Update the errata to advertise a new rfc1918 file

git-svn-id: https://shorewall.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/shorewall/trunk@1014 fbd18981-670d-0410-9b5c-8dc0c1a9a2bb
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teastep 2003-12-28 22:10:28 +00:00
parent 526dfa2218
commit 09e8bd4a95
4 changed files with 661 additions and 591 deletions

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@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
</author> </author>
</authorgroup> </authorgroup>
<pubdate>2003-12-17</pubdate> <pubdate>2003-12-28</pubdate>
<copyright> <copyright>
<year>2001-2003</year> <year>2001-2003</year>
@ -67,6 +67,15 @@
<section> <section>
<title>Problems in Version 1.4</title> <title>Problems in Version 1.4</title>
<section>
<title>All Versions</title>
<para><ulink
url="http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/errata/1.4.8/rfc1918">Here</ulink>
is the most up to date version of the <ulink
url="Documentation.htm#rfc1918">rfc1918 file</ulink>.</para>
</section>
<section> <section>
<title>Shorewall 1.4.8</title> <title>Shorewall 1.4.8</title>
@ -424,4 +433,12 @@ Aborted (core dumped)</programlisting>
kernel patch and precompiled modules to fix this problem are available at kernel patch and precompiled modules to fix this problem are available at
<ulink url="ftp://ftp1.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/errata/kernel">ftp://ftp1.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/errata/kernel</ulink>.</para> <ulink url="ftp://ftp1.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/errata/kernel">ftp://ftp1.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/errata/kernel</ulink>.</para>
</section> </section>
<appendix>
<title>Revision History</title>
<para><revhistory><revision><revnumber>1.2</revnumber><date>2003-12-29</date><authorinitials>TE</authorinitials><revremark>Updated
RFC1918 file</revremark></revision><revision><revnumber>1.1</revnumber><date>2003-12-17</date><authorinitials>TE</authorinitials><revremark>Initial
Conversion to Docbook XML</revremark></revision></revhistory></para>
</appendix>
</article> </article>

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@ -60,9 +60,9 @@
<itemizedlist> <itemizedlist>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>One-to-one NAT for Ursa (my XP System that dual-boots Mandrake <para>One-to-one NAT for Ursa (my personal system that dual-boots
9.2) - Internal address 192.168.1.5 and external address Mandrake 9.2 and Windows XP) - Internal address 192.168.1.5 and
206.124.146.178.</para> external address 206.124.146.178.</para>
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
@ -71,18 +71,18 @@
</listitem> </listitem>
<listitem> <listitem>
<para>SNAT through 206.124.146.179 for&#x00A0; my Linux system <para>SNAT through 206.124.146.179 for&#x00A0; my SuSE 8.1 Linux
(Wookie), my Wife&#39;s system (Tarry), and our&#x00A0; laptop system (Wookie), my Wife&#39;s Windows XP system (Tarry), and
(Tipper) which connects through the Wireless Access Point (wap) via a our&#x00A0; Windows XP laptop (Tipper) which connects through the
Wireless Bridge (bridge).<note><para>While the distance between the Wireless Access Point (wap) via a Wireless Bridge (bridge).<note><para>While
WAP and where I usually use the laptop isn&#39;t very far (25 feet or the distance between the WAP and where I usually use the laptop
so), using a WAC11 (CardBus wireless card) has proved very isn&#39;t very far (25 feet or so), using a WAC11 (CardBus wireless
unsatisfactory (lots of lost connections). By replacing the WAC11 with card) has proved very unsatisfactory (lots of lost connections). By
the WET11 wireless bridge, I have virtually eliminated these problems replacing the WAC11 with the WET11 wireless bridge, I have virtually
(Being an old radio tinkerer (K7JPV), I was also able to eliminate the eliminated these problems (Being an old radio tinkerer (K7JPV), I was
disconnects by hanging a piece of aluminum foil on the family room also able to eliminate the disconnects by hanging a piece of aluminum
wall. Needless to say, my wife Tarry rejected that as a permanent foil on the family room wall. Needless to say, my wife Tarry rejected
solution :-).</para></note></para> that as a permanent solution :-).</para></note></para>
</listitem> </listitem>
</itemizedlist> </itemizedlist>

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@ -1,276 +1,397 @@
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html> <html>
<head> <head>
<meta content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" name="generator" /> <meta content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" name="generator">
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type" />
<title>Shoreline Firewall (Shorewall) 1.4</title> <title>Shoreline Firewall (Shorewall) 1.4</title>
<base target="_self">
<base target="_self" />
</head> </head>
<body>
<body><div align="center"> <center> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" <div>
cellspacing="0" id="AutoNumber4" <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="AutoNumber4"
style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 100%;">
width="90%"><h2>Site Problem</h2> The server that normally hosts <tbody>
www.shorewall.net and ftp.shorewall.net is currently down. Until it is back <tr>
up, a small server with very limited bandwidth is being used temporarly. You <td width="90%">
will likely experience better response time from the <a <h2>Introduction to Shorewall</h2>
href="http://shorewall.sourceforge.net" target="_top">Sourceforge site</a> <h3>This is the Shorewall 1.4 Web Site</h3>
or from one of the other <a href="shorewall_mirrors.htm">mirrors</a>. Sorry The information on this site applies only to 1.4.x releases of
for the inconvenience.<br /> <br /> <h2>Introduction to Shorewall</h2> Shorewall. For older versions:<br>
<h3>This is the Shorewall 1.4 Web Site</h3> The information on this site <ul>
applies only to 1.4.x releases of Shorewall. For older versions:<br /> <li>The 1.3 site is <a href="http://www.shorewall.net/1.3"
<ul><li>The 1.3 site is <a href="http://www.shorewall.net/1.3" target="_top">here.</a></li><li>The target="_top">here.</a></li>
1.2 site is <a href="http://shorewall.net/1.2/" target="_top">here</a>.</li></ul> <li>The 1.2 site is <a href="http://shorewall.net/1.2/"
<h3>Glossary</h3> <ul><li><a href="http://www.netfilter.org">Netfilter</a> - target="_top">here</a>.</li>
the packet filter facility built into the 2.4 and later Linux kernels.</li><li>ipchains </ul>
- the packet filter facility built into the 2.2 Linux kernels. Also the name <h3>Glossary</h3>
of the utility program used to configure and control that facility. <ul>
Netfilter can be used in ipchains compatibility mode.</li><li>iptables - the <li><a href="http://www.netfilter.org">Netfilter</a> - the
utility program used to configure and control Netfilter. The term packet filter facility built into the 2.4 and later Linux kernels.</li>
&#39;iptables&#39; is often used to refer to the combination of <li>ipchains - the packet filter facility built into the 2.2
iptables+Netfilter (with Netfilter not in ipchains compatibility mode).</li></ul> Linux kernels. Also the name of the utility program used to configure
<h3>What is Shorewall?</h3> The Shoreline Firewall, more commonly known as and control that facility. Netfilter can be used in ipchains
&#34;Shorewall&#34;, is high-level tool for configuring Netfilter. You compatibility mode.</li>
describe your firewall/gateway requirements using entries in a set of <li>iptables - the utility program used to configure and
configuration files. Shorewall reads those configuration files and with the control Netfilter. The term 'iptables' is often used to refer to the
help of the iptables utility, Shorewall configures Netfilter to match your combination of iptables+Netfilter (with Netfilter not in ipchains
compatibility mode).</li>
</ul>
<h3>What is Shorewall?</h3>
The Shoreline Firewall, more commonly known as "Shorewall", is
high-level tool for configuring Netfilter. You describe your
firewall/gateway requirements using entries in a set of configuration
files. Shorewall reads those configuration files and with the help of
the iptables utility, Shorewall configures Netfilter to match your
requirements. Shorewall can be used on a dedicated firewall system, a requirements. Shorewall can be used on a dedicated firewall system, a
multi-function gateway/router/server or on a standalone GNU/Linux system. multi-function gateway/router/server or on a standalone GNU/Linux
Shorewall does not use Netfilter&#39;s ipchains compatibility mode and can system. Shorewall does not use Netfilter's ipchains compatibility mode
thus take advantage of Netfilter&#39;s connection state tracking and can thus take advantage of Netfilter's connection state tracking
capabilities.<br /> <br /> Shorewall is <span capabilities.<br>
style="text-decoration: underline;">not</span> a daemon. Once Shorewall has <br>
configured Netfilter, it&#39;s job is complete although the <a Shorewall is <span style="text-decoration: underline;">not</span> a
href="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">/sbin/shorewall program can be daemon. Once Shorewall has configured Netfilter, it's job is complete
used at any time to monitor the Netfilter firewall</a>.<br /> <h3>Getting although the <a href="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">/sbin/shorewall
Started with Shorewall</h3> New to Shorewall? Start by selecting the <a program can be used at any time to monitor the Netfilter firewall</a>.<br>
href="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart Guide</a> that most closely <h3>Getting Started with Shorewall</h3>
match your environment and follow the step by step instructions.<br /> New to Shorewall? Start by selecting the <a
<h3>Looking for Information?</h3> The <a href="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart Guide</a> that most
href="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm#Documentation">Documentation Index</a> closely match your environment and follow the step by step instructions.<br>
is a good place to start as is the Quick Search in the frame above. <h3>Looking for Information?</h3>
<h3>License</h3> This program is free software; you can redistribute it The <a href="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm#Documentation">Documentation
and/or modify it under the terms of <a Index</a> is a good place to start as is the Quick Search in the frame
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">Version 2 of the GNU General above.
Public License</a> as published by the Free Software Foundation.<br /> <h3>License</h3>
<p>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY under the terms of <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">Version
or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for 2 of the GNU General Public License</a> as published by the Free
more detail.</p> <p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Software Foundation.<br>
Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software <p>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</p> Permission is useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version General Public License for more detail.</p>
published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with <p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
included in the section entitled <a>&#34;GNU Free Documentation License&#34;</a>.<p>Copyright Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</p>
© 2001-2003 Thomas M. Eastep </p> <h3>Running Shorewall on Mandrake with a Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
two-interface setup?</h3> If so, the documentation <b></b>on this site will under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
not apply directly to your setup. If you want to use the documentation that any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
you find here, you will want to consider uninstalling what you have and Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover Texts.
installing a setup that matches the documentation on this site. See the <a A copy of the license is included in the section entitled <a>"GNU Free
href="two-interface.htm">Two-interface QuickStart Guide</a> for details.<br /> Documentation License"</a>.
<h2>News</h2> <p><b>12/07/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.9 Beta 1</b> <b><img <p>Copyright © 2001-2003 Thomas M. Eastep </p>
alt="(New)" src="images/new10.gif" <h3>Running Shorewall on Mandrake with a two-interface setup?</h3>
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;" title="" /> </b></p> If so, the documentation <b></b>on this site will not apply directly
to your setup. If you want to use the documentation that you find here,
you will want to consider uninstalling what you have and installing a
setup that matches the documentation on this site. See the <a
href="two-interface.htm">Two-interface QuickStart Guide</a> for
details.<br>
<h2>News</h2>
<p><b>12/28/2003 - www.shorewall.net/ftp.shorewall.net Back
On-line</b> <b><img alt="(New)" src="images/new10.gif"
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;" title=""> <br>
</b></p>
<p>Our high-capacity server has been restored to service --
please let <a href="mailto:webmaster@shorewall.net">us</a> know if you
find any problems.<br>
</p>
<p><b>12/07/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.9 Beta 1</b><b> </b></p>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><a <div style="margin-left: 40px;"><a
href="http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta">http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a><br /> href="http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta">http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a><br>
<a href="ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta" target="_top">ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a> <a href="ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta" target="_top">ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a>
</div> <p>Problems Corrected since version 1.4.8:</p> <ol><li>There has been </div>
a low continuing level of confusion over the terms &#34;Source NAT&#34; <p>Problems Corrected since version 1.4.8:</p>
(SNAT) and &#34;Static NAT&#34;. To avoid future confusion, all instances of <ol>
&#34;Static NAT&#34; have been replaced with &#34;One-to-one NAT&#34; in the <li>There has been a low continuing level of confusion over the
documentation and configuration files.</li><li>The description of NEWNOTSYN terms "Source NAT" (SNAT) and "Static NAT". To avoid future confusion,
in shorewall.conf has been reworded for clarity.</li><li>Wild-card rules all instances of "Static NAT" have been replaced with "One-to-one NAT"
(those involving &#34;all&#34; as SOURCE or DEST) will no longer produce an in the documentation and configuration files.</li>
error if they attempt to add a rule that would override a NONE policy. The <li>The description of NEWNOTSYN in shorewall.conf has been
logic for expanding these wild-card rules now simply skips those reworded for clarity.</li>
(SOURCE,DEST) pairs that have a NONE policy.</li></ol> <p>Migration Issues:<br /> <li>Wild-card rules (those involving "all" as SOURCE or DEST)
&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; None.<br /> <br /> New Features: </p> <ol><li>To will no longer produce an error if they attempt to add a rule that
cut down on the number of &#34;Why are these ports closed rather than would override a NONE policy. The logic for expanding these wild-card
stealthed?&#34; questions, the SMB-related rules in rules now simply skips those (SOURCE,DEST) pairs that have a NONE
/etc/shorewall/common.def have been changed from &#39;reject&#39; to policy.</li>
&#39;DROP&#39;.</li><li>For easier identification, packets logged under the </ol>
&#39;norfc1918&#39; interface option are now logged out of chains named <p>Migration Issues:<br>
&#39;rfc1918&#39;. Previously, such packets were logged under chains named &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; None.<br>
&#39;logdrop&#39;.</li><li>Distributors and developers seem to be regularly <br>
inventing new naming conventions for kernel modules. To avoid the need to New Features: </p>
change Shorewall code for each new convention, the MODULE_SUFFIX option has <ol>
been added to shorewall.conf. MODULE_SUFFIX may be set to the suffix for <li>To cut down on the number of "Why are these ports closed
module names in your particular distribution. If MODULE_SUFFIX is not set in rather than stealthed?" questions, the SMB-related rules in
shorewall.conf, Shorewall will use the list &#34;o gz ko o.gz&#34;.<br /> /etc/shorewall/common.def have been changed from 'reject' to 'DROP'.</li>
<br /> To see what suffix is used by your distribution:<br /> <br /> ls <li>For easier identification, packets logged under the
/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter<br /> <br /> All of the 'norfc1918' interface option are now logged out of chains named
files listed should have the same suffix (extension). Set MODULE_SUFFIX to 'rfc1918'. Previously, such packets were logged under chains named
that suffix.<br /> <br /> Examples:<br /> <br /> 'logdrop'.</li>
&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; If all files end in &#34;.kzo&#34; then set <li>Distributors and developers seem to be regularly inventing
MODULE_SUFFIX=&#34;kzo&#34;<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; If all new naming conventions for kernel modules. To avoid the need to change
files end in &#34;.kz.o&#34; then set MODULE_SUFFIX=&#34;kz.o&#34;</li><li>Support Shorewall code for each new convention, the MODULE_SUFFIX option has
for user defined rule ACTIONS has been implemented through two new files:<br /> been added to shorewall.conf. MODULE_SUFFIX may be set to the suffix
<br /> /etc/shorewall/actions - used to list the user-defined ACTIONS.<br /> for module names in your particular distribution. If MODULE_SUFFIX is
/etc/shorewall/action.template - For each user defined &#60;action&#62;, not set in shorewall.conf, Shorewall will use the list "o gz ko o.gz".<br>
copy this file to /etc/shorewall/action.&#60;action&#62; and add the <br>
appropriate rules for that &#60;action&#62;. Once an &#60;action&#62; has To see what suffix is used by your distribution:<br>
been defined, it may be used like any of the builtin ACTIONS (ACCEPT, DROP, <br>
etc.) in /etc/shorewall/rules.<br /> <br /> Example: You want an action that ls /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter<br>
logs a packet at the &#39;info&#39; level and accepts the connection.<br /> <br>
<br /> In /etc/shorewall/actions, you would add:<br /> <br /> All of the files listed should have the same suffix (extension). Set
&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; LogAndAccept<br /> <br /> You would then MODULE_SUFFIX to that suffix.<br>
copy /etc/shorewall/action.template to /etc/shorewall/LogAndAccept and in <br>
that file, you would add the two rules:<br /> Examples:<br>
&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; LOG:info<br /> <br>
&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; ACCEPT<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; If all files end in ".kzo" then set
<br /></li></ol> <p><b>12/03/2003 - Support Torch Passed</b> <b><img MODULE_SUFFIX="kzo"<br>
alt="(New)" src="images/new10.gif" &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; If all files end in ".kz.o" then set
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;" title="" /></b></p> MODULE_SUFFIX="kz.o"</li>
Effective today, I am reducing my participation in the day-to-day support of <li>Support for user defined rule ACTIONS has been implemented
Shorewall. As part of this shift to community-based Shorewall support a new through two new files:<br>
<a href="https://lists.shorewall.net/mailman/listinfo/shorewall-newbies">Shorewall <br>
/etc/shorewall/actions - used to list the user-defined ACTIONS.<br>
/etc/shorewall/action.template - For each user defined &lt;action&gt;,
copy this file to /etc/shorewall/action.&lt;action&gt; and add the
appropriate rules for that &lt;action&gt;. Once an &lt;action&gt; has
been defined, it may be used like any of the builtin ACTIONS (ACCEPT,
DROP, etc.) in /etc/shorewall/rules.<br>
<br>
Example: You want an action that logs a packet at the 'info' level and
accepts the connection.<br>
<br>
In /etc/shorewall/actions, you would add:<br>
<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LogAndAccept<br>
<br>
You would then copy /etc/shorewall/action.template to
/etc/shorewall/LogAndAccept and in that file, you would add the two
rules:<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LOG:info<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ACCEPT<br>
<br>
</li>
</ol>
<p><b>12/03/2003 - Support Torch Passed</b> <b><img alt="(New)"
src="images/new10.gif"
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;" title=""></b></p>
Effective today, I am reducing my participation in the day-to-day
support of Shorewall. As part of this shift to community-based
Shorewall support a new <a
href="https://lists.shorewall.net/mailman/listinfo/shorewall-newbies">Shorewall
Newbies mailing list</a> has been established to field questions and Newbies mailing list</a> has been established to field questions and
problems from new users. I will not monitor that list personally. I will problems from new users. I will not monitor that list personally. I
continue my active development of Shorewall and will be available via the will continue my active development of Shorewall and will be available
development list to handle development issues -- Tom. <p><b>11/07/2003 - via the development list to handle development issues -- Tom.
Shorewall 1.4.8</b><b><br /> <br /> </b> Problems Corrected since version <p><b>11/07/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.8</b><b><br>
1.4.7:<br /> </p> <ol><li>Tuomo Soini has supplied a correction to a problem <br>
that occurs using some versions of &#39;ash&#39;. The symptom is that </b> Problems Corrected since version 1.4.7:<br>
&#34;shorewall start&#34; fails with:<br /> &#x00A0;<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; </p>
local: --limit: bad variable name<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; iptables v1.2.8: <ol>
Couldn&#39;t load match `-j&#39;:/lib/iptables/libipt_-j.so:<br /> <li>Tuomo Soini has supplied a correction to a problem that
&#x00A0;&#x00A0; cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory<br /> occurs using some versions of 'ash'. The symptom is that "shorewall
&#x00A0;&#x00A0; Try `iptables -h&#39; or &#39;iptables --help&#39; for more start" fails with:<br>
information.</li><li>Andres Zhoglo has supplied a correction that avoids &nbsp;<br>
trying to use the multiport match iptables facility on ICMP rules.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; local: --limit: bad variable name<br>
&#x00A0;<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; Example of rule that previously caused &nbsp;&nbsp; iptables v1.2.8: Couldn't load match
&#34;shorewall start&#34; to fail:<br /> &#x00A0;<br /> `-j':/lib/iptables/libipt_-j.so:<br>
&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; &nbsp;&nbsp; cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory<br>
ACCEPT&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; loc&#x00A0; $FW&#x00A0; &nbsp;&nbsp; Try `iptables -h' or 'iptables --help' for more
icmp&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; 0,8,11,12<br /> <br /></li><li>Previously, if information.</li>
the following error message was issued, Shorewall was left in an <li>Andres Zhoglo has supplied a correction that avoids trying
inconsistent state.<br /> &#x00A0;<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; Error: Unable to to use the multiport match iptables facility on ICMP rules.<br>
determine the routes through interface xxx<br /> <br /></li><li>Handling of &nbsp;<br>
the LOGUNCLEAN option in shorewall.conf has been corrected.</li><li>In &nbsp;&nbsp; Example of rule that previously caused "shorewall start"
Shorewall 1.4.2, an optimization was added. This optimization involved to fail:<br>
creating a chain named &#34;&#60;zone&#62;_frwd&#34; for most zones defined &nbsp;<br>
using the /etc/shorewall/hosts file. It has since been discovered that in &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
many cases these new chains contain redundant rules and that the ACCEPT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; loc&nbsp; $FW&nbsp;
&#34;optimization&#34; turns out to be less than optimal. The implementation icmp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0,8,11,12<br>
has now been corrected.</li><li>When the MARK value in a tcrules entry is <br>
followed by &#34;:F&#34; or &#34;:P&#34;, the &#34;:F&#34; or &#34;:P&#34; </li>
was previously only applied to the first Netfilter rule generated by the <li>Previously, if the following error message was issued,
entry. It is now applied to all entries.</li><li>An incorrect comment Shorewall was left in an inconsistent state.<br>
concerning Debian&#39;s use of the SUBSYSLOCK option has been removed from &nbsp;<br>
shorewall.conf.</li><li>Previously, neither the &#39;routefilter&#39; &nbsp;&nbsp; Error: Unable to determine the routes through interface xxx<br>
interface option nor the ROUTE_FILTER parameter were working properly. This <br>
has been corrected (thanks to Eric Bowles for his analysis and patch). The </li>
<li>Handling of the LOGUNCLEAN option in shorewall.conf has
been corrected.</li>
<li>In Shorewall 1.4.2, an optimization was added. This
optimization involved creating a chain named "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd" for
most zones defined using the /etc/shorewall/hosts file. It has since
been discovered that in many cases these new chains contain redundant
rules and that the "optimization" turns out to be less than optimal.
The implementation has now been corrected.</li>
<li>When the MARK value in a tcrules entry is followed by ":F"
or ":P", the ":F" or ":P" was previously only applied to the first
Netfilter rule generated by the entry. It is now applied to all entries.</li>
<li>An incorrect comment concerning Debian's use of the
SUBSYSLOCK option has been removed from shorewall.conf.</li>
<li>Previously, neither the 'routefilter' interface option nor
the ROUTE_FILTER parameter were working properly. This has been
corrected (thanks to Eric Bowles for his analysis and patch). The
definition of the ROUTE_FILTER option has changed however. Previously, definition of the ROUTE_FILTER option has changed however. Previously,
ROUTE_FILTER=Yes was documented as enabling route filtering on all ROUTE_FILTER=Yes was documented as enabling route filtering on all
interfaces (which didn&#39;t work). Beginning with this release, setting interfaces (which didn't work). Beginning with this release, setting
ROUTE_FILTER=Yes will enable route filtering of all interfaces brought up ROUTE_FILTER=Yes will enable route filtering of all interfaces brought
while Shorewall is started. As a consequence, ROUTE_FILTER=Yes can coexist up while Shorewall is started. As a consequence, ROUTE_FILTER=Yes can
with the use of the &#39;routefilter&#39; option in the interfaces file.</li><li>If coexist with the use of the 'routefilter' option in the interfaces file.</li>
MAC verification was enabled on an interface with a /32 address and a <li>If MAC verification was enabled on an interface with a /32
broadcast address then an error would occur during startup.</li><li>he NONE address and a broadcast address then an error would occur during
policy&#39;s intended use is to suppress the generating of rules that startup.</li>
can&#39;t possibly be traversed. This means that a policy of NONE is <li>he NONE policy's intended use is to suppress the generating
inappropriate where the source or destination zone is $FW or &#34;all&#34;. of rules that can't possibly be traversed. This means that a policy of
Shorewall now generates an error message if such a policy is given in NONE is inappropriate where the source or destination zone is $FW or
/etc/shorewall/policy. Previously such a policy caused &#34;shorewall "all". Shorewall now generates an error message if such a policy is
start&#34; to fail.</li><li>The &#39;routeback&#39; option was broken for given in /etc/shorewall/policy. Previously such a policy caused
wildcard interfaces (e.g., &#34;tun+&#34;). This has been corrected so that "shorewall start" to fail.</li>
&#39;routeback&#39; now works as expected in this case.<br /></li></ol> <li>The 'routeback' option was broken for wildcard interfaces
Migration Issues:<br /> <ol><li>The definition of the ROUTE_FILTER option in (e.g., "tun+"). This has been corrected so that 'routeback' now works
shorewall.conf has changed as described in item 8) above.<br /></li></ol> as expected in this case.<br>
New Features:<br /> <ol><li>A new QUEUE action has been introduced for </li>
rules. QUEUE allows you to pass connection requests to a user-space filter </ol>
such as ftwall (http://p2pwall.sourceforge.net). The ftwall program allows Migration Issues:<br>
for effective filtering of p2p applications such as Kazaa. For example, to <ol>
use ftwall to filter P2P clients in the &#39;loc&#39; zone, you would add <li>The definition of the ROUTE_FILTER option in shorewall.conf
the following rules:<br /> <br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; QUEUE&#x00A0;&#x00A0; has changed as described in item 8) above.<br>
loc&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; &#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; </li>
net&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; tcp<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; QUEUE&#x00A0;&#x00A0; </ol>
loc&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; &#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; New Features:<br>
net&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; udp<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; QUEUE&#x00A0;&#x00A0; <ol>
loc&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; &#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; <li>A new QUEUE action has been introduced for rules. QUEUE
fw&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; udp<br /> <br /> You would normally want allows you to pass connection requests to a user-space filter such as
to place those three rules BEFORE any ACCEPT rules for loc-&#62;net udp or ftwall (http://p2pwall.sourceforge.net). The ftwall program allows for
tcp.<br /> <br /> Note: When the protocol specified is TCP (&#34;tcp&#34;, effective filtering of p2p applications such as Kazaa. For example, to
&#34;TCP&#34; or &#34;6&#34;), Shorewall will only pass connection requests use ftwall to filter P2P clients in the 'loc' zone, you would add the
(SYN packets) to user space. This is for compatibility with ftwall.</li><li>A following rules:<br>
BLACKLISTNEWNONLY option has been added to shorewall.conf. When this option <br>
is set to &#34;Yes&#34;, the blacklists (dynamic and static) are only &nbsp;&nbsp; QUEUE&nbsp;&nbsp; loc&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
consulted for new connection requests. When set to &#34;No&#34; (the default &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; net&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; tcp<br>
if the variable is not set), the blacklists are consulted on every packet.<br /> &nbsp;&nbsp; QUEUE&nbsp;&nbsp; loc&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<br /> Setting this option to &#34;No&#34; allows blacklisting to stop &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; net&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; udp<br>
existing connections from a newly blacklisted host but is more expensive in &nbsp;&nbsp; QUEUE&nbsp;&nbsp; loc&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
terms of packet processing time. This is especially true if the blacklists &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; fw&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; udp<br>
contain a large number of entries.</li><li>Chain names used in the <br>
/etc/shorewall/accounting file may now begin with a digit ([0-9]) and may You would normally want to place those three rules BEFORE any ACCEPT
contain embedded dashes (&#34;-&#34;).</li></ol> <p><b>10/26/2003 - rules for loc-&gt;net udp or tcp.<br>
Shorewall 1.4.7a and 1.4.7b win brown paper bag awards</b> <b><img <br>
align="middle" alt="" src="images/j0233056.gif" Note: When the protocol specified is TCP ("tcp", "TCP" or "6"),
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 50px; height: 80px;" title="" />Shorewall Shorewall will only pass connection requests (SYN packets) to user
1.4.7c released.</b></p> <ol><li>The saga with &#34;&#60;zone&#62;_frwd&#34; space. This is for compatibility with ftwall.</li>
chains continues. The 1.4.7c script produces a ruleset that should work for <li>A BLACKLISTNEWNONLY option has been added to
everyone even if it is not quite optimal. My apologies for this ongoing shorewall.conf. When this option is set to "Yes", the blacklists
mess.<br /></li></ol> <p><b>10/24/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.7b</b></p> <p>This is (dynamic and static) are only consulted for new connection requests.
a bugfx rollup of the 1.4.7a fixes plus:<br /> </p> <ol><li>The fix for When set to "No" (the default if the variable is not set), the
problem 5 in 1.4.7a was wrong with the result that blacklists are consulted on every packet.<br>
&#34;&#60;zone&#62;_frwd&#34; chains might contain too few rules. That wrong <br>
code is corrected in this release.<br /></li></ol> <p><b>10/21/2003 - Setting this option to "No" allows blacklisting to stop existing
Shorewall 1.4.7a</b></p> <p>This is a bugfix rollup of the following problem connections from a newly blacklisted host but is more expensive in
corrections:<br /> </p> <ol><li>Tuomo Soini has supplied a correction to a terms of packet processing time. This is especially true if the
problem that occurs using some versions of &#39;ash&#39;. The symptom is blacklists contain a large number of entries.</li>
that &#34;shorewall start&#34; fails with:<br /> &#x00A0;<br /> <li>Chain names used in the /etc/shorewall/accounting file may
&#x00A0;&#x00A0; local: --limit: bad variable name<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; now begin with a digit ([0-9]) and may contain embedded dashes ("-").</li>
iptables v1.2.8: Couldn&#39;t load match </ol>
`-j&#39;:/lib/iptables/libipt_-j.so:<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; cannot open <p><b>10/26/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.7a and 1.4.7b win brown paper
shared object file: No such file or directory<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; Try bag awards</b> <b><img align="middle" alt="" src="images/j0233056.gif"
`iptables -h&#39; or &#39;iptables --help&#39; for more information.<br /> style="border: 0px solid ; width: 50px; height: 80px;" title="">Shorewall
<br /></li><li>Andres Zhoglo has supplied a correction that avoids trying to 1.4.7c released.</b></p>
use the multiport match iptables facility on ICMP rules.<br /> &#x00A0;<br /> <ol>
&#x00A0;&#x00A0; Example of rule that previously caused &#34;shorewall <li>The saga with "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd" chains continues. The
start&#34; to fail:<br /> &#x00A0;<br /> 1.4.7c script produces a ruleset that should work for everyone even if
&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; it is not quite optimal. My apologies for this ongoing mess.<br>
ACCEPT&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; loc&#x00A0; $FW&#x00A0; </li>
icmp&#x00A0;&#x00A0;&#x00A0; 0,8,11,12<br /> <br /></li><li>Previously, if </ol>
the following error message was issued, Shorewall was left in an <p><b>10/24/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.7b</b></p>
inconsistent state.<br /> &#x00A0;<br /> &#x00A0;&#x00A0; Error: Unable to <p>This is a bugfx rollup of the 1.4.7a fixes plus:<br>
determine the routes through interface xxx<br /> <br /></li><li>Handling of </p>
the LOGUNCLEAN option in shorewall.conf has been corrected.</li><li>In <ol>
Shorewall 1.4.2, an optimization was added. This optimization involved <li>The fix for problem 5 in 1.4.7a was wrong with the result
creating a chain named &#34;&#60;zone&#62;_frwd&#34; for most zones defined that "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd" chains might contain too few rules. That wrong
using the /etc/shorewall/hosts file. It has since been discovered that in code is corrected in this release.<br>
many cases these new chains contain redundant rules and that the </li>
&#34;optimization&#34; turns out to be less than optimal. The implementation </ol>
has now been corrected.</li><li>When the MARK value in a tcrules entry is <p><b>10/21/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.7a</b></p>
followed by &#34;:F&#34; or &#34;:P&#34;, the &#34;:F&#34; or &#34;:P&#34; <p>This is a bugfix rollup of the following problem corrections:<br>
was previously only applied to the first Netfilter rule generated by the </p>
entry. It is now applied to all entries.<br /></li></ol> <p><a <ol>
href="News.htm">More News</a></p> <p><a href="http://leaf.sourceforge.net" <li>Tuomo Soini has supplied a correction to a problem that
target="_top"><img alt="(Leaf Logo)" border="0" height="36" occurs using some versions of 'ash'. The symptom is that "shorewall
src="images/leaflogo.gif" width="49" /></a> Jacques Nilo and Eric Wolzak start" fails with:<br>
have a LEAF (router/firewall/gateway on a floppy, CD or compact flash) &nbsp;<br>
distribution called <i>Bering</i> that features Shorewall-1.4.2 and &nbsp;&nbsp; local: --limit: bad variable name<br>
Kernel-2.4.20. You can find their work at: <a &nbsp;&nbsp; iptables v1.2.8: Couldn't load match
href="http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo">http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo<br /> `-j':/lib/iptables/libipt_-j.so:<br>
</a></p> <b>Congratulations to Jacques and Eric on the recent release of &nbsp;&nbsp; cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory<br>
Bering 1.2!!!<br /> <br /> </b> <div style="text-align: center;"> <div &nbsp;&nbsp; Try `iptables -h' or 'iptables --help' for more
style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.shorewall.net" target="_top"><img information.<br>
alt="(Protected by Shorewall)" src="images/ProtectedBy.png" <br>
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 216px; height: 45px;" title="" /></a></div> </li>
</div> <h2><a name="Donations"></a>Donations</h2> <p <li>Andres Zhoglo has supplied a correction that avoids trying
style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.starlight.org"><img to use the multiport match iptables facility on ICMP rules.<br>
&nbsp;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; Example of rule that previously caused "shorewall start"
to fail:<br>
&nbsp;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
ACCEPT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; loc&nbsp; $FW&nbsp;
icmp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0,8,11,12<br>
<br>
</li>
<li>Previously, if the following error message was issued,
Shorewall was left in an inconsistent state.<br>
&nbsp;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; Error: Unable to determine the routes through interface xxx<br>
<br>
</li>
<li>Handling of the LOGUNCLEAN option in shorewall.conf has
been corrected.</li>
<li>In Shorewall 1.4.2, an optimization was added. This
optimization involved creating a chain named "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd" for
most zones defined using the /etc/shorewall/hosts file. It has since
been discovered that in many cases these new chains contain redundant
rules and that the "optimization" turns out to be less than optimal.
The implementation has now been corrected.</li>
<li>When the MARK value in a tcrules entry is followed by ":F"
or ":P", the ":F" or ":P" was previously only applied to the first
Netfilter rule generated by the entry. It is now applied to all entries.<br>
</li>
</ol>
<p><a href="News.htm">More News</a></p>
<p><a href="http://leaf.sourceforge.net" target="_top"><img
alt="(Leaf Logo)" border="0" height="36" src="images/leaflogo.gif"
width="49"></a> Jacques Nilo and Eric Wolzak have a LEAF
(router/firewall/gateway on a floppy, CD or compact flash) distribution
called <i>Bering</i> that features Shorewall-1.4.2 and Kernel-2.4.20.
You can find their work at: <a
href="http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo">http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo<br>
</a></p>
<b>Congratulations to Jacques and Eric on the recent release of
Bering 1.2!!!<br>
<br>
</b>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.shorewall.net" target="_top"><img
alt="(Protected by Shorewall)"
src="file:///Z:/Ursa/Shorewall/Shorewall-docs/images/ProtectedBy.png"
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 216px; height: 45px;" title=""></a></div>
<b> </b>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;"> </div>
</div>
<h2><a name="Donations"></a>Donations</h2>
<p style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.starlight.org"><img
align="left" alt="(Starlight Logo)" hspace="10" src="images/newlog.gif" align="left" alt="(Starlight Logo)" hspace="10" src="images/newlog.gif"
style="border: 4px solid ; width: 57px; height: 100px;" title="" /></a><br /> style="border: 4px solid ; width: 57px; height: 100px;" title=""></a><br>
<big>Shorewall is free but if you try it and find it useful, please consider <big>Shorewall is free but if you try it and find it useful,
making a donation to <a href="http://www.starlight.org">Starlight please consider making a donation to <a href="http://www.starlight.org">Starlight
Children&#39;s Foundation</a>. Thanks!</big><br /> <a Children's Foundation</a>. Thanks!</big><br>
href="http://www.starlight.org"></a></p></td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <a href="http://www.starlight.org"></a></p>
</div> <p><font size="2">Updated 12/21/2003 - <a href="support.htm">Tom </td>
Eastep</a></font><br /> </p></body> </tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p><font size="2">Updated 12/28/2003 - <a href="support.htm">Tom Eastep</a></font><br>
</p>
</body>
</html> </html>

View File

@ -9,44 +9,30 @@
<body> <body>
<div align="center"> <div align="center">
<center> <center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style= <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
"border-collapse: collapse;" width="100%" id="AutoNumber4"> style="border-collapse: collapse;" width="100%" id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody> <tbody>
<tr> <tr>
<td width="90%"> <td width="90%">
<h2>Site Problem</h2>
The server that normally hosts www.shorewall.net and
ftp.shorewall.net is currently down. Until it is back up, a small
server with very limited bandwidth is being used temporarly. You
will likely experience better response time from the <a href=
"http://shorewall.sourceforge.net" target="_top">Sourceforge
site</a> or from one of the other <a href=
"shorewall_mirrors.htm">mirrors</a>. Sorry for the
inconvenience.<br>
<br>
<h2>Introduction<br> <h2>Introduction<br>
</h2> </h2>
<ul> <ul>
<li><a href="http://www.netfilter.org">Netfilter</a> - the packet <li><a href="http://www.netfilter.org">Netfilter</a> - the
packet
filter facility built into the 2.4 and later Linux kernels.</li> filter facility built into the 2.4 and later Linux kernels.</li>
<li>ipchains - the packet filter facility built into the 2.2
<li>ipchains - the packet filter facility built into the 2.2 Linux Linux
kernels. Also the name of the utility program used to configure and kernels. Also the name of the utility program used to configure and
control that facility. Netfilter can be used in ipchains control that facility. Netfilter can be used in ipchains
compatibility mode.<br> compatibility mode.<br>
</li> </li>
<li>iptables - the utility program used to configure and
<li>iptables - the utility program used to configure and control control
Netfilter. The term 'iptables' is often used to refer to the Netfilter. The term 'iptables' is often used to refer to the
combination of iptables+Netfilter (with Netfilter not in ipchains combination of iptables+Netfilter (with Netfilter not in ipchains
compatibility mode).<br> compatibility mode).<br>
</li> </li>
</ul> </ul>
The Shoreline Firewall, more commonly known as "Shorewall", is The Shoreline Firewall, more commonly known as "Shorewall", is
high-level tool for configuring Netfilter. You describe your high-level tool for configuring Netfilter. You describe your
firewall/gateway requirements using entries in a set of firewall/gateway requirements using entries in a set of
@ -57,10 +43,10 @@ dedicated firewall system, a multi-function gateway/router/server
or on a standalone GNU/Linux system. Shorewall does not use or on a standalone GNU/Linux system. Shorewall does not use
Netfilter's ipchains compatibility mode and can thus take advantage Netfilter's ipchains compatibility mode and can thus take advantage
of Netfilter's connection state tracking capabilities. of Netfilter's connection state tracking capabilities.
<p>This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or <p>This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of <a href= modify it under the terms of <a
"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">Version 2 of the GNU General href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html">Version 2 of the GNU
General
Public License</a> as published by the Free Software Public License</a> as published by the Free Software
Foundation.<br> Foundation.<br>
<br> <br>
@ -72,102 +58,92 @@ General Public License for more details.<br>
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</p> Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA</p>
<p> Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
<p><a href="copyright.htm">Copyright 2001, 2002, 2003 Thomas M. document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
Eastep</a></p> 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled <a>"GNU
Free Documentation License"</a>.</p>
<p>Copyright © 2001-2003 Thomas M. Eastep </p>
<h2>This is the Shorewall 1.4 Web Site</h2> <h2>This is the Shorewall 1.4 Web Site</h2>
The information on this site applies only to 1.4.x releases of The information on this site applies only to 1.4.x releases of
Shorewall. For older versions:<br> Shorewall. For older versions:<br>
<ul> <ul>
<li>The 1.3 site is <a href="http://www.shorewall.net/1.3" target= <li>The 1.3 site is <a href="http://www.shorewall.net/1.3"
"_top">here.</a></li> target="_top">here.</a></li>
<li>The 1.2 site is <a href="http://shorewall.net/1.2/"
<li>The 1.2 site is <a href="http://shorewall.net/1.2/" target= target="_top">here</a>.<br>
"_top">here</a>.<br>
</li> </li>
</ul> </ul>
<h2>Getting Started with Shorewall</h2> <h2>Getting Started with Shorewall</h2>
New to Shorewall? Start by selecting the <a
New to Shorewall? Start by selecting the <a href= href="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart Guide</a> that most
"shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm">QuickStart Guide</a> that most
closely match your environment and follow the step by step closely match your environment and follow the step by step
instructions.<br> instructions.<br>
<h2>Looking for Information?</h2> <h2>Looking for Information?</h2>
The <a href="shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm#Documentation">Documentation
The <a href=
"shorewall_quickstart_guide.htm#Documentation">Documentation
Index</a> is a good place to start as is the Quick Search in the Index</a> is a good place to start as is the Quick Search in the
frame above. frame above.
<h2>Running Shorewall on Mandrake with a two-interface setup?</h2> <h2>Running Shorewall on Mandrake with a two-interface setup?</h2>
If so, the documentation <b></b>on this site will not apply If so, the documentation <b></b>on this site will not apply
directly to your setup. If you want to use the documentation that directly to your setup. If you want to use the documentation that
you find here, you will want to consider uninstalling what you have you find here, you will want to consider uninstalling what you have
and installing a setup that matches the documentation on this site. and installing a setup that matches the documentation on this site.
See the <a href="two-interface.htm">Two-interface QuickStart See the <a href="two-interface.htm">Two-interface QuickStart
Guide</a> for details. Guide</a> for details.
<h2><b>News</b></h2> <h2><b>News</b></h2>
<p><b>12/28/2003 - www.shorewall.net/ftp.shorewall.net Back
<p><b>12/07/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.9 Beta 1</b> <b><img style= On-line</b> <b><img alt="(New)" src="images/new10.gif"
"border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;" src= style="border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;" title=""> <br>
"images/new10.gif" alt="(New)" title=""><br>
</b></p> </b></p>
<p>Our high-capacity server has been restored to service --
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><a href= please let <a href="mailto:webmaster@shorewall.net">us</a> know if you
"http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta">http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a><br> find any problems.<br>
</p>
<a href="ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta" target= <p><b>12/07/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.9 Beta 1</b> <b><img
"_top">ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a><br> style="border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;"
src="images/new10.gif" alt="(New)" title=""><br>
</b></p>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><a
href="http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta">http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a><br>
<a href="ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta" target="_top">ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a><br>
</div> </div>
<p>Problems Corrected since version 1.4.8:<br> <p>Problems Corrected since version 1.4.8:<br>
</p> </p>
<ol> <ol>
<li>There has been a low continuing level of confusion over the <li>There has been a low continuing level of confusion over the
terms "Source NAT" (SNAT) and "Static NAT". To avoid future terms "Source NAT" (SNAT) and "Static NAT". To avoid future
confusion, all instances of "Static NAT" have been replaced with confusion, all instances of "Static NAT" have been replaced with
"One-to-one NAT" in the documentation and configuration files.</li> "One-to-one NAT" in the documentation and configuration files.</li>
<li>The description of NEWNOTSYN in shorewall.conf has been <li>The description of NEWNOTSYN in shorewall.conf has been
reworded for clarity.</li> reworded for clarity.</li>
<li>Wild-card rules (those involving "all" as SOURCE or DEST)
<li>Wild-card rules (those involving "all" as SOURCE or DEST) will will
no longer produce an error if they attempt to add a rule that would no longer produce an error if they attempt to add a rule that would
override a NONE policy. The logic for expanding these wild-card override a NONE policy. The logic for expanding these wild-card
rules now simply skips those (SOURCE,DEST) pairs that have a NONE rules now simply skips those (SOURCE,DEST) pairs that have a NONE
policy.<br> policy.<br>
</li> </li>
</ol> </ol>
<p>Migration Issues:<br> <p>Migration Issues:<br>
<br> <br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; None.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; None.<br>
<br> <br>
New Features:<br> New Features:<br>
</p> </p>
<ol> <ol>
<li>To cut down on the number of "Why are these ports closed rather <li>To cut down on the number of "Why are these ports closed
rather
than stealthed?" questions, the SMB-related rules in than stealthed?" questions, the SMB-related rules in
/etc/shorewall/common.def have been changed from 'reject' to /etc/shorewall/common.def have been changed from 'reject' to
'DROP'.</li> 'DROP'.</li>
<li>For easier identification, packets logged under the
<li>For easier identification, packets logged under the 'norfc1918' 'norfc1918'
interface option are now logged out of chains named 'rfc1918'. interface option are now logged out of chains named 'rfc1918'.
Previously, such packets were logged under chains named Previously, such packets were logged under chains named
'logdrop'.</li> 'logdrop'.</li>
<li>Distributors and developers seem to be regularly inventing
<li>Distributors and developers seem to be regularly inventing new new
naming conventions for kernel modules. To avoid the need to change naming conventions for kernel modules. To avoid the need to change
Shorewall code for each new convention, the MODULE_SUFFIX option Shorewall code for each new convention, the MODULE_SUFFIX option
has been added to shorewall.conf. MODULE_SUFFIX may be set to the has been added to shorewall.conf. MODULE_SUFFIX may be set to the
@ -188,7 +164,6 @@ Examples:<br>
MODULE_SUFFIX="kzo"<br> MODULE_SUFFIX="kzo"<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; If all files end in ".kz.o" then set &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; If all files end in ".kz.o" then set
MODULE_SUFFIX="kz.o"</li> MODULE_SUFFIX="kz.o"</li>
<li>Support for user defined rule ACTIONS has been implemented <li>Support for user defined rule ACTIONS has been implemented
through two new files:<br> through two new files:<br>
<br> <br>
@ -213,40 +188,31 @@ rules:<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LOG:info<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LOG:info<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ACCEPT</li> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ACCEPT</li>
</ol> </ol>
<p><b>12/03/2003 - Support Torch Passed</b> <b><img
<p><b>12/03/2003 - Support Torch Passed</b> <b><img style= style="border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;"
"border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;" src= src="images/new10.gif" alt="(New)" title=""></b></p>
"images/new10.gif" alt="(New)" title=""></b></p>
Effective today, I am reducing my participation in the day-to-day Effective today, I am reducing my participation in the day-to-day
support of Shorewall. As part of this shift to community-based support of Shorewall. As part of this shift to community-based
Shorewall support a new <a href= Shorewall support a new <a
"https://lists.shorewall.net/mailman/listinfo/shorewall-newbies">Shorewall href="https://lists.shorewall.net/mailman/listinfo/shorewall-newbies">Shorewall
Newbies mailing list</a> has been established to field questions Newbies mailing list</a> has been established to field questions
and problems from new users. I will not monitor that list and problems from new users. I will not monitor that list
personally. I will continue my active development of Shorewall and personally. I will continue my active development of Shorewall and
will be available via the development list to handle development will be available via the development list to handle development
issues -- Tom. issues -- Tom.
<p><b>11/01/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.8 RC2</b> <b><img
<p><b>11/01/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.8 RC2</b> <b><img style= style="border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;"
"border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;" src= src="images/new10.gif" alt="(New)" title=""></b> <b></b></p>
"images/new10.gif" alt="(New)" title=""></b> <b></b></p>
Given the small number of new features and the relatively few lines Given the small number of new features and the relatively few lines
of code that were changed, there will be no Beta for 1.4.8.<br> of code that were changed, there will be no Beta for 1.4.8.<br>
<p><b><a href="http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta">http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a><br>
<a href="ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta" target="_top">ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a><br>
<p><b><a href=
"http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta">http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a><br>
<a href="ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta" target=
"_top">ftp://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Beta</a><br>
<br> <br>
</b> Problems Corrected since version 1.4.7:<br> </b> Problems Corrected since version 1.4.7:<br>
</p> </p>
<ol> <ol>
<li>Tuomo Soini has supplied a correction to a problem that occurs <li>Tuomo Soini has supplied a correction to a problem that
occurs
using some versions of 'ash'. The symptom is that "shorewall start" using some versions of 'ash'. The symptom is that "shorewall start"
fails with:<br> fails with:<br>
&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br>
@ -257,8 +223,8 @@ fails with:<br>
directory<br> directory<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; Try `iptables -h' or 'iptables --help' for more &nbsp;&nbsp; Try `iptables -h' or 'iptables --help' for more
information.</li> information.</li>
<li>Andres Zhoglo has supplied a correction that avoids trying
<li>Andres Zhoglo has supplied a correction that avoids trying to to
use the multiport match iptables facility on ICMP rules.<br> use the multiport match iptables facility on ICMP rules.<br>
&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; Example of rule that previously caused "shorewall &nbsp;&nbsp; Example of rule that previously caused "shorewall
@ -269,7 +235,6 @@ ACCEPT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; loc&nbsp; $FW&nbsp;
icmp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0,8,11,12<br> icmp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0,8,11,12<br>
<br> <br>
</li> </li>
<li>Previously, if the following error message was issued, <li>Previously, if the following error message was issued,
Shorewall was left in an inconsistent state.<br> Shorewall was left in an inconsistent state.<br>
&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br>
@ -277,26 +242,25 @@ Shorewall was left in an inconsistent state.<br>
interface xxx<br> interface xxx<br>
<br> <br>
</li> </li>
<li>Handling of the LOGUNCLEAN option in shorewall.conf has
<li>Handling of the LOGUNCLEAN option in shorewall.conf has been been
corrected.</li> corrected.</li>
<li>In Shorewall 1.4.2, an optimization was added. This <li>In Shorewall 1.4.2, an optimization was added. This
optimization involved creating a chain named "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd" optimization involved creating a chain named "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd"
for most zones defined using the /etc/shorewall/hosts file. It has for most zones defined using the /etc/shorewall/hosts file. It has
since been discovered that in many cases these new chains contain since been discovered that in many cases these new chains contain
redundant rules and that the "optimization" turns out to be less redundant rules and that the "optimization" turns out to be less
than optimal. The implementation has now been corrected.</li> than optimal. The implementation has now been corrected.</li>
<li>When the MARK value in a tcrules entry is followed by ":F"
<li>When the MARK value in a tcrules entry is followed by ":F" or or
":P", the ":F" or ":P" was previously only applied to the first ":P", the ":F" or ":P" was previously only applied to the first
Netfilter rule generated by the entry. It is now applied to all Netfilter rule generated by the entry. It is now applied to all
entries.</li> entries.</li>
<li>An incorrect comment concerning Debian's use of the
<li>An incorrect comment concerning Debian's use of the SUBSYSLOCK SUBSYSLOCK
option has been removed from shorewall.conf.</li> option has been removed from shorewall.conf.</li>
<li>Previously, neither the 'routefilter' interface option nor
<li>Previously, neither the 'routefilter' interface option nor the the
ROUTE_FILTER parameter were working properly. This has been ROUTE_FILTER parameter were working properly. This has been
corrected (thanks to Eric Bowles for his analysis and patch). The corrected (thanks to Eric Bowles for his analysis and patch). The
definition of the ROUTE_FILTER option has changed however. definition of the ROUTE_FILTER option has changed however.
@ -306,26 +270,21 @@ this release, setting ROUTE_FILTER=Yes will enable route filtering
of all interfaces brought up while Shorewall is started. As a of all interfaces brought up while Shorewall is started. As a
consequence, ROUTE_FILTER=Yes can coexist with the use of the consequence, ROUTE_FILTER=Yes can coexist with the use of the
'routefilter' option in the interfaces file.</li> 'routefilter' option in the interfaces file.</li>
<li>If MAC verification was enabled on an interface with a /32 <li>If MAC verification was enabled on an interface with a /32
address and a broadcast address then an error would occur during address and a broadcast address then an error would occur during
startup.</li> startup.</li>
</ol> </ol>
Migration Issues:<br> Migration Issues:<br>
<ol> <ol>
<li>The definition of the ROUTE_FILTER option in shorewall.conf has <li>The definition of the ROUTE_FILTER option in shorewall.conf
has
changed as described in item 8) above.<br> changed as described in item 8) above.<br>
</li> </li>
</ol> </ol>
New Features:<br> New Features:<br>
<ol> <ol>
<li>A new QUEUE action has been introduced for rules. QUEUE allows <li>A new QUEUE action has been introduced for rules. QUEUE
allows
you to pass connection requests to a user-space filter such as you to pass connection requests to a user-space filter such as
ftwall (http://p2pwall.sourceforge.net). The ftwall program allows ftwall (http://p2pwall.sourceforge.net). The ftwall program allows
for effective filtering of p2p applications such as Kazaa. For for effective filtering of p2p applications such as Kazaa. For
@ -345,8 +304,8 @@ ACCEPT rules for loc-&gt;net udp or tcp.<br>
Note: When the protocol specified is TCP ("tcp", "TCP" or "6"), Note: When the protocol specified is TCP ("tcp", "TCP" or "6"),
Shorewall will only pass connection requests (SYN packets) to user Shorewall will only pass connection requests (SYN packets) to user
space. This is for compatibility with ftwall.</li> space. This is for compatibility with ftwall.</li>
<li>A BLACKLISTNEWNONLY option has been added to
<li>A BLACKLISTNEWNONLY option has been added to shorewall.conf. shorewall.conf.
When this option is set to "Yes", the blacklists (dynamic and When this option is set to "Yes", the blacklists (dynamic and
static) are only consulted for new connection requests. When set to static) are only consulted for new connection requests. When set to
"No" (the default if the variable is not set), the blacklists are "No" (the default if the variable is not set), the blacklists are
@ -356,46 +315,42 @@ Setting this option to "No" allows blacklisting to stop existing
connections from a newly blacklisted host but is more expensive in connections from a newly blacklisted host but is more expensive in
terms of packet processing time. This is especially true if the terms of packet processing time. This is especially true if the
blacklists contain a large number of entries.</li> blacklists contain a large number of entries.</li>
<li>Chain names used in the /etc/shorewall/accounting file may
<li>Chain names used in the /etc/shorewall/accounting file may now now
begin with a digit ([0-9]) and may contain embedded dashes begin with a digit ([0-9]) and may contain embedded dashes
("-").</li> ("-").</li>
</ol> </ol>
<p><b>10/26/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.7a and 1.4.7b win brown paper
<p><b>10/26/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.7a and 1.4.7b win brown paper bag bag
awards</b> <b><img style= awards</b> <b><img
"border: 0px solid ; width: 50px; height: 80px;" src= style="border: 0px solid ; width: 50px; height: 80px;"
"images/j0233056.gif" align="middle" title="" alt="">Shorewall src="images/j0233056.gif" align="middle" title="" alt="">Shorewall
1.4.7c released.</b></p> 1.4.7c released.</b></p>
<ol> <ol>
<li>The saga with "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd" chains continues. The 1.4.7c <li>The saga with "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd" chains continues. The
1.4.7c
script produces a ruleset that should work for everyone even if it script produces a ruleset that should work for everyone even if it
is not quite optimal. My apologies for this ongoing mess.</li> is not quite optimal. My apologies for this ongoing mess.</li>
</ol> </ol>
<p><b>10/24/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.7b</b> <b><img
<p><b>10/24/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.7b</b> <b><img style= style="border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;"
"border: 0px solid ; width: 28px; height: 12px;" src= src="images/new10.gif" alt="(New)" title=""></b></p>
"images/new10.gif" alt="(New)" title=""></b></p>
<p>This is a bugfx rollup of the 1.4.7a fixes plus:<br> <p>This is a bugfx rollup of the 1.4.7a fixes plus:<br>
</p> </p>
<ol> <ol>
<li>The fix for problem 5 in 1.4.7a was wrong with the result that <li>The fix for problem 5 in 1.4.7a was wrong with the result
that
"&lt;zone&gt;_frwd" chains might contain too few rules. That wrong "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd" chains might contain too few rules. That wrong
code is corrected in this release.<br> code is corrected in this release.<br>
</li> </li>
</ol> </ol>
<p><b>10/21/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.7a</b></p> <p><b>10/21/2003 - Shorewall 1.4.7a</b></p>
<p>This is a bugfix rollup of the following problem <p>This is a bugfix rollup of the following problem
corrections:<br> corrections:<br>
</p> </p>
<ol> <ol>
<li>Tuomo Soini has supplied a correction to a problem that occurs <li>Tuomo Soini has supplied a correction to a problem that
occurs
using some versions of 'ash'. The symptom is that "shorewall start" using some versions of 'ash'. The symptom is that "shorewall start"
fails with:<br> fails with:<br>
&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br>
@ -408,8 +363,8 @@ directory<br>
information.<br> information.<br>
<br> <br>
</li> </li>
<li>Andres Zhoglo has supplied a correction that avoids trying
<li>Andres Zhoglo has supplied a correction that avoids trying to to
use the multiport match iptables facility on ICMP rules.<br> use the multiport match iptables facility on ICMP rules.<br>
&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; Example of rule that previously caused "shorewall &nbsp;&nbsp; Example of rule that previously caused "shorewall
@ -420,7 +375,6 @@ ACCEPT&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; loc&nbsp; $FW&nbsp;
icmp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0,8,11,12<br> icmp&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 0,8,11,12<br>
<br> <br>
</li> </li>
<li>Previously, if the following error message was issued, <li>Previously, if the following error message was issued,
Shorewall was left in an inconsistent state.<br> Shorewall was left in an inconsistent state.<br>
&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br>
@ -428,93 +382,71 @@ Shorewall was left in an inconsistent state.<br>
interface xxx<br> interface xxx<br>
<br> <br>
</li> </li>
<li>Handling of the LOGUNCLEAN option in shorewall.conf has
<li>Handling of the LOGUNCLEAN option in shorewall.conf has been been
corrected.</li> corrected.</li>
<li>In Shorewall 1.4.2, an optimization was added. This <li>In Shorewall 1.4.2, an optimization was added. This
optimization involved creating a chain named "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd" optimization involved creating a chain named "&lt;zone&gt;_frwd"
for most zones defined using the /etc/shorewall/hosts file. It has for most zones defined using the /etc/shorewall/hosts file. It has
since been discovered that in many cases these new chains contain since been discovered that in many cases these new chains contain
redundant rules and that the "optimization" turns out to be less redundant rules and that the "optimization" turns out to be less
than optimal. The implementation has now been corrected.</li> than optimal. The implementation has now been corrected.</li>
<li>When the MARK value in a tcrules entry is followed by ":F"
<li>When the MARK value in a tcrules entry is followed by ":F" or or
":P", the ":F" or ":P" was previously only applied to the first ":P", the ":F" or ":P" was previously only applied to the first
Netfilter rule generated by the entry. It is now applied to all Netfilter rule generated by the entry. It is now applied to all
entries.</li> entries.</li>
</ol> </ol>
<p><b><a href="News.htm">More News</a></b></p> <p><b><a href="News.htm">More News</a></b></p>
<b></b> <b></b>
<h2><b></b></h2> <h2><b></b></h2>
<b></b> <b></b>
<p><a href="http://leaf.sourceforge.net" target="_top"><img
<p><a href="http://leaf.sourceforge.net" target="_top"><img border= border="0" src="images/leaflogo.gif" width="49" height="36"
"0" src="images/leaflogo.gif" width="49" height="36" alt= alt="(Leaf Logo)"></a> Jacques Nilo and Eric Wolzak have a LEAF
"(Leaf Logo)"></a> Jacques Nilo and Eric Wolzak have a LEAF
(router/firewall/gateway on a floppy, CD or compact flash) (router/firewall/gateway on a floppy, CD or compact flash)
distribution called <i>Bering</i> that features Shorewall-1.4.2 and distribution called <i>Bering</i> that features Shorewall-1.4.2 and
Kernel-2.4.20. You can find their work at: <a href= Kernel-2.4.20. You can find their work at: <a
"http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo">http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo</a></p> href="http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo">http://leaf.sourceforge.net/devel/jnilo</a></p>
<b>Congratulations to Jacques and Eric on the recent release of <b>Congratulations to Jacques and Eric on the recent release of
Bering 1.2!!!</b> <br> Bering 1.2!!!</b> <br>
<h1 align="center"><b><a href="http://www.sf.net"><img
align="left" alt="SourceForge Logo"
<h1 align="center"><b><a href="http://www.sf.net"><img align="left" src="http://sourceforge.net/sflogo.php?group_id=22587&amp;type=3"></a></b></h1>
alt="SourceForge Logo" src=
"http://sourceforge.net/sflogo.php?group_id=22587&amp;type=3">
</a></b></h1>
<b></b> <b></b>
<h4><b></b></h4> <h4><b></b></h4>
<b></b> <b></b>
<h2><b>This site is hosted by the generous folks at <a
<h2><b>This site is hosted by the generous folks at <a href= href="http://www.sf.net">SourceForge.net</a></b></h2>
"http://www.sf.net">SourceForge.net</a></b></h2>
<br> <br>
<br> <br>
<h2><b><a name="Donations"></a>Donations</b></h2> <h2><b><a name="Donations"></a>Donations</b></h2>
<b></b></td> <b></b></td>
</tr> </tr>
</tbody> </tbody>
</table> </table>
</center> </center>
</div> </div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style= style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; background-color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"
"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; background-color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"
id="AutoNumber2"> id="AutoNumber2">
<tbody> <tbody>
<tr> <tr>
<td style="width: 100%; margin-top: 1px;"> <td style="width: 100%; margin-top: 1px;">
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.starlight.org"><img border= <p align="center"><a href="http://www.starlight.org"><img
"4" src="images/newlog.gif" width="57" height="100" align="left" border="4" src="images/newlog.gif" width="57" height="100" align="left"
hspace="10" alt="Starlight Foundation Logo"></a></p> hspace="10" alt="Starlight Foundation Logo"></a></p>
<p align="center"><font size="4" color="#ffffff"><br> <p align="center"><font size="4" color="#ffffff"><br>
<font size="+2">Shorewall is free but if you try it and find it <font size="+2">Shorewall is free but if you try it and find it
useful, please consider making a donation to <a href= useful, please consider making a donation to <a
"http://www.starlight.org"><font color="#ffffff">Starlight href="http://www.starlight.org"><font color="#ffffff">Starlight
Children's Foundation.</font></a> Thanks!</font></font></p> Children's Foundation.</font></a> Thanks!</font></font></p>
</td> </td>
</tr> </tr>
</tbody> </tbody>
</table> </table>
<p><font size="2">Updated 12/28/2003 - <a href="support.htm">Tom
<p><font size="2">Updated 12/07/2003 - <a href="support.htm">Tom
Eastep</a></font><br> Eastep</a></font><br>
</p> </p>
</body> </body>
</html> </html>