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shorewall_code/docs/FAQ.xml
Tom Eastep 1479e955d4
Add FAQ 106 (startup at boot on Debian) 
- mention reload as a faster alternative to restart

Signed-off-by: Tom Eastep <teastep@shorewall.net>
2018-01-02 08:52:12 -08:00

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd">
<article>
<!--$Id$-->
<articleinfo>
<title>Shorewall FAQs</title>
<authorgroup>
<corpauthor>Shorewall Community</corpauthor>
<author>
<firstname>Tom</firstname>
<surname>Eastep</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<pubdate><?dbtimestamp format="Y/m/d"?></pubdate>
<copyright>
<year>2001-2016</year>
<holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice>
<para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled <quote>
<ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink>
</quote>.</para>
</legalnotice>
</articleinfo>
<caution>
<para><emphasis role="bold">This article applies to Shorewall 4.4 and
later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall
4.4.0 then please see the documentation for that
release.</emphasis></para>
</caution>
<section id="Install">
<title>Installing Shorewall</title>
<section id="Howto">
<title>Where do I find Step by Step Installation and Configuration
Instructions?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Check out the <ulink
url="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart Guides</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq92">
<title>(FAQ 92) There are lots of Shorewall packages; which one(s) do I
install?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: When first installing
Shorewall 4.4.0 or later, you must install the <emphasis
role="bold">shorewall</emphasis> package. If you want to configure an
IPv6 firewall, you must also install <emphasis
role="bold">shorewall6</emphasis>. Beginning with Shorewall 4.5, you
must first install the <emphasis role="bold">shorewall-core</emphasis>
package.</para>
<section id="faq92a">
<title>(FAQ 92a) Someone once told me to install shorewall-perl;
anything to that?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: That was good advice in
Shorewall 4.2 and earlier. In those releases, there were two packages
that provided the basic firewalling functionality: <emphasis
role="bold">shorewall-shell</emphasis> and <emphasis
role="bold">shorewall-perl</emphasis>. Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.0,
<emphasis role="bold">shorewall-shell</emphasis> is discontinued and
<emphasis role="bold">shorewall-perl</emphasis> is renamed <emphasis
role="bold">shorewall</emphasis>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq37">
<title>(FAQ 37) I just installed Shorewall on Debian and the
/etc/shorewall directory is almost empty!!!</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis></para>
<important>
<para>Once you have installed the .deb package and before you attempt
to configure Shorewall, please heed the advice of Lorenzo Martignoni,
former Shorewall Debian Maintainer:</para>
<para><quote>For more information about Shorewall usage on Debian
system please look at /usr/share/doc/shorewall-common/README.Debian
provided by [the] shorewall-common Debian package.</quote></para>
</important>
<para>If you install using the .deb, you will find that your <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> directory is almost empty.
This is intentional. The released configuration file skeletons may be
found on your system in the directory <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/doc/shorewall-common/default-config</filename>.
Simply copy the files you need from that directory to <filename
class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and modify the
copies.</para>
<section id="faq37a">
<title>(FAQ 37a) I just installed Shorewall on Debian and I can't find
the sample configurations.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Beginning with
Shorewall 4.4, the samples are in the shorewall package and are
installed in <filename
class="directory">/usr/share/doc/shorewall/examples/</filename>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq14">
<title>(FAQ 14) I can't find the Shorewall 4.4 shorewall-common,
shorewall-shell and shorewall-perl packages? Where are they?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:In Shorewall 4.4, the
<firstterm>shorewall-shell</firstterm> package was discontinued. The
<firstterm>shorewall-common</firstterm> and
<firstterm>shorewall-perl</firstterm> packages were combined to form a
single <firstterm>shorewall</firstterm> package. In Shorewall 4.5, the
<firstterm>shorewall-core</firstterm> package was added and all of the
other packages depend on shorewall-core.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Upgrading">
<title>Upgrading Shorewall</title>
<section id="faq66">
<title>(FAQ 66) I'm trying to upgrade to Shorewall 4.x; which of these
packages do I need to install?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Please see the <ulink
url="upgrade_issues.htm">upgrade issues.</ulink></para>
</section>
<section id="faq34">
<title>(FAQ 34) I am trying to upgrade to Shorewall 4.4 and I can't find
the shorewall-common, shorewall-shell and shorewall-perl packages? Where
are they?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>:In Shorewall 4.4, the
<firstterm>shorewall-shell</firstterm> package was discontinued. The
<firstterm>shorewall-common</firstterm> and
<firstterm>shorewall-perl</firstterm> packages were combined to form a
single <firstterm>shorewall</firstterm> package. For further
information, please see the <ulink url="upgrade_issues.htm">upgrade
issues.</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq34a">
<title>(FAQ 34a) I am trying to upgrade to Shorewall 4.4 and I'm getting
errors when I try to start Shorewall. Where can I find information about
these issues?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Please see the <ulink
url="upgrade_issues.htm">upgrade issues</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq34b">
<title>(FAQ 34b) I am trying to upgrade to Shorewall 4.4 and I'm seeing
warning messages when I try to start Shorewall. Where can I find
information about these issues?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Please see the <ulink
url="upgrade_issues.htm">upgrade issues.</ulink></para>
</section>
<section id="faq76">
<title>(FAQ 76) I just upgraded my system and now masquerading doesn't
work? What happened?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> This happens to people
who ignore <ulink url="Install.htm#Upgrade_Deb">our advice</ulink> and
allow the installer to replace their working
<filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> with one that has
default settings. Failure to forward traffic (such as during masqueraded
net access from a local network) usually means that <filename><ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink></filename>
contains the default setting IP_FORWARDING=Keep; it should be
IP_FORWARDING=On.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Update</emphasis>: Beginning with Shorewall
4.4.21, there is a <emphasis role="bold">shorewall update</emphasis>
command that does a smart merge of your existing shorewall.conf and the
new one.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="PortForwarding">
<title>Port Forwarding (Port Redirection)</title>
<section id="faq1">
<title>(FAQ 1) I want to forward UDP port 7777 to my personal PC with IP
address 192.168.1.5. I've looked everywhere and can't find how to do
it.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The format of a
port-forwarding rule <emphasis>from the net</emphasis> to a local system
is as follows:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
DNAT net loc:<emphasis>local-IP-address</emphasis>[:<emphasis>local-port</emphasis>] <emphasis>protocol</emphasis> <emphasis>port-number</emphasis></programlisting>
<para>So to forward UDP port 7777 to internal system 192.168.1.5, the
rule is:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
DNAT net loc:192.168.1.5 udp 7777</programlisting>
<para>If you want to forward requests directed to a particular address (
<emphasis>external-IP</emphasis> ) on your firewall to an internal
system:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT ORIGDEST
DNAT net loc:<emphasis>local-IP-address</emphasis>&gt;[:<emphasis>local-port</emphasis>] <emphasis>protocol</emphasis> <emphasis>port-number</emphasis> - <emphasis>external-IP</emphasis></programlisting>
<para>If you want to forward requests from a particular Internet address
( <emphasis>address</emphasis> ):</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT ORIGDEST
DNAT net:<emphasis>address</emphasis> loc:<emphasis>local-IP-address</emphasis>[:<emphasis>local-port</emphasis>] <emphasis> protocol</emphasis> <emphasis>port-number</emphasis> -</programlisting>
<para>Finally, if you need to forward a range of ports, in the DEST PORT
column specify the range as
<emphasis>low-port:high-port</emphasis>.</para>
<important>
<para><emphasis role="bold">The above does not work for forwarding
from the local network. If you want to do that, see <link
linkend="faq2">FAQ 2</link>.</emphasis></para>
</important>
<section id="faq1a">
<title>(FAQ 1a) Okay -- I followed those instructions but it doesn't
work</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> That is usually the
result of one of four things:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>You are trying to test from inside your firewall (no, that
won't work -- see <xref linkend="faq2"/>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You have a more basic problem with your local system (the
one that you are trying to forward to) such as an incorrect
default gateway (it must be set to the IP address of your
firewall's internal interface; if that isn't possible for some
reason, see <link linkend="faq1f">FAQ 1f</link>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Your ISP is blocking that particular port inbound or, for
TCP, your ISP is dropping the outbound SYN,ACK response.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You are running Mandriva Linux prior to 10.0 final and have
configured Internet Connection Sharing. In that case, the name of
your local zone is 'masq' rather than 'loc' (change all instances
of 'loc' to 'masq' in your rules). You may want to consider
re-installing Shorewall in a configuration which matches the
Shorewall documentation. See the <ulink
url="two-interface.htm">two-interface QuickStart Guide</ulink> for
details.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section id="faq1b">
<title>(FAQ 1b) I'm still having problems with port forwarding</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> To further diagnose
this problem:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>As root, type <quote> <command>shorewall reset</command>
</quote> ("<command>shorewall-lite reset</command>", if you are
running Shorewall Lite). This clears all Netfilter
counters.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Try to connect to the redirected port from an external
host.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>As root type <quote> <command>shorewall show nat</command>
</quote> ("<command>shorewall-lite show nat</command>", if you are
running Shorewall Lite).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Locate the appropriate DNAT rule. It will be in a chain
called <emphasis>&lt;source zone&gt;</emphasis>_dnat
(<quote>net_dnat</quote> in the above examples).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Is the packet count in the first column non-zero? If so, the
connection request is reaching the firewall and is being
redirected to the server. In this case, the problem is usually a
missing or incorrect default gateway setting on the local system
(the system you are trying to forward to -- its default gateway
must be the IP address of the firewall's interface to that system
unless you use the hack described in <link linkend="faq1f">FAQ
1f</link>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the packet count is zero:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>the connection request is not reaching your server
(possibly it is being blocked by your ISP); or</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>you are trying to connect to a secondary IP address on
your firewall and your rule is only redirecting the primary IP
address (You need to specify the secondary IP address in the
<quote>ORIG. DEST.</quote> column in your DNAT rule);
or</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>your DNAT rule doesn't match the connection request in
some other way. In that case, you may have to use a packet
sniffer such as tcpdump or Wireshark to further diagnose the
problem.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The traffic is entering your firewall on a different
interface (interfaces reversed in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>?).</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If the packet count is non-zero, check your log to see if
the connection is being dropped or rejected. If it is, then you
may have a zone definition problem such that the server is in a
different zone than what is specified in the DEST column. At a
root prompt, type "<command>shorewall show zones</command>"
("<command>shorewall-lite show zones</command>") then be sure that
in the DEST column you have specified the <emphasis
role="bold">first</emphasis> zone in the list that matches
OUT=&lt;dev&gt; and DEST= &lt;ip&gt;from the REJECT/DROP log
message.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If everything seems to be correct according to these tests
but the connection doesn't work, it may be that your ISP is
blocking SYN,ACK responses. This technique allows your ISP to
detect when you are running a server (usually in violation of your
service agreement) and to stop connections to that server from
being established.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section id="faq1c">
<title>(FAQ 1c) From the Internet, I want to connect to port 1022 on
my firewall and have the firewall forward the connection to port 22 on
local system 192.168.1.3. How do I do that?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis>In
/<filename>etc/shorewall/rules</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
DNAT net loc:192.168.1.3:22 tcp 1022</programlisting>
</section>
<section id="faq1d">
<title>(FAQ 1d) I have a web server in my DMZ and I use port
forwarding to make that server accessible from the Internet. That
works fine but when my local users try to connect to the server using
the Firewall's external IP address, it doesn't work.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> See <link
linkend="faq2b">FAQ 2b</link>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq1e">
<title>(FAQ 1e) In order to discourage brute force attacks I would
like to redirect all connections on a non-standard port (4104) to port
22 on the router/firewall. I notice that setting up a REDIRECT rule
causes the firewall to open both ports 4104 and 22 to connections from
the net. Is it possible to only redirect 4104 to the localhost port 22
and have connection attempts to port 22 from the net dropped?</title>
<important>
<para>On systems with the "Extended Conntrack Match"
(NEW_CONNTRACK_MATCH) capability (see the output of
<command>shorewall show capabilities</command>), port 22 is opened
only to connections whose original destination port is 4104 and this
FAQ does not apply.</para>
</important>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer </emphasis>courtesy of Ryan: Assume
that the IP address of your local firewall interface is 192.168.1.1.
If you configure SSHD to only listen on that address and add the
following rule, then you will have access on port 4104 from the net
and on port 22 from your LAN.</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
DNAT net fw:192.168.1.1:22 tcp 4104</programlisting>
</section>
<section id="faq1f">
<title>(FAQ 1f) Why must the server that I port forward to have it's
default gateway set to my Shorewall system's IP address?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Let's take an example.
Suppose that</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Your Shorewall firewall's external IP address is
206.124.146.176 (eth0) and its internal IP address is 192.168.1.1
(eth1).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You have another gateway router with external IP address
130.252.100.109 and internal IP address 192.168.1.254.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You have an FTP server behind both routers with IP address
192.168.1.4</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The FTP server's default gateway is through the second
router (192.168.1.254).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>You have this rule on the Shorewall system:<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT ORIGDEST
DNAT net loc:192.168.1.4 tcp 21 - 206.124.146.176</programlisting></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Internet host 16.105.221.4 issues the command <command>ftp
206.124.146.176</command></para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>This results in the following sequence of events:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>16.105.221.4 sends a TCP SYN packet to 206.124.146.176
specifying destination port 21.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The Shorewall box rewrites the destination IP address to
192.168.1.4 and forwards the packet.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The FTP server receives the packet and accepts the
connection, generating a SYN,ACK packet back to 16.105.221.4.
Because the server's default gateway is through the second router,
it sends the packet to that router.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>At this point, one of two things can happen. Either the second
router discards or rejects the packet; or, it rewrites the source IP
address to 130.252.100.109 and forwards the packet back to
16.105.221.4. Regardless of which happens, the connection is doomed.
Clearly if the packet is rejected or dropped, the connection will not
be successful. But even if the packet reaches 16.105.221.4, that host
will reject it since it's SOURCE IP address (130.252.100.109) doesn't
match the DESTINATION IP ADDRESS (206.124.146.176) of the original SYN
packet.</para>
<para>The best way to work around this problem is to change the
default gateway on the FTP server to the Shorewall system's internal
IP address (192.168.1.1). But if that isn't possible, you can work
around the problem with the following ugly hack in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename>:<programlisting>#INTERFACE SOURCE ADDRESS PROTO PORT
eth1:192.168.1.4 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.1.1 tcp 21</programlisting></para>
<para>When running Shorewall 5.0.14 or later, the eqivalent
<filename>/etc/shorewall/snat</filename> file is:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT
SNAT(192.168.1.1) 0.0.0.0/0 eth1:192.168.1.4 tcp 21</programlisting>
<para>This rule has the undesirable side effect of making all FTP
connections from the net appear to the FTP server as if they
originated on the Shorewall system. But it will force the FTP server
to reply back through the Shorewall system who can then rewrite the
SOURCE IP address in the responses properly.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq1g">
<title>(FAQ 1g) I would like to redirect port 80 on my public IP
address (206.124.146.176) to port 993 on Internet host
66.249.93.111</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> This requires a vile
hack similar to the one in <link linkend="faq2">FAQ 2</link>. Assuming
that your Internet zone is named <emphasis>net</emphasis> and connects
on interface <filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename>:</para>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename>:<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT ORIGDEST
?SECTION ALL
?SECTION ESTABLISHED
?SECTION RELATED
?SECTION INVALID
?SECTION UNTRACKED
?SECTION NEW
DNAT net net:66.249.93.111:993 tcp 80 - 206.124.146.176</programlisting></para>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>, specify the
<emphasis role="bold">routeback</emphasis> option on
eth0:<programlisting>?FORMAT 2
#ZONE INTERFACE OPTIONS
net eth0 <emphasis role="bold">routeback</emphasis></programlisting></para>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename>;<programlisting>#INTERFACE SOURCE ADDRESS PROTO PORT
eth0:66.249.93.111 0.0.0.0/0 206.124.146.176 tcp 993</programlisting></para>
<para>When running Shorewall 5.0.14 or later, the equivalent
/etc/shorewall/snat file is:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT
SNAT(206.124.146.176) 0.0.0.0/0 eth0:66.249.93.111 tcp 993</programlisting>
<para>and in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>IP_FORWARDING=On</programlisting>
<para>Like the hack in FAQ 2, this one results in all forwarded
connections looking to the server (66.249.93.11) as if they originated
on your firewall (206.124.146.176).</para>
</section>
<section id="faq1h">
<title>(FAQ 1h) How do I set shorewall to allow ssh on port 9022 from
net? SSHD is listening on port 22.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Use this rule.</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
REDIRECT net 22 tcp 9022</programlisting>
<para>Note that the above rule will also allow connections from the
net on TCP port 22. If you don't want that, see <link
linkend="faq1e">FAQ 1e</link>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq1j">
<title>(FAQ 1j) Why doesn't this DNAT rule work?</title>
<para>I added this rule but I'm still seeing the log message
below</para>
<programlisting>RULE:
DNAT scnet:172.19.41.2 dmz0:10.199.198.145 udp 2055
LOG:
Sep 21 12:55:37 fw001 kernel: [10357687.114928] Shorewall:scnet2fw:DROP:IN=eth2 OUT=
MAC=00:26:33:dd:aa:05:00:24:f7:19:ce:44:08:00 SRC=172.19.41.2 DST=172.19.1.1 LEN=1492
TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=23035 PROTO=UDP SPT=6376 DPT=2055 LEN=1472</programlisting>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: There was already a
conntrack entry for the failing connection before you added the rule.
Install the <emphasis role="bold">conntrack</emphasis> utility program
and use it to delete the entry.</para>
<programlisting><command>conntrack -D -s 172.19.41.2 -d 172.19.1.1 -p udp -sport 6367 -dport 2055 </command></programlisting>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq30">
<title>(FAQ 30) I'm confused about when to use DNAT rules and when to
use ACCEPT rules.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> It would be a good idea
to review the <ulink url="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart
Guide</ulink> appropriate for your setup; the guides cover this topic in
a tutorial fashion. DNAT rules should be used for connections that need
to go the opposite direction from SNAT/MASQUERADE. So if you masquerade
or use SNAT from your local network to the Internet then you will need
to use DNAT rules to allow connections from the Internet to your local
network.<note>
<para>If you use both 1:1 NAT and SNAT/MASQUERADE, those connections
that are subject to 1:1 NAT should use ACCEPT rather than DNAT.
Note, however, that DNAT can be used to override 1:1 NAT so as to
redirect a connection to a different internal system or port than
would be the case using 1:1 NAT.</para>
</note> You also want to use DNAT rules when you intentionally want to
rewrite the destination IP address or port number. In all other cases,
you use ACCEPT unless you need to hijack connections as they go through
your firewall and handle them on the firewall box itself; in that case,
you use a REDIRECT rule.</para>
<note>
<para>The preceding answer should <emphasis>not</emphasis> be
interpreted to mean that DNAT can only be used in conjunction with
SNAT. But in common configurations using private local addresses, that
is the most common usage.</para>
</note>
</section>
<section id="faq8">
<title>(FAQ 8) I have several external IP addresses and use
/etc/shorewall/nat to associate them with systems in my DMZ. When I add
a DNAT rule, say for ports 80 and 443, Shorewall redirects connections
on those ports for all of my addresses. How can I restrict DNAT to only
a single address?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Specify the external
address that you want to redirect in the ORIGDEST column.</para>
<para>Example:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT ORIGDEST
DNAT net net:192.168.4.22 tcp 80,443 - <emphasis
role="bold">206.124.146.178</emphasis></programlisting>
</section>
<section id="faq38">
<title>(FAQ 38) Where can I find more information about DNAT?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Ian Allen has written a
<ulink url="http://idallen.com/dnat.txt">Paper about DNAT and
Linux</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq48">
<title>(FAQ 48) How do I Set up a Transparent HTTP Proxy with
Shorewall?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> See <ulink
url="Shorewall_Squid_Usage.html">Shorewall_Squid_Usage.html</ulink>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="DNS-DNAT">
<title id="DNS">DNS and Port Forwarding/NAT</title>
<section id="faq2">
<title>(FAQ 2) I port forward www requests to www.mydomain.com (IP
130.151.100.69) to system 192.168.1.5 in my local network. External
clients can browse http://www.mydomain.com but internal clients
can't.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> I have two objections to
this setup.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Having an Internet-accessible server in your local network is
like raising foxes in the corner of your hen house. If the server is
compromised, there's nothing between that server and your other
internal systems. For the cost of another NIC and a cross-over
cable, you can put your server in a DMZ such that it is isolated
from your local systems - assuming that the Server can be located
near the Firewall, of course :-)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The accessibility problem is best solved using
<firstterm>Split DNS</firstterm> (either <ulink
url="SplitDNS.html">use a separate DNS server</ulink> for local
clients or use <ulink url="shorewall_setup_guide.htm#DNS">Bind
Version 9 <quote>views</quote></ulink> on your main name server)
such that www.mydomain.com resolves to 130.141.100.69 externally and
192.168.1.5 internally. I use a separate DNS server (dnsmasq) here
at shorewall.net.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>So the best and most secure way to solve this problem is to move
your Internet-accessible server(s) to a separate LAN segment with it's
own interface to your firewall and follow <link linkend="faq2b">FAQ
2b</link>. That way, your local systems are still safe if your server
gets hacked and you don't have to run a split DNS configuration
(separate server or Bind 9 views).</para>
<para>If physical limitations make it impractical to segregate your
servers on a separate LAN, the next best solution it to use Split DNS.
Before you complain "It's too hard to set up split DNS!", <ulink
url="SplitDNS.html"><emphasis role="bold">check
here</emphasis></ulink>.</para>
<para>If you really want to route traffic between two internal systems
through your firewall, then proceed as described below.<warning>
<para>All traffic redirected through use of this technique will look
to the server as if it originated on the firewall rather than on the
original client! So the server's access logs will be useless for
determining which local hosts are accessing the server.</para>
</warning></para>
<para>Assuming that your external interface is eth0 and your internal
interface is eth1 and that eth1 has IP address 192.168.1.254 with subnet
192.168.1.0/24, then:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>?FORMAT 2
#ZONE INTERFACE OPTIONS
loc eth1 <emphasis role="bold">routeback</emphasis></programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SOURCE ADDRESS PROTO PORT
<emphasis role="bold">eth1:192.168.1.5 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.254 tcp www</emphasis></programlisting>
<para>When running Shorewall 5.0.14 or later, the corresponding
<filename>/etc/shorewall/snat</filename> file is:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT
<emphasis role="bold">SNAT(192.168.1.254) 192.168.1.0/24 eth1:192.168.1.5 tcp www</emphasis></programlisting>
<para>Note: The technique described here is known as
<firstterm>hairpinning NAT</firstterm> and is described in section 6
of <ulink url="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc4787.html">RFC
4787</ulink>. In that RFC, it is required that the
<emphasis>external IP address</emphasis> be used as the
source:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SOURCE ADDRESS PROTO PORT
eth1:192.168.1.5 192.168.1.0/24 <emphasis role="bold">130.151.100.69</emphasis> tcp www</programlisting>
<para>Equivalent <filename>/etc/shorewall/snat</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT
SNAT(<emphasis role="bold">130.151.100.69</emphasis>) 192.168.1.0/24 eth1:192.168.1.5 tcp www</programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT ORIGDEST
?SECTION ALL
?SECTION ESTABLISHED
?SECTION RELATED
?SECTION INVALID
?SECTION UNTRACKED
?SECTION NEW
<emphasis role="bold">DNAT loc loc:192.168.1.5 tcp www - 130.151.100.69</emphasis></programlisting>
<para>That rule (and the second one in the previous bullet) only
works of course if you have a static external IP address. If you
have a dynamic IP address then make your DNAT rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT ORIGDEST
?SECTION ALL
?SECTION ESTABLISHED
?SECTION RELATED
?SECTION INVALID
?SECTION UNTRACKED
?SECTION NEW
DNAT loc loc:192.168.1.5 tcp www - <emphasis
role="bold">&amp;eth0</emphasis></programlisting>
<para>Using this technique, you will want to configure your
DHCP/PPPoE/PPTP/… client to automatically reload Shorewall each time
that you get a new IP address.</para>
<note>
<para>If your local interface is a bridge, see <link
linkend="faq2e">FAQ 2e</link> for additional configuration
steps.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<section id="faq2a">
<title>(FAQ 2a) I have a zone <quote>Z</quote> with an RFC1918 subnet
and I use one-to-one NAT to assign non-RFC1918 addresses to hosts in
Z. Hosts in Z cannot communicate with each other using their external
(non-RFC1918 addresses) so they can't access each other using their
DNS names.</title>
<note>
<para>If the ALL INTERFACES column in /etc/shorewall/nat is empty or
contains <quote>Yes</quote>, you will also see log messages like the
following when trying to access a host in Z from another host in Z
using the destination host's public address:</para>
<programlisting>Oct 4 10:26:40 netgw kernel:
Shorewall:FORWARD:REJECT:IN=eth1 OUT=eth1 SRC=192.168.118.200
DST=192.168.118.210 LEN=48 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=127 ID=1342 DF
PROTO=TCP SPT=1494 DPT=1491 WINDOW=17472 RES=0x00 ACK SYN URGP=0</programlisting>
</note>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> This is another problem
that is best solved using split DNS. It allows both external and
internal clients to access a NATed host using the host's DNS
name.</para>
<para>Another good way to approach this problem is to switch from
one-to-one NAT to Proxy ARP. That way, the hosts in Z have non-RFC1918
addresses and can be accessed externally and internally using the same
address.</para>
<para>If you don't like those solutions and prefer to route all
Z-&gt;Z traffic through your firewall then:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Set the routeback option on the interface to Z.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Set the ALL INTERFACES column in the nat file to
<quote>Yes</quote>.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<example id="Example1">
<title>Example:</title>
<literallayout>Zone: dmz, Interface: eth2, Subnet: 192.168.2.0/24, Address of server 192.168.2.2</literallayout>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>?FORMAT 2
#ZONE INTERFACE OPTIONS
dmz eth2 <emphasis role="bold">routeback</emphasis> </programlisting>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SOURCE
eth2:192.168.1.2 192.168.2.0/24</programlisting>
<para>When running Shorewall 5.0.14 or later, the equivalent
<filename>/etc/shorewall/snat</filename> is:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT
MASQUERADE 192.168.1.0/24 eth2:192.168.1.2 tcp www</programlisting>
<para>In <filename>/etc/shorewall/nat</filename>, be sure that you
have <quote>Yes</quote> in the ALL INTERFACES column.</para>
</example>
</section>
<section id="faq2b">
<title>(FAQ 2b) I have a web server in my DMZ and I use port
forwarding to make that server accessible from the Internet as
www.mydomain.com. That works fine but when my local users try to
connect to www.mydomain.com, it doesn't work.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Let's assume the
following:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>External IP address is 206.124.146.176 on <filename
class="devicefile">eth0</filename> (www.mydomain.com).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Server's IP address is 192.168.2.4</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>You can enable access to the server from your local network
using the firewall's external IP address by adding this rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT ORIGDEST
?SECTION ALL
?SECTION ESTABLISHED
?SECTION RELATED
?SECTION INVALID
?SECTION UNTRACKED
?SECTION NEW
<emphasis role="bold">DNAT loc dmz:192.168.2.4 tcp 80 - 206.124.146.176</emphasis></programlisting>
<para>If your external IP address is dynamic, then you must make your
DNAT rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT SPORT ORIGDEST
?SECTION ALL
?SECTION ESTABLISHED
?SECTION RELATED
?SECTION INVALID
?SECTION UNTRACKED
?SECTION NEW
DNAT loc dmz:192.168.2.4 tcp 80 - <emphasis
role="bold">&amp;eth0</emphasis></programlisting>
<warning>
<para>With dynamic IP addresses, you probably don't want to use
<ulink
url="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm"><command>shorewall[-lite]
save</command> and <command>shorewall[-lite]
restore</command></ulink>.</para>
</warning>
</section>
<section id="faq2c">
<title>(FAQ 2c) I tried to apply the answer to FAQ 2 to my external
interface and the net zone and it didn't work. Why?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Did you set <emphasis
role="bold">IP_FORWARDING=On</emphasis> in
<filename>shorewall.conf</filename>?</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>(FAQ 2d) Does Shorewall support hairpinning NAT?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Yes.</para>
<para>In the case of simple masquerade/SNAT, see <link
linkend="faq2">FAQ 2</link>.</para>
<para>For one-to-one (static), NAT, simply place 'Yes' in the ALL
INTERFACES column of each entry in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-nat.html">/etc/shorewall/nat</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq2e">
<title>(FAQ 2e) I have the situation in FAQ 2 but my local interface
is a bridge and the solution in FAQ 2 doesn't work</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Assume that the bridge
is br0 and that eth2 is the bridge port that connects to the LAN
containing 192.168.1.5</para>
<para>In addition to the steps in FAQ 2 (replacing eth1 with br0), you
also need to:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Set the <firstterm>hairpin</firstterm> option on
eth2.</para>
<programlisting>brctl hairpin br0 eth2 on</programlisting>
<para>On Debian and derivitives, you can place that command in
/etc/network/interfaces as a post-up command:</para>
<programlisting>auto br0
iface br0 inet static
bridge_ports eth2
bridge_fd 0
bridge_maxwait 0
address 192.168.1.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
<emphasis role="bold">post-up /sbin/brctl hairpin br0 eth2 on</emphasis></programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Install ebtables if it is not already installed.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Be sure that all traffic going out of eth2 has the correct
MAC address.</para>
<programlisting>ebtables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth2 -j snat --to-source <emphasis>br0-MAC-address</emphasis> </programlisting>
<para>where br0-MAC-address is the MAC address of br0.</para>
<para>Here's a working example of /etc/shorewall/start that
executes the above command.</para>
<programlisting>if [ $(ebtables -t nat -L POSTROUTING | wc -l) -lt 4 ]; then
<emphasis role="bold">ebtables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth2 -j snat --to-source 0:19:21:d0:61:65</emphasis>
fi</programlisting>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Blacklisting">
<title>Blacklisting</title>
<section id="faq63">
<title>(FAQ 63) I just blacklisted IP address 206.124.146.176 and I can
still ping it. What did I do wrong?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Nothing.</para>
<para>Blacklisting an IP address blocks incoming traffic from that IP
address. And if you set BLACKLISTNEWONLY=Yes in
<filename>shorewall.conf</filename>, then only new connections <emphasis
role="bold">from</emphasis> that address are disallowed; traffic from
that address that is part of an established connection (such as ping
replies) is allowed.</para>
<note>
<para>Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.13, you can use the
<option>blacklist</option> option in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html"><filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename></ulink>
to implement blacklisting by destination IP address.</para>
</note>
<note>
<para>Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.26, you can use <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-blrules.html">/etc/shorewall/blrules</ulink>
to implement arbitrary blacklist rules.</para>
</note>
</section>
<section id="faq84">
<title>(FAQ 84) I put some IPs in the blacklist file in /etc/shorewall
to block the ips but i'm still getting reports from PSAD from those ips
saying they're port scanning. Shouldn't being on the blacklist drop all
packets from those ips?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: You probably forgot to
specify the <emphasis role="bold">blacklist</emphasis> option for your
external interface(s) in <filename><ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</ulink></filename>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="MSN">
<title>Netmeeting/MSN</title>
<section id="faq3">
<title>(FAQ 3) I want to use Netmeeting or MSN Instant Messenger with
Shorewall. What do I do?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> There is an <ulink
url="http://www.kfki.hu/~kadlec/sw/netfilter/newnat-suite/">H.323
connection tracking/NAT module</ulink> that helps with
Netmeeting.</para>
<para>Look <ulink url="UPnP.html">here</ulink> for a solution for MSN IM
but be aware that there are significant security risks involved with
this solution. Also check the Netfilter mailing list archives at <ulink
url="http://www.netfilter.org">http://www.netfilter.org</ulink>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Openports">
<title>Open Ports</title>
<section id="faq100">
<title>(FAQ 100) With Shorewall started, the output of 'iptables -L'
looks like my firewall is wide open!</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The problem here is that
a bare <command>iptables -L</command> command produces totally useless
output. Use <command>shorewall show</command> instead.</para>
<note>
<para>The <command>shorewall show</command> command is a wrapper
around <command>iptables -L -n -v</command>.</para>
</note>
</section>
<section id="faq51">
<title>(FAQ 51) How do I Open Ports in Shorewall?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> No one who has installed
Shorewall using one of the <ulink
url="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">Quick Start Guides</ulink> should
have to ask this question.</para>
<para>Regardless of which guide you used, all outbound communication is
open by default. So you do not need to 'open ports' for output.</para>
<para>For input:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If you installed using the Standalone Guide, then please
<ulink url="standalone.htm#Open">re-read this
section</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you installed using the Two-interface Guide, then please
re-read these sections: <ulink url="two-interface.htm#DNAT">Port
Forwarding (DNAT)</ulink>, and <ulink
url="two-interface.htm#Open">Other Connections</ulink></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you installed using the Three-interface Guide, then please
re-read these sections: <ulink url="three-interface.htm#DNAT">Port
Forwarding (DNAT)</ulink> and <ulink
url="three-interface.htm#Open">Other Connections</ulink></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you installed using the <ulink
url="shorewall_setup_guide.htm">Shorewall Setup Guide</ulink> then
you had better read the guide again -- you clearly missed a
lot.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Also please see the <link linkend="PortForwarding">Port Forwarding
section of this FAQ</link>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq4">
<title>(FAQ 4) I just used an online port scanner to check my firewall
and it shows some ports as <quote>closed</quote> rather than
<quote>blocked</quote>. Why?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The default Shorewall
setup invokes the <emphasis role="bold">Drop</emphasis> action prior to
enforcing a DROP policy and the default policy to all zones from the
Internet is DROP. The Drop action is defined in
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/action.Drop</filename> which in turn
invokes the <emphasis role="bold">Auth</emphasis> macro (defined in
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/macro.Auth</filename>) specifying the
<emphasis role="bold">REJECT</emphasis> action (i.e., <emphasis
role="bold">Auth(REJECT)</emphasis>). This is necessary to prevent
outgoing connection problems to services that use the
<quote>Auth</quote> mechanism for identifying requesting users. That is
the only service which the default setup rejects.</para>
<para>If you are seeing closed TCP ports other than 113 (auth) then
either you have added rules to REJECT those ports or a router outside of
your firewall is responding to connection requests on those
ports.</para>
<para>If you would prefer to 'stealth' port 113, then:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If you are running Shorewall 4.4.20 or earlier, copy
/<filename>usr/share/shorewall/action.Drop</filename> to
<filename>/etc/shorewall/</filename> and modify the invocation of
Auth to <emphasis role="bold">Auth(DROP)</emphasis>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you are running Shorewall 4.4.21 or later, in
shorewall.conf, set DROP_DEFAULT="Drop(-,DROP)". See the <ulink
url="Actions.html">Action HOWTO</ulink> to learn how that magic
works.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<section id="faq4a">
<title>(FAQ 4a) I just ran an nmap UDP scan of my firewall and it
showed 100s of ports as open!!!!</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Take a deep breath and
read the nmap manpage section about UDP scans. If nmap gets <emphasis
role="bold">nothing</emphasis> back from your firewall then it reports
the port as open. If you want to see which UDP ports are really open,
temporarily change your net-&gt;all policy to REJECT, restart
Shorewall and run the nmap UDP scan again.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq4b">
<title>(FAQ 4b) I have a port that I can't close no matter how I
change my rules.</title>
<para>I had a rule that allowed telnet from my local network to my
firewall; I removed that rule and restarted Shorewall but my telnet
session still works!!!</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Rules only govern the
establishment of new connections. Once a connection is established
through the firewall it will be usable until disconnected (tcp) or
until it times out (other protocols). If you stop telnet and try to
establish a new session your firewall will block that attempt.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq4c">
<title>(FAQ 4c) How do I use Shorewall with PortSentry?</title>
<para><ulink
url="http://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/contrib/PortsentryHOWTO.txt"><emphasis
role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Here's a writeup</ulink> describing a
nice integration of Shorewall and PortSentry.</para>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Connections">
<title>Connection Problems</title>
<section id="pseudofaq17">
<title>Why are these packets being Dropped/Rejected? How do I decode
Shorewall log messages?</title>
<para>Please see <link linkend="faq17">FAQ 17</link>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq5">
<title>(FAQ 5) I've installed Shorewall and now I can't ping through the
firewall</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> For a complete
description of Shorewall <quote>ping</quote> management, see <ulink
url="ping.html">this page</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq15">
<title>(FAQ 15) My local systems can't see out to the net</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Every time I read
<quote>systems can't see out to the net</quote>, I wonder where the
poster bought computers with eyes and what those computers will
<quote>see</quote> when things are working properly :-). That aside, the
most common causes of this problem are:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>The default gateway on each local system isn't set to the IP
address of the local firewall interface. You can test this
by:</para>
<orderedlist numeration="loweralpha">
<listitem>
<para>At a root shell prompt, type 'shorewall clear'.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>From a local system, attempt to ping the IP address of the
Shorewall system's internet (external) interface. If that
doesn't work, then the default gateway on the system from which
you pinged is not set correctly.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Be sure to 'shorewall start' after the test.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The entry for the local network in the
<filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename> file is wrong or
missing.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The DNS settings on the local systems are wrong or the user is
running a DNS server on the firewall and hasn't enabled UDP and TCP
port 53 from the local net to the firewall or from the firewall to
the Internet.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Forwarding is not enabled (This is often the problem for
Debian users). Enter this command:</para>
<programlisting>cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward</programlisting>
<para>If the value displayed is 0 (zero) then set <emphasis
role="bold">IP_FORWARDING=On</emphasis> in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> and restart
Shorewall.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="faq29">
<title>(FAQ 29) FTP Doesn't Work</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> See the <ulink
url="FTP.html">Shorewall and FTP page</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq33">
<title>(FAQ 33) From clients behind the firewall, connections to some
sites fail. Connections to the same sites from the firewall itself work
fine. What's wrong?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Most likely, you need to
set CLAMPMSS=Yes in <filename><ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink></filename>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq35">
<title>(FAQ 35) I have two Ethernet interfaces to my local network which
I have bridged. When Shorewall is started, I'm unable to pass traffic
through the bridge. I have defined the bridge interface (br0) as the
local interface in <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename>; the
bridged Ethernet interfaces are not defined to Shorewall. How do I tell
Shorewall to allow traffic through the bridge?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Add the
<option>routeback</option> option to <filename
class="devicefile">br0</filename> in <filename><ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</ulink></filename>.</para>
<para>For more information on this type of configuration, see the <ulink
url="SimpleBridge.html">Shorewall Simple Bridge
documentation</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq64">
<title>(FAQ 64) I just upgraded my kernel to 2.6.20 (or later) and my
bridge/firewall stopped working. What is wrong?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> In kernel 2.6.20, the
Netfilter <firstterm>physdev match</firstterm> feature was changed such
that it is no longer capable of matching the output device of
non-bridged traffic. You will see messages such as the following in your
log:</para>
<programlisting>Apr 20 15:03:50 wookie kernel: [14736.560947] physdev match: using --physdev-out in the OUTPUT, FORWARD and POSTROUTING chains for
non-bridged traffic is not supported anymore.</programlisting>
<para>This kernel change, while necessary, means that Shorewall zones
may no longer be defined in terms of bridge ports. See the<ulink
url="bridge-Shorewall-perl.html"> Shorewall-perl bridging
documentation</ulink> for information about how to configure
bridge/firewalls.<note>
<para>Following the instructions in the new bridging documentation
will not prevent the above message from being issued.</para>
</note></para>
</section>
<section id="faq85">
<title>(FAQ 85) Shorewall is rejecting connections from my local lan
because it thinks they are coming from the 'net' zone.</title>
<para>I'm seeing this in my log:</para>
<programlisting>Aug 31 16:51:24 fw22 kernel: Shorewall:net2fw:DROP:IN=eth5 OUT= MAC=00:0c:29:74:9c:0c:08:00:20:b2:5f:db:08:00
SRC=10.1.50.14 DST=10.1.50.7 LEN=57 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=255 ID=32302 DF
PROTO=UDP SPT=53289 DPT=53 LEN=37</programlisting>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: This occurs when the
external interface and an internal interface are connected to the same
switch or hub. See <ulink url="FoolsFirewall.html">this article</ulink>
for details. The solution is to never connect more than one firewall
interface to the same hub or switch (an obvious exception is that when
you have a switch that supports VLAN tagging and the interfaces are
associated with different VLANs).</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Logging">
<title>Logging</title>
<section id="faq91">
<title>(FAQ 91) I changed the shorewall.conf file in /etc/shorewall/ to
spit out logs to /var/log/shorewall.log and it's not happening after I
restart shorewall. LOGFILE=/var/log/shorewall.log &lt;-- that should be
the correct line, right?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: No, that is not correct.
The LOGFILE setting tells Shorewall where to find the log; it does not
determine where messages are written. See <link linkend="faq6">the next
FAQ</link>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq6">
<title>(FAQ 6) Where are the log messages written and how do I change
the destination?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> NetFilter uses the
kernel's equivalent of syslog (see <quote>man syslog</quote>) to log
messages. It always uses the LOG_KERN (kern) facility (see <quote>man
openlog</quote>) and you get to choose the log level (again, see
<quote>man syslog</quote>) in your <filename><ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-policy.html">policies</ulink></filename> and
<filename><ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html">rules</ulink></filename>. The
destination for messages logged by syslog is controlled by
<filename>/etc/syslog.conf</filename> (see <quote>man
syslog.conf</quote>). When you have changed
<filename>/etc/syslog.conf</filename>, be sure to restart syslogd (on a
RedHat system, <quote>service syslog restart</quote>).</para>
<para>It is also possible to <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">set up
Shorewall to log all of Netfilter's messages to a separate
file</ulink>.</para>
<section id="faq6a">
<title>(FAQ 6a) Are there any log parsers that work with
Shorewall?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Here are several links
that may be helpful:</para>
<literallayout>
<ulink url="http://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/parsefw/">http://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/parsefw/</ulink>
<ulink url="http://aaron.marasco.com/linux.html">http://aaron.marasco.com/linux.html</ulink>
<ulink url="http://cert.uni-stuttgart.de/projects/fwlogwatch">http://cert.uni-stuttgart.de/projects/fwlogwatch</ulink>
<ulink url="http://www.logwatch.org">http://www.logwatch.org</ulink>
</literallayout>
<para>I personally use <ulink
url="http://www.cert.uni-stuttgart.de.projects/fwlogwatch">fwlogwatch</ulink>.
It emails me a report each day from my various systems with each
report summarizing the logged activity on the corresponding system;
here's a sample:</para>
<blockquote>
<programlisting>fwlogwatch summary
Generated Tuesday March 02 08:14:37 PST 2010 by root.
362 (and 455 older than 86400 seconds) of 817 entries in the file "/var/log/ulog/syslogemu.log" are packet logs, 138 have unique characteristics.
First packet log entry: Mar 01 08:16:06, last: Mar 02 08:06:21.
All entries were logged by the same host: "gateway".
All entries have the same target: "-".
Only entries with a count of at least 5 are shown.
net-dmz DROP eth2 36 packets from 61.158.162.9 to 206.124.146.177
net-fw DROP eth0 21 packets from 89.163.162.13 to 76.104.233.98
net-fw DROP eth0 19 packets from 61.184.101.46 to 76.104.233.98
net-fw DROP eth0 12 packets from 81.157.214.103 to 76.104.233.98
net-fw DROP eth0 11 packets from 174.37.159.222 to 76.104.233.98
net-fw DROP eth0 10 packets from 221.195.73.86 to 76.104.233.98
net-dmz DROP eth2 9 packets from 202.199.158.6 to 206.124.146.177
net-fw DROP eth2 9 packets from 202.199.158.6 to 206.124.146.176
net-dmz DROP eth2 9 packets from 202.199.158.6 to 206.124.146.178
net-fw DROP eth0 6 packets from 221.192.199.35 to 76.104.233.98
net-fw DROP eth2 5 packets from 61.158.162.9 to 206.124.146.177</programlisting>
</blockquote>
<para>Fwlogwatch contains a built-in web server that allows monitoring
recent activity in summary fashion.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq6b">
<title>(FAQ 6b) DROP messages on port 10619 are flooding the logs with
their connect requests. Can I exclude these error messages for this
port temporarily from logging in Shorewall?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Temporarily add the
following rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
?SECTION ALL
?SECTION ESTABLISHED
?SECTION RELATED
?SECTION INVALID
?SECTION UNTRACKED
?SECTION NEW
DROP net $FW udp 10619</programlisting>
<para>Alternatively, if you do not set BLACKLIST_LOGLEVEL you can
blacklist the port. In
<filename>/etc/shorewall/blrules</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
DROP net $FW udp 10619</programlisting>
</section>
<section id="faq6d">
<title>(FAQ 6d) Why is the MAC address in Shorewall log messages so
long? I thought MAC addresses were only 6 bytes in length.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> What is labeled as the
MAC address in a Netfilter (Shorewall) log message is actually the
Ethernet frame header. It contains:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>the destination MAC address (6 bytes)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the source MAC address (6 bytes)</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>the Ethernet frame type (2 bytes)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para><example id="Example5">
<title id="Example2">Example</title>
<para><programlisting>MAC=00:04:4c:dc:e2:28:00:b0:8e:cf:3c:4c:08:00</programlisting>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Destination MAC address = 00:04:4c:dc:e2:28</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Source MAC address = 00:b0:8e:cf:3c:4c</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Ethernet Frame Type = 08:00 (IP Version 4)</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist></para>
</example></para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq16">
<title>(FAQ 16) Shorewall is writing log messages all over my console
making it unusable!</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis></para>
<para>Just to be clear, it is not Shorewall that is writing all over
your console. Shorewall issues a single log message during each
<command>start</command>, <command>restart</command>,
<command>stop</command>, etc. It is rather your logging daemon that is
writing messages to your console. Shorewall itself has no control over
where a particular class of messages are written. See the <ulink
url="shorewall_logging.html">Shorewall logging
documentation</ulink>.</para>
<para>The max log level to be sent to the console is available in
/proc/sys/kernel/printk:<programlisting>teastep@ursa:~$ <emphasis
role="bold">cat /proc/sys/kernel/printk</emphasis>
6 6 1 7
teastep@ursa:~$ </programlisting>The first number determines the maximum log
level (syslog priority) sent to the console. Messages with priority
<emphasis role="bold">less than</emphasis> this number are sent to the
console. On the system shown in the example above, priorities 0-5 are
sent to the console. Since Shorewall defaults to using 'info' (6), the
Shorewall-generated Netfilter rule set will generate log messages that
<emphasis role="bold">will not appear on the console.</emphasis></para>
<para>The second number is the default log level for kernel printk()
calls that do not specify a log level.</para>
<para>The third number specifies the minimum console log level while the
fourth gives the default console log level.</para>
<para>If, on your system, the first number is 7 or greater, then the
default Shorewall configurations will cause messages to be written to
your console. The simplest solution is to add this to your
<filename>/etc/sysctl.conf</filename> file:<programlisting>kernel.printk = 4 4 1 7</programlisting></para>
<para>then<programlisting><command>sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf</command></programlisting></para>
<section id="faq16a">
<title>(FAQ 16a) cat /proc/sys/kernel/prink returns '4 4 1 7' and
still I get dmesg filled up</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: While we would argue
that 'dmesg filled up' is not necessarily a problem, the only way to
eliminate that is to <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">set up
Shorewall to log all of Netfilter's messages to a separate
file</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq16b">
<title>(FAQ 16b) Why can't I see any Shorewall messages in
/var/log/messages?</title>
<para>Some people who ask this question report that the only Shorewall
messages that they see in <filename>/var/log/messages</filename> are
'started', 'restarted' and 'stopped' messages.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> First of all, it is
important to understand that Shorewall itself does not control where
Netfilter log messages are written. The LOGFILE setting in
<filename>shorewall.conf</filename> simply tells the
<filename>/sbin/shorewall[-lite]</filename> program where to look for
the log. Also, it is important to understand that a log level of
"debug" will generally cause Netfilter messages to be written to fewer
files in <filename class="directory">/var/log</filename> than a log
level of "info". The log level does not control the number of log
messages or the content of the messages.</para>
<para>The actual log file where Netfilter messages are written is not
standardized and will vary by distribution and distribution version.
But anytime you see no logging, it's time to look outside the
Shorewall configuration for the cause. As an example, recent
<trademark>SUSE</trademark> releases use syslog-ng by default and
write Shorewall messages to
<filename>/var/log/firewall</filename>.</para>
<para>Please see the <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">Shorewall
logging documentation</ulink> for further information.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq16c">
<title>(FAQ 16c) Shorewall messages are flooding the output of
'dmesg'; how to I stop that?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Switch to using <ulink
url="???">ulogd</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq16d">
<title>(FAQ 16d) I set LOGFILE=/var/log/shorewall but log messages are
still going to /var/log/messages.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: See the answer to <link
linkend="faq16b">FAQ 16b</link> above.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq17">
<title>(FAQ 17) Why are these packets being Dropped/Rejected? How do I
decode Shorewall log messages?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Logging of
dropped/rejected packets occurs out of a number of chains (as indicated
in the log message) in Shorewall:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry id="all2all">
<term><emphasis role="bold"><replaceable>zone</replaceable>2all,
<replaceable>zone</replaceable>-all,
all2<replaceable>zone</replaceable>,
all-<replaceable>zone</replaceable>, all2all or
all-all</emphasis></term>
<listitem>
<para>You have a <filename><ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-policy.html">policy</ulink></filename>
that specifies a log level and this packet is being logged under
that policy. If you intend to ACCEPT this traffic then you need a
<ulink url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html">rule</ulink> to that
effect.</para>
<para>Packets logged out of these chains may have a source and/or
destination that is not in any defined zone (see the output of
<command>shorewall[-lite] show zones</command>). Remember that
zone membership involves both a firewall interface and an ip
address.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><emphasis
role="bold"><replaceable>zone1</replaceable>2<replaceable>zone2</replaceable>
or <replaceable>zone1-zone2</replaceable></emphasis></term>
<listitem>
<para>Either you have a <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-policy.html">policy</ulink> for
<emphasis>zone1</emphasis> to <emphasis>zone2</emphasis> that
specifies a log level and this packet is being logged under that
policy or this packet matches a <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html">rule</ulink> that includes a
log level.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><emphasis
role="bold">@<replaceable>zone1</replaceable>2<replaceable>zone2</replaceable>
or
@<replaceable>zone1</replaceable>-<replaceable>zone2</replaceable></emphasis></term>
<listitem>
<para>You have a policy for traffic from
<replaceable>zone1</replaceable> to
<replaceable>zone2</replaceable> that specifies TCP connection
rate limiting (value in the LIMIT column). The logged packet
exceeds that limit and was dropped. Note that these log messages
themselves are severely rate-limited so that a syn-flood won't
generate a secondary DOS because of excessive log message. These
log messages were added in Shorewall 2.2.0 Beta 7.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><emphasis
role="bold"><replaceable>zone1</replaceable>2<replaceable>zone2</replaceable>~,
<replaceable>zone1</replaceable>-<replaceable>zone2</replaceable>~
or ~blacklist<replaceable>nn</replaceable></emphasis></term>
<listitem>
<para>These are the result of entries in the <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-blrules.html">/etc/shorewall/blrules</ulink>
file.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><emphasis role="bold"><emphasis>interface</emphasis>_mac or
<emphasis>interface</emphasis>_rec</emphasis></term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet is being logged under the <emphasis
role="bold">maclist</emphasis> <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">interface
option</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><emphasis role="bold">blacklist</emphasis></term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet is being logged because the source IP is
blacklisted in the <filename> <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-blacklist.html">/etc/shorewall/blacklist</ulink>
</filename> file.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><emphasis role="bold">INPUT or FORWARD</emphasis></term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet has a source IP address that isn't in any of your
defined zones (<quote><command>shorewall[-lite] show
zones</command></quote> and look at the printed zone definitions)
or the chain is FORWARD and the destination IP isn't in any of
your defined zones. If the chain is FORWARD and the IN and OUT
interfaces are the same or they match the same wildcard entry in
<ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</ulink>,
then you probably need the <emphasis
role="bold">routeback</emphasis> option on that interface
in<filename> <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</ulink>
</filename>, you need the <emphasis
role="bold">routeback</emphasis> option in the relevant entry in
<filename> <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-hosts.html">/etc/shorewall/hosts</ulink>
or you've done something silly like define a default route out of
an internal interface.</filename></para>
<para>With OPTIMIZE=1 in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">shorewall.conf</ulink>, such
packets may also be logged out of a &lt;zone&gt;2all chain or the
all2all chain.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><emphasis role="bold">OUTPUT</emphasis></term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet has a destination IP address that isn't in any of
your defined zones(<command>shorewall[-lite] show zones</command>
and look at the printed zone definitions).</para>
<para>With OPTIMIZE=1 in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">shorewall.conf</ulink>, such
packets may also be logged out of the fw2all chain or the all2all
chain.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><emphasis role="bold">logflags</emphasis></term>
<listitem>
<para>The packet is being logged because it failed the checks
implemented by the <emphasis role="bold">tcpflags</emphasis>
<ulink url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">interface
option</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><emphasis role="bold">sfilter</emphasis></term>
<listitem>
<para>On systems running Shorewall 4.4.20 or later, either the
packet matched the <option>filter</option> <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">interface option</ulink>
or it is being routed out of the same interface on which it
arrived and the interface does not have the
<option>routeback</option> or <option>routefilter</option> <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">interface
option</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<example id="Example3">
<title>Here is an example:</title>
<programlisting>Jun 27 15:37:56 gateway kernel:
Shorewall:<emphasis role="bold">all2all:REJECT</emphasis>:<emphasis
role="bold">IN=eth2</emphasis>
<emphasis role="bold">OUT=eth1</emphasis>
<emphasis role="bold">SRC=192.168.2.2</emphasis>
<emphasis role="bold">DST=192.168.1.3 </emphasis>LEN=67 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=63 ID=5805 DF <emphasis
role="bold">PROTO=UDP</emphasis>
SPT=1803 <emphasis role="bold">DPT=53</emphasis> LEN=47</programlisting>
<para>Let's look at the important parts of this message:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>all2all:REJECT</term>
<listitem>
<para>This packet was REJECTed out of the <emphasis
role="bold">all2all</emphasis> chain -- the packet was rejected
under the <quote>all</quote>-&gt;<quote>all</quote> REJECT
policy (<link linkend="all2all">all2all</link> above).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>IN=eth2</term>
<listitem>
<para>the packet entered the firewall via eth2. If you see
<quote>IN=</quote> with no interface name, the packet originated
on the firewall itself.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>OUT=eth1</term>
<listitem>
<para>if accepted, the packet would be sent on eth1. If you see
<quote>OUT=</quote> with no interface name, the packet would be
processed by the firewall itself.</para>
<note>
<para>When a DNAT rule is logged, there will never be an OUT=
shown because the packet is being logged before it is routed.
Also, DNAT logging will show the <emphasis>original</emphasis>
destination IP address and destination port number. When a
REDIRECT rule is logged, the message will also show the
original destination IP address and port number.</para>
</note>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>SRC=192.168.2.2</term>
<listitem>
<para>the packet was sent by 192.168.2.2</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DST=192.168.1.3</term>
<listitem>
<para>the packet is destined for 192.168.1.3</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>PROTO=UDP</term>
<listitem>
<para>UDP Protocol</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DPT=53</term>
<listitem>
<para>The destination port is 53 (DNS)</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>In this case, 192.168.2.2 was in the <quote>dmz</quote> zone and
192.168.1.3 is in the <quote>loc</quote> zone. I was missing the
rule:</para>
<programlisting>ACCEPT dmz loc udp 53</programlisting>
</example>
</section>
<section id="faq21">
<title>(FAQ 21) I see these strange log entries occasionally; what are
they?</title>
<programlisting>Nov 25 18:58:52 linux kernel:
Shorewall:net2all:DROP:IN=eth1 OUT=
MAC=00:60:1d:f0:a6:f9:00:60:1d:f6:35:50:08:00 SRC=206.124.146.179
DST=192.0.2.3 LEN=56 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=110 ID=18558 <emphasis
role="bold">PROTO=ICMP</emphasis>
<emphasis role="bold">TYPE=3 CODE=3</emphasis> [SRC=192.0.2.3 DST=172.16.1.10 LEN=128 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00
TTL=47 ID=0 DF PROTO=UDP SPT=53 DPT=2857 LEN=108 ]</programlisting>
<para>192.0.2.3 is external on my firewall... 172.16.0.0/24 is my
internal LAN</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> First of all, please note
that the above is a very specific type of log message dealing with ICMP
port unreachable packets (PROTO=ICMP TYPE=3 CODE=3). Do not read this
answer and assume that all Shorewall log messages have something to do
with ICMP (hint -- see <link linkend="faq17">FAQ 17</link>).</para>
<para>While most people associate the Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP) with <quote>ping</quote>, ICMP is a key piece of IP. ICMP is used
to report problems back to the sender of a packet; this is what is
happening here. Unfortunately, where NAT is involved (including SNAT,
DNAT and Masquerade), there are many broken implementations. That is
what you are seeing with these messages. When Netfilter displays these
messages, the part before the "[" describes the ICMP packet and the part
between the "[" and "]" describes the packet for which the ICMP is a
response.</para>
<para>Here is my interpretation of what is happening -- to confirm this
analysis, one would have to have packet sniffers placed a both ends of
the connection.</para>
<para>Host 172.16.1.10 behind NAT gateway 206.124.146.179 sent a UDP DNS
query to 192.0.2.3 and your DNS server tried to send a response (the
response information is in the brackets -- note source port 53 which
marks this as a DNS reply). When the response was returned to to
206.124.146.179, it rewrote the destination IP TO 172.16.1.10 and
forwarded the packet to 172.16.1.10 who no longer had a connection on
UDP port 2857. This causes a port unreachable (type 3, code 3) to be
generated back to 192.0.2.3. As this packet is sent back through
206.124.146.179, that box correctly changes the source address in the
packet to 206.124.146.179 but doesn't reset the DST IP in the original
DNS response similarly. When the ICMP reaches your firewall (192.0.2.3),
your firewall has no record of having sent a DNS reply to 172.16.1.10 so
this ICMP doesn't appear to be related to anything that was sent. The
final result is that the packet gets logged and dropped in the all2all
chain.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq52">
<title>(FAQ 52) When I blacklist an IP address with "shorewall[-lite]
drop www.xxx.yyy.zzz", why does my log still show REDIRECT and DNAT
entries from that address?</title>
<para>I blacklisted the address 130.252.100.59 using <command>shorewall
drop 130.252.100.59</command> but I am still seeing these log
messages:</para>
<programlisting>Jan 30 15:38:34 server Shorewall:net_dnat:REDIRECT:IN=eth1 OUT= MAC=00:4f:4e:14:97:8e:00:01:5c:23:24:cc:08:00
SRC=130.252.100.59 DST=206.124.146.176 LEN=64 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=43 ID=42444 DF
PROTO=TCP SPT=2215 DPT=139 WINDOW=53760 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0</programlisting>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Please refer to the
<ulink url="NetfilterOverview.html">Shorewall Netfilter
Documentation</ulink>. Logging of REDIRECT and DNAT rules occurs in the
nat table's PREROUTING chain where the original destination IP address
is still available. Blacklisting occurs out of the filter table's INPUT
and FORWARD chains which aren't traversed until later.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq81">
<title>(FAQ 81) logdrop and logreject don't log.</title>
<para>I love the ability to type 'shorewall logdrop ww.xx.yy.zz' and
completely block a particular IP address. However, the log part doesn't
happen. When I look in the logdrop chain, there is no LOG prefix.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: You haven't set a value
for BLACKLIST_LOGLEVEL in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">shorewall.conf</ulink> (5).</para>
</section>
<section id="faq36">
<title>(FAQ 36) My log is filling up with these BANDWIDTH
messages!</title>
<programlisting>Dec 15 16:47:30 heath-desktop kernel: [17182740.184000] BANDWIDTH_IN:IN=eth1 OUT= MAC=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:00:01:5c:23:79:02:08:00
SRC=10.119.248.1 DST=255.255.255.255 LEN=328 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64
ID=62081 PROTO=UDP SPT=67 DPT=68 LEN=308
Dec 15 16:47:30 heath-desktop last message repeated 2 times
Dec 15 16:47:30 heath-desktop kernel: [17182740.188000] BANDWIDTH_IN:IN=eth1 OUT= MAC=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:00:01:5c:23:79:02:08:00
SRC=10.112.70.1 DST=255.255.255.255 LEN=328 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=64
ID=62082 PROTO=UDP SPT=67 DPT=68 LEN=308
Dec 15 16:47:30 heath-desktop last message repeated 2 times</programlisting>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: The Webmin 'bandwidth'
module adds commands to <filename>/etc/shorewall/start</filename> that
creates rules to log every packet to/from/through the firewall.
<emphasis role="bold">DON'T START THE BANDWIDTH SERVICE IN
WEBMIN!</emphasis></para>
<para>To correct this situation once it occurs, edit
<filename>/etc/shorewall/start</filename> and insert 'return 0' prior to
the BANDWIDTH rules.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Routing">
<title>Routing</title>
<section id="faq32">
<title>(FAQ 32) My firewall has two connections to the Internet from two
different ISPs. How do I set this up in Shorewall?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> See <ulink
url="MultiISP.html">this article about Shorewall and Multiple
ISPs</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq49">
<title>(FAQ 49) When I start Shorewall, my routing table gets blown
away. Why does Shorewall do that?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> This is usually the
consequence of a one-to-one nat configuration blunder:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Specifying the primary IP address for an interface in the
EXTERNAL column of <filename>/etc/shorewall/nat</filename> even
though the documentation (and the comments in the file) warn you not
to do that.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Specifying ADD_IP_ALIASES=Yes and RETAIN_ALIASES=No in
/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>This combination causes Shorewall to delete the primary IP address
from the network interface specified in the INTERFACE column which
usually causes all routes out of that interface to be deleted. The
solution is to <emphasis role="bold">not specify the primary IP address
of an interface in the EXTERNAL column</emphasis>.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Start-Stop">
<title>Starting and Stopping</title>
<section id="faq94">
<title>(FAQ 94) After I start Shorewall, ps doesn't show any shorewall
process running. What is the Shorewall daemon called?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Shorewall is not a
daemon. It is a configuration tool that configures your kernel based on
the contents of <filename>/etc/shorewall/</filename>. Once the
<command>start</command> command completes, Shorewall has done its job
and there are no Shorewall processes remaining in the system.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq7">
<title>(FAQ 7) When I stop Shorewall using <quote>shorewall[-lite]
stop</quote>, I can't connect to anything. Why doesn't that command
work?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The
<command>stop</command> command places the firewall in a safe state;
connections that are allowed are governed by the setting of
ADMINISABSENTMINDED in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">shorewall.conf</ulink> (5) and the
contents of <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-stoppedrules.html">shorewall-stoppedrules</ulink>
(5). To totally open the firewall, use the <command>clear</command>
command.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq9">
<title>(FAQ 9) Why can't Shorewall detect my interfaces properly at
startup?</title>
<para>I just installed Shorewall and when I issue the
<command>start</command> command, I see the following:</para>
<programlisting>Processing /etc/shorewall/params ...
Processing /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf ...
Starting Shorewall...
Loading Modules...
Initializing...
Determining Zones...
Zones: net loc
Validating interfaces file...
Validating hosts file...
Determining Hosts in Zones...
<emphasis role="bold">Net Zone: eth0:0.0.0.0/0
</emphasis><emphasis role="bold">Local Zone: eth1:0.0.0.0/0</emphasis>
Deleting user chains...
Creating input Chains...
...</programlisting>
<para>Why can't Shorewall detect my interfaces properly?</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The above output is
perfectly normal. The Net zone is defined as all hosts that are
connected through <filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename> and the
local zone is defined as all hosts connected through <filename
class="devicefile">eth1</filename>. You can set the <emphasis
role="bold">routefilter</emphasis> option on an internal interface if
you wish to guard against '<firstterm>Martians</firstterm>' (a Martian
is a packet with a source IP address that is not routed out of the
interface on which the packet was received). If you do that, it is a
good idea to also set the <emphasis role="bold">logmartians</emphasis>
option.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq22">
<title>(FAQ 22) I have some iptables commands that I want to run when
Shorewall starts. Which file do I put them in?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis>You can place these
commands in one of the <ulink
url="shorewall_extension_scripts.htm">Shorewall Extension
Scripts</ulink>. Be sure that you look at the contents of the chain(s)
that you will be modifying with your commands so that the commands will
do what is intended. Many iptables commands published in HOWTOs and
other instructional material use the -A command which adds the rules to
the end of the chain. Most chains that Shorewall constructs end with an
unconditional DROP, ACCEPT or REJECT rule and any rules that you add
after that will be ignored. Check <quote>man iptables</quote> and look
at the -I (--insert) command.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq43">
<title>(FAQ 43) I just installed the Shorewall RPM and Shorewall doesn't
start at boot time.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> When you install using
the "rpm -U" command, Shorewall doesn't run your distribution's tool for
configuring Shorewall startup. You will need to run that tool (insserv,
chkconfig, run-level editor, …) to configure Shorewall to start in the
the default run-levels of your firewall system.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq59">
<title>(FAQ 59) After I start Shorewall, there are lots of unused
Netfilter modules loaded. How do I avoid that?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Copy
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall[-lite]/modules</filename> to
<filename>/etc/shorewall/modules </filename>and modify the copy to
include only the modules that you need. An alternative is to set
LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY=Yes in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">shorewall.conf</ulink> (5).</para>
</section>
<section id="faq68">
<title>(FAQ 68) I have a VM under an OpenVZ system. I can't get rid of
the following message:</title>
<para>ERROR: Command "/sbin/iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state
ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT" failed.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> See the <ulink
url="OpenVZ.html">Shorewall OpenVZ article</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq73">
<title>(FAQ 73) When I stop Shorewall, the firewall is wide open. Isn't
that a security risk?</title>
<para>It is important to understand that the scripts in <filename
class="directory">/etc/init.d</filename> are generally provided by your
distribution and not by the Shorewall developers. These scripts must
meet the requirements of the distribution's packaging system which may
conflict with the requirements of a tight firewall. So when you say
"…when I stop Shorewall…" it is necessary to distinguish between the
commands <command>/sbin/shorewall stop</command> and
<command>/etc/init.d/shorewall stop</command>.</para>
<para><command>/sbin/shorewall stop</command> places the firewall in a
<firstterm>safe state</firstterm>, the details of which depend on your
<filename>/etc/shorewall/stoppedrules</filename> file (<ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-stoppedrules.html">shorewall-stoppedrules</ulink>(5))
and on the setting of ADMINISABSENTMINDED in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> (<ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">shorewall.conf</ulink>(5)).</para>
<para><command>/etc/init.d/shorewall stop</command> may or may not do
the same thing. In the case of <trademark>Debian</trademark> systems for
example, that command actually executes <command>/sbin/shorewall
clear</command> which opens the firewall completely. In other words, in
the init script, <command>stop</command> reverses the effect of
<command>start</command>.</para>
<para>Beginning with Shorewall 4.4, when the Shorewall tarballs are
installed on a Debian (or derivative) system, the
<filename>/etc/init.d/shorewall</filename> file is the same as would be
installed by the .deb. The behavior of <command>/etc/init.d/shorewall
stop</command> is controlled by the setting of SAFESTOP in
<filename>/etc/default/shorewall</filename>. When set to 0 (the
default), the firewall is cleared; when set to 1, the firewall is placed
in a safe state.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq78">
<title>(FAQ 78) After restart and bootup of my Debian firewall, all
traffic is blocked for hosts behind the firewall trying to connect out
onto the net or through the vpn (although i can reach the internal
firewall interface and obtain dumps etc). Once I issue 'shorewall clear'
followed by 'shorewall start' it then works, despite the config not
changing</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Set IP_FORWARDING=On in
<filename><ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</ulink></filename>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq86">
<title>(FAQ 86) My distribution (Ubuntu) uses NetworkManager to manage
my interfaces. I want to specify the upnpclient option for my interfaces
which requires them to be up and configured when Shorewall starts but
Shorewall is being started before NetworkManager.</title>
<para>Answer: I faced a similar problem which I solved as
follows:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Don't start Shorewall at boot time (Debian and Ubuntu users
may simply set startup=0 in
<filename>/etc/default/shorewall</filename>).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>In <filename>/etc/network/ip-up.d</filename>, I added a
<filename>shorewall</filename> script as follows:</para>
<programlisting>#!/bin/sh
shorewall status &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1 || shorewall start # Start Shorewall if it isn't already running</programlisting>
<para>Be sure to secure the script for execute access.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>Update:</term>
<listitem>
<para>Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.10, there is a new <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-init.html">Shorewall Init Package</ulink>
that is designed to handle this case.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="faq90">
<title>(FAQ 90) Shorewall starts fine but after several minutes, it
stops. Why is it doing that?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Shorewall uses the
presence of a chain named <emphasis>shorewall</emphasis> to indicate
whether is started or stopped. That chain is created during execution of
a successful <emphasis role="bold">start</emphasis>, <emphasis
role="bold">restart</emphasis> or <emphasis
role="bold">restore</emphasis> command and is removed during <emphasis
role="bold">stop</emphasis> and <emphasis role="bold">clear</emphasis>.
If <emphasis role="bold">shorewall status</emphasis> indicates that
Shorewall is stopped, then something has deleted that chain. Look at the
output of <emphasis role="bold">shorewall status</emphasis>; if it looks
like this:</para>
<blockquote>
<programlisting>gateway:~# shorewall status
Shorewall-4.4.11 Status at gateway - Wed Jul 21 13:21:41 PDT 2010
Shorewall is <emphasis role="bold">stopped</emphasis>
State:<emphasis role="bold">Started</emphasis> (Tue Jul 20 16:01:49 PDT 2010)
gateway:~#</programlisting>
</blockquote>
<para>then it means that something outside of Shorewall has deleted the
chain. This usually means that you were running another firewall package
before you installed Shorewall and that other package has replaced
Shorewall's Netfilter configuration with its own. You must remove (or at
least disable) the other firewall package and restart Shorewall.</para>
<blockquote>
<programlisting>gateway:~# shorewall status
Shorewall-4.4.11 Status at gateway - Wed Jul 21 13:26:29 PDT 2010
Shorewall is <emphasis role="bold">stopped</emphasis>
State:<emphasis role="bold">Stopped</emphasis> (Wed Jul 21 13:26:26 PDT 2010)
gateway:~# </programlisting>
</blockquote>
<para>then a <emphasis role="bold">shorewall stop</emphasis> command has
been executed (if the State shown in the output is <emphasis
role="bold">Cleared</emphasis>, then a <emphasis role="bold">shorewall
clear</emphasis> command was executed). Most likely, you have installed
and configured the <emphasis>shorewall-init</emphasis> package and a
required interface has gone down.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq99">
<title>(FAQ 99) My /var/lib/shorewall-init.log shows that Shorewall is
running at boot but after boot 'iptables -L' shows an empty
configuration</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: This is caused by your
failure to disable your distributions default iptables configuration
tool when you installed Shorewall. Look for a service called 'iptables'
that is being started after Shorewall and disable it.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq101">
<title>(FAQ 101) How can I speed up 'shorewall start' and 'shorewall
restart' on my slow hardware?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: There are several steps
that you can take:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If your kernel supports module autoloading (and distribution
default kernels almost always do), then set LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY=Yes in
shorewall.conf.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Set AUTOMAKE=Yes in shorewall.conf. This will avoid the
compilation phase in cases where the configuration has not changed
since the last time that the configuration was compiled.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Don't set optimization option 8. For example, if you currently
set OPTIMIZE=31, then change that to OPTIMIZE=23. Optimization
option 8 combines identical chains which can result in a smaller
ruleset, but it slows down the compilation of large rulesets.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Rather than <command>restart</command>, use
<command>reload</command>. With the default setting of
RESTART=restart, <command>restart</command> performs
<command>stop</command> then <command>start</command>, while
<command>reload</command> avoids the <command>stop</command>
part.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section id="faq103">
<title>(FAQ 103) Shorewall fails to start at boot but will start
immediately after</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> This is usually
associated with SELinux. <ulink
url="https://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/selinux/2010-June/012680.html">Here</ulink>
is an example.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq104">
<title>(FAQ 104) I see <emphasis>kernel</emphasis> messages in my log
when I start or restart Shorewall or Shorewall6</title>
<para>Example:</para>
<programlisting>&gt; Oct 1 13:04:39 deb kernel: [ 9570.619744] xt_addrtype: ipv6 does not support BROADCAST matching
</programlisting>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> These are harmless.
Shorewall attempts to execute various commands to determine the
capabiities of your system. If you system doesn't support a command, it
will generally issue a kernel log message.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title id="faq106">(FAQ 106) Shorewall is not starting at boot on Debian
with systemd</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> To enable start at boot,
run <command>systemctl enable shorewall.service</command></para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="MultiISP">
<title>Multiple ISPs</title>
<section id="faq57">
<title>(FAQ 57) I configured two ISPs in Shorewall but when I try to use
the second one, it doesn't work.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The Multi-ISP
Documentation strongly recommends that you use the <emphasis
role="bold">balance</emphasis> option on all providers even if you want
to manually specify which ISP to use. If you don't do that so that your
main routing table only has one default route, then you must disable
route filtering. Do not specify the <emphasis
role="bold">routefilter</emphasis> option on the other interface(s) in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename> and disable any
<emphasis>IP Address Spoofing</emphasis> protection that your
distribution supplies.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq58">
<title>(FAQ 58) But if I specify 'balance' then won't Shorewall balance
the traffic between the interfaces? I don't want that!</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Suppose that you want all
traffic to go out through ISP1 (mark 1) unless you specify otherwise.
Then simply add these two rules as the first marking rules in your
<filename>/etc/shorewall/mangle</filename> (was tcrules) file:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST
MARK(1):P 0.0.0.0/0
MARK(1) $FW
<emphasis>other MARK rules</emphasis></programlisting>
<para>Now any traffic that isn't marked by one of your other MARK rules
will have mark = 1 and will be sent via ISP1. That will work whether
<emphasis role="bold">balance</emphasis> is specified or not!</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Using DNS Names</title>
<section id="faq79">
<title>(FAQ 79) Can I use DNS names in Shorewall configuration file
entries in place of IP addresses?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: <ulink
url="configuration_file_basics.htm#dnsnames">Yes</ulink>, but we advise
strongly against it.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="TC">
<title>Traffic Shaping</title>
<section id="faq67">
<title>(FAQ 67) I just configured Shorewall's builtin traffic shaping
and now Shorewall fails to Start.</title>
<para>The error I receive is as follows:<programlisting>RTNETLINK answers: No such file or directory
We have an error talking to the kernel
ERROR: Command "tc filter add dev eth2 parent ffff: protocol ip prio
50 u32 match ip src 0.0.0.0/0 police rate 500kbit burst 10k drop flowid
:1" Failed</programlisting><emphasis
role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> This message indicates that your kernel
doesn't have 'traffic policing' support. If your kernel is modularized,
you may be able to resolve the problem by loading the <emphasis
role="bold">act_police</emphasis> kernel module. Other kernel modules
that you will need include:<simplelist>
<member>cls_basic</member>
<member>cls_fw</member>
<member>cls_u32</member>
<member>sch_htb</member>
<member>sch_ingress</member>
<member>sch_sfq</member>
</simplelist></para>
</section>
<section id="faq97">
<title>(FAQ 97) I enable Shorewall traffic shaping and now my upload
rate is way below what I specified</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: This is likely due to TCP
Segmentation Offload (TSO) and/or Generic Segmentation Offload (GSO)
being enabled in the network adapter. To verify, install the
<firstterm>ethtool</firstterm> package and use the -k command:</para>
<programlisting>root@gateway:~# ethtool -k eth1
Offload parameters for eth1:
rx-checksumming: on
tx-checksumming: on
scatter-gather: on
tcp-segmentation-offload: <emphasis role="bold">on</emphasis>
udp-fragmentation-offload: off
generic-segmentation-offload: <emphasis role="bold">on</emphasis>
generic-receive-offload: off
large-receive-offload: off
ntuple-filters: off
receive-hashing: off
root@gateway:~#</programlisting>
<para>If that is the case, you can correct the problem by adjusting the
<replaceable>minburst</replaceable> setting in
/etc/shorewall/tcinterfaces (simple traffic shaping) or
/etc/shorewall/tcdevices (complex traffic shaping). We suggest starting
at 10-12kb and adjust as necessary. Example (simple traffic
shaping):</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE TYPE IN_BANDWIDTH OUT_BANDWIDTH
eth0 External 50mbit:200kb 5.0mbit:100kb:200ms:100mbit:<emphasis
role="bold">10kb</emphasis>
</programlisting>
<para>Alternatively, you can turn off TSO and GSO using this command in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/init</filename>:</para>
<programlisting><emphasis role="bold">ethtool -K eth<emphasis>N</emphasis> tso off gso off</emphasis></programlisting>
</section>
<section>
<title>(FAQ 97a) I enable Shorewall traffic shaping and now my download
rate is way below what I specified</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: This is likely due to
Generic Receive Offload (GRO) being enabled in the network adapter. To
verify, install the <firstterm>ethtool</firstterm> package and use the
-k command:</para>
<programlisting>root@gateway:/etc/shorewall# ethtool -k eth1
Offload parameters for eth1:
rx-checksumming: on
tx-checksumming: on
scatter-gather: on
tcp-segmentation-offload: on
udp-fragmentation-offload: off
generic-segmentation-offload: on
generic-receive-offload: <emphasis role="bold">on</emphasis>
large-receive-offload: off
ntuple-filters: off
receive-hashing: off
root@gateway:/etc/shorewall#
</programlisting>
<para>To work around the issue, use this command:</para>
<programlisting><emphasis role="bold">ethtool -K eth</emphasis>N <emphasis
role="bold">gro off</emphasis></programlisting>
<para>Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.25, another option is available in
the form of a <firstterm>rate-estimated policing
filter</firstterm>.</para>
<para>Example from /etc/shorewall/tcdevices:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE IN_BANDWITH OUT_BANDWIDTH OPTIONS
1:COMB_IF <emphasis role="bold">~20mbit:250ms:4sec</emphasis> ${UPLOAD}kbit hfsc,linklayer=ethernet,overhead=0</programlisting>
<para>To create a rate-estimated filter, precede the bandwidth with a
tilde ("~"). The optional interval and decay_interval determine how
often the rate is estimated and how many samples are retained for
estimating. Please see <ulink
url="http://ace-host.stuart.id.au/russell/files/tc/doc/estimators.txt">http://ace-host.stuart.id.au/russell/files/tc/doc/estimators.txt</ulink>
for details.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="About">
<title>About Shorewall</title>
<section id="faq10">
<title>(FAQ 10) What Distributions does Shorewall work with?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Shorewall works with any
GNU/Linux distribution that includes the <ulink
url="shorewall_prerequisites.htm">proper prerequisites</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq11">
<title>(FAQ 11) What Features does Shorewall have?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> See the <ulink
url="shorewall_features.htm">Shorewall Feature List</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq12">
<title>(FAQ 12) Is there a GUI?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Yes! Shorewall support is
available in Webmin. See <ulink
url="http://www.webmin.com">http://www.webmin.com</ulink>. But beware of
the issue described in <link linkend="faq36">FAQ 36</link>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq13">
<title>(FAQ 13) Why do you call it <quote>Shorewall</quote>?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Shorewall is a
concatenation of <quote> <emphasis>Shore</emphasis>line</quote> (<ulink
url="http://www.cityofshoreline.com">the city where I live</ulink>) and
<quote>Fire<emphasis>wall</emphasis> </quote>. The full name of the
product is actually <quote>Shoreline Firewall</quote> but
<quote>Shorewall</quote> is much more commonly used.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq23">
<title>(FAQ 23) Why do you use such ugly fonts on your web site?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The Shorewall web site is
almost font neutral (it doesn't explicitly specify fonts except on a few
pages) so the fonts you see are largely the default fonts configured in
your browser. If you don't like them then reconfigure your
browser.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq25">
<title>(FAQ 25) How do I tell which version of Shorewall or Shorewall
Lite I am running?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> At the shell prompt,
type:</para>
<programlisting><command>/sbin/shorewall[-lite] version -a</command> </programlisting>
<section id="faq25a">
<title>(FAQ 25a) It says 4.4.7.5; how do I know if it is
Shorewall-shell or Shorewall-perl?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: It is Shorewall-perl.
Shorewall-shell is discontinued in Shorewall 4.4.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq31">
<title>(FAQ 31) Does Shorewall provide protection against....</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term>IP Spoofing: Sending packets over the WAN interface using an
internal LAP IP address as the source address?</term>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Yes.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Tear Drop: Sending packets that contain overlapping
fragments?</term>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> This is the
responsibility of the IP stack, not the Netfilter-based firewall
since fragment reassembly occurs before the stateful packet filter
ever touches each packet.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Smurf and Fraggle: Sending packets that use the WAN or LAN
broadcast address as the source address?</term>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Shorwall filters
these packets under the <firstterm>nosmurfs</firstterm> interface
option in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">/etc/shorewall/interfaces</ulink>.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Land Attack: Sending packets that use the same address as the
source and destination address?</term>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Yes, if the <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-interfaces.html">routefilter interface
option</ulink> is selected.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>DOS: - SYN Dos - ICMP Dos - Per-host Dos protection</term>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Yes.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="faq65">
<title>(FAQ 65) How do I accomplish failover with Shorewall?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> <ulink
url="http://linuxman.wikispaces.com/Clustering+Shorewall">This article
by Paul Gear</ulink> should help you get started.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="ALIASES">
<title>Alias IP Addresses/Virtual Interfaces</title>
<section id="faq18">
<title>(FAQ 18) Is there any way to use aliased ip addresses with
Shorewall, and maintain separate rule sets for different IPs?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Yes. See <ulink
url="Shorewall_and_Aliased_Interfaces.html">Shorewall and Aliased
Interfaces</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq83">
<title>(FAQ 83) Is there no way to nest the firewall zone or create
subzones? I've got a system with Linux-VServers, it's one interface
(eth0) with multiple IPs</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Beginning with Shorewall
4.4.11 Beta 2, you can <ulink url="Vserver.html">create vserver
zones</ulink> that are nested within the firewall zone.</para>
<para>Prior to 4.4.11 Beta 2, there is no way to create sub-zones of the
firewall zone. But you can use shell variables to make vservers easier
to deal with.</para>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/params</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>VS1=fw:192.168.2.12
VS2=fw:192.168.2.13
VS3=fw:192.168.2.14</programlisting>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DPORT
?SECTION ALL
?SECTION ESTABLISHED
?SECTION RELATED
?SECTION INVALID
?SECTION UNTRACKED
?SECTION NEW
ACCEPT $VS1 net tcp 25
DNAT net $VS1 tcp 25
etc...</programlisting>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Lite">
<title>Shorewall Lite</title>
<section id="faq53">
<title>(FAQ 53) What is Shorewall Lite?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Shorewall Lite is a
companion product to Shorewall and is designed to allow you to maintain
all Shorewall configuration information on a single system within your
network. See the <ulink url="Shorewall-Lite.html">Compiled Firewall
script documentation</ulink> for details.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq54">
<title>(FAQ 54) If I want to use Shorewall Lite, do I also need to
install Shorewall on the same system?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> No. In fact, we recommend
that you do <emphasis role="bold">NOT</emphasis> install Shorewall on
systems where you wish to use Shorewall Lite. You must have Shorewall
installed on at least one system within your network in order to use
Shorewall Lite.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq55">
<title>(FAQ 55) How do I decide which product to use - Shorewall or
Shorewall Lite?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> If you plan to have only
a single firewall system, then Shorewall is the logical choice. I also
think that Shorewall is the appropriate choice for laptop systems that
may need to have their firewall configuration changed while on the road.
In the remaining cases, Shorewall Lite will work very well. At
shorewall.net, the two laptop systems have the full Shorewall product
installed as does my personal Linux desktop system. All other Linux
systems that run a firewall use Shorewall Lite and have their
configuration directories on my desktop system.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq60">
<title>(FAQ 60) What are the compatibility restrictions between
Shorewall and Shorewall Lite</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> There are no
compatibility constraints between Shorewall and Shorewall-lite.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="VOIP">
<title>VOIP</title>
<section id="faq77">
<title>(FAQ 77) Shorewall is eating my Asterisk egress traffic!</title>
<para>Somehow, my firewall config is causing a one-way audio problem in
Asterisk. If a person calls into the PBX, they cannot hear me speaking,
but I can hear them. If I plug the Asterisk server directly into the
router, bypassing the firewall, the problem goes away.</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> There are two things to
try when VOIP problems are encountered. Both begin with executing two
<command>rmmod</command> commands.</para>
<para>If your kernel version is 2.6.20 or earlier:<programlisting>rmmod ip_nat_sip
rmmod ip_conntrack_sip</programlisting>If your kernel version is 2.6.21 or
later:<programlisting>rmmod nf_nat_sip
rmmod nf_conntrack_sip</programlisting></para>
<para>The first alternative seems to work for those running recent
kernels (2.6.26 or later):</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Copy <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/module</filename>s to
<filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename>
(<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/helpers</filename> if you have
LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY in shorewall.conf).</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Edit the copy and change this line:</para>
<blockquote>
<para>loadmodule nf_conntrack_sip</para>
</blockquote>
<para>to</para>
<blockquote>
<para>loadmodule nf_conntrack_sip sip_direct_media=0</para>
</blockquote>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para><command>shorewall restart</command></para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>The second alternative is to not load the sip helpers:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>If you are running kernel 2.6.20 or earlier, then change the
DONT_LOAD specification in your shorewall.conf to:<programlisting>DONT_LOAD=ip_nat_sip,ip_conntrack_sip</programlisting></para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>If you are running kernel 2.6.21 or later, then change Then
change the DONT_LOAD specification in your shorewall.conf
to:<programlisting>DONT_LOAD=nf_nat_sip,nf_conntrack_sip</programlisting></para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq40">
<title>IPv6</title>
<section id="faq80">
<title>(FAQ 80) Does Shorewall support IPV6?</title>
<para>Answer: <ulink url="IPv6Support.html">Shorewall IPv6
support</ulink> is currently available in Shorewall 4.2.4 and
later.</para>
<section id="faq80a">
<title>(FAQ 80a) Why does Shorewall lPv6 Support Require Kernel 2.6.24
or later?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Shorewall implements a
stateful firewall which requires connection tracking be present in
ip6tables and in the kernel. Linux kernels before 2.6.20 didn't
support connection tracking for IPv6. So we could not even start to
develop Shorewall IPv6 support until 2.6.20 and there were significant
problems with the facility until at least kernel 2.6.23. When
distributions began offering IPv6 connection tracking support, it was
with kernel 2.6.25. So that is what we developed IPv6 support on and
that's all that we initially tested on. Subsequently, we have tested
Shorewall6 on Ubuntu Hardy with kernel 2.6.24. If you are running
2.6.20 or later, you can <emphasis role="bold">try</emphasis> to run
Shorewall6 by hacking<filename>
/usr/share/shorewall/prog.footer6</filename> and changing the kernel
version test to check for your kernel version rather than 2.6.24
(20624). But after that, you are on your own.</para>
<programlisting>kernel=$(printf "%2d%02d%02d\n" $(echo $(uname -r) 2&gt; /dev/null | sed 's/-.*//' | tr '.' ' ' ) | head -n1)
if [ $kernel -lt <emphasis role="bold">20624</emphasis> ]; then
error_message "ERROR: $PRODUCT requires Linux kernel <emphasis role="bold">2.6.24</emphasis> or later"
status=2
else
</programlisting>
<para>Update: The above logic is found in
<filename>/usr/share/shorewall/prog.footer</filename> in later
Shorewall releases.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>(FAQ 40) I have an interface that gets its IPv6 configuration
from radvd. When I start Shorewall6, I immediately loose my default
route. Why?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: You have configured
forwarding on the interface which disables autoconfiguration of the
interface. To retain autoconfiguration on the interface when Shorewall6
starts, specify <emphasis role="bold">forwarding=0</emphasis> in the
OPTIONS column on the interface's entry in <ulink
url="manpages6/shorewall6-interfaces.html">shorewall6-interfaces</ulink>
(5).</para>
</section>
<section>
<title id="faq96">(FAQ 96) I am starting to use ipv6, but on my ipv4 FW,
when restarting Shorewall . it puts in ip6tables rules. How do i
dissable that ?</title>
<para>Answer: This is a two-step process.</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Set DISABLE_IPV6=No in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall.conf.html">shorewall.conf</ulink> (5) and
restart Shorewall.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Execute these commands at a root shell prompt:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>ip6tables -P INPUT ACCEPT</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ip6tables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>ip6tables -P FORWARD ACCEPT</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
<para>You will probably want to soon install <ulink
url="IPv6Support.html">Shorewall6</ulink> so that you have an IPv6
firewall as well as one for IPv4.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<title>Wifidog</title>
<section>
<title id="faq105">(FAQ 105) Can Shorewall work with Wifidog?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Yes, with a couple of
restrictions:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Wifidog must be started after Shorewall. If Shorewall is
restarted/reloaded, then wifidog must be restarted.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>FORWARD_CLEAR_MARK must be set to <option>No</option> in
shorewall.conf.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
</section>
<section id="Misc">
<title>Miscellaneous</title>
<section id="faq20">
<title>(FAQ 20) I have just set up a server. Do I have to change
Shorewall to allow access to my server from the Internet?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Yes. Consult the <ulink
url="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart guide</ulink> that you
used during your initial setup for information about how to set up rules
for your server.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq24">
<title>(FAQ 24) How can I allow connections to, let's say, the ssh port
only from specific IP Addresses on the Internet?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> In the SOURCE column of
the rule, follow <quote>net</quote> by a colon and a list of the
host/subnet addresses as a comma-separated list.</para>
<programlisting>net:&lt;ip1&gt;,&lt;ip2&gt;,...</programlisting>
<example id="Example4">
<title>Example:</title>
<programlisting>ACCEPT net:192.0.2.16/28,192.0.2.44 fw tcp 22</programlisting>
</example>
</section>
<section id="faq26">
<title>(FAQ 26) When I try to use any of the SYN options in nmap on or
behind the firewall, I get <quote>operation not permitted</quote>. How
can I use nmap with Shorewall?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Temporarily remove any
<emphasis role="bold">rejNotSyn</emphasis>, <emphasis
role="bold">dropNotSyn</emphasis>, <emphasis
role="bold">dropInvalid</emphasis>, <emphasis
role="bold">NotSyn(...)</emphasis> and <emphasis
role="bold">Invalid(...)</emphasis> rules from
<filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename> and restart Shorewall.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq27">
<title>(FAQ 27) I'm compiling a new kernel for my firewall. What should
I look out for?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> First take a look at the
<ulink url="kernel.htm">Shorewall kernel configuration page</ulink>. You
probably also want to be sure that you have selected the <quote>
<emphasis role="bold">NAT of local connections (READ HELP)</emphasis>
</quote> on the Netfilter Configuration menu. Otherwise, DNAT rules with
your firewall as the source zone won't work with your new kernel.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq28">
<title>(FAQ 28) How do I use Shorewall as a Bridging Firewall?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Shorewall Bridging
Firewall support is available — <ulink
url="bridge-Shorewall-perl.html">check here for details</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq39">
<title>(FAQ 39) How do I block connections to a particular domain
name?</title>
<para>I tried this rule to block Google's Adsense that you'll find on
everyone's site. Adsense is a Javascript that people add to their Web
pages. So I entered the rule:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO
REJECT fw net:pagead2.googlesyndication.com all</programlisting>
<para>However, this also sometimes restricts access to "google.com". Why
is that? Using dig, I found these IPs for domain
googlesyndication.com:<programlisting>216.239.37.99
216.239.39.99</programlisting>And this for google.com:<programlisting>216.239.37.99
216.239.39.99
216.239.57.99</programlisting>So my guess is that you are not actually
blocking the domain, but rather the IP being called. So how in the world
do you block an actual domain name?</para>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Packet filters like
Netfilter base their decisions on the contents of the various protocol
headers at the front of each packet. Stateful packet filters (of which
Netfilter is an example) use a combination of header contents and state
created when the packet filter processed earlier packets. Netfilter (and
Shorewall's use of Netfilter) also consider the network interface(s)
where each packet entered and/or where the packet will leave the
firewall/router.</para>
<para>When you specify <ulink
url="configuration_file_basics.htm#dnsnames">a domain name in a
Shorewall rule</ulink>, the iptables program resolves that name to one
or more IP addresses and the actual Netfilter rules that are created are
expressed in terms of those IP addresses. So the rule that you entered
was equivalent to:</para>
<para><programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO
REJECT $FW net:216.239.37.99 all
REJECT $FW net:216.239.39.99 all</programlisting>Given
that name-based multiple hosting is a common practice (another example:
lists.shorewall.net and www1.shorewall.net are both hosted on the same
system with a single IP address), it is not possible to filter
connections to a particular name by examination of protocol headers
alone. While some protocols such as <ulink url="FTP.html">FTP</ulink>
require the firewall to examine and possibly modify packet payload,
parsing the payload of individual packets doesn't always work because
the application-level data stream can be split across packets in
arbitrary ways. This is one of the weaknesses of the 'string match'
Netfilter extension available in later Linux kernel releases. The only
sure way to filter on packet content is to proxy the connections in
question -- in the case of HTTP, this means running something like
<ulink url="Shorewall_Squid_Usage.html">Squid</ulink>. Proxying allows
the proxy process to assemble complete application-level messages which
can then be accurately parsed and decisions can be made based on the
result.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq42">
<title>(FAQ 42) How can I tell which features my kernel and iptables
support?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Use the
<command>shorewall[-lite] show capabilities</command> command at a root
prompt.</para>
<programlisting>gateway:~# <command>shorewall show capabilities</command>
Shorewall has detected the following iptables/netfilter capabilities:
NAT: Available
Packet Mangling: Available
Multi-port Match: Available
Extended Multi-port Match: Available
Connection Tracking Match: Available
Extended Connection Tracking Match Support: Available
Old Connection Tracking Match Syntax: Not available
Packet Type Match: Available
Policy Match: Available
Physdev Match: Available
Physdev-is-bridged Support: Available
Packet length Match: Available
IP range Match: Available
Recent Match: Available
Owner Match: Available
Ipset Match: Available
CONNMARK Target: Available
Extended CONNMARK Target: Available
Connmark Match: Available
Extended Connmark Match: Available
Raw Table: Available
IPP2P Match: Available
Old IPP2P Match Syntax: Not available
CLASSIFY Target: Available
Extended REJECT: Available
Repeat match: Available
MARK Target: Available
Extended MARK Target: Available
Mangle FORWARD Chain: Available
Comments: Available
Address Type Match: Available
TCPMSS Match: Available
Hashlimit Match: Available
Old Hashlimit Match: Not available
NFQUEUE Target: Available
Realm Match: Available
Helper Match: Available
Connlimit Match: Available
Time Match: Available
Goto Support: Available
LOGMARK Target: Available
IPMARK Target: Available
LOG Target: Available
Persistent SNAT: Available
gateway:~# </programlisting>
<para/>
</section>
<section id="faq19">
<title>(FAQ 19) How do I open the firewall for all traffic to/from the
LAN?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> Add these two
policies:</para>
<programlisting>#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOGLEVEL LIMIT CONNLIMIT
$FW loc ACCEPT
loc $FW ACCEPT</programlisting>
<para>You should also delete any ACCEPT rules from $FW-&gt;loc and
loc-&gt;$FW since those rules are redundant with the above
policies.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq88">
<title>(FAQ 88) Can I run Snort with Shorewall?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: Yes. In <emphasis>Network
Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) mode</emphasis>, Snort is libpcap
based (like tcpdump) so it doesn't interfere with Shorewall. We have had
reports that users have also been successful in using Snort in
<emphasis>inline</emphasis> more with Shorewall, but no HOWTO exists at
this time.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq89">
<title>(FAQ 89) How do I connect to the web server in my aDSL modem from
my local LAN?</title>
<para>Answer: Here's what I did:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>My local network is 172.20.1.0/24, so I set the IP address in
the modem to 172.20.1.2.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>The IP address of my firewall's interface to the LAN is
172.20.1.254. The logical name of the DSL interface is EXT_IF and my
LAN interface is INT_IF.</para>
<para>I added the following two configuration entries:</para>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/masq:</filename></para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SOURCE ADDRESS
?COMMENT DSL Modem
EXT_IF:172.20.1.2 0.0.0.0/0 172.20.1.254
</programlisting>
<para>When running Shorewall 5.0.14 or later, the equivalent
<filename>/etc/shorewall/snat</filename> is:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT
SNAT(172.20.1.254) 0.0.0.0/0 EXT_IF:192.168.1.2 tcp www</programlisting>
<para><filename>/etc/shorewall/proxyarp</filename>:</para>
<programlisting>#ADDRESS INTERFACE EXTERNAL HAVEROUTE PERSISTENT
172.20.1.2 EXT_IF INT_IF no yes
</programlisting>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>If you can't change the IP address of your modem and its current
address isn't in your local network, then you need to change this
slightly; assuming that the modem IP address is 192.168.1.1:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>Do not include an entry in
<filename>/etc/shorewall/proxyarp</filename>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Add an IP address in 192.168.1.0/24 to your external interface
using your configuration's network management tools. For
Debian-based systems, that means adding this to the interface's
stanza in <filename>/etc/network/interfaces</filename>:</para>
<programlisting> post-up /sbin/ip addr add 192.168.1.254/24 dev <replaceable>external-interface</replaceable></programlisting>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Your entry in <filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename> would
then be:</para>
<programlisting>#INTERFACE SOURCE ADDRESS
COMMENT DSL Modem
EXT_IF:192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.1.254
</programlisting>
<para>When running Shorewall 5.0.14 or later, the equivalent
<filename>/etc/shorewall/snat</filename> is:</para>
<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT
SNAT(192.168.1.254) 0.0.0.0/0 EXT_IF:192.168.1.1 tcp www</programlisting>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title id="faq93">(FAQ 93) I'm not able to use Shorewall to manage a
bridge. I get the following error: ERROR: BRIDGING=Yes is not supported
by Shorewall 4.4.13.3.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> If you want to apply
firewall rules to the traffic passing between bridge ports, see <ulink
url="bridge-Shorewall-perl.html">http://www.shorewall.net/bridge-Shorewall-perl.html</ulink>.
If you simply want to allow all traffic between ports, then see <ulink
url="SimpleBridge.html">http://www.shorewall.net/SimpleBridge.html</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section id="faq95">
<title>(FAQ 95) What is this $FW that I see in the configuration files
and documentation?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer: FW</emphasis> is a <ulink
url="configuration_file_basics.htm#Variables">shell variable</ulink>
that expands to the name that you gave to the firewall zone in <ulink
url="manpages/shorewall-zones.html">shorewall-zones</ulink>(5). The
default name for the firewall zone is <emphasis
role="bold">fw</emphasis>:</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS
<emphasis role="bold">fw</emphasis> firewall</programlisting>
<para>So, using the default or sample configurations, writing <emphasis
role="bold">$FW</emphasis> is the same as writing <emphasis
role="bold">fw</emphasis>. If you give the firewall zone a different
name, <emphasis role="bold">gate</emphasis> for example, then writing
<emphasis role="bold">$FW</emphasis> would be the same as writing
<emphasis role="bold">gate</emphasis>.</para>
<programlisting>#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS
<emphasis role="bold">gate</emphasis> firewall</programlisting>
<section id="faq95a">
<title>Why was that done?</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer:</emphasis> The firewall zone has
special semantics, so having a way to refer to it in a
configuration-independent way makes writing the documentation,
examples, macros, etc. easier.</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="faq98">
<title>(FAQ 98) How do I Unsubscribe from the Mailing List</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: There are two
ways:</para>
<orderedlist>
<listitem>
<para>On the web</para>
<para>Go to <ulink
url="https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/shorewall-users">https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/shorewall-users</ulink>.
At the bottom of the form is a section entitled "<emphasis
role="bold">Shorewall-users Subscribers</emphasis>". At the bottom
of that section find:</para>
<blockquote>
<para>"To <emphasis role="bold">unsubscribe</emphasis> from
Shorewall-users, get a password reminder, or change your
subscription options <emphasis role="bold">enter your subscription
email address</emphasis>:".</para>
</blockquote>
<para>Enter your email address in the box provided and click on the
"<emphasis role="bold"><ulink url="???">Unsubscribe or edit
options</ulink></emphasis>" button. That will take you to a second
form.</para>
<para>At the top of the second form is a box to <emphasis
role="bold">enter your password</emphasis> -- enter it there then
click the <emphasis role="bold">Unsubscribe</emphasis> button in the
center of the form. You will be unsubscribed.</para>
<para>If you <emphasis role="bold">don't remember your
password</emphasis>, click on the <emphasis
role="bold">Remind</emphasis> button at the bottom of the form and
your password will be emailed to you.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Via email using this link: <ulink
url="mailto:shorewall-users-request@lists.sourceforge.net?subject=unsubscribe">mailto:shorewall-users-request@lists.sourceforge.net?subject=unsubscribe</ulink>.
You will receive a confirmation email shortly; follow the
instructions in that email.</para>
</listitem>
</orderedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title id="faq102">(FAQ 102) What is 'qt'? I see it in some of the older
documentation.</title>
<para><emphasis role="bold">Answer</emphasis>: 'qt' stands for 'quiet';
qt() is a shell function that accepts a command with arguments as
parameters. It redirects both standard out and standard error to
/dev/null. It is defined in the Shorewall-core shell library
lib.common.</para>
</section>
</section>
</article>
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