shorewall_code/Shorewall/releasenotes.txt

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                       S H O R E W A L L  4 . 4 . 8
                                  R C 1
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I.    RELEASE 4.4 HIGHLIGHTS
II.   MIGRATION ISSUES
III.  PROBLEMS CORRECTED IN THIS RELEASE
IV.   KNOWN PROBLEMS REMAINING
V.    NEW FEATURES IN THIS RELEASE
VI.   PROBLEMS CORRECTED AND NEW FEATURES IN PRIOR RELEASES 

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             I.  R E L E A S E  4 . 4  H I G H L I G H T S
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1)  Support for Shorewall-shell has been discontinued. Shorewall-perl
    has been combined with Shorewall-common to produce a single
    Shorewall package.

2)  Support for the "Hierarchical Fair Service Curve" (HFSC) queuing
    discipline has been added. HFSC is superior to the "Hierarchical
    Token Bucket" queuing discipline where realtime traffic such as
    VOIP is being used.

    HTB remains the default queuing discipline.

3)  Support for the "flow" traffic classifier has been added. This
    classifier can help prevent multi-connection applications such as
    BitTorrent from using an unfair amount of bandwidth.

4)  The Shorewall documentation and man pages have been purged of
    information about earlier Shorewall releases. The documentation
    describes only the behavior of Shorewall 4.4 and later versions.

5)  The interfaces file OPTIONs have been extended to largely remove the
    need for the hosts file.

6)  It is now possible to define PREROUTING and OUTPUT marking rules
    that cause new connections to use the same provider as an existing
    connection of the same kind.

7)  Dynamic Zone support is once again available for IPv4; ipset support is
    required in your kernel and in iptables.

8)  A new AUTOMAKE option has been added to shorewall.conf and
    shorewall6.conf. Setting this option will allow Shorewall to skip
    the compilation phase during start/restart if no configuration
    changes have occurred since the last start/restart.

9)  The LIMIT:BURST column in /etc/shorewall/policy
    (/etc/shorewall6/policy) and the RATE LIMIT column in
    /etc/shorewall/rules (/etc/shorewall6/rules) may now be used to
    limit on a per source IP or per destination IP basis.

10) Support for per-IP traffic shaping classes has been added.

11) Support for netfilter's TRACE facility has been added. TRACE allows
    you to trace selected packets through Netfilter, including marking
    by tcrules. 

12) You may now preview the generated ruleset by using the '-r' option
    to the 'check' command (e.g., "shorewall check -r").

13) A new simplified Traffic Shaping facility is now available.

14) Additional ruleset optimization options are available.

15) TPROXY support has been added.

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                  I I.  M I G R A T I O N   I S S U E S
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1)  If you are currently using Shorewall-shell:

    a) In shorewall.conf, if you have specified
       "SHOREWALL_COMPILER=shell" then you must either:

       -  change that specification to "SHOREWALL_COMPILER=perl"; or
       -  change that specification to "SHOREWALL_COMPILER="; or
       -  delete the specification altogether.

       Failure to do so will result in the following warning:

       WARNING: SHOREWALL_COMPILER=shell ignored. Shorewall-shell
                support has been removed in this release.

    b) Review the migration issues at
       http://www.shorewall.net/LennyToSqueeze.html and make changes as
       required.

    We strongly recommend that you migrate to Shorewall-perl on your
    current Shorewall version before upgrading to Shorewall 4.4.0. That
    way, you can have both Shorewall-shell and Shorewall-perl available
    until you are certain that Shorewall-perl is working correctly for
    you.

2)  The 'shorewall stop', 'shorewall clear', 'shorewall6 stop' and
    'shorewall6 clear' commands no longer read the 'routestopped'
    file. The 'routestopped' file used is the one that was present at
    the last 'start', 'restart' or 'restore' command.

    IMPORTANT: If you modify the routestopped file, you must refresh or
    restart Shorewall before the changes to that file take effect.

3)  The old macro parameter syntax (e.g., SSH/ACCEPT) is now deprecated
    in favor of the new syntax (e.g., SSH(ACCEPT)). The 4.4 documentation
    uses the new syntax exclusively, although the old syntax
    continues to be supported.

    The sample configurations also use the new syntax.

4)  Support for the SAME target in /etc/shorewall/masq and
    /etc/shorewall/rules has been removed, following the removal of the
    underlying support in the Linux kernel.

5)  Supplying an interface name in the SOURCE column of
    /etc/shorewall/masq is now deprecated. Entering the name of an
    interface there will result in a compile-time warning:

    WARNING: Using an interface as the masq SOURCE requires the
             interface to be up and configured when Shorewall
             starts/restarts

    To avoid this warning, replace interface names by the corresponding
    network(s) in CIDR format (e.g., 192.168.144.0/24).

6)  Previously, Shorewall has treated traffic shaping class IDs as
    decimal numbers (or pairs of decimal numbers). That worked fine
    until IPMARK was implemented. IPMARK requires Shorewall to generate
    class Ids in numeric sequence. In 4.3.9, that didn't work correctly
    because Shorewall was generating the sequence "..8,9,10,11..." when
    the correct sequence was "...8,9,a,b,...". Shorewall now treats
    class IDs as hex, as do 'tc' and 'iptables'.

    This should only be an issue if you have more than 9 interfaces
    defined in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices and if you use class IDs in
    /etc/shorewall/tcrules or /etc/shorewall/tcfilters. You will need
    to renumber the class IDs for devices 10 and greater.

7)  Support for the 'norfc1918' interface and host option has been
    removed. If 'norfc1918' is specified for an entry in either the
    interfaces or the hosts file, a warning is issued and the option is
    ignored. Simply remove the option to avoid the warning.

    Similarly, if RFC1918_STRICT=Yes or a non-empty RFC1918_LOG_LEVEL
    is given in shorewall.conf, a warning will be issued and the option
    will be ignored.

    You may simply delete the RFC1918-related options from your
    shorewall.conf file if you are seeing warnings regarding them.

    Users who currently use 'norfc1918' are encouraged to consider
    using NULL_ROUTE_RFC1918=Yes instead.

8)  The install.sh scripts in the Shorewall and Shorewall6 packages no
    longer create a backup copy of the existing configuration. If you
    want your configuration backed up prior to upgrading, you will
    need to do that yourself. 

    As part of this change, the fallback.sh scripts are no longer
    released.

9)  In earlier releases, if an ipsec zone was defined as a sub-zone of
    an ipv4 or ipv6 zone using the special <child>:<parent>,... syntax,
    CONTINUE policies for the sub-zone did not work as
    expected. Traffic that was not matched by a sub-zone rule was not
    compared against the parent zone(s) rules.

    In 4.4.0, such traffic IS compared against the parent zone rules.

10) The name 'any' is now reserved and may not be used as a zone name.

11) Perl module initialization has changed in Shorewall
    4.4.1. Previously, each Shorewall Perl package would initialize its
    global variables for IPv4 in an INIT block. Then, if the
    compilation turned out to be for IPv6,
    Shorewall::Compiler::compiler() would reinitialize them for IPv6.

    Beginning in Shorewall 4.4.1, the modules do not initialize
    themselves in an INIT block. So if you use Shorewall modules
    outside of the Shorewall compilation environment, then you must
    explicitly call the module's 'initialize' function after the module
    has been loaded.

12) Checking for zone membership has been tighened up. Previously, 
    a zone could contain <interface>:0.0.0.0/0 along with other hosts;
    now, if the zone has <interface>:0.0.0.0/0 (even with exclusions),
    then it may have no additional members in /etc/shorewall/hosts.

13) ADD_IP_ALIASES=No is now the setting in the released shorewall.conf
    and in all of the samples. This will not affect you during upgrade
    unless you choose to replace your current shorewall.conf with the
    one from the release (not recommended).

14) The names of interface configuration variables in generated scripts
    have been changed to insure uniqueness. These names now begin with
    SW_.

    This change will only affect you if your extension scripts are
    using one or more of these variables.

          Old Variable Name                   New Variable Name
          -----------------------------------------------------
	  iface_ADDRESS                        SW_iface_ADDRESS
	  iface_BCASTS                         SW_iface_BCASTS
	  iface_ACASTS                         SW_iface_ACASTS
	  iface_GATEWAY                        SW_iface_GATEWAY
	  iface_ADDRESSES                      SW_iface_ADDRESSES
	  iface_NETWORKS                       SW_iface_NETWORKS
	  iface_MAC                            SW_iface_MAC
	  
	  provider_IS_USABLE                   SW_provider_IS_USABLE

    where 'iface' is a capitalized interface name (e.g., ETH0) and
    'provider' is the capitalized name of a provider.
	  
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I I I.  P R O B L E M S   C O R R E C T E D   I N   T H I S  R E L E A S E
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1)  A CONTINUE rule specifying a log level would cause the compiler to 
    generate an incorrect rule sequence. The packet would be logged
    but the CONTINUE action would not occur.

2)  If multiple entries were present in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices and
    globally unique class numbers were not explicitly specified in
    /etc/shorewall/tcclasses, then 'shorewall start' would fail with a
    diagnostic such as:

    Setting up Traffic Control...
    RTNETLINK answers: File exists
      ERROR: Command "tc qdisc add dev eth1 parent 2:2 handle 2: sfq quantum
             1500 limit 127 perturb 10" Failed
    Processing /etc/shorewall/stop ...

3)  Previously, when a low per-IP rate limit (such as 1/hour) was
    specified, the effective enforced rate was much higher
    (approximately 6/min). The Shorewall compiler now configures the
    hashlimit table idle timeout based on the rate units (min, hour,
    ...) so that the rate is more accurately enforced.

    As part of this change, a unique hash table name is assigned to
    each per-IP rate limiting rule that does not specify a table name
    in the rule. The assigned names are of the form 'shorewallN' where
    N is an integer. Previously, all such rules shared a single
    'shorewall' table which lead to unexpected results.

4)  All versions of Shorewall-perl mishandle per-IP rate limiting in
    REDIRECT, DNAT and ACCEPT+ rules. The effective rate and burst are
    1/2 of the values given in the rule.

5)  Detection of the 'Old hashlimit match' capability was broken in
    /sbin/shorewall, /sbin/shorewall-lite and in the IPv4 version of 
    shorecap.

6)  On older distributions such as RHEL5 and derivatives, Shorewall
    would fail to start if a TYPE was specified in
    /etc/shorewall/tcinterfaces and LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY had been
    specified in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.

7)  The Debian init scripts are modified to include $remote_fs in the 
    Required-start and Required-stop specifications.

8)  Previously, when a supported command failed, the Debian Shorewall
    init script would still return a success (zero) exit status. It now
    returns a failure status (1) when the command fails.

9)  Previously, if a queue number was specified in an NFQUEUE policy
    (e.g., NFQUEUE(0)), invalid iptables-restore input would be
    generated.

10) Previously, with optimization 4, users of ipsec on older releases
    such as RHEL5 and CentOS, could encounter an error similar to this
    one:

    Running /sbin/iptables-restore...
    iptables-restore v1.3.5: Unknown arg `out'
    Error occurred at line: 93
    Try `iptables-restore -h' or 'iptables-restore --help' for more
        information.
    	ERROR: iptables-restore Failed. Input is in
               /var/lib/shorewall/.iptables-restore-input

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           I V. K N O W N   P R O B L E M S   R E M A I N I N G
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None.

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         V.  N E W   F E A T U R E S   I N   T H I S  R E L E A S E
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1)  To avoid variable name collisions, a number of shell variable names
    that Shorewall uses and that are in all capital letters have been
    changed. The following variables are now safe to use in your
    /etc/shorewall/params file and in your extension scripts:

        DEBUG
	ECHO_E
	ECHO_N
	EXPORT
	FAST
	HOSTNAME
	IPT_OPTIONS
	NOROUTES
	PREVIEW
	PRODUCT
	PROFILE
	PURGE
	RECOVERING
	RESTOREPATH
	RING_BELL
	STOPPING
	TEST
	TIMESTAMP
	USE_VERBOSITY
	VERBOSE
	VERBOSE_OFFSET
	VERSION
	
    See Migration Issue 14 above for additional information.

2)  The Shorewall and Shorewall6 installers now accept a '-s' (sparse)
    option. That option causes only shorewall.conf to be installed in
    /etc/shorewall/.

3)  An OpenPGP HTTP Keyserver Protocol (HKP) macro (macro.HKP) has been
    contributed.

4)  In an attempt to help those who don't read the documentation, the
    compiler now flags apparent use of '-' as a port range separator
    with an error message.

    Example:

    /etc/shorewall/rules

       #ACTION    SOURCE     DEST      PROTO    DEST
       #                                        PORT(S)
       ACCEPT	  net        fw        tcp      21-22

    Resulting error message

       ERROR: The separator for a port range is ':', not '-' (21-22) : 
              /etc/shorewall/rules (line 3)
 
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V I.  P R O B L E M S  C O R R E C T E D  A N D  N E W   F E A T U R E S
      I N   P R I O R  R E L E A S E S
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        P R O B L E M S   C O R R E C T E D   I N   4 . 4 . 7
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1)  The tcinterfaces and tcpri files are now installed by the
    installer and are included in the rpm.

2)  An invalid octal number (e.g., 080) appearing in a port list
    resulted in a perl error message. 

    As part of this fix, both hex and octal numbers are now accepted
    for protocol and port numbers.

3)  In 4.4.6, if a system:

    a) Had mangle table support.
    b) Had a FORWARD chain in the mangle table.
    c) Did not have MARK Target support.

    then 'shorewall start' would fail.

4)  Previously, the 'nosmurfs' option was ignored in IPv6
    compilations. As part of this fix, 'nosmurfs' handling when
    SMURF_LOG_LEVEL is specified has been improved for both IPv4 and
    IPv6.

5)  Previously, specifying a TYPE in /etc/shorewall/tcinterfaces would
    cause start/restart to fail on systems lacking 'flow' classifier
    support. In Shorewall 4.4.7, we detect the ability of the 'tc'
    utility to support that classifier.

    There are two caveats:

    - 'tc' may support 'flow' but the kernel does not. In that case,
      start/restart will still fail.

    - If you use a capabilities file, you will need to regenerate the
      file using shorewall-lite 4.4.7 in order for 'flow' to be
      accurately detected. If you do not regenerate the file, the
      compiler will use other hints to try to determine if 'flow' is
      available.

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                N E W   F E A T U R E S   I N   4 . 4 . 7
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1)  The OPTIMIZE option value is now a bit-map with each bit
    controlling a separate set of optimizations.

    - The low-order bit (value 1) controls optimizations available in
      earlier releases. We refer to this optimization as "optimization
      1".

    - The next bit (value 2) suppresses superfluous ACCEPT rules in a
      policy chain that implements an ACCEPT policy. Any ACCEPT rules
      that immediately preceed the final blanket ACCEPT rule in the
      chain are now omitted. We refer to this optimization as
      "optimization 2".

    - The next bit (value 4 or "optimization 4") enables the following
      additional optimizations:

      a) Empty chains are optimized away.
      b) Chains with one rule are optimized away.
      c) If a built-in chain has a single rule that branches to a
         second chain, then the rules from the second chain are moved
         to the built-in chain and the target chain is omitted.
      d) Chains with no references are deleted.
      e) Accounting chains are subject to optimization if the new
         OPTIMIZE_ACCOUNTING option is set to 'Yes' (default is 'No').
      f) If a chain ends with an unconditional branch to a second chain
         (other than to 'reject'), then the branch is deleted from the
         first chain and the rules from the second chain are appended
         to it. 

      The following chains are exempted from optimization 4:

    	  action chains (user-created).
    	  accounting chains (unless OPTIMIZE_ACCOUNTING=Yes)
    	  dynamic
	  forwardUPnP
	  logdrop
	  logreject
	  rules chains (those of the form zonea2zoneb or zonea-zoneb).
	  UPnP (nat table).

    To enable all possible optimizations, set OPTIMIZE to 7 (1 + 2 +
    4).

2)  Shorewall now combines identical logging chains. Previously, a
    separate chain was created for each logging rule.

3)  Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.7, accounting can be disabled by
    setting ACCOUNTING=No in shorewall.conf. This allows you to keep a
    set of accounting rules configured in /etc/shorewall/accounting and
    to then enable and disable them by simply toggling the setting of
    ACCOUNTING.

    Similarly, dynamic blacklisting can be disabled by setting
    DYNAMIC_BLACKLIST=No. This saves a jump rule in the INPUT
    and FORWARD filter chains..

4)  Shorewall can now automatically assign mark values to providers in
    cases where 'track' is specified (or TRACK_PROVIDERS=Yes) but
    packet marking is otherwise not used for directing connections to a
    particular provider. Simply specify '-' in the MARK column and
    Shorewall will automatically assign a mark value.

5)  Support for TPROXY has been added. See
    http://www.shorewall.net/Shorewall_Squid_Usage.html#TPROXY.

6)  Traditionally, Shorewall has loaded all modules that could possibly
    be needed twice; once in the compiler, and once when the generated
    script is initialized. The latter can be a time-consuming process
    on slow hardware.

    Beginning with 4.4.7, there is a LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY option in
    shorewall.conf. For existing users, LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY=No is the
    default.

    For new users that employ the sample configurations,
    LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY=Yes will be the default. That setting causes only
    a small subset of modules to be loaded; it is assumed that the
    remaining modules will be autoloaded. Additionally, capability
    detection in the compiler is deferred until each capability is
    actually used. As a consequence, no modules are autoloaded
    unnecessarily.

    Modules loaded when LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY=Yes are the protocol
    helpers. These cannot be autoloaded.
    
    In addition, the nf_conntrack_sip module is loaded with
    sip_direct_media=0. This setting is slightly less secure than
    sip_direct_media=1, but it solves many VOIP problems that users
    routinely encounter.

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        P R O B L E M S   C O R R E C T E D   I N   4 . 4 . 6
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1)  A 'feature' of xtables-addons when applied to Debian Lenny causes
    extra /31 networks to appear for nethash sets in the output of
    "ipset -L" and "ipset -S". A hack has been added to prevent these
    from being saved when Shorewall is saving IPSETS during 'stop'.

    As part of this change, the generated script is more careful about
    verifying the existence of the correct ipset utility before using
    it to save the contents of the sets.

2)  The mDNS macro previously did not include IGMP (protocol 2) and it
    did not specify the mDNS multicast address (224.0.0.251). These
    omissions have been corrected.

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                N E W   F E A T U R E S   I N   4 . 4 . 6
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1)  In kernel 2.6.31, the handling of the rp_filter interface option was
    changed incompatibly. Previously, the effective value was determined
    by the setting of net.ipv4.config.dev.rp_filter logically ANDed with
    the setting of net.ipv4.config.all.rp_filter.

    Beginning with kernel 2.6.31, the value is the arithmetic MAX of
    those two values. 

    Given that Shorewall sets net.ipv4.config.all.rp_filter to 1 if
    there are any interfaces specifying 'routefilter', specifying
    'routefilter' on any interface has the effect of setting the option
    on all interfaces.

    To allow Shorewall to handle this issue, a number of changes were
    necessary:

    a)  There is no way to safely determine if a kernel supports the
        new semantics or the old so the Shorewall compiler uses the
        kernel version reported by uname.

    b)  This means that the kernel version is now recorded in
        the capabilities file. So if you use capabilities files, you
        need to regenerate the files with Shorewall[-lite] 4.4.6 or
        later.

    c)  If the capabilities file does not contain a kernel version,
        the compiler assumes version 2.6.30 (the old rp_filter
        behavior).

    d)  The ROUTE_FILTER option in shorewall.conf now accepts the
    	following values:

	0 or No  - Shorewall sets net.ipv4.config.all.rp_filter to 0.
	1 or Yes - Shorewall sets net.ipv4.config.all.rp_filter to 1.
	2        - Shorewall sets net.ipv4.config.all.rp_filter to 2.
	Keep	 - Shorewall does not change the setting of
	           net.ipv4.config.all.rp_filter if the kernel version
		   is 2.6.31 or later.
        
	The default remains Keep.

    e)  The 'routefilter' interface option can have values 0,1 or 2. If
    	'routefilter' is specified without a value, the value 1 is
    	assumed.

2)  SAVE_IPSETS=Yes has been resurrected but in a different form. With
    this setting, the contents of your ipsets are saved during 'shorewall
    stop' and 'shorewall save' and they are restored during 'shorewall
    start' and 'shorewall restore'. Note that the contents may only be
    restored during 'restore' if the firewall is currently in the
    stopped state and there are no ipsets currently in use. In
    particular, when 'restore' is being executed to recover from a
    failed start/restart, the contents of the ipsets are not changed.

    When SAVE_IPSETS=Yes, you may not include ipsets in your
    /etc/shorewall/routestopped configuration.

3)  IPv6 addresses following a colon (":") may either be surrounded by
    <..> or by the more standard [..].

4)  A DHCPfwd macro has been added that allows unicast DHCP traffic to
    be forwarded through the firewall. Courtesy of Tuomo Soini.

5)  Shorewall (/sbin/shorewall) now supports a 'show macro' command:

    	      shorewall show macro <macro>

    Example:

    	      shorewall show macro LDAP

    The command displays the contents of the macro.<macro> file.

6)  You may now preview the generated ruleset by using the '-r' option
    to the 'check' command (e.g., "shorewall check -r").

    The output is a shell script fragment, similar to the way it
    appears in the generated script.

7)  It is now possible to enable a simplified traffic shaping
    facility by setting TC_ENABLED=Simple in shorewall.conf.

    See http://www.shorewall.net/simple_traffic_shaping.html for
    details.

8)  Previously, when TC_EXPERT=No, packets arriving through 'tracked'
    provider interfaces were unconditionally passed to the PREROUTING
    tcrules. This was done so that tcrules could reset the packet mark
    to zero, thus allowing the packet to be routed using the 'main'
    routing table. Using the main table allowed dynamic routes (such as
    those added for VPNs) to be effective.

    The route_rules file was created to provide a better alternative
    to clearing the packet mark. As a consequence, passing these
    packets to PREROUTING complicates things without providing any real
    benefit.

    Beginning with this release, when TRACK_PROVIDERS=Yes and TC_EXPERT=No,
    packets arriving through 'tracked' interfaces will not be passed to
    the PREROUTING rules. Since TRACK_PROVIDERS was just introduced in
    4.4.3, this change should be transparent to most, if not all, users.

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          P R O B L E M S   C O R R E C T E D   I N   4 . 4 . 5
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1)  The change which removed the 15 port limitation on
    /etc/shorewall/routestopped was incomplete. The result was that if
    more than 15 ports were listed, an error was generated.

2)  If any interfaces had the 'bridge' option specified, compilation
    failed with the error:

    Undefined subroutine &Shorewall::Rules::match_source_interface called 
    at /usr/share/shorewall/Shorewall/Rules.pm line 2319.

3)  The compiler now flags port number 0 as an error in all
    contexts. Previously, port 0 was allowed with the result that
    invalid iptables-restore input could be generated in some cases.

4)  The 'show policies' command now works in Shorewall6 and
    Shorewall6-lite.

5)  Traffic shaping modules from /lib/modules/<version>/net/sched/ are
    now correctly loaded. Previously, that directory was not
    searched. Additionally, Shorewall6 now tries to load the cls_flow
    module; previously, only Shorewall attempts to load that module.

6)  The Shorewall6-lite shorecap program was previously including the
    IPv4 base library rather than the IPv6 version. Also, Shorewall6
    capability detection was determing the availablity of the mangle
    capability before it had determined if ip6tables was installed.

7)  The setting of MODULE_SUFFIX was previously ignored except when
    compiling for export.

8)  Detection of the Enhanced Reject capability in the compiler was
    broken for IPv4 compilations.

9)  The 'reload -c' command would ignore the setting of DONT_LOAD in
    shorewall.conf. The 'reload' command without '-c' worked as
    expected. 

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                N E W   F E A T U R E S   I N   4 . 4 . 5
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1)  Shorewall now allows DNAT rules that change only the destination
    port.

    Example:

	DNAT	loc	net::456	udp	234

    That rule will modify the destination port in UDP packets received
    from the 'loc' zone from 456 to 234. Note that if the destination
    is the firewall itself, then the destination port will be rewritten
    but that no ACCEPT rule from the loc zone to the $FW zone will have
    been created to handle the request. So such rules should probably
    exclude the firewall's IP addresses in the ORIGINAL DEST column.

2)  Systems that do not log Netfilter messages locally can now set
    LOGFILE=/dev/null in shorewall.conf.

3)  The 'shorewall show connections' and 'shorewall dump' commands now
    display the current number of connections and the max supported
    connections.

    Example:

	shorewall show connections
    	Shorewall 4.5.0 Connections (62 out of 65536) at gateway - Sat ...

    In that case, there were 62 current connections out of a maximum
    number supported of 65536.

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          P R O B L E M S   C O R R E C T E D   I N   4 . 4 . 4
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1)  In some simple one-interface configurations, the following Perl
    run-time error messages were issued:

      Generating Rule Matrix...
      Use of uninitialized value in concatenation (.) or string at
      /usr/share/shorewall/Shorewall/Chains.pm line 649.
      Use of uninitialized value in concatenation (.) or string at
      /usr/share/shorewall/Shorewall/Chains.pm line 649.
      Creating iptables-restore input...

2)  The Shorewall operations log (specified by STARTUP_LOG) is now
    secured 0600.

3)  Previously, the compiler generated an incorrect test for interface
    availability in the generated code for adding route rules. The
    result was that the rules were always added, regardless of the
    state of the provider's interface. Now, the rules are only added
    when the interface is available.

4)  When TC_WIDE_MARKS=Yes and class numbers are not explicitly
    specified in /etc/shorewall/tcclasses, duplicate class numbers
    result. A typical error message is:

    	    ERROR: Command "tc class add dev eth3 parent 1:1 classid
    	    1:1 htb rate 1024kbit ceil 100000kbit prio 1 quantum 1500"
    	    Failed

    Note that the class ID of the class being added is a duplicate of
    the parent's class ID.

    Also, when TC_WIDE_MARKS=Yes, values > 255 in the MARK column of
    /etc/shorewall/tcclasses were rejected.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                N E W   F E A T U R E S   I N   4 . 4 . 4
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1)  The Shorewall packages now include a logrotate configuration file.

2)  The limit of 15 entries in a port list has been relaxed in
    /etc/shorewall/routestopped.

3)  The following seemingly valid configuration produces a fatal
    error reporting "Duplicate interface name (p+)"

    /etc/shorewall/zones:

       #ZONE		TYPE	
       fw		firewall
       world		ipv4
       z1:world		bport4
       z2:world		bport4

    /etc/shorewall/interfaces:

       #ZONE		INTERFACE	BROADCAST	OPTIONS
       world		br0		-		bridge
       world		br1		-		bridge
       z1		br0:p+
       z2		br1:p+

    This error occurs because the Shorewall implementation requires
    that each bridge port must have a unique name.

    To work around this problem, a new 'physical' interface option has
    been created. The above configuration may be defined using the
    following in /etc/shorewall/interfaces:

       #ZONE		INTERFACE	BROADCAST	OPTIONS
       world		br0		-		bridge
       world		br1		-		bridge
       z1		br0:x+		-		physical=p+
       z2		br1:y+		-		physical=p+

    In this configuration, 'x+' is the logical name for ports p+ on
    bridge br0 while 'y+' is the logical name for ports p+ on bridge
    br1.

    If you need to refer to a particular port on br1 (for example
    p1023), you write it as y1023; Shorewall will translate that name
    to p1023 when needed.

    It is allowed to have a physical name ending in '+' with a logical
    name that does not end with '+'. The reverse is not allowed; if the
    logical name ends in '+' then the physical name must also end in
    '+'.

    This feature is not restricted to bridge ports. Beginning with this
    release, the interface name in the INTERFACE column can be
    considered a logical name for the interface, and the actual
    interface name is specified using the 'physical' option. If no
    'physical' option is present, then the physical name is assumed to
    be the same as the logical name. As before, the logical interface
    name is used throughout the rest of the configuration to refer to
    the interface.

4)  Previously, Shorewall has used the character '2' to form the name
    of chains involving zones and/or the word 'all' (e.g., fw2net,
    all2all). When zones names are given numeric suffixes, these
    generated names are hard to read (e.g., foo1232bar). To make these
    names clearer, a ZONE2ZONE option has been added.

    ZONE2ZONE has a default value of "2" but can also be given the
    value "-" (e.g., ZONE2ZONE="-") which causes Shorewall to separate
    the two parts of the name with a hyphen (e.g., foo123-bar).

5)  Only one instance of the following warning is now generated;
    previously, one instance of a similar warning was generated for
    each COMMENT encountered.

	COMMENTs ignored -- require comment support in iptables/Netfilter

6)  The shorewall and shorewall6 utilities now support a 'show
    policies' command. Once Shorewall or Shorewall6 has been restarted
    using a script generated by this version, the 'show policies'
    command will list each pair of zones and give the applicable
    policy. If the policy is enforced in a chain, the name of the chain
    is given.

    Example:

	net 	=>	loc	DROP using chain net2all

    Note that implicit intrazone ACCEPT policies are not displayed for
    zones associated with a single network where that network
    doesn't specify 'routeback'.

7)  The 'show' and 'dump' commands now support an '-l' option which
    causes chain displays to include the rule number of each rule.

    (Type 'iptables -h' and look for '--line-number')

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
          P R O B L E M S   C O R R E C T E D   I N   4 . 4 . 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.  Previously, if 'routeback' was specified in /etc/shorewall/routestopped:

    a) 'shorewall check' produced an internal error
    b) The 'routeback' option didn't work

2)  If an alias IP address was added and RETAIN_ALIASES=No in
    shorewall.conf, then a compiler internal error resulted.

3)  Previously, the generated script would try to detect the values
    for all run-time variables (such as IP addresses), regardless of
    what command was being executed. Now, this information is only
    detected when it is needed.

4)  Nested zones where the parent zone was defined by a wildcard
    interface (name ends with +) in /etc/shorewall/interfaces did
    not work correctly in some cases.

5)  IPv4 addresses embedded in IPv6 (e.g., ::192.168.1.5) were
    incorrectly reported as invalid.

6)  Under certain circumstances, optional providers were not detected
    as being usable.

    Additionally, the messages issued when an optional provider was not
    usable were confusing; the message intended to be issued when the
    provider shared an interface ("WARNING: Gateway <gateway> is not
    reachable -- Provider <name> (<number>) not Added") was being
    issued when the provider did not share an interface. Similarly, the
    message intended to be issued when the provider did not share an
    interface ("WARNING: Interface <interface> is not usable --
    Provider <name> (<number>) not Added") was being issued when the
    provider did share an interface.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                N E W   F E A T U R E S   I N   4 . 4 . 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1)  On Debian systems, a default installation will now set
    INITLOG=/dev/null in /etc/default/shorewall. In all configurations,
    the default values for the log variables are changed to:

    	STARTUP_LOG=/var/log/shorewall-init.log
	LOG_VERBOSITY=2

    The effect is much the same as the old defaults, with the exception 
    that:

	a) Start, stop, etc. commands issued through /sbin/shorewall
	   will be logged.
	b) Logging will occur at maximum verbosity.
	c) Log entries will be date/time stamped.

    On non-Debian systems, new installs will now log all Shorewall 
    commands to /var/log/shorewall-init.log.

2)  A new TRACK_PROVIDERS option has been added in shorewall.conf.
    The value of this option becomes the default for the 'track'
    provider option in /etc/shorewall/providers.

3)  A new 'limit' option has been added to
    /etc/shorewall/tcclasses. This option specifies the number of
    packets that are allowed to be queued within the class. Packets
    exceeding this limit are dropped. The default value is 127 which is
    the value that earlier versions of Shorewall used.  The option is
    ignored with a warning if the 'pfifo' option has been specified.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
          P R O B L E M S   C O R R E C T E D   I N   4 . 4 . 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1)  Detection of Persistent SNAT was broken in the rules compiler. 

2)  Initialization of the compiler's chain table was occurring before 
    shorewall.conf had been read and before the capabilities had been
    determined. This could lead to incorrect rules and Perl runtime
    errors.

3)  The 'shorewall check' command previously did not detect errors in
    /etc/shorewall/routestopped.

4)  In earlier versions, if a file with the same name as a built-in
    action were present in the CONFIG_PATH, then the compiler would
    process that file like it was an extension script.

    The compiler now ignores the presence of such files.

5)  Several configuration issues which previously produced an error or
    warning are now handled differently.

    a)  MAPOLDACTIONS=Yes and MAPOLDACTIONS= in shorewall.conf are now
        handled as they were by the old shell-based compiler. That is,
        they cause pre-3.0 built-in actions to be mapped automatically
        to the corresponding macro invocation.

    b)  SAVE_IPSETS=Yes no longer produces a fatal error -- it is now a
        warning.

    c)  DYNAMIC_ZONES=Yes no longer produces a fatal error -- it is now
        a warning.

    d)  RFC1918_STRICT=Yes no longer produces a fatal error -- it is now
        a warning.

6)  Previously, it was not possible to specify an IP address range in
    the ADDRESS column of /etc/shorewall/masq. Thanks go to Jessee
    Shrieve for the patch.

7)  The 'wait4ifup' script included for Debian compatibility now runs
    correctly with no PATH.

8)  The new per-IP LIMIT feature now works with ancient iptables
    releases (e.g., 1.3.5 as found on RHEL 5). This change required
    testing for an additional capability which means that those who use
    a capabilities file should regenerate that file after installing
    4.4.2.

9)  One unintended difference between Shorewall-shell and
    Shorewall-perl was that Shorewall-perl did not support the MARK
    column in action bodies. This has been corrected.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                N E W   F E A T U R E S   I N   4 . 4 . 2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1)  Prior to this release, line continuation has taken precedence over 
    #-style comments. This prevented us from doing the following:

    	    ACCEPT    net:206.124.146.176,\   #Gateway
	    	          206.124.146.177,\   #Mail
			  206.124.146.178\    #Server
			  		      ...
    
    Now, unless a line ends with '\', any trailing comment is stripped
    off (including any white-space preceding the '#'). Then if the line
    ends with '\', it is treated as a continuation line as normal.

2)  Three new columns have been added to FORMAT-2 macro bodies.

    	  MARK
	  CONNLIMIT
	  TIME

    These three columns correspond to the similar columns in
    /etc/shorewall/rules and must be empty in macros invoked from an
    action.

3)  Accounting chains may now have extension scripts. Simply place your
    Perl script in the file /etc/shorewall/<chain> and when the
    accounting chain named <chain> is created, your script will be
    invoked.

    As usual, the variable $chainref will contain a reference to the
    chain's table entry.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
          P R O B L E M S   C O R R E C T E D   I N   4 . 4 . 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1)  If ULOG was specified as the LOG LEVEL in the all->all policy, the
    rules at the end of the INPUT and OUTPUT chains would still use the
    LOG target rather than ULOG.

2)  Using CONTINUE policies with a nested IPSEC zone was still broken
    in some cases.

3)  The setting of IP_FORWARDING has been change to Off in the
    one-interface sample configuration since forwarding is typically
    not required with only a single interface.

4)  If MULTICAST=Yes in shorewall.conf, multicast traffic was
    incorrectly exempted from ACCEPT policies.

5)  Previously, the definition of a zone that specified "nets=" in
    /etc/shorewall/interfaces could not be extended by entries in
    /etc/shorewall/hosts.

6)  Previously, "nets=" could be specified in a multi-zone interface
    definition ("-" in the ZONES column) in /etc/shorewall/zones. This
    now raises a fatal compilation error.

7)  MULTICAST=Yes generates an incorrect rule that limits its
    effectiveness to a small part of the multicast address space.

8)  Checking for zone membership has been tighened up. Previously, 
    a zone could contain <interface>:0.0.0.0/0 along with other hosts;
    now, if the zone has <interface>:0.0.0.0/0 (even with exclusions),
    then it may have no additional members in /etc/shorewall/hosts.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                N E W   F E A T U R E S   I N   4 . 4 . 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1)  To replace the SAME keyword in /etc/shorewall/masq, support has
    been added for 'persistent' SNAT. Persistent SNAT is required when
    an address range is specified in the ADDRESS column and when you
    want a client to always receive the same source/destination IP
    pair. It replaces SAME: which was removed in Shorewall 4.4.0.

    To specify persistence, follow the address range with
    ":persistent".

    Example:

    #INTERFACE	SOURCE	   ADDRESS
    eth0	0.0.0.0/0  206.124.146.177-206.124.146.179:persistent

    This feature requires Persistent SNAT support in your kernel and
    iptables. 

    If you use a capabilities file, you will need to create a new one
    as a result of this feature.

    WARNING: Linux kernels beginning with 2.6.29 include persistent
    SNAT support. If your iptables supports persistent SNAT but your
    kernel does not, there is no way for Shorewall to determine that
    persistent SNAT isn't going to work. The kernel SNAT code blindly
    accepts all SNAT flags without verifying them and returns them to
    iptables when asked.

2)  A 'clean' target has been added to the Makefiles. It removes backup
    files (*~ and .*~). 

3)  The meaning of 'full' has been redefined when used in the context
    of a traffic shaping sub-class. Previously, 'full' always meant the
    OUT-BANDWIDTH of the device. In the case of a sub-class, however,
    that definition is awkward to use because the sub-class is limited
    by the parent class.

    Beginning with this release, 'full' in a sub-class definition
    refers to the specified rate defined for the parent class. So
    'full' used in the RATE column refers to the parent class's RATE;
    when used in the CEIL column, 'full' refers to the parent class's
    CEIL.

    As part of this change, the compiler now issues a warning if the
    sum of the top-level classes' RATEs exceeds the OUT-BANDWIDTH of
    the device. Similarly, a warning is issued if the sum of the RATEs
    of a class's sub-classes exceeds the rate of the CLASS.

4)  When 'nets=<network>' or 'nets=(<net1>,<net2>,...) is specified in
    /etc/shorewall/interfaces, multicast traffic will now be sent to
    the zone along with limited broadcasts.

5)  A flaw in the parsing logic for the zones file allowed most zone
    types containing the character string 'ip' to be accepted as a
    synonym for 'ipv4' (or ipv6 if compiling an IPv6 configuration).

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                N E W   F E A T U R E S   I N   4 . 4 . 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1)  The Shorewall packaging has been completely revamped in Shorewall
    4.4.

    The new packages are:

    - Shorewall.   Includes the former Shorewall-common and
                   Shorewall-perl packages. Includes everything needed
                   to create an IPv4 firewall.

		   Shorewall-shell is no longer available.

    - Shorewall6.  Requires Shorewall. Adds the components necessary to
      		   create an IPv6 firewall.

    - Shorewall-lite

		   May be installed on a firewall system to run
		   IPv4 firewall scripts generated by Shorewall.

    - Shorewall6-lite

		   May be installed on a firewall system to run
		   IPv6 firewall scripts generated by Shorewall6.

2)  The interfaces file supports a new 'nets=' option. This option
    allows you to restrict a zone's definition to particular networks
    through an interface without having to use the hosts file.

    Example interfaces file:

    #ZONE	INTERFACE	BROADCAST		OPTIONS
    loc		eth3		detect			dhcp,logmartians=1,routefilter=1,nets=172.20.1.0/24
    dmz     	eth4		detect			logmartians=1,routefilter=1,nets=206.124.146.177
    net		eth0		detect			dhcp,blacklist,tcpflags,optional,routefilter=0,nets=(!172.20.0.0/24,206.124.146.177)
    net		eth2		detect			dhcp,blacklist,tcpflags,optional,upnp,routefilter=0,nets=(!172.20.0.0/24,206.124.146.177)
    loc		tun+		detect			nets=172.20.0.0/24
    #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES BEFORE THIS ONE -- DO NOT REMOVE

    Note that when more than one network address is listed, the list
    must be enclosed in parentheses. Notice also that exclusion may be
    used.

    The first entry in the above interfaces file is equivalent to the
    following:

    interfaces:

    #ZONE	INTERFACE	BROADCAST		OPTIONS
    -		eth0		detect			dhcp,logmartians=1,routefilter=1

    hosts:

    #ZONE	HOST(S)					OPTIONS
    loc		$INT_IF:192.20.1.0/24			broadcast

    Note that the 'broadcast' option is automatically assumed and need
    not be explicitly specified.

3)  Some websites run applications that require multiple connections
    from a client browser. Where multiple 'balanced' providers are
    configured, this can lead to problems when some of the connections
    are routed through one provider and some through another.

    To work around this issue, the SAME target has been added to
    /etc/shorewall/tcrules. SAME may be used in the PREROUTING and
    OUTPUT chains. When used in PREROUTING, it causes matching
    connections from an individual local system to all use the same
    provider.

    For example:

    	SAME:P	192.168.1.0/24	-	tcp	80,443

    If a host in 192.168.1.0/24 attempts a connection on TCP port 80 or
    443 and it has sent a packet on either of those ports in the last
    five minutes then the new connection will use the same provider as
    the connection over which that last packet was sent.

    When used in the OUTPUT chain, it causes all matching connections
    to an individual remote system to use the same provider.

    For example:

    	SAME	$FW	-	tcp	80,443

    If the firewall attempts a connection on TCP port 80 or
    443 and it has sent a packet on either of those ports in the last
    five minutes to the same remote system then the new connection will
    use the same provider as the connection over which that last packet
    was sent.

    Important note: SAME only works with providers that have the
    'track' option specified in /etc/shorewall/providers.

4)  The file /var/lib/shorewall/.restore has been renamed to
    /var/lib/shorewall/firewall. A similar change has been made in
    Shorewall6.

    When a successful start or restart is completed, the script that
    executed the command copies itself to
    /var/lib/shorewall[6]/firewall.

    As always, /var/lib/shorewall[6] is the default directory which may
    be overridden using the /etc/shorewall[6]/vardir file.

5)  Dynamic zone support is once again available for IPv4. This support 
    is built on top of ipsets so you must have the xtables-addons
    installed on the firewall system.

    See http://www.shorewall.net/Dynamic.html for information about
    this feature and for instructions for installing xtables-addons on
    your firewall.

    Dynamic zones are available when Shorewall-lite is used as well.

    You define a zone as having dynamic content in one of two ways:

    - By specifying nets=dynamic in the OPTIONS column of an entry for
      the zone in /etc/shorewall/interfaces; or

    - By specifying <interface>:dynamic in the HOST(S) column of an
      entry for the zone in /etc/shorewall/hosts.

    When there are any dynamic zones present in your configuration, 
    Shorewall (Shorewall-lite) will:

    a) Execute the following commands during 'shorewall start' or
       'shorewall-lite start'.

           ipset -U :all: :all:
	   ipset -U :all: :default:
	   ipset -F
	   ipset -X   
	   ipset -R < ${VARDIR}/ipsets.save

       where $VARDIR normally contains /var/lib/shorewall
       (/var/lib/shorewall-lite) but may be modified by
       /etc/shorewall/vardir (/etc/shorewall-lite/vardir).

    b) During 'start', 'restart' and 'restore' processing, Shorewall
       will attempt to create an ipset named <zone>_<interface>
       for each zone/interface pair that has been specified as
       dynamic. The type of ipset created is 'iphash' so that only
       individual IPv4 addresses may be added to the set.

    c) Execute the following commands during 'shorewall stop' or
       'shorewall-lite stop':

           if ipset -S > ${VARDIR}/ipsets.tmp; then
              mv -f ${VARDIR}/ipsets.tmp ${VARDIR}/ipsets.save
	   fi

    The 'shorewall add' and 'shorewall delete' commands are supported
    with their original syntax:

           add <interface>[:<host-list>] ... <zone>

           delete <interface>[:<host-list>] ... <zone>

    In addition, the 'show dynamic' command is added that lists the dynamic
    content of a zone.

    	    show dynamic <zone>

    These commands are supported by shorewall-lite as well.

6)  The generated program now attempts to detect all dynamic
    information when it first starts. Dynamic information includes IP
    addresses, default gateways, networks routed through an interface,
    etc. If any of those steps fail, an error message is generated and
    the state of the firewall is not changed.

7)  To improve the readability of configuration files, Shorewall now
    allows leading white space in continuation lines when the continued
    line ends in ":" or ",".

    Example (/etc/shorewall/rules):

    #ACTION	SOURCE		DEST		PROTO		DEST
    #                                                           PORT(S)
    ACCEPT	net:\
    		206.124.146.177,\
		206.124.146.178,\
		206.124.146.180\
				dmz		tcp		873

    The leading white space on the lines that contain just an IP
    address is ignored so the SOURCE column effectively contains
    "net:206.124.146.177,206.124.147.178,206.124.146.180".

8)  The generated script now uses iptables[6]-restore to instantiate
    the Netfilter ruleset during processing of the 'stop' command. As a
    consequence, the 'critical' option in /etc/shorewall/route_stopped
    is no longer needed and will result in a warning.

9)  A new AUTOMAKE option has been added to shorewall.conf and
    shorewall6.conf. When set to 'Yes', this option causes new behavior
    during processing of the 'start' and 'restart' commands; if no
    files in /etc/shorewall/ (/etc/shorewall6) have changed since the last
    'start' or 'restart', then the compilation step is skipped and the
    script used during the last 'start' or 'restart' is used to
    start/restart the firewall.

    Note that if a <directory> is specified in the start/restart
    command (e.g., "shorewall restart /etc/shorewall.new") then the
    setting of AUTOMAKE is ignored.

    Note that the 'make' utility must be installed on the firewall
    system in order for AUTOMAKE=Yes to work correctly.

10) The 'compile' command now allows you to omit the <pathname>. When
    you do that, the <pathname> defaults to /var/lib/shorewall/firewall
    (/var/lib/shorewall6/firewall) unless you have overridden VARDIR
    using /etc/shorewall/vardir (/etc/shorewall6/vardir).

    When combined with AUTOMAKE=Yes, it allows the following:

    	 gateway:~ # shorewall compile
    	 Compiling...
    	 Shorewall configuration compiled to /root/shorewall/firewall
    	 gateway:~ #
	 ...
    	 gateway:~ # shorewall restart
    	 Restarting Shorewall....
    	 done.
    	 gateway:~ # 

    In other words, you can compile the current configuration then
    install it at a later time.

11) Thanks to I. Buijs, it is now possible to rate-limit connections by
    source IP or destination IP. The LIMIT:BURST column in
    /etc/shorewall/policy (/etc/shorewall6/policy) and the RATE LIMIT
    column /etc/shorewall/rules (/etc/shorewall6/rules) have been
    extended as follows:

    	[{s|d}:[[<name>]:]]<rate>/{sec|min}[:<burst>]

    When s: is specified, the rate is per source IP address.
    When d: is specified, the rate is per destination IP address.
    The <name> specifies the name of a hash table -- you get to choose
    the name. If you don't specify a name, the name 'shorewall' is
    assumed. Rules with the same name have their connection counts
    aggregated and the individual rates are applied to the aggregate.

    Example:

	ACCEPT	net   fw    tcp    22  - - s:ssh:3/min

    This will limit SSH connections from net->fw to 3 per minute.

    	ACCEPT	net   fw    tcp    25   - - s:mail:3/min
    	ACCEPT	net   fw    tcp    587  - - s:mail:3/min

    Since the same hash table name is used in both rules, the above is
    equivalent to this single rule:

    	ACCEPT	net   fw    tcp    25,587  - - s:mail:3/min

12) Rules that specify a log level with a target other than LOG or NFLOG
    are now implemented through a separate chain. While this may increase
    the processing cost slightly for packets that match these rules, it
    is expected to reduce the overall cost of such rules because each
    packet that doesn't match the rules only has to be processed once
    per rule rather than twice.

    Example:

    /etc/shorewall/rules:

	REJECT:info   loc       net      tcp    25

    This previously generated these two rules (long rules folded):

	 -A loc2net -p 6 --dport 25 -j LOG --log-level 6
	    --log-prefix "Shorewall:loc2net:reject:" 
	 -A loc2net -p 6 --dport 25 -j reject 

    It now generates these rules:

       	 :log0 - [0:0]
	 ...
	 -A loc2net -p 6 --dport 25 -g log0
	 ...
	 -A log0 -j LOG --log-level 6
	    --log-prefix "Shorewall:loc2net:REJECT:" 
	 -A log0 -j reject 

    Notice that now there is only a single rule generated in the
    'loc2net' chain where before there were two. Packets for other than

    TCP port 25 had to be processed by both rules.

    Notice also that the new LOG rule reflects the original action
    ("REJECT") rather than what Shorewall maps that to ("reject").

13) Shorewall6 has now been tested on kernel 2.6.24 (Ubuntu Hardy) and
    hence will now start successfully when running on that kernel.

14) Three new options (IP, TC and IPSET) have been added to
    shorewall.conf and shorwall6.conf. These options specify the name
    of the executable for the 'ip', 'tc' and 'ipset' utilities
    respectively.

    If not specified, the default values are:

       IP=ip
       TC=tc
       IPSET=ipset

    In other words, the utilities will be located via the current PATH
    setting.

15) There has been a desire in the user community to limit traffic by
    IP address using Shorewall traffic shaping. Heretofore, that has
    required a very inefficient process:

    a) Define a tcclass for each internal host (two, if shaping both in
       and out).
    b) Define a tcrule for each host to mark to classify the packets
       accordingly.

    Beginning with Shorewall 4.4, this process is made easier IF YOU
    ARE WILLING TO INSTALL xtables-addons. The feature requires IPMARK
    support in iptables[6] and your kernel. That support is available
    in xtables-addons.

    Instructions for installing xtables-addons may be found at
    http://www.shorewall.net/Dynamic.html#xtables-addons.

    The new facility has two components:

    a) A new IPMARK MARKing command in /etc/shorewall/tcrules.
    b) A new 'occurs' OPTION in /etc/shorewall/tcclasses.

    The facility is currently only available with IPv4.

    In a sense, the IPMARK target is more like an IPCLASSIFY target in
    that the mark value is later interpreted as a class ID. A packet
    mark is 32 bits wide; so is a class ID. The <major> class occupies
    the high-order 16 bits and the <minor> class occupies the low-order
    16 bits. So the class ID 1:4ff (remember that class IDs are always
    in hex) is equivalent to a mark value of 0x104ff. Remember that
    Shorewall uses the interface number as the <major> number where the
    first interface in tcdevices has <major> number 1, the second has
    <major> number 2, and so on.

    The IPMARK target assigns a mark to each matching packet based on
    the either the source or destination IP address. By default, it
    assigns a mark value equal to the low-order 8 bits of the source
    address.

    The syntax is as follows:

	IPMARK[([{src|dst}][,[<mask1>][,[<mask2>][,[<shift>]]]])]

    Default values are:

	    src
	    <mask1> = 0xFF
	    <mask2> = 0x00
	    <shift> = 0

     'src' and 'dst' specify whether the mark is to be based on the
     source or destination address respectively.

     The selected address is first shifted right by <shift>, then
     LANDed with <mask1> and then LORed with <mask2>. The <shift>
     argument is intended to be used primarily with IPv6 addresses.

     Example:

	IPMARK(src,0xff,0x10100)

        Destination IP address is 192.168.4.3 = 0xc0a80403

	0xc0a80403 >> 0         = 0xc0a80403
	0xc0a80403 LAND 0xFF    = 0x03
	0x03       LOR  0x10100 = 0x10103

	So the mark value is 0x10103 which corresponds to class id
	1:103.

    It is important to realize that, while class IDs are composed of a
    <major> and a <minor> value, the set of <minor> values must be
    unique. You must keep this in mind when deciding how to map IP
    addresses to class IDs. 

    For example, suppose that your internal network is 192.168.1.0/29
    (host IP addresses 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.6). Your first notion
    might be to use IPMARK(src,0xFF,0x10000) so as to produce class IDs
    1:1 through 1:6. But 1:1 is the class ID of the base HTB class on
    interface 1. So you might chose instead to use
    IPMARK(src,0xFF,0x10100) as shown in the example above so as to
    avoid minor class 1.

    The 'occurs' option in /etc/shorewall/tcclasses causes the class
    definition to be replicated many times. The synax is:

	 occurs=<number>

    When 'occurs' is used:

	 a) The associated device may not have the 'classify' option.
	 b) The class may not be the default class.
	 c) The class may not have any 'tos=' options (including
	    'tcp-ack').
	 d) The class should not specify a MARK value. Any MARK value
	    given is ignored with a warning.

    The 'RATE' and 'CEIL' parameters apply to each instance of the
    class. So the total RATE represented by an entry with 'occurs' will
    be the listed RATE multiplied by the 'occurs' number.

    Example:

	/etc/shorewall/tcdevices:

	#INTERFACE     IN-BANDWIDTH     OUT-BANDWIDTH
	eth0	       100mbit		100mbit

	/etc/shorewall/tcclasses:

	#DEVICE   MARK  RATE    CEIL    PRIORITY	OPTIONS
	eth0:101  -	1kbit	230kbit	       4	occurs=6

        The above defines 6 classes with class IDs 0x101-0x106. Each
        class has a guaranteed rate of 1kbit/second and a ceiling of
        230kbit.

	/etc/shoreall/tcrules:

	#MARK                      SOURCE              DEST
	IPMARK(src,0xff,0x10100):F 192.168.1.0/29      eth0

    This change also altered the way in which Shorewall generates a
    class number when none is given.

    - Prior to this change, the class number was constructed by concatinating
      the mark value with the either '1' or '10'. '10' was used when
      there were more than 10 devices defined in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices.

    - Beginning with this change, a new method is added; class numbers
      are assigned sequentially beginning with 2.

    The WIDE_TC_MARKS option in shorewall.conf selects which
    construction to use. WIDE_TC_MARKS=No (the default) produces
    pre-4.4 behavior. WIDE_TC_MARKS=Yes produces the new behavior.

    In addition to determining the method of constructing class Ids,
    WIDE_TC_MARKS=Yes provides for larger mark values for traffic
    shaping. Traffic shaping marks may have values up to 16383 (0x3fff)
    with WIDE_TC_MARKS=Yes. This means that when both WIDE_TC_MARKS=Yes and
    HIGH_ROUTE_MARKS=Yes, routing marks (/etc/shorewall/providers MARK
    column) must be >= 65536 (0x10000) and must be a multiple of 65536
    (0x1000, 0x20000, 0x30000, ...).

16) In the 'shorewall compile' and 'shorewall6 compile' commands, the
    filename '-' now causes the compiled script to be written to
    Standard Out. As a side effect, the effective VERBOSITY is set to
    -1 (silent).

    Examples:

	shorewall compile -- -  # Compile the configuration in
                        	# /etc/shorewall and send the
	                        # output to STDOUT
	shorewall compile . -   # Compile the configuration in the
		  	        # current working directory
		  	    	# and send the output to STDOUT

17) Supplying an interface name in the SOURCE column of
    /etc/shorewall/masq is now deprecated. Entering the name of an
    interface there will result in a compile-time warning (see the
    Migration Considerations above).

18) Shorewall now supports nested HTB traffic shaping classes.  The
    nested classes within a class can borrow from their parent class in
    the same way as the first level classes can borrow from the root
    class.

    To use nested classes, you must explicitly number your
    classes. That does not imply that you must use the 'classify'
    option.

    Example:

    /etc/shorewall/tcdevices

    #INTERFACE	IN-BANDWITH	OUT-BANDWIDTH	OPTIONS
    eth2	-		100mbps		classify

    /etc/shorewall/tcclasses

    #INTERFACE	MARK	RATE		CEIL	 PRIORITY	OPTIONS
    1:10	-	full/2		full		1
    1:100	-	16mbit		20mbit		2
    1:100:101	-	 8mbit		20mbit		3	default
    1:100:102	-	 8mbit		20mbit		3
     
    /etc/shorewall/tcrules

    #MARK	SOURCE		DEST
    1:102	0.0.0.0/0	eth2:172.20.1.107
    1:10	206.124.146.177	eth2
    1:10	172.20.1.254	eth2

    The above controls download for internal interface eth2. The
    external interface has a download rate of 20mbit so we guarantee
    that to class 1:100. 1:100 has two subclasses, each of which is
    guaranteed half of their parent's bandwidth.

    Local traffic (that coming from the firewall and from the DMZ
    server) is placed in the effectively unrestricted class 1:10. The
    default class is guaranteed half of the download capacity and my
    work system (172.20.1.107) is guarandeed the other half.	

19) Support for the "Hierarchical Fair Service Curve" (HFSC) queuing
    discipline has been added. HFSC is claimed to be superior to the
    "Hierarchical Token Bucket" queuing discipline where realtime
    traffic such as VOIP is being used.

    An excellent overview of HFSC on Linux may be found at
    http://linux-ip.net/articles/hfsc.en/.

    To use HFSC, several changes need to be made to your traffic
    shaping configuration:

    	    - To use HFSC on an interface rather than HTB, specify the
              'hfsc' option in the OPTIONS column in the interfaces's
              entry in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices.

	    - Modify the RATE colum  for each 'leaf' class (class with no
              parent class specified) defined for the interface.

	      When using HFSC, the RATE column may specify 1, 2 or 3
	      pieces of information separated by colons (":").

	      1. The Guaranteed bandwidth (as always).
	      2. The Maximum delay (DMAX) that the first queued packet
	         in the class should experience. The delay is expressed
	         in milliseconds and may be followed by 'ms' (e.g.,
	      	 10ms. Note that there may be no white space between the
	      	 number and 'ms'). 
              3. The maximum transmission unit (UMAX) for this class of
	         traffic. If not specified, the MTU of the interface is
		 used. The length is specified in bytes and may be
	         followed by 'b' (e.g., 800b. Note that there may be no
	         white space between the number and 'b').

              DMAX should be specified for each leaf class. The Shorewall
              compiler will issue a warning if DMAX is omitted.

	      Example:

		 full/2:10ms:1500b

                 Guaranteed bandwidth is 1/2 of the devices
                 OUT-BANDWIDTH. Maximum delay is 10ms. Maximum packet
                 size is 1500 bytes.

20) Optional TOS and LENGTH fields have been added to the tcfilters
    file.

    The TOS field may contain any of the following:

    	tos-minimize-delay
	tos-maximuze-throughput
	tos-maximize-reliability
	tos-minimize-cost
	tos-normal-service
	Hex-number
	Hex-number/Hex-number

    The hex numbers must have exactly two digits.

    The LENGTH value must be a numeric power of two between 32 and 8192
    inclusive. Packets with a total length that is strictly less that
    the specified value will match the rule.

21) Support for 'norfc1918' has been removed. See the Migration
    Considerations above.

22) A 'upnpclient' option has been added to
    /etc/shorewall/interfaces. This option is intended for laptop users
    who always run Shorewall on their system yet need to run
    UPnP-enabled client apps such as Transmission (BitTorrent client).

    The option causes Shorewall to detect the default gateway through
    the interface and to accept UDP packets from that gateway. Note
    that, like all aspects of UPnP, this is a security hole so use this
    option at your own risk.

23) 'iptrace' and 'noiptrace' commands have been added to both
    /sbin/shorewall and /sbin/shorewall6.

    These are low-level debugging commands that cause
    iptables/ip6tables TRACE log messages to be generated. See 'man
    iptables' and 'man ip6tables' for details.

    The syntax for the commands is:

    	iptrace <iptables/ip6tables match expression>
    	noiptrace <iptables/ip6tables match expression>

    iptrace starts the trace; noiptrace turns it off.

    The  match expression must be an expression that is legal in both
    the raw table OUTPUT and PREROUTING chains.

    Examaple:

	To trace all packets destinted for IP address 206.124.146.176:

	   shorewall iptrace -d 206.124.146.176

	To turn that trace off:

	   shorewall noiptrace -d 206.124.146.176

24) A USER/GROUP column has been added to /etc/shorewall/masq. The
    column works similarly to USER/GROUP columns in other Shorewall
    configuration files. Only locally-generated traffic is matched.

25) A new extension script, 'lib.private' has been added. This file is
    intended to include declarations of shell functions that will be
    called by the other run-time extension scripts. 

26) Paul Gear has contributed the following macros:

    	 macro.Webcache (originally named macro.DG)
 	 macro.IPPbrd
 	 macro.NTPbi
 	 macro.RIPbi
	 macro.mDNS

27) The default value of DISABLE_IPV6 has been changed from 'Yes' to
    'No' in all sample shorewall.conf files. Shorewall6 should be
    installed to restrict IPv6 traffic.

    As part of this change, the ip6tables program in the directory
    specified by the IPTABLES setting will be used to disable IPv6. If
    the iptables utility is discovered using the PATH setting, then
    ip6tables in the same directory as the discovered iptables will be
    used.

28) A 'flow=<keys>' option has been added to the
    /etc/shorewall/tcclasses OPTIONS column.

    Shorewall attaches an SFQ queuing discipline to each leaf HTB
    and HFSC class. SFQ ensures that each flow gets equal access to the
    interface. The default definition of a flow corresponds roughly to
    a Netfilter connection. So if one internal system is running
    BitTorrent, for example, it can have lots of 'flows' and can thus
    take up a larger share of the bandwidth than a system having only a
    single active connection. The flow classifier (module cls_flow)
    works around this by letting you define what a 'flow' is.

    The clasifier must be used carefully or it can block off all
    traffic on an interface!

    The flow option can be specified for an HTB or HFSC leaf class (one
    that has no sub-classes). We recommend that you use the following:

    	Shaping internet-bound traffic: flow=nfct-src
	Shaping traffic bound for your local net: flow=dst

    These will cause a 'flow' to consists of the traffic to/from each
    internal system.

    When more than one key is give, they must be enclosed in
    parenthesis and separated by commas.

    To see a list of the possible flow keys, run this command:

       tc filter add flow help

    Those that begin with "nfct-" are Netfilter connection tracking
    fields. As shown above, we recommend flow=nfct-src; that means that
    we want to use the source IP address before SNAT as the key.

    Note: Shorewall cannot determine ahead of time if the flow
    classifier is available in your kernel (especially if it was built
    into the kernel as opposed to being loaded as a
    module). Consequently, you should check ahead of time to ensure
    that both your kernel and 'tc' utility support the feature.

    You can test the 'tc' utility by typing (as root):

    	tc filter add flow help

    If flow is supported, you will see:

       Usage: ... flow ...

       	      [mapping mode]: map key KEY [ OPS ] ...
 	      [hashing mode]: hash keys KEY-LIST ...

       ...

    If flow is not supported, you will see:

       Unknown filter "flow", hence option "help" is unparsable
    
    If your kernel supports module autoloading, just type (as root):

       modprobe cls_flow

    If 'flow' is supported, no output is produced; otherwise, you will
    see:

       FATAL: Module cls_flow not found.
    
    If your kernel is not modularized or does not support module
     autoloading, look at your kernel configuration (either
    /proc/config.gz or the .config file in
    /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/build/

    If 'flow' is supported, you will see:

       NET_CLS_FLOW=m 

    or

       NET_CLS_FLOW=y

    For modularized kernels, Shorewall will attempt to load
    /lib/modules/<kernel-version>/net/sched/cls_flow.ko by default.