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content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
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<title>Configuration File Basics</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
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id="AutoNumber1" bgcolor="#3366ff" height="90">
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<tbody>
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<td width="100%">
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<h1 align="center"><font color="#ffffff">Configuration Files</font></h1>
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</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
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<p><b><font color="#ff0000">Warning: </font>If you copy or edit your configuration
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files on a system running Microsoft Windows, you <u>must</u>
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run them through <a
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href="http://www.megaloman.com/%7Ehany/software/hd2u/"> dos2unix</a>
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before you use them with Shorewall.</b></p>
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2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
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<h2><a name="Files"></a>Files</h2>
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<p>Shorewall's configuration files are in the directory /etc/shorewall.</p>
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<ul>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf - used to
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set several firewall parameters.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/params - use this file to
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set shell variables that you will expand in other files.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/zones - partition the firewall's
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view of the world into <i>zones.</i></li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/policy - establishes firewall
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high-level policy.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/interfaces - describes the
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interfaces on the firewall system.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/hosts - allows defining zones
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in terms of individual hosts and subnetworks.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/masq - directs the firewall
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where to use many-to-one (dynamic) Network Address Translation
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(a.k.a. Masquerading) and Source Network Address Translation
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(SNAT).</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/modules - directs the firewall
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to load kernel modules.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/rules - defines rules that
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are exceptions to the overall policies established in /etc/shorewall/policy.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/nat - defines static NAT
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rules.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/proxyarp - defines use of
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Proxy ARP.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/routestopped (Shorewall 1.3.4
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and later) - defines hosts accessible when Shorewall is stopped.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/tcrules - defines marking
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of packets for later use by traffic control/shaping or policy
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routing.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/tos - defines rules for setting
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the TOS field in packet headers.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/tunnels - defines IPSEC,
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GRE and IPIP tunnels with end-points on the firewall system.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/blacklist - lists blacklisted
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IP/subnet/MAC addresses.</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/init - commands that you wish to execute at
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the beginning of a "shorewall start" or "shorewall restart".</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/start - commands that you wish to execute at
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the completion of a "shorewall start" or "shorewall restart"</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/stop - commands that you wish to execute at
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the beginning of a "shorewall stop".</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/stopped - commands that you wish to execute
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at the completion of a "shorewall stop".</li>
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<li>/etc/shorewall/ecn - disable Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN
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- RFC 3168) to remote hosts or networks.<br>
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</li>
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2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
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</ul>
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2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
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<h2><a name="Comments"></a>Comments</h2>
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<p>You may place comments in configuration files by making the first non-whitespace
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character a pound sign ("#"). You may also place comments
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at the end of any line, again by delimiting the comment from the
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rest of the line with a pound sign.</p>
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<p>Examples:</p>
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<pre># This is a comment</pre>
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2003-02-08 21:48:47 +01:00
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<pre>ACCEPT net fw tcp www #This is an end-of-line comment</pre>
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<h2><a name="Continuation"></a>Line Continuation</h2>
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<p>You may continue lines in the configuration files using the usual backslash
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("\") followed immediately by a new line character.</p>
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<p>Example:</p>
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<pre>ACCEPT net fw tcp \<br>smtp,www,pop3,imap #Services running on the firewall</pre>
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<h2><a name="INCLUDE"></a>IN<small><small></small></small>CLUDE Directive</h2>
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Beginning with Shorewall version 1.4.2, any file may contain INCLUDE directives.
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An INCLUDE directive consists of the word INCLUDE followed by a file name
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and causes the contents of the named file to be logically included into
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the file containing the INCLUDE. File names given in an INCLUDE directive
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are assumed to reside in /etc/shorewall or in an alternate configuration
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directory if one has been specified for the command.<br>
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<br>
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INCLUDE's may be nested to a level of 3 -- further nested INCLUDE directives
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are ignored with a warning message.<big><big><br>
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<br>
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</big></big> Examples:<big> </big> <br>
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<blockquote> <20><> shorewall/params.mgmt:<br>
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<blockquote> <20><> MGMT_SERVERS=1.1.1.1,2.2.2.2,3.3.3.3<br>
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<20><> TIME_SERVERS=4.4.4.4<br>
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<20><> BACKUP_SERVERS=5.5.5.5<br>
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</blockquote>
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<20><> ----- end params.mgmt -----<br>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote> <20><> shorewall/params:<br>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<blockquote> <20><> # Shorewall 1.3 /etc/shorewall/params<br>
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<20><> [..]<br>
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<20><> #######################################<br>
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<20><br>
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<20><> INCLUDE params.mgmt<6D><74><EFBFBD> <br>
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<20> <br>
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<20><> # params unique to this host here<br>
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<20><> #LAST LINE - ADD YOUR ENTRIES ABOVE THIS ONE - DO NOT REMOVE<br>
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</blockquote>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote> <20><> ----- end params -----<br>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote> <20><> shorewall/rules.mgmt:<br>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<blockquote> <20><> ACCEPT net:$MGMT_SERVERS<52><53><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> $FW<46><57><EFBFBD> tcp<63><70><EFBFBD> 22<br>
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<20><> ACCEPT $FW<46><57><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> net:$TIME_SERVERS<52><53><EFBFBD> udp<64><70><EFBFBD> 123<br>
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<20><> ACCEPT $FW<46><57><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> net:$BACKUP_SERVERS<52> tcp<63><70><EFBFBD> 22<br>
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</blockquote>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote> <20><> ----- end rules.mgmt -----<br>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote> <20><> shorewall/rules:<br>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<blockquote> <20><> # Shorewall version 1.3 - Rules File<br>
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<20><> [..]<br>
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<20><> #######################################<br>
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<20><br>
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<20><> INCLUDE rules.mgmt<6D><74><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> <br>
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<20> <br>
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<20><> # rules unique to this host here<br>
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<20><> #LAST LINE -- ADD YOUR ENTRIES BEFORE THIS ONE -- DO NOT REMOVE<br>
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</blockquote>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote> <20><> ----- end rules -----<br>
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</blockquote>
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<h2><a name="dnsnames"></a>Using DNS Names</h2>
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<p align="left"> </p>
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<p align="left"><b>WARNING: I personally recommend strongly <u>against</u>
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using DNS names in Shorewall configuration files. If you use DNS
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names and you are called out of bed at 2:00AM because Shorewall won't
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start as a result of DNS problems then don't say that you were not forewarned.
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<br>
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</b></p>
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<p align="left"><b><EFBFBD><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> -Tom<br>
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</b></p>
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<p align="left">Beginning with Shorewall 1.3.9, Host addresses in Shorewall
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configuration files may be specified as either IP addresses or DNS
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Names.<br>
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<br>
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DNS names in iptables rules aren't nearly as useful
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as they first appear. When a DNS name appears in a rule, the iptables
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utility resolves the name to one or more IP addresses and inserts
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those addresses into the rule. So changes in the DNS->IP address
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relationship that occur after the firewall has started have absolutely
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no effect on the firewall's ruleset. </p>
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<p align="left"> If your firewall rules include DNS names then:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>If your /etc/resolv.conf is wrong then your firewall
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won't start.</li>
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<li>If your /etc/nsswitch.conf is wrong then your firewall
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won't start.</li>
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<li>If your Name Server(s) is(are) down then your firewall
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won't start.</li>
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<li>If your startup scripts try to start your firewall
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before starting your DNS server then your firewall won't start.<br>
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</li>
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<li>Factors totally outside your control (your ISP's
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router is down for example), can prevent your firewall from starting.</li>
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<li>You must bring up your network interfaces prior
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to starting your firewall.<br>
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</li>
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2002-11-24 21:12:22 +01:00
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</ul>
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2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
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<p align="left"> Each DNS name much be fully qualified and include a minumum
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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of two periods (although one may be trailing). This restriction is
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imposed by Shorewall to insure backward compatibility with existing
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configuration files.<br>
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<br>
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Examples of valid DNS names:<br>
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</p>
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2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
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<ul>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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<li>mail.shorewall.net</li>
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<li>shorewall.net. (note the trailing period).</li>
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2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
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</ul>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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Examples of invalid DNS names:<br>
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2003-02-08 21:48:47 +01:00
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<ul>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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<li>mail (not fully qualified)</li>
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<li>shorewall.net (only one period)</li>
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2003-02-08 21:48:47 +01:00
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</ul>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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DNS names may not be used as:<br>
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2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
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<ul>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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<li>The server address in a DNAT rule (/etc/shorewall/rules
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file)</li>
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<li>In the ADDRESS column of an entry in /etc/shorewall/masq.</li>
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<li>In the /etc/shorewall/nat file.</li>
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2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
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</ul>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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These restrictions are not imposed by Shorewall simply
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for your inconvenience but are rather limitations of iptables.<br>
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2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
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<h2><a name="Compliment"></a>Complementing an Address or Subnet</h2>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
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<p>Where specifying an IP address, a subnet or an interface, you can precede
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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the item with "!" to specify the complement of the item. For example,
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!192.168.1.4 means "any host but 192.168.1.4". There must be no white space
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following the "!".</p>
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2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
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<h2><a name="Lists"></a>Comma-separated Lists</h2>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
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<p>Comma-separated lists are allowed in a number of contexts within the
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configuration files. A comma separated list:</p>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
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<ul>
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2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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<li>Must not have any embedded white space.<br>
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Valid: routefilter,dhcp,norfc1918<br>
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Invalid: routefilter,<2C><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> dhcp,<2C><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD>
|
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norfc1818</li>
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<li>If you use line continuation to break a
|
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comma-separated list, the continuation line(s) must begin
|
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in column 1 (or there would be embedded white space)</li>
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<li>Entries in a comma-separated list may appear
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in any order.</li>
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|
2002-08-22 23:33:54 +02:00
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</ul>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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|
2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
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<h2><a name="Ports"></a>Port Numbers/Service Names</h2>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
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<p>Unless otherwise specified, when giving a port number you can use either
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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an integer or a service name from /etc/services. </p>
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2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
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<h2><a name="Ranges"></a>Port Ranges</h2>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
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<p>If you need to specify a range of ports, the proper syntax is <<i>low
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
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port number</i>>:<<i>high port number</i>>. For example,
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|
if you want to forward the range of tcp ports 4000 through 4100 to
|
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|
local host 192.168.1.3, the entry in /etc/shorewall/rules is:<br>
|
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|
</p>
|
|
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|
2002-11-09 19:10:22 +01:00
|
|
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|
<pre> DNAT net loc:192.168.1.3 tcp 4000:4100<br></pre>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
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If you omit the low port number, a value of zero is assumed; if you
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|
omit the high port number, a value of 65535 is assumed.<br>
|
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|
2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
|
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|
<h2><a name="Variables"></a>Using Shell Variables</h2>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
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|
2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p>You may use the /etc/shorewall/params file to set shell variables
|
|
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|
|
that you can then use in some of the other configuration files.</p>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
|
2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p>It is suggested that variable names begin with an upper case letter<font
|
2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
|
|
|
|
size="1"> </font>to distinguish them from variables used internally
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
within the Shorewall programs</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p>Example:</p>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
2003-03-18 16:16:33 +01:00
|
|
|
|
<pre>NET_IF=eth0<br>NET_BCAST=130.252.100.255<br>NET_OPTIONS=routefilter,norfc1918</pre>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p><br>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
Example (/etc/shorewall/interfaces record):</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<font
|
|
|
|
|
|
face="Century Gothic, Arial, Helvetica">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<pre><font face="Courier">net $NET_IF $NET_BCAST $NET_OPTIONS</font></pre>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</font>
|
2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p>The result will be the same as if the record had been written</p>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<font
|
|
|
|
|
|
face="Century Gothic, Arial, Helvetica">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
2003-03-18 16:16:33 +01:00
|
|
|
|
<pre>net eth0 130.252.100.255 routefilter,norfc1918</pre>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</font>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p>Variables may be used anywhere in the other configuration
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
files.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="MAC"></a>Using MAC Addresses</h2>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
|
2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p>Media Access Control (MAC) addresses can be used to specify packet
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
source in several of the configuration files. To use this
|
|
|
|
|
|
feature, your kernel must have MAC Address Match support
|
|
|
|
|
|
(CONFIG_IP_NF_MATCH_MAC) included.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p>MAC addresses are 48 bits wide and each Ethernet Controller has a unique
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
MAC address.<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
In GNU/Linux, MAC addresses are usually written
|
|
|
|
|
|
as a series of 6 hex numbers separated by colons. Example:<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> [root@gateway root]# ifconfig eth0<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr <b><u>02:00:08:E3:FA:55</u></b><br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> inet addr:206.124.146.176 Bcast:206.124.146.255
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mask:255.255.255.0<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> RX packets:2398102 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0
|
|
|
|
|
|
frame:0<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> TX packets:3044698 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0
|
|
|
|
|
|
carrier:0<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> collisions:30394 txqueuelen:100<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> RX bytes:419871805 (400.4 Mb) TX bytes:1659782221
|
|
|
|
|
|
(1582.8 Mb)<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<20><><EFBFBD><EFBFBD> Interrupt:11 Base address:0x1800<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Because Shorewall uses colons as a separator for
|
|
|
|
|
|
address fields, Shorewall requires MAC addresses to be written
|
|
|
|
|
|
in another way. In Shorewall, MAC addresses begin with a tilde
|
|
|
|
|
|
("~") and consist of 6 hex numbers separated by hyphens. In Shorewall,
|
|
|
|
|
|
the MAC address in the example above would be written "~02-00-08-E3-FA-55".<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p><b>Note: </b>It is not necessary to use the special Shorewall notation
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
in the <a href="MAC_Validation.html">/etc/shorewall/maclist</a> file.<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003-01-14 21:32:45 +01:00
|
|
|
|
<h2><a name="Levels"></a>Shorewall Configurations</h2>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
|
2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p> Shorewall allows you to have configuration directories other than /etc/shorewall.
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
The <a href="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">shorewall check,
|
|
|
|
|
|
start and restart</a> commands allow you to specify an alternate
|
|
|
|
|
|
configuration directory and Shorewall will use the files in the alternate
|
|
|
|
|
|
directory rather than the corresponding files in /etc/shorewall. The
|
|
|
|
|
|
alternate directory need not contain a complete configuration; those
|
|
|
|
|
|
files not in the alternate directory will be read from /etc/shorewall.</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p> This facility permits you to easily create a test or temporary configuration
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
by:</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2002-12-28 16:38:03 +01:00
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<li> copying the files that need modification
|
|
|
|
|
|
from /etc/shorewall to a separate directory;</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li> modify those files in the separate directory;
|
|
|
|
|
|
and</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<li> specifying the separate directory in a
|
|
|
|
|
|
shorewall start or shorewall restart command (e.g., <i><b>shorewall
|
|
|
|
|
|
-c /etc/testconfig restart</b></i> )</li>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
|
|
|
|
</ol>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
The <a href="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm"><b>try</b> command</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
allows you to attempt to restart using an alternate configuration and if an
|
|
|
|
|
|
error occurs to automatically restart the standard configuration.<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p><font size="2"> Updated 6/29/2003 - <a href="support.htm">Tom Eastep</a>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</font></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003-05-18 20:38:34 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<p><font face="Trebuchet MS"><a href="copyright.htm"><font size="2">Copyright</font>
|
2003-07-22 00:06:18 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<20> <font size="2">2001, 2002, 2003 Thomas M. Eastep.</font></a></font><br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</p>
|
2002-09-30 20:11:25 +02:00
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</body>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</html>
|
