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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
<article id="Documentation">
<!--$Id$-->
<articleinfo>
<title>Shorewall 3.x Reference</title>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
<surname>Eastep</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<pubdate><?dbtimestamp format="Y/m/d"?></pubdate>
<copyright>
<year>2001-2007</year>
<holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
<para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
<quote><ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation
License</ulink></quote>.</para>
</legalnotice>
<abstract>
<para>This documentation is intended primarily for reference.
Step-by-step instructions for configuring Shorewall in common setups may
be found in the <ulink url="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart
Guides</ulink>.</para>
</abstract>
</articleinfo>
<caution>
<para><emphasis role="bold">This article applies to Shorewall 3.0 and
later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall
3.0.0 then please see the documentation for that
release</emphasis>.</para>
</caution>
<section>
<title>Components</title>
<para>Shorewall consists of the following components:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Variables">params</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> that can be used to
establish the values of shell variables for use in other
files.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Conf">shorewall.conf</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> that is used to set
several firewall parameters.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Zones">zones</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> that defines a network
partitioning into <quote>zones</quote></para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Policy">policy</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> that establishes overall
firewall policy.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Rules">rules</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and used to express
firewall rules that are exceptions to the high-level policies
established in /etc/shorewall/policy.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Blacklist">blacklist</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and used to list
blacklisted IP/subnet/MAC addresses.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="ECN">ecn</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and used to selectively
disable Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN - RFC 3168).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>functions</term>
<listitem>
<para>a set of shell functions used by both the firewall and
shorewall shell programs. Installed in <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="modules">modules</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and that specifies
kernel modules and their parameters. Shorewall will automatically
load the modules specified in this file.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="TOS">tos</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> that is used to specify
how the Type of Service (TOS) field in packets is to be set.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>init.sh and init.debian.sh</term>
<listitem>
<para>a shell script installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/init.d </filename>to automatically start
Shorewall during boot. The particular script installed depends on
which distribution you are running.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Interfaces">interfaces</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and used to describe the
interfaces on the firewall system.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Hosts">hosts</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and used to describe
individual hosts or subnetworks in zones.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Maclist">maclist</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and used to verify the
MAC address (and possibly also the IP address(es)) of
devices.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Masq">masq</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>This file also describes IP masquerading under Shorewall and
is installed in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>firewall</term>
<listitem>
<para>a shell program that reads the configuration files in
<filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and configures
your firewall. This file is installed in <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="NAT">nat</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> used to define <link
linkend="NAT">one-to-one NAT</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="ProxyArp">proxyarp</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> used to define <link
linkend="ProxyArp">Proxy Arp</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="rfc1918">rfc1918</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file in <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename> used to define the
treatment of packets under the <link linkend="Interfaces">norfc1918
interface option</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Routestopped">routestopped</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> used to define those
hosts that can access the firewall when Shorewall is stopped.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><ulink url="traffic_shaping.htm#tcrules">tcrules</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file in <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall
</filename>used to define rules for classifying packets for <ulink
url="traffic_shaping.htm">Traffic Shaping/Control</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><ulink url="traffic_shaping.htm">tcdevices</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> used to define the
bandwidth for interfaces on which you want traffic shaping to be
enabled.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><ulink url="traffic_shaping.htm">tcclasses</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> used to define classes
for traffic shaping.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><ulink url="traffic_shaping.htm">tcstart</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>a set of shell functions used by Shorewall to setup traffic
shaping.This file is installed in <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><link linkend="Tunnels">tunnels</link></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> used to define IPSec
tunnels.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>shorewall</term>
<listitem>
<para>a shell program (requiring a Bourne shell or derivative) used
to control and monitor the firewall. This should be placed in
<filename class="directory">/sbin</filename> or in <filename
class="directory">/usr/sbin</filename> (the install.sh script and
the rpm install this file in <filename
class="directory">/sbin</filename>).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><ulink url="Accounting.html">accounting</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>a parameter file in <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> used to define traffic
accounting rules.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>version</term>
<listitem>
<para>a file created in <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename> that describes the
version of Shorewall installed on your system.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><ulink url="Actions.html">actions and
action.template</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>files in <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename>
and <filename class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename>
respectively that allow you to define your own actions for rules in
<filename><link
linkend="Rules">/etc/shorewall/rules</link></filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>actions.std and action.*</term>
<listitem>
<para>files in <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename> that define the
actions included as a standard part of Shorewall.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><ulink url="Shorewall_and_Routing.html">providers</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>file in /etc/shorewall that is used to define multiple
Internet Service Providers and load-balancing.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><ulink url="CompiledPrograms.html">capabilities</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>file in /etc/shorewall that is used to define the
iptables/kernel capabilities of a remote system. The file allows
firewall scripts compiled on one system to be tailored for a remote
system where the script will ultimately run under <ulink
url="CompiledPrograms.html#Lite">Shorewall Lite</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="Variables" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/params">
<title>/etc/shorewall/params</title>
<para>You may use the file <filename>/etc/shorewall/params</filename> file
to set shell variables that you can then use in some of the other
configuration files.</para>
<para>It is suggested that variable names begin with an upper case letter
to distinguish them from variables used internally within the Shorewall
programs</para>
<example>
<title>shell variables</title>
<programlisting>NET_IF=eth0 NET_BCAST=130.252.100.255
NET_OPTIONS=blacklist,norfc1918</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>/etc/shorewall/interfaces record</title>
<programlisting>net $NET_IF $NET_BCAST $NET_OPTIONS</programlisting>
</example>
<para>The result will be the same as if the record had been written</para>
<programlisting>net eth0 130.252.100.255 blacklist,norfc1918</programlisting>
<para>Variables may be used anywhere in the other configuration
files.</para>
</section>
<section id="Zones" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/zones">
<title>/etc/shorewall/zones</title>
<para>This file is used to define the network zones. There is one entry in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename> for each zone; Columns in an
entry are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ZONE</term>
<listitem>
<para>short name for the zone. The name should be 5 characters or
less in length and consist of lower-case letters or numbers. Short
names must begin with a letter and the name assigned to the firewall
is reserved for use by Shorewall itself. Note that the output
produced by iptables is much easier to read if you select short
names that are three characters or less in length. The name
<quote>all</quote> may not be used as a zone name nor may the zone
name assigned to the firewall itself via the FW variable in <xref
linkend="Conf" />.</para>
<para id="Nested">The <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>
and <filename>/etc/shorewall/hosts</filename> file allow you to
define nested or overlapping zones. Such overlapping/nested zones
are allowed and Shorewall normally processes zones in the order that
they appear in the <filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename> file.
So if you have nested zones, you want the sub-zone to appear before
the super-zone and in the case of overlapping zones, the rules that
will apply to hosts that belong to both zones is determined by which
zone appears first in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename>.</para>
<para>Hosts that belong to more than one zone may be managed by the
rules of all of those zones. This is done through use of the special
<link linkend="CONTINUE">CONTINUE policy</link> described
below.</para>
<para>Beginning with Shorewall 3.0, you can adjust the order in
which Shorewall generates its rules by using special syntax in the
ZONE column of <filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename>. Where a
zone is nested in one or more other zones, you may follow the
(sub)zone name by ":" and a comma-separated list of the parent
zones. The parent zones must have been declared in earlier records
in this file.</para>
<para>Example:<blockquote>
<programlisting>#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS
parnt1 ipv4
parnt2 ipv4
child:parnt1,parnt2 ipv4</programlisting>
</blockquote></para>
<para>Even though zones <emphasis>parnt1</emphasis> and
<emphasis>parnt2</emphasis> are declared before zone
<emphasis>child</emphasis>, Shorewall will generate the rules for
<emphasis>child</emphasis> before either of the parent zones.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>TYPE</term>
<listitem>
<simplelist>
<member><emphasis role="bold">ipsec</emphasis> - All traffic
to/from this zone is encrypted.</member>
<member><emphasis role="bold">ipv4</emphasis> - By default,
traffic to/from some of the hosts in this zone is not encrypted.
Any encrypted hosts are designated using the <emphasis
role="bold">ipsec</emphasis> option in <link
linkend="Hosts">/etc/shorewall/hosts</link>.</member>
<member><emphasis role="bold">firewall</emphasis> - Designates the
firewall itself. You must have exactly one 'firewall' zone. No
options are permitted with a 'firewall' zone.</member>
</simplelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>OPTIONS, IN OPTIONS, OUT OPTIONS</term>
<listitem>
<para>Optional parameters that identify the security policy and
security associations used in communication with hosts in this zone.
A comma-separated list of the following:</para>
<simplelist>
<member><emphasis
role="bold">proto[!]=ah|esp|ipcomp</emphasis></member>
<member><emphasis
role="bold">mode[!]=transport|tunnel</emphasis></member>
<member><emphasis
role="bold">reqid[!]=&lt;<emphasis>number</emphasis>&gt;</emphasis>
— A number assigned to a security policy using the
unique:&lt;number&gt; as the SPD level. See setkey(8).</member>
<member><emphasis
role="bold">tunnel-src[!]=&lt;<emphasis>address</emphasis>&gt;[/&lt;<emphasis>mask</emphasis>&gt;]</emphasis>
— Tunnel Source; may only be included with mode=tunnel. Since
tunnel source and destination are dependent on the direction of
the traffic, this option and the following one should only be
included in the IN OPTIONS and OUT OPTIONS columns.</member>
<member><emphasis
role="bold">tunnel-dst[!]=&lt;<emphasis>address</emphasis>&gt;[/&lt;<emphasis>mask</emphasis>&gt;]
</emphasis>— Tunnel Destination; may only be included with
mode=tunnel.</member>
<member><emphasis role="bold">mss</emphasis>=&lt;number&gt; — Sets
the MSS field in TCP syn packets forwarded to/from this zone. May
be used to compensate for the lack of IPSEC pseudo-devices with
their own MTU in the 2.6 Kernel IPSEC implementation. If specified
in the IN OPTIONS, TCP SYN packets from the zone will have MSS
altered; if specified in the OUT OPTIONS, TCP SYN packets to the
zone will have MSS altered.</member>
<member><emphasis
role="bold">spi[!]=&lt;<emphasis>number</emphasis>&gt;</emphasis>
— The security parameter index of the Security Association. Since
a different SA is used for incoming and outgoing traffic, this
option should only be listed in the IN OPTIONS and OUT OPTIONS
columns.</member>
<member><emphasis role="bold">strict</emphasis> — Must be
specified when SPD rules are used (e.g., esp encapsulated with
ah).</member>
<member><emphasis role="bold">next</emphasis> — Separates rules
when strict is used.</member>
</simplelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="Interfaces" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/interfaces">
<title>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</title>
<para>This file is used to tell the firewall which of your firewall's
network interfaces are connected to which zone. There will be one entry in
/etc/shorewall/interfaces for each of your interfaces. Columns in an entry
are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ZONE</term>
<listitem>
<para>A zone defined in the <xref linkend="Zones" /> file or
<quote>-</quote>. If you specify <quote>-</quote>, you must use the
<xref linkend="Hosts" /> file to define the zones accessed via this
interface.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>INTERFACE</term>
<listitem>
<para>the name of the interface (examples: eth0, ppp0, ipsec+). Each
interface can be listed on only one record in this file.</para>
<note>
<para>You do not need to include the loopback interface (lo) in
this file.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>BROADCAST</term>
<listitem>
<para>the broadcast address(es) for the sub-network(s) attached to
the interface. This should be left empty for P-T-P interfaces (ppp*,
ippp*); if you need to specify options for such an interface, enter
<quote>-</quote> in this column. If you supply the special value
<quote>detect</quote> in this column, the firewall will
automatically determine the broadcast address. In order to use
<quote>detect</quote>:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>the interface must be up before you start your
firewall</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the interface must only be attached to a single
sub-network (i.e., there must have a single broadcast
address).</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>OPTIONS</term>
<listitem>
<para>a comma-separated list of options. Possible options
include:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>arp_filter</term>
<listitem>
<para>This option causes
<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/&lt;interface&gt;/arp_filter</filename>
to be set with the result that this interface will only answer
ARP <quote>who-has</quote> requests from hosts that are routed
out of that interface. Setting this option facilitates testing
of your firewall where multiple firewall interfaces are
connected to the same HUB/Switch (all interface connected to
the single HUB/Switch should have this option specified). Note
that using such a configuration in a production environment is
strongly recommended against.</para>
<note>
<para>This option does not work with a wild-card
<replaceable>interface</replaceable> name (e.g., eth0.+) in
the INTERFACE column.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>arp_ignore[=&lt;<emphasis>number</emphasis>&gt;]</term>
<listitem>
<para>respond to arp requests based on the value of
&lt;<emphasis>number</emphasis>&gt;.</para>
<para>1 - reply only if the target IP address is local address
configured on the incoming interface</para>
<para>2 - reply only if the target IP address is local address
configured on the incoming interface and both with the
sender's IP address are part from same subnet on this
interface</para>
<para>3 - do not reply for local addresses configured with
scope host, only resolutions for global and link addresses are
replied</para>
<para>4-7 - reserved</para>
<para>8 - do not reply for all local addresses</para>
<para>If no &lt;<emphasis>number</emphasis>&gt; is given then
the value 1 is assumed</para>
<para><note>
<para>This option does not work with a wild-card
<replaceable>interface</replaceable> name (e.g., eth0.+)
in the INTERFACE column.</para>
</note><warning>
<para><emphasis role="bold">DO NOT SPECIFY arp_ignore FOR
ANY INTERFACE INVOLVED IN PROXY ARP</emphasis>.</para>
</warning></para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>routeback</term>
<listitem>
<para>This option causes Shorewall to set up handling for
routing packets that arrive on this interface back out the
same interface. If this option is specified, the ZONE column
may not contain <quote>-</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>tcpflags</term>
<listitem>
<para>This option causes Shorewall to make sanity checks on
the header flags in TCP packets arriving on this interface.
Checks include Null flags, SYN+FIN, SYN+RST and FIN+URG+PSH;
these flag combinations are typically used for
<quote>silent</quote> port scans. Packets failing these checks
are logged according to the TCP_FLAGS_LOG_LEVEL option in
<xref linkend="Conf" /> and are disposed of according to the
TCP_FLAGS_DISPOSITION option.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>blacklist</term>
<listitem>
<para>This option causes incoming packets on this interface to
be checked against the <link
linkend="Blacklist">blacklist</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>dhcp</term>
<listitem>
<para>The interface is assigned an IP address via DHCP or is
used by a DHCP server running on the firewall. The firewall
will be configured to allow DHCP traffic to and from the
interface even when the firewall is stopped. You may also wish
to use this option if you have a static IP but you are on a
LAN segment that has a lot of Laptops that use DHCP and you
select the <emphasis role="bold">norfc1918</emphasis> option
(see below).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>norfc1918</term>
<listitem>
<para>Packets arriving on this interface and that have a
source or destination address that is reserved in RFC 1918
will be dropped after being optionally logged.</para>
<para>Beware that as IPv4 addresses become in increasingly
short supply, ISPs are beginning to use RFC 1918 addresses
within their own infrastructure. Also, many cable and DSL
<quote>modems</quote> have an RFC 1918 address that can be
used through a web browser for management and monitoring
functions. If you want to specify <emphasis
role="bold">norfc1918</emphasis> on your external interface
but need to allow access to certain addresses from the above
list, see <ulink url="FAQ.htm#faq14">FAQ 14</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>routefilter</term>
<listitem>
<para>Invoke the Kernel's route filtering (anti-spoofing)
facility on this interface. The kernel will reject any packets
incoming on this interface that have a source address that
would be routed outbound through another interface on the
firewall.</para>
<note>
<para>This option does not work with a wild-card
<replaceable>interface</replaceable> name (e.g., eth0.+) in
the INTERFACE column.</para>
</note>
<warning>
<para>If you specify this option for an interface then the
interface must be up prior to starting the firewall.</para>
</warning>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>proxyarp</term>
<listitem>
<para>This option causes Shorewall to set
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/&lt;<emphasis>interface</emphasis>&gt;/proxy_arp
and is used when implementing Proxy ARP Sub-netting as
described at <ulink
url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Proxy-ARP-Subnet/">http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Proxy-ARP-Subnet/</ulink>.
Do <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> set this option if you
are implementing Proxy ARP through entries in <xref
linkend="ProxyArp" />.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>maclist</term>
<listitem>
<para>If this option is specified, all connection requests
from this interface are subject to <ulink
url="MAC_Validation.html">MAC Verification</ulink>. May only
be specified for ethernet interfaces.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>detectnets</term>
<listitem>
<para>If this option is specified, the zone named in the ZONE
column will contain only the hosts routed through the
interface named in the INTERFACE column. <emphasis
role="bold">Do not set this option on your external (Internet)
interface!</emphasis> The interface must be in the UP state
when Shorewall is [re]started.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>nosmurfs</term>
<listitem>
<para>If this option is specified, incoming connection
requests will be checked to ensure that they do not have a
broadcast or multicast address as their source. Any such
packets will be dropped after being optionally logged
according to the setting of SMURF_LOG_LEVEL in <link
linkend="Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>logmartians</term>
<listitem>
<para>If this option is specified, the kernel's martian
logging facility will be enabled on this interface
(/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/&lt;<emphasis>interface</emphasis>&gt;/log_martians
will be set to 1). See also the LOG_MARTIANS option in <link
linkend="Conf">shorewall.conf</link>.</para>
<note>
<para>This option does not work with a wild-card
<replaceable>interface</replaceable> name (e.g., eth0.+) in
the INTERFACE column.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>sourceroute</term>
<listitem>
<para>If this option is not specified for an interface, then
source-routed packets will not be accepted from that interface
(sets
<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/&lt;interface&gt;</filename>/accept_source_route
to 1).<emphasis role="bold">Only set this option if you know
what you are you doing</emphasis>. This might represent a
security risk and is not usually needed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>upnp</term>
<listitem>
<para>Incoming requests from this interface may be remapped
via <ulink url="UPnP.html">UPNP</ulink> (upnpd).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>My recommendations concerning options:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>External Interface -- <emphasis
role="bold">tcpflags,blacklist,norfc1918,routefilter,nosmurfs,logmartians</emphasis></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Wireless Interface -- <emphasis
role="bold">maclist,routefilter,tcpflags,detectnets,nosmurfs</emphasis></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Use <emphasis role="bold">dhcp</emphasis> and <emphasis
role="bold">proxyarp</emphasis> when needed.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<example>
<title>You have a conventional firewall setup in which eth0 connects to
a Cable or DSL modem and eth1 connects to your local network and eth0
gets its IP address via DHCP. You want to check all packets entering
from the internet against the <link linkend="Blacklist">black
list</link>. Your /etc/shorewall/interfaces file would be as
follows:</title>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
net eth0 detect dhcp,norfc1918,blacklist</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You have a standalone dialup GNU/Linux System. Your
/etc/shorewall/interfaces file would be:</title>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
net ppp0</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You have local interface eth1 with two IP addresses -
192.168.1.1/24 and 192.168.12.1/24</title>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
loc eth1 192.168.1.255,192.168.12.255</programlisting>
</example>
</section>
<section id="Hosts" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/hosts">
<title>/etc/shorewall/hosts Configuration</title>
<para>For most applications, specifying zones entirely in terms of network
interfaces is sufficient. There may be times though where you need to
define a zone to be a more general collection of hosts. This is the
purpose of the <filename>/etc/shorewall/hosts</filename> file.</para>
<warning>
<para>The only time that you need entries in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/hosts</filename> is where you have <ulink
url="Multiple_Zones.html">more than one zone connecting through a single
interface</ulink>.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">IF YOU DON'T HAVE THIS SITUATION THEN DON'T
TOUCH THIS FILE!!</emphasis></para>
</warning>
<para>Columns in this file are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ZONE</term>
<listitem>
<para>A zone defined in the <xref linkend="Zones" /> file.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>HOST(S)</term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of an interface defined in the <link
linkend="Interfaces">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</link> file followed
by a colon (":") and a comma-separated list whose elements are
either:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The IP address of a host</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>A subnetwork in the form
&lt;<emphasis>subnet-address</emphasis>&gt;/&lt;<emphasis>mask
width</emphasis>&gt;</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>A physical port name; only allowed when the interface
names a bridge created by the <command>brctl addbr
</command>command. This port must not be defined in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename> and may
optionally followed by a colon (":") and a host or network IP.
See the <ulink url="bridge.html">bridging documentation</ulink>
for details.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>OPTIONS</term>
<listitem>
<para>A comma-separated list of option</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>routeback</term>
<listitem>
<para>This option causes Shorewall to set up handling for
routing packets sent by this host group back back to the same
group.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>maclist</term>
<listitem>
<para>If specified, connection requests from the hosts
specified in this entry are subject to <ulink
url="MAC_Validation.html">MAC Verification</ulink>. This
option is only valid for ethernet interfaces.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>tcpflags</term>
<listitem>
<para>This option causes Shorewall to make sanity checks on
the header flags in TCP packets arriving from these hosts.
Checks include Null flags, SYN+FIN, SYN+RST and FIN+URG+PSH;
these flag combinations are typically used for
<quote>silent</quote> port scans. Packets failing these checks
are logged according to the TCP_FLAGS_LOG_LEVEL option in
<xref linkend="Conf" /> and are disposed of according to the
TCP_FLAGS_DISPOSITION option.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>blacklist (only makes sense for bridge ports)</term>
<listitem>
<para>This option causes incoming packets on this port to be
checked against the <link
linkend="Blacklist">blacklist</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>norfc1918 -- only makes sense for bridge ports)</term>
<listitem>
<para>Packets arriving on this port and that have a source
address that is reserved in RFC 1918 will be dropped after
being optionally logged as specified in the section of
RFC1918_LOG_LEVEL in shorewall.conf.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>nosmurfs (only makes sense for bridge ports)</term>
<listitem>
<para>If this option is specified, incoming connection
requests will be checked to ensure that they do not have a
broadcast or multicast address as their source. Any such
packets will be dropped after being optionally logged
according to the setting of SMURF_LOG_LEVEL in <link
linkend="Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>ipsec</term>
<listitem>
<para>The hosts are accessed via a <ulink
url="IPSEC-2.6.html">kernel 2.6 ipsec SA</ulink>. Note that if
the zone named in the ZONE column is specified as an IPSEC
zone in the <link linkend="Zones">/etc/shorewall/zones</link>
file then you do NOT need to specify 'ipsec' here.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>If you don't define any hosts for a zone, the hosts in the zone
default to i0:0.0.0.0/0 , i1:0.0.0.0/0, ... where i0, i1, ... are the
interfaces to the zone.</para>
<note>
<para>You probably DON'T want to specify any hosts for your internet
zone since the hosts that you specify will be the only ones that you
will be able to access without adding additional rules.</para>
</note>
<example>
<title>Your local interface is eth1 and you have two groups of local
hosts that you want to make into separate zones:</title>
<programlisting>192.168.1.0/25 192.168.1.128/25</programlisting>
<para>Your /etc/shorewall/interfaces file might look like:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
net eth0 detect dhcp,norfc1918
- eth1 192.168.1.127,192.168.1.255</programlisting>
<para>The <quote>-</quote> in the ZONE column for eth1 tells Shorewall
that eth1 interfaces to multiple zones.</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE HOST(S) OPTIONS
loc1 eth1:192.168.1.0/25
loc2 eth1:192.168.1.128/25</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You have local interface eth1 with two IP addresses -
192.168.1.1/24 and 192.168.12.1/24</title>
<para>Your /etc/shorewall/interfaces file might look like:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
net eth0 detect dhcp,norfc1918
- eth1 192.168.1.255,192.168.12.255</programlisting>
<para>Your /etc/shorewall/hosts file might look like:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE HOST(S) OPTIONS
loc eth1:192.168.1.0/24,192.168.12.0/24</programlisting>
</example>
</section>
<section id="Policy" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/policy">
<title>/etc/shorewall/policy Configuration</title>
<para>This file is used to describe the firewall policy regarding
establishment of connections. Connection establishment is described in
terms of <emphasis>clients</emphasis> who initiate connections and
<emphasis>servers</emphasis> who receive those connection requests.
Policies defined in <filename>/etc/shorewall/policy </filename>describe
which zones are allowed to establish connections with other zones.</para>
<para>Policies established in <filename>/etc/shorewall/policy
</filename>can be viewed as default policies. If no rule in
/etc/shorewall/rules applies to a particular connection request then the
policy from <filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename> is applied.</para>
<para>Five policies are defined:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ACCEPT</term>
<listitem>
<para>The connection is allowed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DROP</term>
<listitem>
<para>The connection request is ignored.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>REJECT</term>
<listitem>
<para>The connection request is rejected with an RST (TCP) or an
ICMP destination-unreachable packet being returned to the
client.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>QUEUE</term>
<listitem>
<para>Send the connection request to a user-space process via the
iptables QUEUE target (useful when you are using
Snort-inline).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>CONTINUE</term>
<listitem>
<para>The connection is neither ACCEPTed, DROPped nor REJECTed.
CONTINUE may be used when one or both of the zones named in the
entry are sub-zones of or intersect with another zone. For more
information, see below.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>NONE</term>
<listitem>
<para>Shorewall should not set up any infrastructure for handling
traffic from the SOURCE zone to the DEST zone. When this policy is
specified, the <emphasis role="bold">LOG LEVEL</emphasis> and
<emphasis role="bold">BURST:LIMIT</emphasis> columns must be left
blank.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>For each policy specified in /etc/shorewall/policy, you can indicate
that you want a message sent to your system log each time that the policy
is applied.</para>
<para>Shorewall supports the association of a set of rules with individual
policies. Packets that are having the policy applied are first passed
through the associated rules. These rules are specified in the form of a
<ulink url="Actions.html#Default"><firstterm>default
action</firstterm></ulink> or <ulink
url="Macros.html#Default"><firstterm>default
macro</firstterm></ulink>.</para>
<para>Prior to Shorewall 3.3, default actions were specified in
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/actions.std</filename> or in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/actions</filename>.</para>
<para>This approach has had drawbacks:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>All DROP policies must use the same default action and all
REJECT policies must use the same default action.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Now that Shorewall supports modularized action processing (see
the <link linkend="Conf">USE_ACTIONS option</link> below), we need a
way to define default rules for a policy that does not involve
actions.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>The solution was two-fold:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Four new options were added to the
<filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> file that allow
specifying the default action for DROP, REJECT, ACCEPT and QUEUE. The
options are DROP_DEFAULT, REJECT_DEFAULT, ACCEPT_DEFAULT and
QUEUE_DEFAULT.</para>
<para>DROP_DEFAULT describes the rules to be applied before a
connection request is dropped by a DROP policy; REJECT_DEFAULT
describes the rules to be applied if a connection request is rejected
by a REJECT policy. The other two are similar for ACCEPT and QUEUE
policies.</para>
<para>The value assigned to these may be:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The name of an action.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The name of a macro.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>'None' or 'none'</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>The default values are:</para>
<simplelist>
<member>DROP_DEFAULT="Drop"</member>
<member>REJECT_DEFAULT="Reject"</member>
<member>ACCEPT_DEFAULT=none</member>
<member>QUEUE_DEFAULT=none</member>
</simplelist>
<para>If USE_ACTIONS=Yes, then these values refer to action.Drop and
action.Reject respectively. If USE_ACTIONS=No, then these values refer
to macro.Drop and macro.Reject.</para>
<para>If you set the value of either option to "None" then no default
action will be used and the default action or macro (if any) must be
specified in /etc/shorewall/policy.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The POLICY column in /etc/shorewall/policy was extended.</para>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename>, when the POLICY
is DROP, REJECT, ACCEPT or QUEUE then the policy may be followed by
":" and one of the following:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The word "None" or "none". This causes any default action
defined in <filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> to
be omitted for this policy.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The name of an action (requires that USE_ACTIONS=Yes in
shorewall.conf). That action will be invoked before the policy is
enforced.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The name of a macro. The rules in that macro will be applied
before the policy is enforced. This does not require
USE_ACTIONS=Yes.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>If the value names both an action and a macro, then the action
will be used if USE_ACTIONS=Yes and the macro will be used if
USE_ACTIONS=No.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Entries in /etc/shorewall/policy have four columns as
follows:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>SOURCE</term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of a client zone (a zone defined in the <xref
linkend="Zones" /> file , the <link linkend="Conf">name of the
firewall zone</link> or <quote>all</quote>).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DEST</term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of a destination zone (a zone defined in the <xref
linkend="Zones" /> file , the <link linkend="Conf">name of the
firewall zone</link> or <quote>all</quote>). Shorewall automatically
allows all traffic from the firewall to itself so the <link
linkend="Conf">name of the firewall zone</link> cannot appear in
both the SOURCE and DEST columns.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>POLICY</term>
<listitem>
<para>The default policy for connection requests from the SOURCE
zone to the DESTINATION zone. Beginning with Shorewall version
3.4.0, the policy may be optionally followed by a colon (":") and
the <ulink url="Actions.html#Default">default action</ulink> or
<ulink url="Macros.html#Default">default macro</ulink> to be used
before the policy is applied. Default actions or macros specified
here override any such default specified using the
<emphasis>policy</emphasis>_DEFAULT options in <link
linkend="Conf">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LOG LEVEL</term>
<listitem>
<para>Optional. If left empty, no log message is generated when the
policy is applied. Otherwise, this column should contain an integer
or name indicating a <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">syslog
level</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LIMIT:BURST - optional</term>
<listitem>
<para>If left empty, TCP connection requests from the <emphasis
role="bold">SOURCE</emphasis> zone to the <emphasis
role="bold">DEST</emphasis> zone will not be rate-limited.
Otherwise, this column specifies the maximum rate at which TCP
connection requests will be accepted followed by a colon
(<quote>:</quote>) followed by the maximum burst size that will be
tolerated. Example: <emphasis role="bold">10/sec:40</emphasis>
specifies that the maximum rate of TCP connection requests allowed
will be 10 per second and a burst of 40 connections will be
tolerated. Connection requests in excess of these limits will be
dropped. See the <link linkend="Rules">rules file
documentation</link> for an explanation of how rate limiting
works.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>In the SOURCE and DEST columns, you can enter <quote>all</quote> to
indicate all zones.</para>
<para>The default <filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename> file is as
follows.</para>
<programlisting>#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LEVEL LIMIT:BURST
loc net ACCEPT
net all DROP info
all all REJECT info</programlisting>
<para>This table may be interpreted as follows:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>All connection requests from the local network to hosts on the
internet are accepted.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>All connection requests originating from the internet are
ignored and logged at level KERNEL.INFO.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>All other connection requests are rejected and logged.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<warning>
<para>The firewall script processes the
<filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename> file from top to bottom and
<emphasis role="bold">uses the first applicable policy that it
finds</emphasis>. For example, in the following policy file, the policy
for (loc, loc) connections would be ACCEPT as specified in the first
entry even though the third entry in the file specifies REJECT.</para>
<programlisting>#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LEVEL LIMIT:BURST
loc all ACCEPT
net all DROP info
loc loc REJECT info</programlisting>
</warning>
<section>
<title>Intra-Zone Traffic</title>
<para>Shorewall allows a zone to be associated with more than one
interface or with multiple networks that interface through a single
interface. Shorewall will ACCEPT all traffic from a zone to itself
provided that there is no explicit policy governing traffic from that
zone to itself (an explicit policy does not specify <quote>all</quote>
in either the SOURCE or DEST column).</para>
<para>The idea is this:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>A zone should be homogeneous with respect to security
requirements.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Traffic within a zone should not require rules or
policies.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Shorewall will not restrict traffic within a zone.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>Any time that you have multiple interfaces associated with a
single zone, you should ask yourself if you really want traffic routed
between those interfaces. Cases where you might not want that behavior
are:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Multiple <quote>net</quote> interfaces to different ISPs. You
don't want to route traffic from one ISP to the other through your
firewall.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Multiple VPN clients. You don't necessarily want them to all
be able to communicate between themselves using your
gateway/router.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>You can control the traffic from the firewall to itself. As with
any zone, fw-&gt;fw traffic is enabled by default. It is not necessary
to define the loopback interface (lo) in <link
linkend="Interfaces">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</link> in order to define
fw-&gt;fw rules or a fw-&gt;fw policy.</para>
</section>
<section id="CONTINUE">
<title>The CONTINUE policy</title>
<para>Where zones are <link linkend="Nested">nested or
overlapping</link>, the CONTINUE policy allows hosts that are within
multiple zones to be managed under the rules of all of these zones.
Let's look at an example:</para>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE TYPE OPTION
$FW firewall
sam ipv4
net ipv4
loc ipv4</programlisting>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS
- eth0 detect dhcp,norfc1918
loc eth1 detect</programlisting>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/hosts</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE HOST(S) OPTIONS
net eth0:0.0.0.0/0
sam eth0:206.191.149.197</programlisting>
<note>
<para>Sam's home system is a member of both the <emphasis
role="bold">sam</emphasis> zone and the <emphasis
role="bold">net</emphasis> zone and <link linkend="Nested">as
described above</link> , that means that <emphasis
role="bold">sam</emphasis> must be listed before <emphasis
role="bold">net</emphasis> in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename>.</para>
</note>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LEVEL
loc net ACCEPT
sam all CONTINUE
net all DROP info
all all REJECT info</programlisting>
<para>The second entry above says that when Sam is the client,
connection requests should first be process under rules where the source
zone is <emphasis role="bold">sam</emphasis> and if there is no match
then the connection request should be treated under rules where the
source zone is <emphasis role="bold">net</emphasis>. It is important
that this policy be listed BEFORE the next policy (<emphasis
role="bold">net</emphasis> to <emphasis
role="bold">all</emphasis>).</para>
<para>Partial <filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
...
DNAT sam loc:192.168.1.3 tcp ssh
DNAT net loc:192.168.1.5 tcp www
...</programlisting>
<para>Given these two rules, Sam can connect to the firewall's internet
interface with ssh and the connection request will be forwarded to
192.168.1.3. Like all hosts in the <emphasis role="bold">net</emphasis>
zone, Sam can connect to the firewall's internet interface on TCP port
80 and the connection request will be forwarded to 192.168.1.5. The
order of the rules is not significant.</para>
<para id="Exclude">Sometimes it is necessary to suppress port forwarding
for a sub-zone. For example, suppose that all hosts can SSH to the
firewall and be forwarded to 192.168.1.5 EXCEPT Sam. When Sam connects
to the firewall's external IP, he should be connected to the firewall
itself. Because of the way that Netfilter is constructed, this requires
two rules as follows:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
...
ACCEPT+ sam $FW tcp ssh
DNAT net loc:192.168.1.3 tcp ssh
...</programlisting>
<para>The first rule allows Sam SSH access to the firewall. The second
rule says that any clients from the net zone with the exception of those
in the <quote>sam</quote> zone should have their connection port
forwarded to 192.168.1.3. If you need to exclude more than one zone,
simply use multiple ACCEPT+ rules. This technique also may be used when
the ACTION is REDIRECT.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Rules" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/rules">
<title>/etc/shorewall/rules</title>
<para>The <filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename> file defines
exceptions to the policies established in the
<filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename> file. There is one entry in
/etc/shorewall/rules for each of these rules. Entries in this file only
govern the establishment of new connections — packets that are part of an
existing connection or that establish a connection that is related to an
existing connection are automatically accepted.</para>
<para>Rules for each pair of zones (source zone, destination zone) are
evaluated in the order that they appear in the file — the first match
determines the disposition of the connection request with a couple of
caveats:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>LOG rules cause the connection request to be logged then
processing continues with the next rule in the file.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>QUEUE rules cause the connection request to be passed to
user-space -- the user-space application can later insert them back
into the stream for further processing by following rules.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>CONTINUE rules may cause the connection request to be
reprocessed using a different (source zone, destination zone)
pair.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>The /etc/shorewall/rules file may now be into
<firstterm>sections</firstterm>. Each section is introduced by a line that
begins with the keyword SECTION which is followed by the section name.
Sections are as listed below and must appear in the order shown.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ESTABLISHED</term>
<listitem>
<para>Rules in this section apply to packets in the ESTABLISHED
state.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>RELATED</term>
<listitem>
<para>Rules in this section apply to packets in the RELATED
state.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>NEW</term>
<listitem>
<para>Rules in this section apply to packets in the NEW and INVALID
states.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Rules in the ESTABLISHED and RELATED sections are limited to the
following ACTIONs:</para>
<blockquote>
<para>ACCEPT, DROP, REJECT, QUEUE, LOG and User-defined actions.</para>
</blockquote>
<para>Macros may be used in these sections provided that they expand to
only these ACTIONs. At the end of the ESTABLISHED and RELATED sections,
there is an implicit ACCEPT rule.</para>
<para>RESTRICTION: If you specify FASTACCEPT=Yes in
/etc/shorewall.shorewall.conf then the ESTABLISHED and RELATED sections
must be empty.</para>
<caution>
<para>Unless you understand Netfilter well enough to be comfortable with
the difference between ESTABLISHED, RELATED, INVALID and NEW connection
tracking states, you should omit the ESTABLISHED and RELATED sections
and place all of your rules in the NEW section.</para>
</caution>
<para>Entries in the file have the following columns:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ACTION</term>
<listitem>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ACCEPT, DROP, REJECT, CONTINUE</term>
<listitem>
<para>These have the same meaning here as in the policy file
above.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>ACCEPT+</term>
<listitem>
<para>Works like ACCEPT but also exempts the connection from
matching DNAT and REDIRECT rules later in the file.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>NONAT</term>
<listitem>
<para>Exempts matching connections from DNAT and REDIRECT
rules later in the file.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DNAT</term>
<listitem>
<para>Causes the connection request to be forwarded to the
system specified in the DEST column (port forwarding).
<quote>DNAT</quote> stands for <quote><emphasis
role="bold">D</emphasis>estination <emphasis
role="bold">N</emphasis>etwork <emphasis
role="bold">A</emphasis>ddress <emphasis
role="bold">T</emphasis>ranslation</quote></para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DNAT-</term>
<listitem>
<para>The above ACTION (DNAT) generates two iptables
rules:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>a header-rewriting rule in the Netfilter
<quote>nat</quote> table</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>an ACCEPT rule in the Netfilter
<quote>filter</quote> table.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>DNAT- works like DNAT but only generates the
header-rewriting rule.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SAME</term>
<listitem>
<para>SAME is useful when more than one server IP address (an
address range, for example) is given in the DEST column below.
SAME works similar to DNAT with the exception that when
multiple connections from an internet host match a SAME rule
then all of the connections will be sent to the same internal
server.</para>
<note>
<para>Unlike when using DNAT rules, SAME rules may not alter
the destination port number used for the connection.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SAME-</term>
<listitem>
<para>SAME generates two iptables rules:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>a header-rewriting rule in the Netfilter
<quote>nat</quote> table</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>an ACCEPT rule in the Netfilter
<quote>filter</quote> table.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>SAME- works like SAME but only generates the
header-rewriting rule.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>REDIRECT</term>
<listitem>
<para>Causes the connection request to be redirected to a port
on the local (firewall) system.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>REDIRECT-</term>
<listitem>
<para>The above ACTION (REDIRECT) generates two iptables
rules:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>a header-rewriting rule in the Netfilter
<quote>nat</quote> table</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>an ACCEPT rule in the Netfilter
<quote>filter</quote> table.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>REDIRECT- works like REDIRECT but only generates the
header-rewriting rule.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LOG</term>
<listitem>
<para>Log the packet -- requires a syslog level (see
below).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>QUEUE</term>
<listitem>
<para>Forward the packet to a user-space application. This
facility is provided to allow interfacing to <ulink
url="http://p2pwall.sourceforge.net">ftwall</ulink> for <ulink
url="Shorewall_and_Kazaa.html">Kazaa filtering</ulink>.</para>
<note>
<para>With Shorewall versions prior to 3.2.0, when the
protocol specified in the PROTO column is TCP
(<quote>tcp</quote>, <quote>TCP</quote> or
<quote>6</quote>), Shorewall will only pass connection
requests (SYN packets) to user space. This is for
compatibility with ftwall.</para>
<para>With Shorewall version 3.2.0 and later, this special
treatment no longer applies. Rather, use tcp:syn in the
PROTOCOL column to acheive this behavior.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><ulink url="Actions.html">&lt;defined
action&gt;</ulink></term>
<listitem>
<para>An action defined in the <filename><ulink
url="Actions.html">/etc/shorewall/actions</ulink></filename>
or <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/actions.std</filename>
files.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>&lt;macro&gt;</term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of a macro defined using a file with name
macro.&lt;name&gt;. Macro files are usually placed in
/etc/shorewall but may reside in any directory on the
CONFIG_PATH.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>The ACTION may optionally be followed by <quote>:</quote> and
a <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">syslog level</ulink> (example:
REJECT:info or ACCEPT:debug). This causes the packet to be logged at
the specified level prior to being processed according to the
specified ACTION. Note: if the ACTION is LOG then you MUST specify a
syslog level. The log level may be optionally followed by a
<firstterm>log tag</firstterm>. A log tag is a string of
alphanumeric characters and is specified by following the log level
with ":" and the log tag. Example:<programlisting>ACCEPT:info:ftp net dmz tcp 21
</programlisting>The log tag is appended to the log prefix generated by the
LOGPREFIX variable in <filename><link
linkend="Conf">/etc/shorewall/conf</link></filename>. If
"ACCEPT:info" generates the log prefix "Shorewall:net2dmz:ACCEPT:"
then "ACCEPT:info:ftp" will generate "Shorewall:net2dmz:ACCEPT:ftp "
(note the trailing blank). The maximum length of a log prefix
supported by iptables is 29 characters; if a larger prefix is
generated, Shorewall will issue a warning message and will truncate
the prefix to 29 characters.</para>
<para>Specifying a log level for a &lt;<emphasis>defined
action</emphasis>&gt; will log all invocations of the action. For
example:</para>
<programlisting>AllowFTP:info net dmz</programlisting>
<para>will log all net-&gt;dmz traffic that has not been handled by
earlier rules. That's probably not what you want. If you want to log
the FTP connections that are actually accepted, you need to log
within the action itself. One way to do that would be to copy
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/action.AllowFTP</filename> to
<filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and modify the
copy as follows:</para>
<programlisting>#TARGET SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST SOURCE RATE USER/
# PORT PORT(S) LIMIT GROUP
ACCEPT<emphasis role="bold">:info</emphasis> - - tcp 21
#LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES BEFORE THIS ONE -- DO NOT REMOVE</programlisting>
<para>The use of DNAT or REDIRECT requires that you have NAT enabled
in your <ulink url="kernel.htm">kernel configuration</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SOURCE</term>
<listitem>
<para>Describes the source hosts to which the rule applies.. The
contents of this field must begin with the name of a zone defined in
/etc/shorewall/zones, $FW, <quote>all</quote> or "none".</para>
<para>If the source is "none" then the rule is ignored. This is most
commonly used with <ulink
url="http://shorewall.net/configuration_file_basics.htm#Variables">Shell
Variables</ulink> where a shell variable is set to "none" if a rule
is to be omitted.</para>
<para>"all" means "All Zones", including the firewall itself. "all-"
means "All Zones, except the firewall itself". When "all[-]" is used
either in the SOURCE or DEST column intra-zone traffic is not
affected. When "all+[-]" is used, intra-zone traffic is affected.
<emphasis role="bold">"all-" and "all+-" were introduced in
Shorewall version 3.2.0 Beta 8.</emphasis></para>
<para>If the source is not one of the variants of <quote>all</quote>
then the source may be further restricted by adding a colon
(<quote>:</quote>) followed by a comma-separated list of qualifiers.
Qualifiers are may include:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>interface name</term>
<listitem>
<para>refers to any connection requests arriving on the
specified interface (example loc:eth4). The interface name may
optionally be followed by a colon (<quote>:</quote>) and an IP
address or subnet (examples: loc:eth4:192.168.4.22,
net:eth0:192.0.2.0/24).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>IP address</term>
<listitem>
<para>refers to a connection request from the host with the
specified address (example net:155.186.235.151). If the ACTION
is DNAT, this must not be a DNS name.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>MAC Address</term>
<listitem>
<para>in <ulink
url="configuration_file_basics.htm#MAC">Shorewall
format</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>subnet</term>
<listitem>
<para>refers to a connection request from any host in the
specified subnet (example net:155.186.235.0/24). IP address
ranges of the form &lt;<emphasis>first
address</emphasis>&gt;-&lt;<emphasis>last
address</emphasis>&gt; may be specified. This requires that
your kernel and iptables have iprange match support.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DEST</term>
<listitem>
<para>Describes the destination host(s) to which the rule applies.
May take most of the forms described above for SOURCE plus the
following two additional forms:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>An IP address followed by a colon and the port <emphasis
role="bold">number</emphasis> that the server is listening on
(service names from /etc/services are not allowed - example
loc:192.168.1.3:80).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>A single port number (again, service names are not
allowed) -- this form is only allowed if the ACTION is REDIRECT
and refers to a server running on the firewall itself and
listening on the specified port.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Restrictions:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>MAC addresses may not be specified.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In DNAT rules, only IP addresses may be given -- DNS names
are not permitted.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You may not specify both an IP address and an interface
name in the DEST column.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Like in the SOURCE column, a range of IP addresses may be
specified in the DEST column as &lt;<emphasis>first
address</emphasis>&gt;-&lt;<emphasis>last address</emphasis>&gt;.
When the ACTION is DNAT or DNAT-, connections will be assigned to
the addresses in the range in a round-robin fashion
(load-balancing).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PROTO</term>
<listitem>
<para>Protocol. Must be a protocol name from /etc/protocols, a
number, or <quote>all</quote>. Specifies the protocol of the
connection request.</para>
<para>In the ESTABLISHED and RELATED sections, may also be "ipp2p",
"ipp2p:udp", "ipp2p:all"; requires ipp2p match support in your
kernel and iptables.</para>
<para>Beginning with Shorewall 3.1, you may also specify "tcp:syn"
in this column. This is equivalent to "tcp" but also requires that
the SYN flag be set and the FIN, ACK and RST flags be reset.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DEST PORT(S)</term>
<listitem>
<para>Port or port range (&lt;low port&gt;:&lt;high port&gt;) being
connected to. May only be specified if the protocol is tcp, udp or
icmp. For icmp, this column's contents are interpreted as an icmp
type. If you don't want to specify DEST PORT(S) but need to include
information in one of the columns to the right, enter
<quote>-</quote> in this column. You may give a list of ports and/or
port ranges separated by commas. Port numbers may be either integers
or service names from /etc/services.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SOURCE PORTS(S)</term>
<listitem>
<para>May be used to restrict the rule to a particular client port
or port range (a port range is specified as &lt;low port
number&gt;:&lt;high port number&gt;). If you don't want to restrict
client ports but want to specify something in the next column, enter
<quote>-</quote> in this column. If you wish to specify a list of
port number or ranges, separate the list elements with commas (with
no embedded white space). Port numbers may be either integers or
service names from /etc/services.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>ORIGINAL DEST</term>
<listitem>
<para>This column may only be non-empty if the ACTION is DNAT or
REDIRECT.</para>
<para>If DNAT or REDIRECT is the ACTION and the ORIGINAL DEST column
is left empty, any connection request arriving at the firewall from
the SOURCE that matches the rule will be forwarded or redirected.
This works fine for connection requests arriving from the internet
where the firewall has only a single external IP address. When the
firewall has multiple external IP addresses or when the SOURCE is
other than the internet, there will usually be a desire for the rule
to only apply to those connection requests directed to particular IP
addresses (see Example 2 below for another usage). Those IP
addresses are specified in the ORIGINAL DEST column as a
comma-separated list.</para>
<para>If this list begins with <quote>!</quote> then the rule will
only apply if the original destination address matches none of the
addresses listed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>RATE LIMIT</term>
<listitem>
<para>You may rate-limit ACCEPT, DNAT[-], REDIRECT[-] or LOG rules
with an entry in this column. Entries have the form</para>
<programlisting>&lt;rate&gt;/&lt;interval&gt;[:&lt;burst&gt;]</programlisting>
<para>where &lt;rate&gt; is the number of connections per
&lt;interval&gt; (<quote>sec</quote> or <quote>min</quote>) and
&lt;burst&gt; is the largest burst permitted. If no burst value is
given, a value of 5 is assumed.</para>
<para>There may be no whitespace embedded in the
specification.</para>
<example>
<title>Let's take</title>
<programlisting>ACCEPT net dmz tcp 80 - - 2/sec:4</programlisting>
<para>The first time this rule is reached, the packet will be
accepted; in fact, since the burst is 4, the first four packets
will be accepted. After this, it will be 500ms (1 second divided
by the rate of 2) before a packet will be accepted from this rule,
regardless of how many packets reach it. Also, every 500ms which
passes without matching a packet, one of the bursts will be
regained; if no packets hit the rule for 2 second, the burst will
be fully recharged; back where we started.</para>
</example>
<warning>
<para>When rate limiting is specified on a rule with
<quote>all</quote> in the SOURCE or DEST fields below, the limit
will apply to each pair of zones individually rather than as a
single limit for all pairs of zones covered by the rule.</para>
</warning>
<para>If you want to specify any following columns but no rate
limit, place <quote>-</quote> in this column.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>USER/GROUP</term>
<listitem>
<para>Output rules from the firewall itself may be restricted to a
particular user or group.</para>
<para>The column may contain:</para>
<programlisting> [!][&lt;user name or number&gt;][:&lt;group name or number&gt;][+&lt;program name&gt;]</programlisting>
<para>When this column is non-empty, the rule applies only if the
program generating the output is running under the effective
&lt;user&gt; and/or &lt;group&gt; specified (or is NOT running under
that id if "!" is given).</para>
<para>Examples:</para>
<programlisting>joe #program must be run by joe
:kids #program must be run by a member of the 'kids' group
!:kids #program must not be run by a member of the 'kids' group
+upnpd #program named upnpd (This feature was removed from Netfilter in kernel version 2.6.14).</programlisting>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<example>
<title>You wish to forward all ssh connection requests from the internet
to local system 192.168.1.3. You wish to limit the number of connections
to 4/minute with a burst of 8:</title>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) ORIGINAL RATE LIMIT
# DEST
DNAT net loc:192.168.1.3 tcp ssh - 4/min:8</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You want to redirect all local www connection requests EXCEPT
those to your own http server (206.124.146.177) to a Squid transparent
proxy running on the firewall and listening on port 3128. Squid will of
course require access to remote web servers. This example shows yet
another use for the ORIGINAL DEST column; here, connection requests that
were NOT (notice the <quote>!</quote>) originally destined to
206.124.146.177 are redirected to local port 3128.</title>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT(S) DEST
REDIRECT loc 3128 tcp www - !206.124.146.177
ACCEPT $FW net tcp www</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You want to run a web server at 155.186.235.222 in your DMZ and
have it accessible remotely and locally. the DMZ is managed by Proxy ARP
or by classical sub-netting.</title>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
ACCEPT net dmz:155.186.235.222 tcp www
ACCEPT loc dmz:155.186.235.222 tcp www</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You want to run wu-ftpd on 192.168.2.2 in your masqueraded DMZ.
Your internet interface address is 155.186.235.151 and you want the FTP
server to be accessible from the internet in addition to the local
192.168.1.0/24 and dmz 192.168.2.0/24 subnetworks.</title>
<para><note>
<para>since the server is in the 192.168.2.0/24 subnetwork, we can
assume that access to the server from that subnet will not involve
the firewall (<ulink url="FAQ.htm#faq2">but see FAQ
2</ulink>)</para>
</note><note>
<para>unless you have more than one external IP address, you can
leave the ORIGINAL DEST column blank in the first rule. You cannot
leave it blank in the second rule though because then all ftp
connections originating in the local subnet 192.168.1.0/24 would be
sent to 192.168.2.2 regardless of the site that the user was trying
to connect to. That is clearly not what you want.</para>
</note></para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT(S) DEST
DNAT net dmz:192.168.2.2 tcp ftp
DNAT loc:192.168.1.0/24 dmz:192.168.2.2 tcp ftp - 155.186.235.151</programlisting>
<para>If you are running wu-ftpd, you should restrict the range of
passive in your /etc/ftpaccess file. I only need a few simultaneous FTP
sessions so I use port range 65500-65535. In /etc/ftpaccess, this entry
is appropriate:</para>
<programlisting>passive ports 0.0.0.0/0 65500 65534</programlisting>
<para>If you are running pure-ftpd, you would include <quote>-p
65500:65534</quote> on the pure-ftpd runline.</para>
<para>The important point here is to ensure that the port range used for
FTP passive connections is unique and will not overlap with any usage on
the firewall system.</para>
</example>
<example>
<title>You wish to allow unlimited DMZ access to the host with MAC
address 02:00:08:E3:FA:55.</title>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
ACCEPT loc:~02-00-08-E3-FA-55 dmz all</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You wish to allow access to the SMTP server in your DMZ from all
zones.</title>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
ACCEPT all dmz tcp 25</programlisting>
<para><note>
<para>When <quote>all</quote> is used as a source or destination,
intra-zone traffic is not affected. In this example, if there were
two DMZ interfaces then the above rule would NOT enable SMTP traffic
between hosts on these interfaces.</para>
</note></para>
</example>
<example>
<title>Your firewall's external interface has several IP addresses but
you only want to accept SSH connections on address
206.124.146.176.</title>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
ACCEPT net fw:206.124.146.176 tcp 22</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>(For advanced users). From the internet, you with to forward tcp
port 25 directed to 192.0.2.178 and 192.0.2.179 to host 192.0.2.177 in
your DMZ. You also want to allow access from the internet directly to
tcp port 25 on 192.0.2.177.</title>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT(S) DEST
DNAT- net dmz:192.0.2.177 tcp 25 - 192.0.2.178
DNAT- net dmz:192.0.2.177 tcp 25 - 192.0.2.179
ACCEPT net dmz:192.0.2.177 tcp 25</programlisting>
<para>Using <quote>DNAT-</quote> rather than <quote>DNAT</quote> avoids
two extra copies of the third rule from being generated.</para>
</example>
<example>
<title>You have 9 http servers behind a Shorewall firewall and you want
connection requests to be distributed among your servers. The servers
are 192.168.1.101-192.168.1.109.</title>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S)
DNAT net loc:192.168.1.101-192.168.1.109 tcp 80</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You want to redirect all local www connection requests EXCEPT
those from 192.168.1.4 and 192.168.1.199 to a Squid transparent proxy
running on the firewall and listening on port 3128.</title>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SOURCE ORIGINAL
# PORT(S) DEST
NONAT loc:192.168.1.4,192.168.1.199 \
net tcp www
REDIRECT loc 3128 tcp www -
ACCEPT $FW net tcp www</programlisting>
<para>The reason that NONAT is used in the above example rather than
ACCEPT+ is that the example is assuming the usual ACCEPT loc-&gt;net
policy. Since traffic from the local zone to the internet zone is
accepted anyway, adding an additional ACCEPT rule is unnecessary and all
that is required is to avoid the REDIRECT rule for HTTP connection
requests from the two listed IP addresses.</para>
</example>
<para><ulink url="ports.htm">Look here for information on other
services.</ulink></para>
</section>
<section id="Masq" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/masq">
<title>/etc/shorewall/masq</title>
<para>The /etc/shorewall/masq file is used to define classical IP
Masquerading and Source Network Address Translation (SNAT). There is one
entry in the file for each subnet that you want to masquerade. In order to
make use of this feature, you must have NAT enabled.</para>
<para>Columns are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>INTERFACE</term>
<listitem>
<para>The interface that will masquerade the subnet; this is
normally your internet interface. This interface name can be
optionally qualified by adding <quote>:</quote> and a subnet or host
IP. When this qualification is added, only packets addressed to that
host or subnet will be masqueraded. The interface name can be
qualified with ":" followed by a comma separated list of hosts
and/or subnets. If this list begins with <quote>!</quote> (e.g.,
<quote>eth0:!192.0.2.8/29,192.0.2.32/29</quote>) then only packets
addressed to destinations <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis>
listed will be masqueraded; otherwise (e.g.,
<quote>eth0:192.0.2.8/29,192.0.2.32/29</quote>), traffic will be
masqueraded if it <emphasis role="bold">does</emphasis> match one of
the listed addresses.</para>
<para>If you have set ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes in <xref
linkend="Conf" />, you can cause Shorewall to create an alias
<emphasis>label</emphasis> of the form
<emphasis>interfacename:digit</emphasis> (e.g., eth0:0) by placing
that label in this column. See example 5 below. Alias labels created
in this way allow the alias to be visible to the ipconfig utility.
<emphasis role="bold">THAT IS THE ONLY THING THAT THIS LABEL IS GOOD
FOR AND IT MAY NOT APPEAR ANYWHERE ELSE IN YOUR SHOREWALL
CONFIGURATION.</emphasis></para>
<para>Normally MASQUERADE/SNAT rules are evaluated after one-to-one
NAT rules defined in the <link
linkend="NAT"><filename>/etc/shorewall/nat</filename></link> file.
If you preceed the interface name with a plus sign ("+") then the
rule will be evaluated before one-to-one NAT.</para>
<para>Examples:</para>
<programlisting>+eth0
+eth1:192.0.2.32/27</programlisting>
<para>The effect of ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes can be negated for an entry
by following the interface name by ":" but no digit.</para>
<para>Examples:</para>
<programlisting>eth0:
eth1::192.0.2.32/27
+eth3</programlisting>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SUBNET</term>
<listitem>
<para>The subnet that you want to have masqueraded through the
INTERFACE. This may be expressed as a single IP address, a subnet or
an interface name. In the latter instance, the interface must be
configured and started before Shorewall is started as Shorewall will
determine the subnet based on information obtained from the
<quote>ip</quote> utility.</para>
<para>The subnet may be optionally followed by <quote>!</quote> and
a comma-separated list of addresses and/or subnets that are to be
excluded from masquerading.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>ADDRESS</term>
<listitem>
<para>The source address to be used for outgoing packets. This
column is optional and if left blank, the current primary IP address
of the interface in the first column is used. If you have a static
IP on that interface, listing it here makes processing of output
packets a little less expensive for the firewall. If you specify an
address in this column, it must be an IP address configured on the
INTERFACE or you must have ADD_SNAT_ALIASES enabled in <xref
linkend="Conf" />. You may include a range of IP addresses in this
column to indicate that Netfilter should use the addresses in the
range in round-robin fashion. Beginning with Shorewall version
1.4.7, you may include a list of ranges and/or addresses in this
column; again, Netfilter will use all listed ranges/addresses in
rounded-robin fashion.</para>
<para>You may also specify the source port range to be used (the
PROTO column must specify tcp or udp) by following the address or
address range if any with ":" and the port range (in the format
&lt;<emphasis>low port</emphasis>&gt;-&lt;<emphasis>high
port</emphasis>&gt;).</para>
<para>Examples:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS PROTO
eth0 10.0.0.0/8 192.0.2.44:7000-8000 udp</programlisting>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS PROTO
eth0 192.168.1.0/24 :4000-5000 tcp</programlisting>
<para>Some internet application that establish multiple connections
from a client assume that when SNAT is being used that all
connections between the client and a particular client and a remote
server will appear to the server to come from the same external IP
address. You can ensure that this is the case by preceding the
ADDRESS range by "SAME:".</para>
<para>Example:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
eth0 10.0.0.0/8 SAME:192.0.2.44-192.168.2.50</programlisting>
<para>If you want all connections from an internal system to use the
same external IP address regardless of the remote server that they
are connecting to then precede the ADDRESS range by
"SAME:nodst:".</para>
<para>Example:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
eth0 10.0.0.0/8 SAME:nodst:192.0.2.44-192.168.2.50</programlisting>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PROTO</term>
<listitem>
<para>If specified, must be a protocol number of a protocol name
from /etc/protocols. Restricts the SNAT or Masquerade to that
protocol.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PORT(S)</term>
<listitem>
<para>If the PROTO column specifies TCP (6) or UDP (17) then this
column may be used to restrict to SNAT or Masquerade to traffic with
a certain destination port or a set of destination ports. The column
may contain:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>A port number or a port name from /etc/services.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>A comma-separated list of port numbers and/or port names.
Your kernel must have Multiport match support. You can tell if
your kernel has this support by issuing a <command>shorewall
check</command> command and looking at the output under
<quote>Shorewall has detected the following iptables/netfilter
capabilities:</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>A range of port numbers of the form &lt;<emphasis>low
port</emphasis>&gt;:&lt;<emphasis>high
port</emphasis>&gt;</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>IPSEC</term>
<listitem>
<para>If you specify a value other than "-" in this column, you must
be running kernel 2.6 and your kernel and iptables must include
policy match support.</para>
<para>The value in this column is a comma-separated list of options
from the following. Only packets that will be encrypted via an SA
that matches these options will have their source address
changed.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Yes or yes ― Match any SA. Normally used as the only
option.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>reqid=&lt;<emphasis>number</emphasis>&gt; where
&lt;<emphasis>number</emphasis>&gt; is specified using setkey(8)
using the 'unique:&lt;<emphasis>number</emphasis>&gt;' option
for the SPD level.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>spi=&lt;<emphasis>number</emphasis>&gt; where
&lt;<emphasis>number</emphasis>&gt; is the SPI of the SA.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>proto=ah|esp|ipcomp</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>mode=transport|tunnel</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>tunnel-src=&lt;<emphasis>address</emphasis>&gt;[/&lt;<emphasis>mask</emphasis>&gt;]
(only available with mode=tunnel)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>tunnel-dst=&lt;<emphasis>address</emphasis>&gt;[/&lt;<emphasis>mask</emphasis>&gt;]
(only available with mode=tunnel)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>strict — Means that packets must match all rules.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>next — Separates rules; can only be used with
strict.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<example>
<title>You have eth0 connected to a cable modem and eth1 connected to
your local subnetwork 192.168.9.0/24. Your /etc/shorewall/masq file
would look like:</title>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
eth0 192.168.9.0/24</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You have a number of IPSEC tunnels through ipsec0 and you want to
masquerade traffic from your 192.168.9.0/24 subnet to the remote subnet
10.1.0.0/16 only.</title>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
ipsec0:10.1.0.0/16 192.168.9.0/24</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You have a DSL line connected on eth0 and a local network
(192.168.10.0/24) connected to eth1. You want all local-&gt;net
connections to use source address 206.124.146.176.</title>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
eth0 192.168.10.0/24 206.124.146.176</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>Same as example 3 except that you wish to exclude 192.168.10.44
and 192.168.10.45 from the SNAT rule.</title>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
eth0 192.168.10.0/24!192.168.10.44,192.168.10.45 206.124.146.176</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You have a second IP address (206.124.146.177) assigned to you
and wish to use it for SNAT of the subnet 192.168.12.0/24. You want to
give that address the name eth0:0. You must have ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes in
<xref linkend="Conf" />.</title>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
eth0:0 192.168.12.0/24 206.124.146.177</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You want to use both 206.124.146.177 and 206.124.146.179 for SNAT
of the subnet 192.168.12.0/24. Each address will be used on alternate
outbound connections.</title>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS
eth0 192.168.12.0/24 206.124.146.177,206.124.146.179</programlisting>
</example>
<example>
<title>You want all outgoing SMTP traffic entering the firewall on eth1
to be sent from eth0 with source IP address 206.124.146.177. You want
all other outgoing traffic from eth1 to be sent from eth0 with source IP
address 206.124.146.176.</title>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS PROTO PORT(S)
eth0 eth1 206.124.146.177 tcp 25
eth0 eth1 206.124.146.176</programlisting>
<para>Note that the order of the entries in the above example is
important.</para>
</example>
</section>
<section id="ProxyArp" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/proxyarp">
<title>/etc/shorewall/proxyarp</title>
<para>If you want to use proxy ARP on an entire sub-network, I suggest
that you look at the <ulink
url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Proxy-ARP-Subnet/">Proxy ARP Subnet
Mini HOWTO</ulink>. If you decide to use the technique described in that
HOWTO, you can set the proxy_arp flag for an interface
(<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/</filename>&lt;<emphasis>interface</emphasis>&gt;<filename>/proxy_arp</filename>)
by including the <emphasis role="bold">proxyarp</emphasis> option in the
interface's record in <xref linkend="Interfaces" />. When using Proxy ARP
sub-netting, you do <emphasis role="bold">NOT</emphasis> include any
entries in /etc/shorewall/proxyarp.</para>
<para>The <filename>/etc/shorewall/proxyarp </filename>file is used to
define <ulink url="ProxyARP.htm">Proxy ARP</ulink>. The file is typically
used for enabling Proxy ARP on a small set of systems since you need one
entry in this file for each system using proxy ARP. Columns are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ADDRESS</term>
<listitem>
<para>address of the system.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>INTERFACE</term>
<listitem>
<para>the interface that connects to the system. If the interface is
obvious from the subnetting, you may enter <quote>-</quote> in this
column.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>EXTERNAL</term>
<listitem>
<para>the external interface that you want to honor ARP requests for
the ADDRESS specified in the first column.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>HAVEROUTE</term>
<listitem>
<para>If you already have a route through INTERFACE to ADDRESS, this
column should contain <quote>Yes</quote> or <quote>yes</quote>. If
you want Shorewall to add the route, the column should contain
<quote>No</quote> or <quote>no</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PERSISTENT</term>
<listitem>
<para>If you specify "No" or "no" in the HAVEROUTE column, Shorewall
will automatically add a route to the host in the ADDRESS column
through the interface in the INTERFACE column. If you enter
<quote>No</quote> or <quote>no</quote> in the PERSISTENT column or
if you leave the column empty, that route will be deleted if you
issue a <command>shorewall stop</command> or <command>shorewall
clear</command> command. If you place <quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>yes</quote> in the PERSISTENT column, then those commands
will not cause the route to be deleted.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<note>
<para>After you have made a change to the
<filename>/etc/shorewall/proxyarp file</filename>, you may need to flush
the ARP cache of all routers on the LAN segment connected to the
interface specified in the EXTERNAL column of the change/added entry(s).
If you are having problems communicating between an individual host (A)
on that segment and a system whose entry has changed, you may need to
flush the ARP cache on host A as well.</para>
<para>ISPs typically have ARP configured with long TTL (hours!) so if
your ISPs router has a stale cache entry (as seen using <quote>tcpdump
-nei &lt;external interface&gt; host &lt;IP addr&gt;</quote>), it may
take a long while to time out. I personally have had to contact my ISP
and ask them to delete a stale entry in order to restore a system to
working order after changing my proxy ARP settings.</para>
</note>
<example>
<title>You have public IP addresses 155.182.235.0/28. You configure your
firewall as follows:</title>
<programlisting>eth0 - 155.186.235.1 (internet connection) eth1 -
192.168.9.0/24 (masqueraded local systems) eth2 - 192.168.10.1
(interface to your DMZ)</programlisting>
<para>In your DMZ, you want to install a Web/FTP server with public
address 155.186.235.4. On the Web server, you subnet just like the
firewall's eth0 and you configure 155.186.235.1 as the default gateway.
In your <filename>/etc/shorewall/proxyarp</filename> file, you will
have:</para>
<programlisting>#ADDRESS INTERFACE EXTERNAL HAVEROUTE
155.186.235.4 eth2 eth0 NO</programlisting>
<para><tip>
<para>You may want to configure the servers in your DMZ with a
subnet that is smaller than the subnet of your internet interface.
See the <ulink
url="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/Proxy-ARP-Subnet/">Proxy ARP
Subnet Mini HOWTO</ulink> for details. In this case you will want to
place <quote>Yes</quote> in the HAVEROUTE column.</para>
</tip></para>
</example>
</section>
<section id="NAT" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/nat">
<title>/etc/shorewall/nat</title>
<para>The <filename>/etc/shorewall/nat</filename> file is used to define
one-to-one NAT. There is one entry in the file for each one-to-one NAT
relationship that you wish to define. In order to make use of this
feature, you must have NAT enabled.</para>
<important>
<para>If all you want to do is forward ports to servers behind your
firewall, you do NOT want to use one-to-one NAT. Port forwarding can be
accomplished with simple entries in the <link linkend="Rules">rules
file</link>. Also, in most cases <link linkend="ProxyArp">Proxy
ARP</link> provides a superior solution to one-to-one NAT because the
internal systems are accessed using the same IP address internally and
externally.</para>
</important>
<para>Columns in an entry are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>EXTERNAL</term>
<listitem>
<para>External IP address</para>
<caution>
<para>This should NOT be the primary IP address of the interface
named in the next column.</para>
</caution>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>INTERFACE</term>
<listitem>
<para>Interface that you want the EXTERNAL IP address to appear on.
If you have set ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes in <xref linkend="Conf" />, you
can specify an alias label of the form
<emphasis>interfacename:digit</emphasis> (e.g., eth0:0) and
Shorewall will create the alias with that label. Alias labels
created in this way allow the alias to be visible to the ipconfig
utility. <emphasis role="bold">THAT IS THE ONLY THING THAT THIS
LABEL IS GOOD FOR AND IT MAY NOT APPEAR ANYWHERE ELSE IN YOUR
SHOREWALL CONFIGURATION.</emphasis></para>
<para>The effect of ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes can be negated for an entry
by following the interface name by ":" but no digit.</para>
<para>Example:</para>
<programlisting>eth0:</programlisting>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>INTERNAL</term>
<listitem>
<para>Internal IP address.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>ALL INTERFACES</term>
<listitem>
<para>If <quote>Yes</quote> or <quote>yes</quote>, NAT will be
effective from all hosts. If <quote>No</quote> or <quote>no</quote>
(or if left empty) then NAT will be effective only through the
interface named in the INTERFACE column.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LOCAL</term>
<listitem>
<para>If Yes or yes, NAT will be effective from the firewall system.
Note that with Shorewall 2.0.1 and earlier versions, this column was
ignored if the ALL INTERFACES column did not contain "Yes" or "yes".
This column's contents are independent of the value in ALL
INTERFACES.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para><ulink url="NAT.htm">Look here for additional information and an
example.</ulink></para>
</section>
<section id="Tunnels" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/tunnels">
<title>/etc/shorewall/tunnels</title>
<para>The /etc/shorewall/tunnels file allows you to define IPSec, GRE,
IPIP, <ulink url="http://openvpn.sourceforge.net/">OpenVPN</ulink>, PPTP,
6to4 and other tunnels with end-points on your firewall.</para>
<para>For an overview of Shorewall's VPN support, try <ulink
url="VPNBasics.html">this article</ulink>.</para>
<para>Instructions for setting up <ulink url="IPSEC.htm">IPSEC
tunnels</ulink> may be found here (if you are using kernel 2.6 with native
IPSEC support, look <ulink url="IPSEC-2.6.html">here</ulink>),
instructions for <ulink url="IPIP.htm">IPIP and GRE tunnels</ulink> are
here, instructions for <ulink url="OPENVPN.html">OpenVPN tunnels</ulink>
are here, instructions for <ulink url="PPTP.htm">PPTP tunnels</ulink> are
here, instructions for <ulink url="6to4.htm">6to4 tunnels</ulink> are
here, and instructions for <ulink url="GenericTunnels.html">integrating
Shorewall with other types of tunnels</ulink> are here.</para>
</section>
<section id="Conf" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf">
<title>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</title>
<para>See also the <ulink url="CompiledPrograms.html#Lite">description of
/etc/shorewall-lite/shorewall-lite.conf</ulink>.</para>
<para>This file is used to set the following firewall parameters:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ACCEPT_DEFAULT, DROP_DEFAULT, QUEUE_DEFAULT and REJECT_DEFAULT
(Added in version 3.4.0)</term>
<listitem>
<para>These options specify the <ulink
url="Actions.html#Default">default action</ulink> or <ulink
url="Macros.html#Default">default macro</ulink> for ACCEPT, DROP,
QUEUE and REJECT policies respectively. If not specified, the
following defaults are used:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>ACCEPT_DEFAULT=none</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>DROP_DEFAULT=Drop</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>QUEUE_DEFAULT=none</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>REJECT_DEFAULT=Reject</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>The special value "none" is used to indicate that no default
action/default macro should be used.</para>
<para>For more information on this topic, see the <filename><link
linkend="Policy">/etc/shorewall/policy</link></filename> section
above.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>ADD_IP_ALIASES</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter determines whether Shorewall automatically adds
the <emphasis>external</emphasis> address(es) in <xref
linkend="NAT" />. If the variable is set to <quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>yes</quote> then Shorewall automatically adds these aliases.
If it is set to <quote>No</quote> or <quote>no</quote>, you must add
these aliases yourself using your distribution's network
configuration tools.</para>
<para>If this variable is not set or is given an empty value
(ADD_IP_ALIASES="") then ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes is assumed.</para>
<warning>
<para>Addresses added by ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes are deleted and
re-added during <command>shorewall restart</command>. As a
consequence, connections using those addresses may be
severed.</para>
</warning>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>ADD_SNAT_ALIASES</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter determines whether Shorewall automatically adds
the SNAT <emphasis>ADDRESS</emphasis> in <xref linkend="Masq" />. If
the variable is set to <quote>Yes</quote> or <quote>yes</quote> then
Shorewall automatically adds these addresses. If it is set to
<quote>No</quote> or <quote>no</quote>, you must add these addresses
yourself using your distribution's network configuration
tools.</para>
<para>If this variable is not set or is given an empty value
(ADD_SNAT_ALIASES="") then ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=No is assumed.</para>
<warning>
<para>Addresses added by ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes are deleted and
re-added during <command>shorewall restart</command>. As a
consequence, connections using those addresses may be
severed.</para>
</warning>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>ADMINISABSENTMINDED</term>
<listitem>
<para>The value of this variable affects Shorewall's <ulink
url="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">stopped state</ulink>.
When ADMINISABSENTMINDES=No, only traffic to/from those addresses
listed in /etc/shorewall/routestopped is accepted when Shorewall is
stopped. When ADMINISABSENTMINDED=Yes, in addition to traffic
to/from addresses in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/routestopped</filename>, connections that
were active when Shorewall stopped continue to work and all new
connections from the firewall system itself are allowed. If this
variable is not set or is given the empty value then
ADMINISABSENTMINDED=No is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>BLACKLIST_DISPOSITION</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter determines the disposition of packets from
blacklisted hosts. It may have the value DROP if the packets are to
be dropped or REJECT if the packets are to be replied with an ICMP
port unreachable reply or a TCP RST (tcp only). If you do not assign
a value or if you assign an empty value then DROP is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>BLACKLIST_LOGLEVEL</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter determines if packets from blacklisted hosts
are logged and it determines the syslog level that they are to be
logged at. Its value is a <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">syslog
level</ulink> (Example: BLACKLIST_LOGLEVEL=debug). If you do not
assign a value or if you assign an empty value then packets from
blacklisted hosts are not logged.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>BRIDGING</term>
<listitem>
<para>When set to Yes or yes, enables <ulink
url="bridge.html">Shorewall Bridging support</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>CLAMPMSS[=&lt;value&gt;]</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter enables the TCP Clamp MSS to PMTU feature of
Netfilter and is usually required when your internet connection is
through PPPoE or PPTP. If set to <quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>yes</quote>, the feature is enabled. If left blank or set to
<quote>No</quote> or <quote>no</quote>, the feature is not
enabled.</para>
<note>
<para>This option requires CONFIG_IP_NF_TARGET_TCPMSS <ulink
url="kernel.htm">in your kernel</ulink>.</para>
</note>
<para>You may also set CLAMPMSS to a numeric value (e.g.,
CLAMPMSS=1400). This will set the MSS field in TCP SYN packets going
through the firewall to the value that you specify.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>CLEAR_TC</term>
<listitem>
<para>If this option is set to <quote>No</quote> then Shorewall
won't clear the current traffic control rules during [re]start. This
setting is intended for use by people that prefer to configure
traffic shaping when the network interfaces come up rather than when
the firewall is started. If that is what you want to do, set
TC_ENABLED=Yes and CLEAR_TC=No and do not supply an
<filename>/etc/shorewall/tcstart</filename> file. That way, your
traffic shaping rules can still use the <quote>fwmark</quote>
classifier based on packet marking defined in
/etc/shorewall/tcrules. If not specified, CLEAR_TC=Yes is
assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>CONFIG_PATH</term>
<listitem>
<para>Specifies where configuration files other than
<filename>shorewall.conf</filename> may be found. CONFIG_PATH is
specifies as a list of directory names separated by colons (":").
When looking for a configuration file other than
shorewall.conf:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If the command is "try" or if "-c &lt;configuration
directory&gt;" was specified in the command then the directory
given in the command is searched first.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Next, each directory in the CONFIG_PATH setting is
searched in sequence.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>If CONFIG_PATH is not given or if it is set to the empty value
then the contents of
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/configpath</filename> are used. As
released from shorewall.net, that file sets the CONFIG_PATH to
<emphasis role="bold">/etc/shorewall:/usr/share/shorewall
</emphasis>but your particular distribution may set it differently.
See the output of <command>shorewall show config</command> for the
default on your system.</para>
<para>Note that the setting in
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/configpath</filename> is always used
to locate <filename>shorewall.conf</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DELAYBLACKLISTLOAD</term>
<listitem>
<para>Users with a large static black list
(<filename>/etc/shorewall/blacklist</filename>) may want to set the
DELAYBLACKLISTLOAD option to Yes. When DELAYBLACKLISTLOAD=Yes,
Shorewall will enable new connections before loading the blacklist
rules. While this may allow connections from blacklisted hosts to
slip by during construction of the blacklist, it can substantially
reduce the time that all new connections are disabled during
<command>shorewall [re]start</command>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DETECT_DNAT_ADDRS</term>
<listitem>
<para>If set to <quote>Yes</quote> or <quote>yes</quote>, Shorewall
will detect the first IP address of the interface to the source zone
and will include this address in DNAT rules as the original
destination IP address. If set to <quote>No</quote> or
<quote>no</quote>, Shorewall will not detect this address and any
destination IP address will match the DNAT rule. If not specified or
empty, <quote>DETECT_DNAT_ADDRS=Yes</quote> is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DYNAMIC_ZONES</term>
<listitem>
<para>When set to Yes or yes, enables <ulink url="IPSEC.htm">dynamic
zones</ulink>. DYNAMIC_ZONES=Yes is not allowed in configurations
that will run under <ulink
url="CompiledPrograms.html#Lite">Shorewall Lite</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>EXPORTPARAMS (Added in versions 3.2.9 and 3.4.0 RC2)</term>
<listitem>
<para>It is quite difficult to code a 'params' file that assigns
other than constant values such that it works correctly with
Shorewall Lite. The EXPORTPARAMS option works around this problem.
When EXPORTPARAMS=No, the 'params' file is not copied to the
compiler output.</para>
<para>With EXPORTPARAMS=No, if you need to set environmental
variables on the firewall system for use by your extension scripts,
then do so in the init extension script.</para>
<para>The default is EXPORTPARAMS=Yes which causes the 'params' file
to be copied to the compiler output and to be executed at
run-time.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>FASTACCEPT</term>
<listitem>
<para>Normally, Shorewall accepting ESTABLISHED/RELATED packets
until these packets reach the chain in which the original connection
was accepted. So for packets going from the 'loc' zone to the 'net'
zone, ESTABLISHED/RELATED packets are ACCEPTED in the 'loc2net'
chain.</para>
<para>If you set FASTACCEPT=Yes, then ESTABLISHED/RELEATED packets
are accepted early in the INPUT, FORWARD and OUTPUT chains. If you
set FASTACCEPT=Yes then you may not include rules in the ESTABLISHED
or RELATED sections of /etc/shorewall/rules.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>HIGH_ROUTE_MARKS (Added in version 3.2.0)</term>
<listitem>
<para>Prior to version 3.2.0, it was not possible to use connection
marking in <filename>/etc/shorewall/tcrules</filename> if you have a
multi-ISP configuration that uses the <emphasis
role="bold">track</emphasis> option.</para>
<para>Beginning with release 3.2.0, you may now set
HIGH_ROUTE_MARKS=Yes in to effectively divide the packet mark and
connection mark into two 8-byte mark fields.</para>
<para>When you do this:</para>
<orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
<listitem>
<para>The MARK field in the <filename>providers</filename> file
must have a value that is less than 65536 and that is a multiple
of 256 (using hex representation, the values are 0x0100-0xFF00
with the low-order 8 bits being zero).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You may only set those mark values in the PREROUTING
chain.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Marks used for traffic shaping must still be in the range
of 1-255 and may still not be set in the PREROUTING
chain.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>When you SAVE or RESTORE in tcrules, only the TC mark
value is saved or restored. Shorewall handles saving and
restoring the routing (provider) marks.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>IMPLICIT_CONTINUE (Added in version 3.2.0)</term>
<listitem>
<para>When this option is set to "Yes", it causes subzones to be
treated differently with respect to policies.</para>
<para>Subzones are defined by following their name with ":" and a
list of parent zones (in /etc/shorewall/zones). Normally, you want
to have a set of special rules for the subzone and if a connection
doesn't match any of those subzone-specific rules then you want the
parent zone rules and policies to be applied. With
IMPLICIT_CONTINUE=Yes, that happens automatically.</para>
<para>If IMPLICIT_CONTINUE=No or if IMPLICIT_CONTINUE is not set,
then subzones are not subject to this special treatment. With
IMPLICIT_CONTINUE=Yes, an implicit CONTINUE policy may be overridden
by including an explicit policy (one that does not specify "all" in
either the SOURCE or the DEST columns).</para>
<para>Example:</para>
<blockquote>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE TYPE
prnt ipv4
chld:prnt ipv4</programlisting>
<para>Traffic to/from the <emphasis role="bold">chld</emphasis>
zone will first pass through the applicable <emphasis
role="bold">chld</emphasis> rules and if none of those rules match
then it will be passed through the appropriate <emphasis
role="bold">prnt</emphasis> rules. If the connection request does
not match any of the <emphasis role="bold">prnt</emphasis> rules
then the relevant <emphasis role="bold">prnt</emphasis> policy is
applied.</para>
<para>If you want the <emphasis
role="bold">fw</emphasis>-&gt;<emphasis
role="bold">chld</emphasis> policy to be ACCEPT, simply add this
entry to <filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#SOURCE DESTINATION POLICY
$FW chld ACCEPT</programlisting>
<para>Traffic from all other zones to 'chld' will be subject to
the implicit CONTINUE policy.</para>
</blockquote>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>IP_FORWARDING</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter determines whether Shorewall enables or
disables IPV4 Packet Forwarding (/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward).
Possible values are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>On or on</term>
<listitem>
<para>packet forwarding will be enabled.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Off or off</term>
<listitem>
<para>packet forwarding will be disabled.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Keep or keep</term>
<listitem>
<para>Shorewall will neither enable nor disable packet
forwarding.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>If this variable is not set or is given an empty value
(IP_FORWARD="") then IP_FORWARD=On is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>IPTABLES</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter names the iptables executable to be used by
Shorewall. If not specified or if specified as a null value, then
the iptables executable located using the PATH option is
used.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LOG_MARTIANS</term>
<listitem>
<para>If set to Yes or yes, sets
<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/log_martians</filename> and
<filename>/proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/default/log_martians</filename> to
1. Default is which sets both of the above to zero. If you do not
enable martian logging for all interfaces, you may still enable it
for individual interfaces using the <emphasis
role="bold">logmartians</emphasis> interface option in <link
linkend="Interfaces">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</link>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LOGALLNEW</term>
<listitem>
<para>When set to a log level, this option causes Shorewall to
generate a logging rule as the first rule in each builtin
chain.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The table name is used as the chain name in the log
prefix.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The chain name is used as the target in the log
pref</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Example: Using the default LOGFORMAT, the log prefix for
logging from the nat table's PREROUTING chain is:</para>
<programlisting>Shorewall:nat:PREROUTING</programlisting>
<important>
<para>There is no rate limiting on these logging rules so use
LOGALLNEW at your own risk; it may cause high CPU and disk
utilization and you may not be able to control your firewall after
you enable this option.</para>
</important>
<caution>
<para><emphasis role="bold">DO NOT USE THIS OPTION IF THE
RESULTING LOG MESSAGES WILL BE SENT TO ANOTHER
SYSTEM.</emphasis></para>
</caution>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LOGFILE</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter tells the /sbin/shorewall program where to look
for Shorewall messages when processing the <quote>show log</quote>,
<quote>monitor</quote>, <quote>status</quote> and
<quote>hits</quote> commands. If not assigned or if assigned an
empty value, /var/log/messages is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LOGFORMAT</term>
<listitem>
<para>The value of this variable generate the --log-prefix setting
for Shorewall logging rules. It contains a <quote>printf</quote>
formatting template which accepts three arguments (the chain name,
logging rule number (optional) and the disposition). To use
LOGFORMAT with <ulink
url="http://www.fireparse.com">fireparse</ulink>, set it as:</para>
<programlisting>LOGFORMAT="fp=%s:%d a=%s "</programlisting>
<para>If the LOGFORMAT value contains the substring
<quote>%d</quote> then the logging rule number is calculated and
formatted in that position; if that substring is not included then
the rule number is not included. If not supplied or supplied as
empty (LOGFORMAT="") then <quote>Shorewall:%s:%s:</quote> is
assumed.</para>
<caution>
<para>In Shorewall major versions prior to 3.4,
<command>/sbin/shorewall</command> uses the leading part of the
LOGFORMAT string (up to but not including the first
<quote>%</quote>) to find log messages in the <quote>show
log</quote>, <quote>status</quote> and <quote>hits</quote>
commands. This part should not be omitted (the LOGFORMAT should
not begin with <quote>%</quote>) and the leading part should be
sufficiently unique for <command>/sbin/shorewall</command> to
identify Shorewall messages.</para>
</caution>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>LOGRATE and LOGBURST</term>
<listitem>
<para>These parameters set the match rate and initial burst size for
logged packets. Please see the iptables man page for a description
of the behavior of these parameters (the iptables option --limit is
set by LOGRATE and --limit-burst is set by LOGBURST). If both
parameters are set empty, no rate-limiting will occur.</para>
<example>
<title></title>
<programlisting>LOGRATE=10/minute
LOGBURST=5</programlisting>
<para>For each logging rule, the first time the rule is reached,
the packet will be logged; in fact, since the burst is 5, the
first five packets will be logged. After this, it will be 6
seconds (1 minute divided by the rate of 10) before a message will
be logged from the rule, regardless of how many packets reach it.
Also, every 6 seconds which passes without matching a packet, one
of the bursts will be regained; if no packets hit the rule for 30
seconds, the burst will be fully recharged; back where we
started.</para>
</example>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>MACLIST_DISPOSITION</term>
<listitem>
<para>Determines the disposition of connections requests that fail
<ulink url="MAC_Validation.html">MAC Verification</ulink> and must
have the value ACCEPT (accept the connection request anyway), REJECT
(reject the connection request) or DROP (ignore the connection
request). If not set or if set to the empty value (e.g.,
MACLIST_DISPOSITION="") then MACLIST_DISPOSITION=REJECT is
assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>MACLIST_LOG_LEVEL</term>
<listitem>
<para>Determines the <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">syslog
level</ulink> for logging connection requests that fail <ulink
url="MAC_Validation.html">MAC Verification</ulink>. The value must
be a valid syslogd log level. If you don't want to log these
connection requests, set to the empty value (e.g.,
MACLIST_LOG_LEVEL="").</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>MACLIST_TABLE</term>
<listitem>
<para>Normally, MAC verification occurs in the filter table (INPUT
and FORWARD) chains. When forwarding a packet from an interface with
MAC verification to a bridge interface, that doesn't work.</para>
<para>This problem can be worked around by setting
MACLIST_TABLE=mangle which will cause Mac verification to occur out
of the PREROUTING chain. Because REJECT isn't available in that
environment, you may not specify MACLIST_DISPOSITION=REJECT with
MACLIST_TABLE=mangle.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>MACLIST_TTL</term>
<listitem>
<para>The performance of configurations with a large numbers of
entries in /etc/shorewall/maclist can be improved by setting the
MACLIST_TTL variable in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.</para>
<para>If your iptables and kernel support the "Recent Match" (see
the output of "shorewall check" near the top), you can cache the
results of a 'maclist' file lookup and thus reduce the overhead
associated with <ulink url="MAC_Validation.html">MAC
Verification</ulink>.</para>
<para>When a new connection arrives from a 'maclist' interface, the
packet passes through then list of entries for that interface in
/etc/shorewall/maclist. If there is a match then the source IP
address is added to the 'Recent' set for that interface. Subsequent
connection attempts from that IP address occurring within
$MACLIST_TTL seconds will be accepted without having to scan all of
the entries. After $MACLIST_TTL from the first accepted connection
request from an IP address, the next connection request from that IP
address will be checked against the entire list.</para>
<para>If MACLIST_TTL is not specified or is specified as empty (e.g,
MACLIST_TTL="" or is specified as zero then 'maclist' lookups will
not be cached).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN</term>
<listitem>
<para>If your kernel has a FORWARD chain in the mangle table, you
may set MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN=Yes to cause the marking specified in
the <ulink url="traffic_shaping.htm#tcrules">tcrules file</ulink> to
occur in that chain rather than in the PREROUTING chain. This
permits you to mark inbound traffic based on its destination address
when SNAT or Masquerading are in use. To determine if your kernel
has a FORWARD chain in the mangle table, use the
<quote><command>/sbin/shorewall show mangle</command></quote>
command; if a FORWARD chain is displayed then your kernel will
support this option. If this option is not specified or if it is
given the empty value (e.g., MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN="") then
MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN=No is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>MODULE_SUFFIX</term>
<listitem>
<para>The value of this variable determines the possible file
extensions of kernel modules. The default value is "o gz ko and
o.gz". See <xref linkend="modules" /> for more details.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>MODULESDIR</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter specifies the directory/directories where your
kernel netfilter modules may be found. If you leave the variable
empty, Shorewall will supply the value "/lib/modules/`uname
-r`/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter" in versions of Shorewall prior to
3.2.4 and "/lib/modules/`uname
-r`/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter:/lib/modules/`uname
-r`/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter" in later versions.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>OPTIMIZE (Added in version 3.4.0)</term>
<listitem>
<para>In Shorewall versions prior to 3.3.2, multiple jumps to a
'2all' chain could be generated in succession.</para>
<para>Example from an earlier shorewall version:</para>
<programlisting>gateway:~ # shorewall-lite show eth2_fwd
Shorewall Lite 3.3.2 Chains eth2_fwd at gateway - Thu Oct 19 08:54:37 PDT 2006
Counters reset Thu Oct 19 08:34:47 PDT 2006
Chain eth2_fwd (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 dynamic all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID,NEW
0 0 wifi2all all -- * eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 wifi2all all -- * br0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 wifi2all all -- * eth3 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 wifi2all all -- * tun+ 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
gateway:~ #</programlisting>
<para>This redundancy may be eliminated by setting OPTIMIZE=1 in
shorewall.conf.</para>
<programlisting>gateway:~ # shorewall-lite show eth2_fwd
Shorewall Lite 3.3.3 Chains eth2_fwd at gateway - Thu Oct 19 09:15:24 PDT 2006
Counters reset Thu Oct 19 09:15:19 PDT 2006
Chain eth2_fwd (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
0 0 dynamic all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 state INVALID,NEW
0 0 wifi2all all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
gateway:~ #</programlisting>
<para>Note that with OPTIMIZE=1, traffic destined for an
interface/Address that falls outside of all defined zones may now be
logged out of a '2all' chain rather than out of the FORWARD
chain.</para>
<para>The OPTIMIZE setting also controls the suppression of
redundant wildcard rules (those specifying "all" in the SOURCE or
DEST column). A wildcard rule is considered to be redundant when it
has the same ACTION and Log Level as the applicable policy.</para>
<para>Example:</para>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/policy</filename><programlisting>#SOURCE DEST POLICY LEVEL
loc net ACCEPT</programlisting></para>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename><programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST
# PORT(S)
...
ACCEPT all all icmp 8</programlisting></para>
<para>With OPTIMIZE=0</para>
<programlisting>gateway:~ # shorewall show loc2net
Shorewall Lite 3.3.3 Chains loc2net at gateway - Thu Oct 26 07:55:03 PDT 2006
Counters reset Thu Oct 26 07:54:58 PDT 2006
Chain loc2net (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
...
0 0 DROP all -- * * !192.168.0.0/22 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT icmp -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 icmp type 8
0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
gateway:~</programlisting>
<para>With OPTIMIZE=1</para>
<programlisting>gateway:~ # shorewall show loc2net
Shorewall Lite 3.3.3 Chains loc2net at gateway - Thu Oct 26 07:57:12 PDT 2006
Counters reset Thu Oct 26 07:56:38 PDT 2006
Chain loc2net (1 references)
pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
...
0 0 DROP all -- * * !192.168.0.0/22 0.0.0.0/0
0 0 ACCEPT all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
gateway:~</programlisting>
<para>If you really want a rule that duplicates the policy, follow
the action with "!":</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST
# PORT(S)
...
ACCEPT! all all icmp 8</programlisting>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PKTTYPE</term>
<listitem>
<para>Normally Shorewall attempts to use the iptables packet type
match extension to determine broadcast and multicast packets.</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>This can cause a message to appear during
<command>shorewall start</command> (modprobe: cant locate module
ipt_pkttype).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Some users have found problems with the packet match
extension with the result that their firewall log is flooded
with messages relating to broadcast packets.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>If you are experiencing either of these problems, setting
PKTTYPE=No will prevent Shorewall from trying to use the packet type
match extension and to use IP address matching to determine which
packets are broadcasts or multicasts.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>RESTOREFILE</term>
<listitem>
<para>The simple name of a file in<filename>
/var/lib/shorewall</filename> to be used as the default restore
script in the shorewall save, shorewall restore, shorewall forget
and shorewall -f start commands. See the <ulink
url="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">Saved Configuration
documentation</ulink> for details.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>RETAIN_ALIASES</term>
<listitem>
<para>During "shorewall start", IP addresses to be added as a
consequence of ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes and ADD_SNAT_ALIASES=Yes are
quietly deleted when <link linkend="NAT">/etc/shorewall/nat</link>
and <link linkend="Masq">/etc/shorewall/masq</link> are processed
then are re-added later. This is done to help ensure that the
addresses can be added with the specified labels but can have the
undesirable side effect of causing routes to be quietly deleted.
When RETAIN_ALIASES is set to Yes, existing addresses will not be
deleted. Regardless of the setting of RETAIN_ALIASES, addresses
added during "shorewall start" are still deleted at a subsequent
"shorewall stop" or "shorewall restart".</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>RFC1918_LOG_LEVEL</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter determines the level at which packets logged
under the <link linkend="rfc1918"><quote>norfc1918</quote>
mechanism</link> are logged. The value must be a valid <ulink
url="shorewall_logging.html">syslog level</ulink> and if no level is
given, then info is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>RFC1918_STRICT</term>
<listitem>
<para>Traditionally, the RETURN target in the 'rfc1918' file has
caused <link linkend="Interfaces">norfc1918</link> processing to
cease for a packet if the packet's source IP address matches the
rule. Thus, if you have this entry in <link
linkend="rfc1918">/etc/shorewall/rfc1918</link>:</para>
<programlisting>#SUBNETS TARGET
192.168.1.0/24 RETURN</programlisting>
<para>then traffic from 192.168.1.4 to 10.0.3.9 will be accepted
even though you also have:</para>
<programlisting>#SUBNETS TARGET
10.0.0.0/8 logdrop</programlisting>
<para>Setting RFC1918_STRICT=Yes in shorewall.conf will cause such
traffic to be logged and dropped since while the packet's source
matches the RETURN rule, the packet's destination matches the
'logdrop' rule.</para>
<para>If not specified or specified as empty (e.g.,
RFC1918_STRICT="") then RFC1918_STRICT=No is assumed.</para>
<warning>
<para>RFC1918_STRICT=Yes requires that your kernel and iptables
support 'Connection Tracking' match.</para>
</warning>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>ROUTE_FILTER</term>
<listitem>
<para>If this parameter is given the value <quote>Yes</quote> or
<quote>yes</quote> then route filtering (anti-spoofing) is enabled
on all network interfaces which are brought up while Shorewall is in
the started state. The default value is <quote>no</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SHOREWALL_SHELL</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter is used to specify the shell program to be used
to interpret the firewall script (/usr/share/shorewall/firewall). If
not specified or specified as a null value, /bin/sh is
assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SMURF_LOG_LEVEL</term>
<listitem>
<para>Specifies the logging level for smurf packets (see the
<emphasis role="bold">nosmurfs</emphasis> option in <link
linkend="Interfaces">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</link>). If set to
the empty value ( SMURF_LOG_LEVEL="" ) then smurfs are not
logged.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>STARTUP_ENABLED</term>
<listitem>
<para>When set to Yes or yes, Shorewall may be started. Used as
guard against Shorewall being accidentally started before it has
been configured.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SUBSYSLOCK</term>
<listitem>
<para>This parameter should be set to the name of a file that the
firewall should create if it starts successfully and remove when it
stops. Creating and removing this file allows Shorewall to work with
your distribution's initscripts. For RedHat, this should be set to
/var/lock/subsys/shorewall. For Debian, the value is
/var/state/shorewall and in LEAF it is /var/run/shorwall. Example:
SUBSYSLOCK=/var/lock/subsys/shorewall.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>TCP_FLAGS_DISPOSITION</term>
<listitem>
<para>Determines the disposition of TCP packets that fail the checks
enabled by the <link linkend="Interfaces">tcpflags</link> interface
option and must have a value of ACCEPT (accept the packet), REJECT
(send an RST response) or DROP (ignore the packet). If not set or if
set to the empty value (e.g., TCP_FLAGS_DISPOSITION="") then
TCP_FLAGS_DISPOSITION=DROP is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>TCP_FLAGS_LOG_LEVEL</term>
<listitem>
<para>Determines the <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">syslog
level</ulink> for logging packets that fail the checks enabled by
the <link linkend="Interfaces">tcpflags</link> interface option. The
value must be a valid syslogd log level. If you don't want to log
these packets, set to the empty value (e.g.,
TCP_FLAGS_LOG_LEVEL="").</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>USE_ACTIONS (Added in version 3.4.0)</term>
<listitem>
<para>If set to 'Yes' (the default) then user-defined and standard
actions may be used. If set to 'No', only built-in actions may be
used. See the <ulink url="Actions.html">action documentation</ulink>
for additional information.</para>
<para>If this option is not set, or if it is set to the empty value,
then USE_ACTIONS=Yes is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>VERBOSITY (Added in version 3.2.0)</term>
<listitem>
<para>Shorewall has traditionally been very noisy (produced lots of
output). You may now set the default level of verbosity using the
VERBOSITY OPTION.</para>
<para>Values are:</para>
<simplelist>
<member>0 — Silent. You may make it more verbose using the -v
option</member>
<member>1 — Major progress messages displayed</member>
<member>2 — All progress messages displayed (old default
behavior)</member>
</simplelist>
<para>If not specified, then 2 is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="modules" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/modules">
<title>/etc/shorewall/modules Configuration</title>
<para>The file <filename>/etc/shorewall/modules</filename> contains
commands for loading the kernel modules required by Shorewall-defined
firewall rules. Shorewall will source this file during start/restart
provided that it exists and that the directory specified by the MODULESDIR
parameter exists (see <xref linkend="Conf" /> above).</para>
<important>
<para>This file was moved to <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/shorewall</filename> in Shorewall version
3.2.0.</para>
<para>If you have an earlier kernel but need to modify the modules file,
then copy <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/modules</filename> to
<filename>/etc/shorewall/modules</filename> and modify the copy.</para>
</important>
<para>The file that is released with Shorewall calls the Shorewall
function <quote>loadmodule</quote> for the set of modules that I
load.</para>
<para>The <emphasis>loadmodule</emphasis> function is called as
follows:</para>
<programlisting>loadmodule &lt;<emphasis>modulename</emphasis>&gt; [ &lt;<emphasis>module parameters</emphasis>&gt; ]</programlisting>
<para>where</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>&lt;<emphasis>modulename</emphasis>&gt;</term>
<listitem>
<para>is the name of the modules without the trailing
<quote>.o</quote> (example ip_conntrack).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>&lt;<emphasis>module parameters</emphasis>&gt;</term>
<listitem>
<para>Optional parameters to the insmod utility.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>The function determines if the module named by
&lt;<emphasis>modulename</emphasis>&gt; is already loaded and if not then
the function determines if the <quote>.o</quote> file corresponding to the
module exists in the <emphasis>&lt;moduledirectory&gt;</emphasis>; if so,
then the following command is executed:</para>
<programlisting>insmod <emphasis>&lt;moduledirectory</emphasis>&gt;/&lt;<emphasis>modulename</emphasis>&gt;.o &lt;<emphasis>module parameters</emphasis>&gt;</programlisting>
<para>If the file doesn't exist, the function determines of the
<quote>.o.gz</quote> file corresponding to the module exists in the
<emphasis>moduledirectory</emphasis>. If it does, the function assumes
that the running configuration supports compressed modules and execute the
following command:</para>
<programlisting>insmod <emphasis>&lt;moduledirectory</emphasis>&gt;/&lt;<emphasis>modulename</emphasis>&gt;.o.gz &lt;<emphasis>module parameters</emphasis>&gt;</programlisting>
<para>The value of the MODULE_SUFFIX option in determines which files the
loadmodule function looks for if the named module doesn't exist. For each
file <emphasis>&lt;extension&gt;</emphasis> listed in MODULE_SUFFIX
(default "o gz ko o.gz"), the function will append a period (".") and the
extension and if the resulting file exists then the following command will
be executed:</para>
<programlisting>insmod <emphasis>moduledirectory</emphasis>/&lt;<emphasis>modulename</emphasis>&gt;.<emphasis>&lt;extension&gt;</emphasis> &lt;<emphasis>module parameters</emphasis>&gt;</programlisting>
</section>
<section id="TOS" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/tos">
<title>/etc/shorewall/tos Configuration</title>
<warning>
<para>This Shorewall feature is somewhat broken -- while it shouldn't
hurt anything to use it, it may not do what you want either.</para>
<para>In versions of Shorewall prior to 3.2.4, it is only safe to
specify "all" in the SOURCE and DEST columns. In 3.2.4 and later
versions:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>It continues to work fine if you specify "all" in both the
SOURCE and DEST columns.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>It mostly works when you specify zone names in either column
(provided that you have Mangle table FORWARD chain support in your
kernel) but it doesn't work with dynamic zones and it doesn't work
with IPSEC zones.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you specify a zone name together with an address in the
SOURCE or DEST column, the generated rule ignores the zone name and
simply matches on the source or destination address.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</warning>
<para>The <filename>/etc/shorewall/tos</filename> file allows you to set
the Type of Service field in packet headers based on packet source, packet
destination, protocol, source port and destination port. In order for this
file to be processed by Shorewall, you must have mangle support
enabled.</para>
<para>Entries in the file have the following columns:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>SOURCE</term>
<listitem>
<para>The source zone. May be qualified by following the zone name
with a colon (<quote>:</quote>) and either an IP address, an IP
subnet, a MAC address <ulink
url="configuration_file_basics.htm#MAC">in Shorewall Format</ulink>
or the name of an interface. This column may also contain the name
of the firewall zone to indicate packets originating on the firewall
itself or <quote>all</quote> to indicate any source.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DEST</term>
<listitem>
<para>The destination zone. May be qualified by following the zone
name with a colon (<quote>:</quote>) and either an IP address or an
IP subnet. This column may also contain <quote>all</quote> to
indicate any destination.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PROTOCOL</term>
<listitem>
<para>The name of a protocol in <filename>/etc/protocols
</filename>or the protocol's number.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SOURCE PORT(S)</term>
<listitem>
<para>The source port or a port range. For all ports, place a hyphen
(<quote>-</quote>) in this column.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DEST PORT(S)</term>
<listitem>
<para>The destination port or a port range. To indicate all ports,
place a hyphen (<quote>-</quote>) in this column.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>TOS</term>
<listitem>
<para>The type of service. Must be one of the following:</para>
<simplelist>
<member>Minimize-Delay (16)</member>
<member>Maximize-Throughput (8)</member>
<member>Maximize-Reliability (4)</member>
<member>Minimize-Cost (2)</member>
<member>Normal-Service (0)</member>
</simplelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Here's a sample <filename>/etc/shorewall/tos</filename> file:</para>
<programlisting>#SOURCE DEST PROTOCOL SOURCE PORTS(S) DEST PORTS(S) TOS
all all tcp - ssh 16
all all tcp ssh - 16
all all tcp - ftp 16
all all tcp ftp - 16
all all tcp - ftp-data 8
all all tcp ftp-data - 8</programlisting>
<warning>
<para>Users have reported that odd routing problems result from adding
the ESP and AH protocols to the <filename>/etc/shorewall/tos</filename>
file.</para>
</warning>
</section>
<section id="Blacklist" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/blacklist">
<title>/etc/shorewall/blacklist</title>
<para>Each line in <filename>/etc/shorewall/blacklist</filename> contains
an IP address, a MAC address in Shorewall Format or subnet address.</para>
<example>
<title></title>
<programlisting>130.252.100.69
206.124.146.0/24</programlisting>
</example>
<para>Packets <emphasis role="bold">from</emphasis> hosts listed in the
blacklist file will be disposed of according to the value assigned to the
<link linkend="Conf">BLACKLIST_DISPOSITION</link> and <link
linkend="Conf">BLACKLIST_LOGLEVEL</link> variables in
/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf. Only packets arriving on interfaces that
have the <quote><link linkend="Interfaces">blacklist</link></quote> option
in <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename> are checked against the
blacklist. The black list is designed to prevent listed hosts/subnets from
accessing services on <emphasis role="bold">your</emphasis>
network.</para>
<para>The blacklist file has three columns:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>ADDRESS/SUBNET</term>
<listitem>
<para>As described above.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PROTOCOL</term>
<listitem>
<para>Optional. If specified, only packets specifying this protocol
will be blocked.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PORTS</term>
<listitem>
<para>Optional; may only be given if PROTOCOL is tcp or udp.
Expressed as a comma-separated list of destination port numbers or
service names (from /etc/services). If present, only packets
matching the specified protocol and one of the listed destination
ports are blocked.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>Shorewall also has a <ulink url="blacklisting_support.htm">dynamic
blacklist capability</ulink>.</para>
<important>
<para>The Shorewall blacklist file is <emphasis
role="bold">NOT</emphasis> designed to police your users' web browsing
-- to do that, I suggest that you install and configure <ulink
url="http://www.squid-cache.org">Squid</ulink> with <ulink
url="http://www.squidguard.org/">SquidGuard</ulink>.</para>
</important>
</section>
<section id="rfc1918" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/rfc1918">
<title>/usr/share/shorewall/rfc1918</title>
<para>This file lists the subnets affected by the <link
linkend="Interfaces">norfc1918 interface option</link>. Columns in the
file are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>SUBNET</term>
<listitem>
<para>The subnet using VLSM notation (e.g., 192.168.0.0/16).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>TARGET</term>
<listitem>
<para>What to do with packets to/from the SUBNET:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>RETURN</term>
<listitem>
<para>Process the packet normally thru the rules and policies.
See also <link linkend="Conf">RFC1918_STRICT</link>
above.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DROP</term>
<listitem>
<para>Silently drop the packet.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>logdrop</term>
<listitem>
<para>Log then drop the packet -- see the <link
linkend="Conf">RFC1918_LOG_LEVEL</link> parameter
above.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>If you want to modify this file, DO NOT MODIFY
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/rfc1918</filename>. Rather copy that file
to <filename>/etc/shorewall/rfc1918 </filename>and modify the copy.</para>
</section>
<section id="Netmap">
<title>/etc/shorewall/netmap</title>
<para>Network mapping is defined using the
<filename>/etc/shorewall/netmap</filename> file. Columns in this file
are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>TYPE</term>
<listitem>
<para>Must be DNAT or SNAT.</para>
<para>If DNAT, traffic entering INTERFACE and addressed to NET1 has
its destination address rewritten to the corresponding address in
NET2.</para>
<para>If SNAT, traffic leaving INTERFACE with a source address in
NET1 has its source address rewritten to the corresponding address
in NET2.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>NET1</term>
<listitem>
<para>Must be expressed in CIDR format (e.g.,
192.168.1.0/24).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>INTERFACE</term>
<listitem>
<para>A firewall interface. This interface must have been defined in
<ulink
url="Documentation.htm#Interfaces"><filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename></ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>NET2</term>
<listitem>
<para>A second network expressed in CIDR format.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>For more information, see the <ulink url="netmap.html">Network
Mapping documentation</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="Routestopped" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/routestopped">
<title>/etc/shorewall/routestopped</title>
<para>This file defines the hosts that are accessible from the firewall
when the firewall is stopped. Entries in this file are also active while
Shorewall is being stopped or [re]started.</para>
<para>Columns in the file are:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>INTERFACE</term>
<listitem>
<para>The firewall interface through which the host(s) communicate
with the firewall.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>HOST(S) - (Optional)</term>
<listitem>
<para>A comma-separated list of IP/Subnet addresses. If not supplied
or supplied as <quote>-</quote> then 0.0.0.0/0 is assumed.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>OPTIONS - (Optional)</term>
<listitem>
<para>A comma-separated list of options. The currently-supported
options are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>routeback - Set up a rule to ACCEPT traffic from these
hosts back to themselves.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>source - Allow traffic from these hosts to ANY
destination. Without this option or the 'dest' option, only
traffic from this host to other listed hosts (and the firewall)
is allowed. If 'source' is specified then 'routeback' is
redundant.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>dest - Allow traffic to these hosts from ANY source.
Without this option or the 'source' option, only traffic from
this host to other listed hosts (and the firewall) is allowed.
If 'dest' is specified then 'routeback' is redundant.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>critical - Allow traffic between the firewall and these
hosts throughout '[re]start', 'stop' and 'clear'. Specifying
'critical' on one or more entries will cause your firewall to be
"totally open" for a brief window during each of those
operations. Examples of where you might want to use this
are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>'Ping' nodes with heartbeat.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>LDAP server(s) if you use LDAP Authentication</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>NFS Server if you have an NFS-mounted root
filesystem.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<example>
<title>When your firewall is stopped, you want firewall accessibility
from local hosts 192.168.1.0/24 and from your DMZ. Your DMZ interfaces
through eth1 and your local hosts through eth2.</title>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE HOST(S)
eth2 192.168.1.0/24
eth1 -</programlisting>
</example>
<note>
<para>Shorewall allows connections defined by the contents of
<filename>/etc/shorewall/routestopped</filename> during the potentially
lengthy processing of the commands <command>shorewall start</command>,
<command>shorewall restart</command>, <command>shorewall try
</command>and <command>shorewall stop</command>.</para>
</note>
</section>
<section id="Maclist" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/maclist">
<title>/etc/shorewall/maclist</title>
<para>This file is described in the <ulink url="MAC_Validation.html">MAC
Validation Documentation</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="ECN" xreflabel="/etc/shorewall/ecn">
<title>/etc/shorewall/ecn</title>
<para>This file is described in the <ulink url="ECN.html">ECN Control
Documentation</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="Accounting" xreflabel="/usr/shorewall/accounting">
<title>/etc/shorewall/accounting</title>
<para>This file is described in the <ulink url="Accounting.html">Traffic
Accounting Documentation</ulink>.</para>
</section>
</article>
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