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599 lines
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XML
599 lines
25 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd">
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<article id="FTP">
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<!--$Id$-->
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<articleinfo>
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<title>Shorewall and FTP</title>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Tom</firstname>
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<surname>Eastep</surname>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<pubdate><?dbtimestamp format="Y/m/d"?></pubdate>
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<copyright>
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<year>2003</year>
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<year>2004</year>
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<year>2005</year>
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<year>2006</year>
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<holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
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</copyright>
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<legalnotice>
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<para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
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1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
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no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
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Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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<quote><ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation
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License</ulink></quote>.</para>
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</legalnotice>
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</articleinfo>
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<caution>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">This article applies to Shorewall 4.0 and
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later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall
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4.0.0 then please see the documentation for that
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release.</emphasis></para>
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</caution>
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<section id="Protocol">
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<title>FTP Protocol</title>
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<para>FTP transfers involve two TCP connections. The first <emphasis
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role="bold">control</emphasis> connection goes from the FTP client to port
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21 on the FTP server. This connection is used for logon and to send
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commands and responses between the endpoints. Data transfers (including
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the output of <quote>ls</quote> and <quote>dir</quote> commands) requires
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a second data connection. The <emphasis role="bold">data</emphasis>
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connection is dependent on the <emphasis role="bold">mode</emphasis> that
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the client is operating in:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>Passive Mode</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>(often the default for web browsers) -- The client issues a
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PASV command. Upon receipt of this command, the server listens on a
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dynamically-allocated port then sends a PASV reply to the client.
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The PASV reply gives the IP address and port number that the server
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is listening on. The client then opens a second connection to that
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IP address and port number.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term>Active Mode</term>
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<listitem>
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<para>(often the default for line-mode clients) -- The client
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listens on a dynamically-allocated port then sends a PORT command to
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the server. The PORT command gives the IP address and port number
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that the client is listening on. The server then opens a connection
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to that IP address and port number; the <emphasis role="bold">source
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port</emphasis> for this connection is 20 (ftp-data in
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/etc/services).</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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<para>You can see these commands in action using your linux ftp
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command-line client in debugging mode. Note that my ftp client defaults to
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passive mode and that I can toggle between passive and active mode by
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issuing a <quote>passive</quote> command:</para>
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<programlisting>[teastep@wookie Shorewall]$ <emphasis role="bold">ftp ftp1.shorewall.net</emphasis>
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Connected to lists.shorewall.net.
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220-=(<*>)=-.:. (( Welcome to PureFTPd 1.0.12 )) .:.-=(<*>)=-
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220-You are user number 1 of 50 allowed.
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220-Local time is now 10:21 and the load is 0.14. Server port: 21.
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220 You will be disconnected after 15 minutes of inactivity.
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500 Security extensions not implemented
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500 Security extensions not implemented
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KERBEROS_V4 rejected as an authentication type
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Name (ftp1.shorewall.net:teastep): <command>ftp</command>
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331-Welcome to ftp.shorewall.net
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331-
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331 Any password will work
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Password:
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230 Any password will work
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Remote system type is UNIX.
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Using binary mode to transfer files.
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ftp> <emphasis role="bold">debug</emphasis>
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Debugging on (debug=1).
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ftp> <emphasis role="bold">ls</emphasis>
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---> <emphasis>PASV</emphasis>
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<emphasis>227 Entering Passive Mode (192,168,1,193,195,210)</emphasis>
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---> LIST
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150 Accepted data connection
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drwxr-xr-x 5 0 0 4096 Nov 9 2002 archives
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Feb 12 2002 etc
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drwxr-sr-x 6 0 50 4096 Feb 19 15:24 pub
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226-Options: -l
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226 3 matches total
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ftp> <emphasis role="bold">passive</emphasis>
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Passive mode off.
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ftp> <emphasis role="bold">ls</emphasis>
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<emphasis>---> PORT 192,168,1,3,142,58</emphasis>
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200 PORT command successful
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---> LIST
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150 Connecting to port 36410
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drwxr-xr-x 5 0 0 4096 Nov 9 2002 archives
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drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Feb 12 2002 etc
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drwxr-sr-x 6 0 50 4096 Feb 19 15:24 pub
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226-Options: -l
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226 3 matches total
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ftp></programlisting>
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<para>Things to notice:</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>The commands that I issued are <emphasis role="bold">strongly
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emphasized</emphasis>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Commands sent by the client to the server are preceded by
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---></para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Command responses from the server over the control connection
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are numbered.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>FTP uses a comma as a separator between the bytes of the IP
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address.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>When sending a port number, FTP sends the MSB then the LSB and
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separates the two bytes by a comma. As shown in the PORT command, port
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142,58 translates to 142*256+58 = 36410.</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</section>
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<section id="Conntrack">
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<title>Linux FTP connection-tracking</title>
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<para>Given the normal loc->net policy of ACCEPT, passive mode access
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from local clients to remote servers will always work but active mode
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requires the firewall to dynamically open a <quote>hole</quote> for the
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server's connection back to the client. Similarly, if you are running an
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FTP server in your local zone then active mode should always work but
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passive mode requires the firewall to dynamically open a
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<quote>hole</quote> for the client's second connection to the server. This
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is the role of FTP connection-tracking support in the Linux kernel.</para>
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<para>Where any form of NAT (SNAT, DNAT, Masquerading) on your firewall is
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involved, the PORT commands and PASV responses may also need to be
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modified by the firewall. This is the job of the FTP nat support kernel
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function.</para>
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<para>Including FTP connection-tracking and NAT support normally means
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that the modules <quote>nf_conntrack_ftp</quote> and
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<quote>nf_nat_ftp</quote> need to be loaded. Shorewall automatically loads
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these <quote>helper</quote> modules from
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/lib/modules/<<emphasis>kernel-version</emphasis>>/kernel/net/netfilter/
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and you can determine if they are loaded using the <quote>lsmod</quote>
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command. The <<emphasis>kernel-version</emphasis>> may be obtained
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by typing</para>
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<programlisting><command>uname -r</command></programlisting>
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<important>
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<para>Note: If you are running kernel 2.6.19 or earlier, then the module
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names are <emphasis role="bold">ip_nat_ftp</emphasis> and <emphasis
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role="bold">ip_conntrack_ftp</emphasis> and they are normally loaded
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from
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/lib/modules/<<emphasis>kernel-version</emphasis>>/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter/.</para>
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</important>
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<important>
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<para>Because the ftp helper modules must read and modify commands being
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sent over the command channel, they won't work when the command channel
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is encrypted through use of TLS/SSL.</para>
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</important>
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<example id="Example1">
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<title>Example (Kernel 3.2.20)</title>
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<programlisting>[root@lists etc]# lsmod
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Module Size Used by Not tainted
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iptable_filter 3072 1
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iptable_mangle 2816 0
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iptable_nat 7684 0
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iptable_raw 2048 0
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ip_tables 12232 4 iptable_raw,iptable_mangle,iptable_nat,iptable_filter
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ipt_addrtype 1920 0
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ipt_ah 2048 0
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ipt_CLUSTERIP 8708 0
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ipt_ecn 2304 0
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ipt_ECN 3072 0
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ipt_iprange 1920 0
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ipt_LOG 6528 0
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ipt_MASQUERADE 3456 0
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ipt_NETMAP 2048 0
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ipt_owner 2048 0
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ipt_recent 9496 0
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ipt_REDIRECT 2048 0
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ipt_REJECT 4608 0
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ipt_SAME 2432 0
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ipt_TCPMSS 4096 0
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ipt_tos 1664 0
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ipt_TOS 2304 0
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ipt_ttl 1920 0
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ipt_TTL 2432 0
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ipt_ULOG 8068 0
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nf_conntrack 59864 28 ipt_MASQUERADE,ipt_CLUSTERIP,nf_nat_tftp,nf_nat_snmp_basic,nf_nat_sip,nf_nat_pptp,nf_nat_irc,nf_nat_h323,nf_nat_ftp,nf_nat_amanda,nf_conntrack_ama
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nda,nf_conntrack_tftp,nf_conntrack_sip,nf_conntrack_proto_sctp,nf_conntrack_pptp,nf_conntrack_proto_gre,nf_conntrack_netlink,nf_conntrack_netbios_ns,nf_conntrack_irc,nf_conntrack_
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h323,nf_conntrack_ftp,xt_helper,xt_state,xt_connmark,xt_conntrack,iptable_nat,nf_nat,nf_conntrack_ipv4
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nf_conntrack_amanda 5248 1 nf_nat_amanda
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<emphasis role="bold">nf_conntrack_ftp</emphasis> 9728 1 nf_nat_ftp
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nf_conntrack_h323 50396 1 nf_nat_h323
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nf_conntrack_ipv4 17932 2 iptable_nat
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nf_conntrack_irc 7064 1 nf_nat_irc
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nf_conntrack_netbios_ns 3072 0
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nf_conntrack_netlink 26240 0
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nf_conntrack_pptp 6912 1 nf_nat_pptp
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nf_conntrack_proto_gre 5632 1 nf_conntrack_pptp
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nf_conntrack_proto_sctp 8328 0
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nf_conntrack_sip 9748 1 nf_nat_sip
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nf_conntrack_tftp 5780 1 nf_nat_tftp
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nf_nat 17964 14 ipt_SAME,ipt_REDIRECT,ipt_NETMAP,ipt_MASQUERADE,nf_nat_tftp,nf_nat_sip,nf_nat_pptp,nf_nat_proto_gre,nf_nat_irc,nf_nat_h323,nf_nat_ftp,nf_nat_amand
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a,nf_conntrack_netlink,iptable_nat
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nf_nat_amanda 2432 0
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<emphasis role="bold">nf_nat_ftp</emphasis> 3584 0
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nf_nat_h323 7808 0
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nf_nat_irc 2816 0
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nf_nat_pptp 3840 0
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nf_nat_proto_gre 3204 1 nf_nat_pptp
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nf_nat_sip 4608 0
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nf_nat_snmp_basic 10372 0
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nf_nat_tftp 1920 0
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xt_CLASSIFY 1920 0
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xt_comment 1920 0
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xt_connmark 2432 0
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xt_conntrack 2944 0
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xt_dccp 3588 0
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xt_hashlimit 10252 0
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xt_helper 2688 0
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xt_length 1920 0
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xt_limit 2688 0
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xt_mac 1920 0
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xt_mark 1920 0
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xt_MARK 2304 0
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xt_multiport 3328 1
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xt_NFLOG 2176 0
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xt_NFQUEUE 2048 0
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xt_physdev 2704 2
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xt_pkttype 1920 0
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xt_policy 3840 0
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xt_state 2560 0
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xt_tcpmss 2304 0
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xt_tcpudp 3328 0
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[root@lists etc]#</programlisting>
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</example>
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<para>If you want Shorewall to load these modules from an alternate
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directory, you need to set the MODULESDIR variable in
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/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf to point to that directory.</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>FTP with Kernel 3.5 and Later</title>
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<para>Because of the potential for attackers to subvert Netfilter helpers
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like the one for FTP, the Netfilter team are in the process of eliminating
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the automatic association of helpers to connections. In the 3.5 kernel, it
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is possible to disable this automatic association, and the team have
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announced that automatic association will eventually be eliminated. While
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it is certainly more secure to add explicit rules that create these
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associations, for Shorewall to require users to add those rules would
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present a gross inconvenience during a Shorewall upgrade. To make
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Shorewall and kernel upgrades as smooth as possible, several new features
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were added to the Shorewall 4.5.7:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Shorewall automatically disables the kernel's automatic
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association of helpers to connections on kernel 3.5 and later.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>An automatic association of helpers with connections that
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performs the same function as in the pre-3.5 kernels has been added.
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This automatic association is controlled by the AUTOHELPERS
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shorewall.conf option which is set to 'Yes' by default.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>A HELPERS column has been added to the /etc/shorewall/rules In
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the NEW section: When the ACTION is ACCEPT, DNAT or REDIRECT, the
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specified helper is automatically associated with the
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connection.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>HELPERS may be specified in action files, macros and in the
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rules file itself. In the RELATED section: The rule will only match
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related connections that have the named helper attached. - The
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standard Macros for applications requiring a helper (FTP, IRC, etc)
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have been modified to automatically specify the correct helper in the
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HELPER column.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>HELPER is now a valid action in /etc/shorewall/rules. This
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action requires that a helper be present in the HELPER column and
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causes the specified helper to be associated with connections matching
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the rule. No destination zone should be specified in HELPER rules.
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HELPER rules allow specification of a helper for connections that are
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ACCEPTed by the applicable policy.</para>
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<para> Example (loc->net policy is ACCEPT) - In
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/etc/shorewall/rules:</para>
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<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST
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FTP(HELPER) loc - </programlisting>
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<para>or equivalently </para>
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<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST
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# PORT(S)
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HELPER loc - tcp 21 { helper=ftp }</programlisting>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para> The set of enabled helpers (either by AUTOHELPERS=Yes or by the
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HELPERS column) can be taylored using the new HELPERS option in
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shorewall.conf. </para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>By making AUTOHELPERS=Yes the default, users can upgrade their
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systems to a 3.5+ kernel without disrupting the operation of their
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firewalls. Beyond such upgrades, we suggest setting AUTOHELPERS=No and
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follow one of two strategies:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Use the HELPERS column in the rules file to enable helpers as
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needed (preferred); or</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Taylor the conntrack file to enable helpers on only those
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connections that are required.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>With either of these approaches, the list if available helpers can
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be trimmed using the HELPERS option and rules can be added to the RELATED
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section of the rules file to further restrict the effect of helpers. The
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implementation of these new function places conditional rules in the
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/etc/shorewall[6]/conntrack file. These rules are included conditionally
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based in the setting of AUTOHELPERS.</para>
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<para> Example:</para>
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<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DESTINATION PROTO DEST SOURCE USER/ SWITCH
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# PORT(S) PORT(S) GROUP
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?if $AUTOHELPERS && __CT_TARGET
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?if __FTP_HELPER
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CT:helper:ftp all - tcp 21
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?endif
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...
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?endif</programlisting>
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<para> __FTP_HELPER evaluates to false if the HELPERS setting is non-empty
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and 'ftp' is not listed in that setting. For example, if you only need FTP
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access from your 'loc' zone, then add this rule outside of the outer-most
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?if....?endif shown above.</para>
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<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DESTINATION PROTO DEST SOURCE USER/ SWITCH
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# PORT(S) PORT(S) GROUP
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...
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CT:helper:ftp loc - tcp 21</programlisting>
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<para> For an overview of Netfilter Helpers and Shorewall's support for
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dealing with them, see <ulink
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url="Helpers.html">http://www.shorewall.net/Helpers.html</ulink>.</para>
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<para>See <ulink
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url="https://home.regit.org/netfilter-en/secure-use-of-helpers/">https://home.regit.org/netfilter-en/secure-use-of-helpers/</ulink>
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for additional information. </para>
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</section>
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<section id="Ports">
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<title>FTP on Non-standard Ports</title>
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<para>If you are running kernel 3.5 or later and Shorewall 4.5.7 or later,
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then please read the preceding section. You can add appropriate entries
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into <ulink url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html">shorewall-rules(5)</ulink>
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or <ulink
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url="manpages/shorewall-conntrack.html">shorewall-conntrack(5)</ulink> to
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associate the FTP helpers with a nonstandard port.</para>
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<para>Examples using port 12345:</para>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/rules:</filename></para>
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<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST
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# PORT(S)
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DNAT net loc:192.168.1.2:21 tcp 12345 { helper=ftp }the</programlisting>
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<para>That entry will accept ftp connections on port 12345 from the net
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and forward them to host 192.168.1..2 and port 21 in the loc zone.</para>
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<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/conntrack:</filename></para>
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<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DESTINATION PROTO DEST SOURCE USER/ SWITCH
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# PORT(S) PORT(S) GROUP
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...
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CT:helper:ftp loc - tcp 12345</programlisting>
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<para>That rule automatically associates the ftp helper with TCP port
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12345 from the 'loc' zone.</para>
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<para>Otherwise, read on.</para>
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<note>
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<para>If you are running <emphasis role="bold">kernel 2.6.19 or
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earlier</emphasis>, replace <emphasis
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role="bold">nf_conntrack_ftp</emphasis> with <emphasis
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role="bold">ip_conntrack_ftp</emphasis> in the following instructions.
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Similarly, replace <emphasis role="bold">nf_nat_ftp</emphasis> with
|
|
<emphasis role="bold">ip_nat_ftp</emphasis>.</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
<para>The above discussion about commands and responses makes it clear
|
|
that the FTP connection-tracking and NAT helpers must scan the traffic on
|
|
the control connection looking for PASV and PORT commands as well as PASV
|
|
responses. If you run an FTP server on a nonstandard port or you need to
|
|
access such a server, you must therefore let the helpers know by
|
|
specifying the port in <filename>/etc/shorewall/modules</filename> entries
|
|
for the helpers. You should create<filename>
|
|
/etc/shorewall/modules</filename> by copying
|
|
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/modules</filename>.<caution>
|
|
<para>You must have modularized FTP connection tracking support in
|
|
order to use FTP on a non-standard port.</para>
|
|
</caution></para>
|
|
|
|
<example id="Example2">
|
|
<title>if you run an FTP server that listens on port 49 or you need to
|
|
access a server on the Internet that listens on that port then you would
|
|
have:</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>loadmodule nf_conntrack_ftp ports=21,49
|
|
loadmodule nf_nat_ftp # NOTE: With kernels prior to 2.6.11, you must specify the ports on this line also</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para><note>
|
|
<para>you MUST include port 21 in the ports list or you may have
|
|
problems accessing regular FTP servers.</para>
|
|
</note></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>If there is a possibility that these modules might be loaded
|
|
before Shorewall starts, then you should include the port list in
|
|
/etc/modules.conf:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>options nf_conntrack_ftp ports=21,49
|
|
options nf_nat_ftp</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para><important>
|
|
<para>Once you have made these changes to /etc/shorewall/modules
|
|
and/or /etc/modules.conf, you must either:</para>
|
|
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Unload the modules and restart shorewall:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting><command>rmmod nf_nat_ftp; rmmod nf_conntrack_ftp; shorewall restart</command></programlisting>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>Reboot</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
</important></para>
|
|
</example>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section id="Rules">
|
|
<title>Rules</title>
|
|
|
|
<warning>
|
|
<para>If you run an FTP server behind your firewall and your server
|
|
offers a method of specifying the external IP address of your firewall,
|
|
DON'T USE THAT FEATURE OF YOUR SERVER. Using that option will defeat the
|
|
purpose of the ftp helper modules and can result in a server that
|
|
doesn't work.</para>
|
|
</warning>
|
|
|
|
<para>If the policy from the source zone to the destination zone is ACCEPT
|
|
and you don't need DNAT (see <ulink url="FAQ.htm#faq30">FAQ 30</ulink>)
|
|
then <emphasis role="bold">you need no rule</emphasis>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Otherwise, for FTP you need exactly <emphasis
|
|
role="bold">one</emphasis> rule:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DESTINATION PROTO DEST SOURCE ORIGINAL
|
|
# PORT(S) PORT(S) DESTINATION
|
|
ACCEPT or <<emphasis>source</emphasis>> <<emphasis>destination</emphasis>> tcp 21 - <external IP addr> if
|
|
DNAT ACTION = DNAT</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>You need an entry in the ORIGINAL DESTINATION column only if the
|
|
ACTION is DNAT, you have multiple external IP addresses and you want a
|
|
specific IP address to be forwarded to your server.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that you do <emphasis role="bold">NOT </emphasis>need a rule
|
|
with 20 (ftp-data) in the DEST PORT(S) column. If you post your rules on
|
|
the mailing list and they show 20 in the DEST PORT(S) column, we will know
|
|
that you haven't read this article and will either ignore your post or
|
|
tell you to RTFM.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Shorewall includes an FTP macro that simplifies creation of FTP
|
|
rules. The macro source is in
|
|
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/macro.FTP</filename>. Using the macro is
|
|
the preferred way to generate the rules described above. Here are a couple
|
|
of examples.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para><example id="Example3">
|
|
<title>Server running behind a Masquerading Gateway</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Suppose that you run an FTP server on 192.168.1.5 in your local
|
|
zone using the standard port (21). You need this rule:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DESTINATION PROTO DEST SOURCE ORIGINAL
|
|
# PORT(S) PORT(S) DESTINATION
|
|
FTP(DNAT) net loc:192.168.1.5</programlisting>
|
|
</example><example id="Example4">
|
|
<title>Allow your DMZ FTP access to the Internet</title>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DESTINATION PROTO DEST SOURCE ORIGINAL
|
|
# PORT(S) PORT(S) DESTINATION
|
|
FTP(ACCEPT) dmz net</programlisting>
|
|
</example></para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Note that the FTP connection tracking in the kernel cannot handle
|
|
cases where a PORT command (or PASV reply) is broken across two packets or
|
|
is missing the ending <cr>/<lf>. When such cases occur, you
|
|
will see a console message similar to this one:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>Apr 28 23:55:09 gateway kernel: conntrack_ftp: partial PORT 715014972+1</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>or this one:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>21:37:40 insert-master kernel: [832161.057782] <emphasis
|
|
role="bold">nf_ct_ftp: dropping
|
|
packet</emphasis> IN=eth4 OUT= MAC=00:0a:cd:1a:d1:95:00:22:6b:be:3c:41:08:00
|
|
SRC=66.199.187.46 DST=192.168.41.1 LEN=102 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=45
|
|
ID=30239 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=21 DPT=50892 SEQ=698644583 ACK=3438176321
|
|
WINDOW=46 RES=0x00 ACK PSH URGP=0 OPT (0101080A932DFE0231935CF7) MARK=0x1</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>I see this problem occasionally with the FTP server in my DMZ. My
|
|
solution is to add the following rule:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DESTINATION PROTO DEST SOURCE ORIGINAL
|
|
# PORT(S) PORT(S) DESTINATION
|
|
ACCEPT:info dmz net tcp - 20</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>The above rule accepts and logs all active mode connections from my
|
|
DMZ to the net.</para>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</article>
|