fix format date based on users locale (#11908)

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# Description
Hi, 

Fixes #10838, where before the `date` would be formatted incorrectly,
and was not picking `LC_TIME` for time formatting, but it picked the
first locale returned by the `sys-locale` crate instead. Now it will
format time based on `LC_TIME`. For example,

```
// my locale `nl_NL.UTF-8`
❯ date now | format date '%x %X'
20-02-24 17:17:12

$env.LC_TIME = "en_US.UTF-8"

❯ date now | format date '%x %X'
02/20/2024 05:16:28 PM
```
Note that I also changed the `default_env.nu` as otherwise the Time will
show AM/PM twice. Also reason for the `chrono` update is because this
relies on a fix to upstream repo, which i initially submitted an
[issue](https://github.com/chronotope/chrono/issues/1349#event-11765363286)

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# User-Facing Changes
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# Tests + Formatting

Don't forget to add tests that cover your changes.

Make sure you've run and fixed any issues with these commands:

- [X] `cargo fmt --all -- --check` to check standard code formatting
(`cargo fmt --all` applies these changes)
- [X] `cargo clippy --workspace -- -D warnings -D clippy::unwrap_used`
to check that you're using the standard code style
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make sure to [enable developer
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crates/nu-std"` to run the tests for the standard library

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crates/nu-command/src/strings/format/date.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use nu_protocol::{
     Category, Example, PipelineData, ShellError, Signature, Span, Spanned, SyntaxShape, Type,
     Value,
 };
-use nu_utils::locale::get_system_locale_string;
+use nu_utils::locale::{get_system_locale_string, LOCALE_OVERRIDE_ENV_VAR};
 use std::fmt::{Display, Write};
 
 use crate::{generate_strftime_list, parse_date_from_string};
@@ -118,21 +118,23 @@ where
     Tz::Offset: Display,
 {
     let mut formatter_buf = String::new();
-    // These are already in locale format, so we don't need to localize them
-    let format = if ["%x", "%X", "%r"]
-        .iter()
-        .any(|item| formatter.contains(item))
+    // Format using locale LC_TIME
+    let locale = if let Ok(l) =
+        std::env::var(LOCALE_OVERRIDE_ENV_VAR).or_else(|_| std::env::var("LC_TIME"))
     {
-        date_time.format(formatter)
+        let locale_str = l.split('.').next().unwrap_or("en_US");
+        locale_str.try_into().unwrap_or(Locale::en_US)
     } else {
-        let locale: Locale = get_system_locale_string()
+        // LC_ALL > LC_CTYPE > LANG
+        // Not locale present, default to en_US
+        get_system_locale_string()
             .map(|l| l.replace('-', "_")) // `chrono::Locale` needs something like `xx_xx`, rather than `xx-xx`
             .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from("en_US"))
             .as_str()
             .try_into()
-            .unwrap_or(Locale::en_US);
-        date_time.format_localized(formatter, locale)
+            .unwrap_or(Locale::en_US)
     };
+    let format = date_time.format_localized(formatter, locale);
 
     match formatter_buf.write_fmt(format_args!("{format}")) {
         Ok(_) => Value::string(formatter_buf, span),