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646 lines
26 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd">
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<refentry>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>shorewall-tcclasses</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>tcclasses</refname>
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<refpurpose>Shorewall file to define HTB and HFSC classes</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>/etc/shorewall/tcclasses</command>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para>A note on the <emphasis>rate</emphasis>/bandwidth definitions used
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in this file:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>don't use a space between the integer value and the unit: 30kbit
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is valid while 30 kbit is NOT.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>you can use one of the following units:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">kpbs</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Kilobytes per second.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">mbps</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Megabytes per second.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">kbit</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Kilobits per second.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">mbit</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Megabits per second.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">bps</emphasis> or <emphasis
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role="bold">number</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Bytes per second.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>if you want the values to be calculated for you depending on the
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output bandwidth setting defined for an interface in tcdevices, you
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can use expressions like the following:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>full/3</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>causes the bandwidth to be calculated as 1/3 of the full
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outgoing speed that is defined.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>full*9/10</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>will set this bandwidth to 9/10 of the full
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bandwidth</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>Note that in a sub-class (a class that has a specified parent
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class), full refers to the RATE or CEIL of the parent class rather
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than to the OUT-BANDWIDTH of the device.</para>
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<para>DO NOT add a unit to the rate if it is calculated !</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The columns in the file are as follows.</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">INTERFACE</emphasis> -
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<emphasis>interface</emphasis>[[:<emphasis>parent</emphasis>]:<emphasis>class</emphasis>]</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Name of <emphasis>interface</emphasis>. Each interface may be
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listed only once in this file. You may NOT specify the name of an
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alias (e.g., eth0:0) here; see <ulink
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url="http://www.shorewall.net/FAQ.htm#faq18">http://www.shorewall.net/FAQ.htm#faq18</ulink></para>
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<para>You may specify the interface number rather than the interface
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name. If the <emphasis role="bold">classify</emphasis> option is
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given for the interface in <ulink
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url="shorewall-tcdevices.html">shorewall-tcdevices</ulink>(5), then
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you must also specify an interface class (an integer that must be
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unique within classes associated with this interface). If the
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classify option is not given, you may still specify a
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<emphasis>class</emphasis> or you may have Shorewall generate a
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class number from the MARK value. Interface numbers and class
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numbers are always assumed to be specified in hex and class number 1
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is reserved as the root class of the queuing discipline.</para>
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<para>You may NOT specify wildcards here, e.g. if you have multiple
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ppp interfaces, you need to put them all in here!</para>
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<para>Please note that you can only use interface names in here that
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have a bandwidth defined in the <ulink
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url="shorewall-tcdevices.html">shorewall-tcdevices</ulink>(5)
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file.</para>
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<para>Normally, all classes defined here are sub-classes of a root
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class that is implicitly defined from the entry in <ulink
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url="shorewall-tcdevices.html">shorewall-tcdevices</ulink>(5). You
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can establish a class hierarchy by specifying a
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<emphasis>parent</emphasis> class -- the number of a class that you
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have previously defined. The sub-class may borrow unused bandwidth
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from its parent.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">MARK</emphasis> -
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{-|<emphasis>value</emphasis>}</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>The mark <emphasis>value</emphasis> which is an integer in the
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range 1-255. You set mark values in the <ulink
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url="shorewall-tcrules.html">shorewall-tcrules</ulink>(5) file,
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marking the traffic you want to fit in the classes defined in here.
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Must be specified as '-' if the <emphasis
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role="bold">classify</emphasis> option is given for the interface in
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<ulink url="shorewall-tcdevices.html">shorewall-tcdevices</ulink>(5)
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and you are running Shorewall 4.5.5 or earlier.</para>
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<para>You can use the same marks for different interfaces.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">RATE</emphasis> -
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{-|<emphasis>rate</emphasis>[:<emphasis>dmax</emphasis>[:<emphasis>umax</emphasis>]]}</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>The minimum bandwidth this class should get, when the traffic
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load rises. If the sum of the rates in this column exceeds the
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INTERFACE's OUT-BANDWIDTH, then the OUT-BANDWIDTH limit may not be
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honored. Similarly, if the sum of the rates of sub-classes of a
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class exceed the CEIL of the parent class, things don't work
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well.</para>
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<para>When using the HFSC queuing discipline, this column specify
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the real-time (RT) service curve. leaf classes may specify
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<replaceable>dmax</replaceable>, the maximum delay in milliseconds
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that the first queued packet for this class should experience. May
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be expressed as an integer, optionally followed by 'ms' with no
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intervening white space (e.g., 10ms).</para>
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<para>HFSC leaf classes may also specify
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<replaceable>umax</replaceable>, the largest packet expected in this
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class. May be expressed as an integer. The unit of measure is
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<emphasis>bytes</emphasis> and the integer may be optionally
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followed by 'b' with no intervening white space (e.g., 800b).
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<replaceable>umax</replaceable> may only be given if
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<replaceable>dmax</replaceable> is also given.</para>
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<para>Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.6, HFSC classes may omit this
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column (e.g, '-' in the column), provided that an
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<replaceable>lsrate</replaceable> is specified (see CEIL below).
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These rates are used to arbitrate between classes of the same
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priority.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">CEIL</emphasis> -
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[<emphasis>lsrate</emphasis>:]<emphasis>rate</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>The maximum bandwidth this class is allowed to use when the
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link is idle. Useful if you have traffic which can get full speed
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when more needed services (e.g. ssh) are not used.</para>
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<para>You can use the value <emphasis role="bold">full</emphasis> in
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here for setting the maximum bandwidth to the RATE of the parent
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class, or the OUT-BANDWIDTH of the device if there is no parent
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class.</para>
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<para>Beginning with Shorewall 4.5.6, you can also specify an
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<replaceable>lsrate</replaceable> (link sharing rate).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">PRIORITY</emphasis> -
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<emphasis>priority</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>The <emphasis>priority</emphasis> in which classes will be
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serviced by the packet shaping scheduler and also the priority in
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which bandwidth in excess of the rate will be given to each
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class.</para>
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<para>Higher priority classes will experience less delay since they
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are serviced first. Priority values are serviced in ascending order
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(e.g. 0 is higher priority than 1).</para>
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<para>Classes may be set to the same priority, in which case they
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will be serviced as equals.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">OPTIONS</emphasis> (Optional) -
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[<emphasis>option</emphasis>[<emphasis
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role="bold">,</emphasis><emphasis>option</emphasis>]...]</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>A comma-separated list of options including the
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following:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">default</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>This is the default class for that interface where all
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traffic should go, that is not classified otherwise.</para>
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<para/>
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<note>
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<para>You must define <emphasis
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role="bold">default</emphasis> for exactly one class per
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interface.</para>
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</note>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis
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role="bold">tos=0x</emphasis><emphasis>value</emphasis>[/0x<emphasis>mask</emphasis>]
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(mask defaults to 0xff)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>This lets you define a classifier for the given
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<emphasis>value</emphasis>/<emphasis>mask</emphasis>
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combination of the IP packet's TOS/Precedence/DiffSrv octet
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(aka the TOS byte).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis
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role="bold">tos-</emphasis><emphasis>tosname</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Aliases for the following TOS octet value and mask
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encodings. TOS encodings of the "TOS byte" have been
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deprecated in favor of diffserve classes, but programs like
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ssh, rlogin, and ftp still use them.</para>
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<programlisting> <emphasis role="bold">tos-minimize-delay</emphasis> 0x10/0x10
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<emphasis role="bold">tos-maximize-throughput</emphasis> 0x08/0x08
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<emphasis role="bold">tos-maximize-reliability</emphasis> 0x04/0x04
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<emphasis role="bold">tos-minimize-cost</emphasis> 0x02/0x02
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<emphasis role="bold">tos-normal-service</emphasis> 0x00/0x1e</programlisting>
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<note>
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<para>Each of these options is only valid for ONE class per
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interface.</para>
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</note>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis role="bold">tcp-ack</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>If defined, causes a tc filter to be created that puts
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all tcp ack packets on that interface that have a size of
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<=64 Bytes to go in this class. This is useful for speeding
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up downloads. Please note that the size of the ack packets is
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limited to 64 bytes because we want only packets WITHOUT
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payload to match.</para>
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<para/>
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<note>
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<para>This option is only valid for ONE class per
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interface.</para>
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</note>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><emphasis
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role="bold">occurs</emphasis>=<emphasis>number</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Typically used with an IPMARK entry in tcrules. Causes
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the rule to be replicated for a total of
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<emphasis>number</emphasis> rules. Each rule has a
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successively class number and mark value.</para>
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<para>When 'occurs' is used:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>The associated device may not have the 'classify'
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option.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The class may not be the default class.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The class may not have any 'tos=' options (including
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'tcp-ack').</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The class should not specify a MARK value. If one is
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specified, it will be ignored with a warning
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message.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The 'RATE' and 'CEIL' parameters apply to each instance
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of the class. So the total RATE represented by an entry with
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'occurs' will be the listed RATE multiplied by
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<emphasis>number</emphasis>. For additional information, see
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<ulink url="shorewall-tcrules.html">tcrules</ulink>
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(5).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>flow=<emphasis>keys</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Shorewall attaches an SFQ queuing discipline to each
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leaf HTB class. SFQ ensures that each
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<firstterm>flow</firstterm> gets equal access to the
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interface. The default definition of a flow corresponds
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roughly to a Netfilter connection. So if one internal system
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is running BitTorrent, for example, it can have lots of
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'flows' and can thus take up a larger share of the bandwidth
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than a system having only a single active connection. The
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<option>flow</option> classifier (module cls_flow) works
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around this by letting you define what a 'flow' is. The
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clasifier must be used carefully or it can block off all
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traffic on an interface! The flow option can be specified for
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an HTB leaf class (one that has no sub-classes). We recommend
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that you use the following:</para>
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<simplelist>
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<member>Shaping internet-bound traffic:
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flow=nfct-src</member>
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<member>Shaping traffic bound for your local net:
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flow=dst</member>
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</simplelist>
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<para>These will cause a 'flow' to consists of the traffic
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to/from each internal system.</para>
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<para>When more than one key is give, they must be enclosed in
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parenthesis and separated by commas.</para>
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<para>To see a list of the possible flow keys, run this
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command:</para>
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<blockquote>
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<para><command>tc filter add flow help</command></para>
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</blockquote>
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<para>Those that begin with "nfct-" are Netfilter connection
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tracking fields. As shown above, we recommend flow=nfct-src;
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that means that we want to use the source IP address
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<emphasis>before NAT</emphasis> as the key.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>pfifo</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>When specified for a leaf class, the pfifo queing
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discipline is applied to the class rather than the sfq queuing
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discipline.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>limit=<emphasis>number</emphasis></term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Added in Shorewall 4.4.3. When specified for a leaf
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||
class, determines the maximum number of packets that may be
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queued within the class. The <emphasis>number</emphasis> must
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||
be > 2 and <=128. If not specified, the value 127 is
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||
assumed.</para>
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||
</listitem>
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||
</varlistentry>
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||
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<varlistentry>
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<term>red=(<replaceable>redoption</replaceable>=<replaceable>value</replaceable>,
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...)</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>Added in Shorewall 4.5.6. When specified on a leaf
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||
class, causes the class to use the RED (Random Early
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||
Detection) queuing discipline rather than SFQ. See tc-red (8)
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for additional information.</para>
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<para>Allowable redoptions are:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>min <replaceable>min</replaceable></term>
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||
<listitem>
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<para>Average queue size at which marking becomes a
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possibility.</para>
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</listitem>
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||
</varlistentry>
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||
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<varlistentry>
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<term>max <replaceable>max</replaceable></term>
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||
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||
<listitem>
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<para>At this average queue size, the marking
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probability is maximal. Must be at least twice
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<replaceable>min</replaceable> to prevent synchronous
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retransmits, higher for low
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<replaceable>min</replaceable>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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||
|
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<varlistentry>
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||
<term>probability
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<replaceable>probability</replaceable></term>
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||
|
||
<listitem>
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<para>Maximum probability for marking, specified as a
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floating point number from 0.0 to 1.0. Suggested values
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||
are 0.01 or 0.02 (1 or 2%, respectively).</para>
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||
</listitem>
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||
</varlistentry>
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||
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<varlistentry>
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<term>limit <replaceable>limit</replaceable></term>
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|
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<listitem>
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<para>Hard limit on the real (not average) queue size in
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bytes. Further packets are dropped. Should be set higher
|
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than
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<replaceable>max</replaceable>+<replaceable>burst</replaceable>.
|
||
It is advised to set this a few times higher than
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||
<replaceable>max</replaceable>. Shorewall requires that
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||
<replaceable>limit</replaceable> be at least twice
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||
<replaceable>min</replaceable>.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
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<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>burst <replaceable>burst</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Used for determining how fast the average queue
|
||
size is influenced by the real queue size. Larger values
|
||
make the calculation more sluggish, allowing longer
|
||
bursts of traffic before marking starts. Real life
|
||
experiments support the following guide‐line:
|
||
(<replaceable>min</replaceable>+<replaceable>min</replaceable>+<replaceable>max</replaceable>)/(3*<replaceable>avpkt</replaceable>).</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>avpkt <replaceable>avpkt</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Optional. Specified in bytes. Used with burst to
|
||
determine the time constant for average queue size
|
||
calculations. 1000 is a good value and is the Shorewall
|
||
default.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>bandwidth
|
||
<replaceable>bandwidth</replaceable></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Optional. This rate is used for calculating the
|
||
average queue size after some idle time. Should be set
|
||
to the bandwidth of your interface. Does not mean that
|
||
RED will shape for you!</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>ecn</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>RED can either 'mark' or 'drop'. Explicit
|
||
Congestion Notification allows RED to notify remote
|
||
hosts that their rate exceeds the amount of bandwidth
|
||
available. Non-ECN capable hosts can only be notified by
|
||
dropping a packet. If this parameter is specified,
|
||
packets which indicate that their hosts honor ECN will
|
||
only be marked and not dropped, unless the queue size
|
||
hits <replaceable>limit</replaceable> bytes. Needs a tc
|
||
binary with RED support compiled in. Recommended.</para>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Examples</title>
|
||
|
||
<variablelist>
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term>Example 1:</term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem>
|
||
<para>Suppose you are using PPP over Ethernet (DSL) and ppp0 is the
|
||
interface for this. You have 4 classes here, the first you can use
|
||
for voice over IP traffic, the second interactive traffic (e.g.
|
||
ssh/telnet but not scp), the third will be for all unclassified
|
||
traffic, and the forth is for low priority traffic (e.g.
|
||
peer-to-peer).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>The voice traffic in the first class will be guaranteed a
|
||
minimum of 100kbps and always be serviced first (because of the low
|
||
priority number, giving less delay) and will be granted excess
|
||
bandwidth (up to 180kbps, the class ceiling) first, before any other
|
||
traffic. A single VOIP stream, depending upon codecs, after
|
||
encapsulation, can take up to 80kbps on a PPOE/DSL link, so we pad a
|
||
little bit just in case. (TOS byte values 0xb8 and 0x68 are DiffServ
|
||
classes EF and AFF3-1 respectively and are often used by VOIP
|
||
devices).</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Interactive traffic (tos-minimum-delay) and TCP acks (and ICMP
|
||
echo traffic if you use the example in tcrules) and any packet with
|
||
a mark of 2 will be guaranteed 1/4 of the link bandwidth, and may
|
||
extend up to full speed of the link.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Unclassified traffic and packets marked as 3 will be
|
||
guaranteed 1/4th of the link bandwidth, and may extend to the full
|
||
speed of the link.</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>Packets marked with 4 will be treated as low priority packets.
|
||
(The tcrules example marks p2p traffic as such.) If the link is
|
||
congested, they're only guaranteed 1/8th of the speed, and even if
|
||
the link is empty, can only expand to 80% of link bandwidth just as
|
||
a precaution in case there are upstream queues we didn't account
|
||
for. This is the last class to get additional bandwidth and the last
|
||
to get serviced by the scheduler because of the low priority.</para>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting> #INTERFACE MARK RATE CEIL PRIORITY OPTIONS
|
||
ppp0 1 100kbit 180kbit 1 tos=0x68/0xfc,tos=0xb8/0xfc
|
||
ppp0 2 full/4 full 2 tcp-ack,tos-minimize-delay
|
||
ppp0 3 full/4 full 3 default
|
||
ppp0 4 full/8 full*8/10 4</programlisting>
|
||
</listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>FILES</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>/etc/shorewall/tcclasses</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>See ALSO</title>
|
||
|
||
<para><ulink
|
||
url="http://shorewall.net/traffic_shaping.htm">http://shorewall.net/traffic_shaping.htm</ulink></para>
|
||
|
||
<para><ulink
|
||
url="http://shorewall.net/configuration_file_basics.htm#Pairs">http://shorewall.net/configuration_file_basics.htm#Pairs</ulink></para>
|
||
|
||
<para>tc-hfsc(7)</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>tc-red(8)</para>
|
||
|
||
<para>shorewall(8), shorewall-accounting(5), shorewall-actions(5),
|
||
shorewall-blacklist(5), shorewall-hosts(5), shorewall_interfaces(5),
|
||
shorewall-ipsets(5), shorewall-maclist(5), shorewall-masq(5),
|
||
shorewall-nat(5), shorewall-netmap(5), shorewall-params(5),
|
||
shorewall-policy(5), shorewall-providers(5), shorewall-proxyarp(5),
|
||
shorewall-rtrules(5), shorewall-routestopped(5), shorewall-rules(5),
|
||
shorewall.conf(5), shorewall-secmarks(5), shorewall-tcdevices(5),
|
||
shorewall-tcrules(5), shorewall-tos(5), shorewall-tunnels(5),
|
||
shorewall-zones(5)</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
</refentry>
|