
<para>The <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>policy</filename>
file included with the three-interface sample has the following policies:
<programlisting>#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOGLEVEL LIMIT
loc net ACCEPT
net all DROP info
all all REJECT info</programlisting>In the three-interface
sample, the line below is included but commented out. If you want your
firewall system to have full access to servers on the Internet, uncomment
that line. <programlisting>#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOGLEVEL LIMIT
$FW net ACCEPT</programlisting> The above policies will:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Allow all connection requests from your local network to the
Internet</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Drop (ignore) all connection requests from the Internet to
your firewall or local networks; these ignored connection requests
will be logged using the <emphasis>info</emphasis> syslog priority
(log level).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Optionally accept all connection requests from the firewall to
the Internet (if you uncomment the additional policy)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>reject all other connection requests; these rejected
connection requests will be logged using the
<emphasis>info</emphasis> syslog priority (log level).</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist></para>
<para>A word about Shorewall logging is in order. Shorewall does not have
direct control over where its messages are logged; that is determined by
the configuration of the logging daemon (syslog, rsyslog, syslog-ng,
ulogd, etc.). The LOGFILE setting in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink>
tells Shorewall <emphasis>where to find the log</emphasis>; it doesn't
determine where messages are logged. See the <ulink
url="shorewall_logging.html">Shorewall logging article</ulink> for more
information.</para>
<para>To illustrate how rules provide exceptions to policies, suppose that
you have the polices listed above but you want to be able to connect to
your firewall from the Internet using Secure Shell (SSH). Recall that SSH
connects using TCP port 22. You would add the following rule to <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html"><filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>rules</filename>:</ulink></para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
ACCEPT net $FW tcp 22</programlisting>
<para>So although you have a policy of ignoring all connection attempts
from the net zone (from the Internet), the above exception to that policy
allows you to connect to the SSH server running on your firewall.</para>
<para>Because Shorewall makes no assumptions about what traffic you want
accepted, there are certain rules (exceptions) that need to be added to
almost any configuration.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The <ulink url="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart
guides</ulink> point to pre-populated files for use in common setups
and the <ulink url="shorewall_setup_guide.htm">Shorewall Setup
Guide</ulink> shows you examples for use with other more complex
setups.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Again, to keep your <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">firewall
log</ulink> from filling up with useless noise, Shorewall provides
<ulink url="Actions.html">common actions</ulink> that silently discard
or reject such noise before it can be logged. As with everything in
Shorewall, you can alter the behavior of these common actions (or do
away with them entirely) as you see fit.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section id="Compile">
<title>Compile then Execute</title>
<para>Shorewall uses a "compile" then "execute" approach. The Shorewall
configuration compiler reads the configuration files and generates a shell
script. Errors in the compilation step cause the script to be discarded
and the command to be aborted. If the compilation step doesn't find any
errors then the shell script is executed.</para>
<para>The 'compiled' scripts are placed by default in the directory
<filename class="directory">/var/lib/shorewall</filename> and are named to
correspond to the command being executed. For example, the command
<command>/sbin/shorewall start</command> will generate a script named
<filename>/var/lib/shorewall/.start</filename> and, if the compilation is
error free, that script will then be executed. If the script executes
successfully, it then copies itself to
<filename>/var/lib/shorewall/firewall</filename>. When an
<command>/sbin/shorewall stop</command> or <command>/sbin/shorewall
clear</command> command is subsequently executed,
<filename>/var/lib/shorewall/firewall</filename> is run to perform the
requested operation.</para>
<para>The AUTOMAKE option in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf may be set to
automatically generate a new script when one of the configuration files is
changed. When no file has changed since the last compilation, the
<command>/sbin/shorewall start</command>, <command>/sbin/shorewall
reload</command> and <command>/sbin/shorewall restart</command> commands
will simply execute the current
<filename>/var/lib/shorewall/firewall</filename> script.</para>
</section>
<section id="Packages">
<title>Shorewall Packages</title>
<para>Shorewall 4.5 and later consists of six packages.</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Shorewall-core</emphasis>. All of the
other packages depend on this one.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Shorewall</emphasis>. This package must be
installed on at least one system in your network. It contains
everything needed to create an IPv4 firewall.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Shorewall6</emphasis>. This package
requires the Shorewall package and adds those components needed to
create an IPv6 firewall.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Shorewall-lite</emphasis>. Shorewall
allows for central administration of multiple IPv4 firewalls through
use of Shorewall lite. The full Shorewall product is installed on a
central administrative system where compiled Shorewall scripts are
generated. These scripts are copied to the firewall systems where they
run under the control of Shorewall-lite.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Shorewall6-lite</emphasis>. Shorewall
allows for central administration of multiple IPv6 firewalls through
use of Shorewall6 lite. The full Shorewall and Shorewall6 products are
installed on a central administrative system where compiled Shorewall
scripts are generated. These scripts are copied to the firewall
systems where they run under the control of Shorewall6-lite.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Shorewall-init</emphasis>. May be
installed with any of the other firewall packages. Allows the firewall
to be closed prior to bringing up network interfaces. It can also
react to interface up/down events.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="License">
<title>License</title>
<para>This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of <ulink
url="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">Version 2 of the GNU General
Public License</ulink> as published by the Free Software
Foundation.</para>
<para>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
for more detail.</para>
<para>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.</para>
</section>
</article>
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