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shorewall_code/STABLE/documentation/configuration_file_basics.htm
teastep 48719a6621 Initial revision 
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<title>Configuration File Basics</title>
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<h1 align="center"><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Configuration Files<!--mstheme--></font></h1>
<p><b><font color="#FF0000">Warning: </font>If you copy or edit your
configuration files on a system running Microsoft Windows, you <u>must</u>
run them through <a href="http://www.megaloman.com/~hany/software/hd2u/">
dos2unix</a> before you use them with Shorewall.</b></p>
<h2><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Files<!--mstheme--></font></h2>
<p>Shorewall's configuration files are in the directory /etc/shorewall.</p>
<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf - used to set several firewall
parameters.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/params - use this file to set shell variables that you will
expand in other files.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/zones - partition the firewall's view of the world
into <i>zones.</i><!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/policy - establishes firewall high-level policy.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/interfaces - describes the interfaces on the
firewall system.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/hosts - allows defining zones in terms of individual
hosts and subnetworks.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/masq - directs the firewall where to use many-to-one
(dynamic) Network Address Translation (a.k.a. Masquerading) and Source
Network Address Translation (SNAT).<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/modules - directs the firewall to load kernel modules.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/rules - defines rules that are exceptions to the
overall policies established in /etc/shorewall/policy.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/nat - defines static NAT rules.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/proxyarp - defines use of Proxy ARP.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/routestopped (Shorewall 1.3.4 and later) - defines hosts
accessible when Shorewall is stopped.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/tcrules - defines marking of packets for later use by
traffic control/shaping or policy routing.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/tos - defines rules for setting the TOS field in packet
headers.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/tunnels - defines IPSEC, GRE and IPIP tunnels with end-points on
the firewall system.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">/etc/shorewall/blacklist - lists blacklisted IP/subnet/MAC addresses.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--></table><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">
<h2><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Comments<!--mstheme--></font></h2>
<p>You may place comments in configuration files by making the first non-whitespace
character a pound sign (&quot;#&quot;). You may also place comments at the end of any line, again by
delimiting the comment from the rest of the line with a pound sign.</p>
<p>Examples:</p>
<!--mstheme--></font><pre># This is a comment</pre><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica"><!--mstheme--></font><pre>ACCEPT net fw tcp www #This is an end-of-line comment</pre><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">
<h2><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Line Continuation<!--mstheme--></font></h2>
<p>You may continue lines in the configuration files using the usual backslash (&quot;\&quot;) followed
immediately by a new line character.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<!--mstheme--></font><pre>ACCEPT net fw tcp \
smtp,www,pop3,imap #Services running on the firewall</pre><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">
<h2><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Complementing an Address or Subnet<!--mstheme--></font></h2>
<p>Where specifying an IP address, a subnet or an interface, you can
precede the item with &quot;!&quot; to specify the complement of the item. For
example, !192.168.1.4 means &quot;any host but 192.168.1.4&quot;.</p>
<h2><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Comma-separated Lists<!--mstheme--></font></h2>
<p>Comma-separated lists are allowed in a number of contexts within the
configuration files. A comma separated list:</p>
<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">Must not have any embedded white space.<br>
Valid: routestopped,dhcp,norfc1918<br>
Invalid: routestopped,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; dhcp,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
norfc1818<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">If you use line continuation to break a comma-separated list, the
continuation line(s) must begin in column 1 (or there would be embedded
white space)<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--><tr><td valign="baseline" width="42"><img src="_themes/radial/aradbul1.gif" width="15" height="15" hspace="13" alt="bullet"></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">Entries in a comma-separated list may appear in any order.<!--mstheme--></font><!--msthemelist--></td></tr>
<!--msthemelist--></table><!--mstheme--><font face="arial, Arial, Helvetica">
<h2><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Port Numbers/Service Names<!--mstheme--></font></h2>
<p>Unless otherwise specified, when giving a port number you can use
either an integer or a service name from /etc/services. </p>
<h2><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Port Ranges<!--mstheme--></font></h2>
<p>If you need to specify a range of ports, the proper syntax is &lt;<i>low
port number</i>&gt;:&lt;<i>high port number</i>&gt;.</p>
<h2><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Using Shell Variables<!--mstheme--></font></h2>
<p>You may use the file /etc/shorewall/params
file to set shell variables that you can then use in some of the other
configuration files.</p>
<p>It is suggested that variable names begin with an upper case letter<font size="1">
</font>to distinguish them from variables used internally within the
Shorewall programs</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>NET_IF=eth0<br>
NET_BCAST=130.252.100.255<br>
NET_OPTIONS=noping,norfc1918</p>
</blockquote>
<p><br>
Example (/etc/shorewall/interfaces record):</p>
<font face="Century Gothic, Arial, Helvetica">
<blockquote>
<p><font face="Courier">net $NET_IF $NET_BCAST $NET_OPTIONS</font></p>
</blockquote>
</font>
<p>The result will be the same as if the record had been written</p>
<font face="Century Gothic, Arial, Helvetica">
<blockquote>
<p>net eth0 130.252.100.255 noping,norfc1918</p>
</blockquote>
</font>
<p>Variables may be used anywhere in the
other configuration files.</p>
<h2><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Using MAC Addresses<!--mstheme--></font></h2>
<p>Media Access Control (MAC)
addresses can be used to specify packet source in several of the
configuration files. To use this feature, your kernel must have MAC
Address Match support (CONFIG_IP_NF_MATCH_MAC) included.</p>
<p>MAC addresses are 48 bits wide and each Ethernet Controller has a
unique MAC address.<br>
<br>
In GNU/Linux, MAC addresses are usually written as a series of 6 hex numbers
separated by colons. Example:<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [root@gateway root]# ifconfig eth0<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr <b><u>02:00:08:E3:FA:55</u></b><br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; inet addr:206.124.146.176 Bcast:206.124.146.255
Mask:255.255.255.0<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RX packets:2398102 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0
frame:0<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; TX packets:3044698 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0
carrier:0<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; collisions:30394 txqueuelen:100<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; RX bytes:419871805 (400.4 Mb) TX bytes:1659782221
(1582.8 Mb)<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Interrupt:11 Base address:0x1800<br>
<br>
Because Shorewall uses colons as a separator for address fields, Shorewall requires
MAC addresses to be written in another way. In Shorewall, MAC addresses
begin with a tilde (&quot;~&quot;) and consist of 6 hex numbers separated by
hyphens. In Shorewall, the MAC address in the example above would be
written &quot;~02-00-08-E3-FA-55&quot;.</p>
<h2><!--mstheme--><font face="times new roman, Times New Roman, Times" color="#666666">Shorewall Configurations<!--mstheme--></font></h2>
<p>
Shorewall allows you to have configuration
directories other than /etc/shorewall. The <a href="#Starting">shorewall start
and restart</a>
commands allow you to specify an alternate configuration directory and
Shorewall will use the files in the alternate directory rather than the corresponding
files in /etc/shorewall. The alternate directory need not contain a complete
configuration; those files not in the alternate directory will be read from
/etc/shorewall.</p>
<p>
This facility permits you to easily create a test or temporary configuration
by:</p>
<ol>
<li>
copying the files that need modification from /etc/shorewall to a separate
directory;</li>
<li>
modify those files in the separate directory; and</li>
<li>
specifying the separate directory in a shorewall start or shorewall
restart command (e.g., <i><b>shorewall -c /etc/testconfig restart</b></i>
).</li>
</ol>
<p><font size="2">
Updated 8/6/2002 - <a href="support.htm">Tom
Eastep</a>
</font></p>
<p><font face="Trebuchet MS"><a href="copyright.htm"><font size="2">Copyright</font>
<20> <font size="2">2001, 2002 Thomas M. Eastep.</font></a></font></p>
<!--mstheme--></font></body>
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