<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd"> <!-- $Id$ --> <article id="two-interface"> <articleinfo> <title>Basic Two-Interface Firewall</title> <author> <firstname>Tom</firstname> <surname>Eastep</surname> </author> <pubdate><?dbtimestamp format="Y/m/d"?></pubdate> <copyright> <year>2002-2009</year> <holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder> </copyright> <legalnotice> <para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled <quote><ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink></quote>.</para> </legalnotice> </articleinfo> <caution> <para><emphasis role="bold">This article applies to Shorewall 4.4 and later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall 4.4.0 then please see the documentation for that release.</emphasis></para> </caution> <section id="Intro"> <title>Introduction</title> <para>Setting up a Linux system as a firewall for a small network is a fairly straight-forward task if you understand the basics and follow the documentation.</para> <para>This guide doesn't attempt to acquaint you with all of the features of Shorewall. It rather focuses on what is required to configure Shorewall in its most common configuration:</para> <itemizedlist mark="bullet" spacing="compact"> <listitem> <para>Linux system used as a firewall/router for a small local network.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><emphasis role="bold">Single public IP address.</emphasis> If you have more than one public IP address, this is not the guide you want -- see the <ulink url="shorewall_setup_guide.htm">Shorewall Setup Guide</ulink> instead.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Internet connection through cable modem, DSL, ISDN, Frame Relay, dial-up ...</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <para>Here is a schematic of a typical installation: <figure id="Figure1" label="1"> <title>Common two interface firewall configuration</title> <mediaobject> <imageobject> <imagedata align="center" fileref="images/basics.png" format="PNG" /> </imageobject> </mediaobject> </figure> <caution> <para>If you edit your configuration files on a <trademark>Windows</trademark> system, you must save them as <trademark>Unix</trademark> files if your editor supports that option or you must run them through <command>dos2unix</command> before trying to use them. Similarly, if you copy a configuration file from your <trademark>Windows</trademark> hard drive to a floppy disk, you must run <command>dos2unix</command> against the copy before using it with Shorewall. <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para><ulink url="http://www.simtel.net/pub/pd/51438.html"><trademark>Windows</trademark> Version of <command>dos2unix</command></ulink></para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><ulink url="http://www.megaloman.com/%7Ehany/software/hd2u/">Linux Version of <command>dos2unix</command></ulink></para> </listitem> </itemizedlist></para> </caution></para> <section id="System"> <title>System Requirements</title> <para>Shorewall requires that you have the <command>iproute</command>/<command>iproute2</command> package installed (on <trademark>RedHat</trademark>, the package is called <command>iproute</command>). You can tell if this package is installed by the presence of an <command>ip</command> program on your firewall system. As <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>, you can use the <command>which</command> command to check for this program: <programlisting>[root@gateway root]# <command>which ip</command> /sbin/ip [root@gateway root]#</programlisting> I recommend that you first read through the guide to familiarize yourself with what's involved then go back through it again making your configuration changes.</para> </section> <section id="Conventions"> <title>Conventions</title> <para>Points at which configuration changes are recommended are flagged with <inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" />.</para> <para>Configuration notes that are unique to Debian and it's derivatives are marked with <inlinegraphic fileref="images/openlogo-nd-25.png" format="GIF" />.</para> </section> </section> <section id="PPTP"> <title>PPTP/ADSL</title> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>If you have an <acronym>ADSL</acronym> Modem and you use <acronym>PPTP</acronym> to communicate with a server in that modem, you must make the changes recommended <ulink url="PPTP.htm#PPTP_ADSL">here</ulink> in addition to those detailed below. <acronym>ADSL</acronym> with <acronym>PPTP</acronym> is most commonly found in Europe, notably in Austria.</para> </section> <section id="Concepts"> <title>Shorewall Concepts</title> <para></para> <para>The configuration files for Shorewall are contained in the directory <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> -- for simple setups, you will only need to deal with a few of these as described in this guide.</para> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /><important> <para>After you have <ulink url="Install.htm">installed Shorewall</ulink>, locate the two-interfaces samples:</para> <orderedlist> <listitem> <para>If you installed using an RPM, the samples will be in the Samples/two-interfaces/ subdirectory of the Shorewall documentation directory. If you don't know where the Shorewall documentation directory is, you can find the samples using this command:</para> <programlisting>~# rpm -ql shorewall | fgrep two-interfaces /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/interfaces /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/masq /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/policy /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/routestopped /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/rules /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/zones ~#</programlisting> </listitem> <listitem> <para>If you installed using the tarball, the samples are in the Samples/two-interfaces directory in the tarball.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>If you installed using a Shorewall 3.x .deb, the samples are in /usr/share/doc/shorewall/examples/two-interfaces. You must install the shorewall-doc package.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><graphic align="left" fileref="images/openlogo-nd-25.png" />If you installed using a Shorewall 4.x .deb, the samples are in <emphasis role="bold"><filename class="directory">/usr/share/doc/shorewall-common/examples/two-interfaces</filename>.</emphasis> You do not need the shorewall-doc package to have access to the samples.</para> <warning> <para><emphasis role="bold">Note to Debian and Ubuntu Users</emphasis></para> <para>If you install using the .deb, you will find that your <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> directory is empty. This is intentional. The released configuration file skeletons may be found on your system in the directory <filename class="directory">/usr/share/doc/shorewall/default-config</filename>. Simply copy the files you need from that directory to <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall</filename> and modify the copies.</para> </warning> </listitem> </orderedlist> </important></para> <para>As each file is introduced, I suggest that you look at the actual file on your system and that you look at the <ulink url="configuration_file_basics.htm#Manpages">man page</ulink> for that file. For example, to look at the man page for the <filename>/etc/shorewall/zones</filename> file, type <command>man shorewall-zones</command> at a shell prompt.</para> <para>Note: Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.20.1, there are versions of the sample files that are annotated with the corresponding manpage contents. These files have names ending in '.annotated'. You might choose to look at those files instead.</para> <para>Shorewall views the network where it is running as being composed of a set of zones. In the two-interface sample configuration, the following zone names are used:</para> <para><programlisting>#ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN OUT # OPTIONS OPTIONS fw firewall net ipv4 loc ipv4</programlisting>Zones are defined in the <ulink url="manpages/shorewall-zones.html"><filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>zones</filename></ulink> file.</para> <para>Note that Shorewall recognizes the firewall system as its own zone - when the /etc/shorewall/zones file is processed, the name of the firewall zone is stored in the shell variable $FW which may be used to refer to the firewall zone throughout the Shorewall configuration.</para> <para>Rules about what traffic to allow and what traffic to deny are expressed in terms of zones. <itemizedlist spacing="compact"> <listitem> <para>You express your default policy for connections from one zone to another zone in the <ulink url="manpages/shorewall-policy.html"><filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>policy</filename></ulink> file.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>You define exceptions to those default policies in the <ulink url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html"><filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>rules</filename></ulink> file.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> For each connection request entering the firewall, the request is first checked against the <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>rules</filename> file. If no rule in that file matches the connection request then the first policy in <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>policy</filename> that matches the request is applied. If there is a <ulink url="shorewall_extension_scripts.htm">common action</ulink> defined for the policy in <filename>/etc/shorewall/actions</filename> or <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/actions.std</filename> then that action is performed before the action is applied. The purpose of the common action is two-fold:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>It silently drops or rejects harmless common traffic that would otherwise clutter up your log — Broadcasts for example.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>If ensures that traffic critical to correct operation is allowed through the firewall — ICMP <emphasis>fragmentation-needed</emphasis> for example.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <para>The <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>policy</filename> file included with the two-interface sample has the following policies: <programlisting>#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LEVEL LIMIT:BURST loc net ACCEPT net all DROP info all all REJECT info</programlisting>In the two-interface sample, the line below is included but commented out. If you want your firewall system to have full access to servers on the Internet, uncomment that line. <programlisting>#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LEVEL LIMIT:BURST $FW net ACCEPT</programlisting> The above policy will: <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>Allow all connection requests from your local network to the Internet</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Drop (ignore) all connection requests from the Internet to your firewall or local network</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Optionally accept all connection requests from the firewall to the Internet (if you uncomment the additional policy)</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>reject all other connection requests.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> The word <firstterm>info</firstterm> in the LOG LEVEL column for the DROP and REJECT policies indicates that packets dropped or rejected under those policies should be <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">logged at that level</ulink>.</para> <para>It is important to note that Shorewall policies (and rules) refer to <emphasis role="bold">connections</emphasis> and not packet flow. With the policies defined in the <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/policy</filename> file shown above, connections are allowed from the <emphasis>loc</emphasis> zone to the <emphasis>net</emphasis> zone even though connections are not allowed from the <emphasis>loc</emphasis> zone to the firewall itself.</para> <para>Some people want to consider their firewall to be part of their local network from a security perspective. If you want to do this, add these two policies:</para> <programlisting>#SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LEVEL LIMIT:BURST loc $FW ACCEPT $FW loc ACCEPT</programlisting> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>At this point, edit your <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>policy</filename> and make any changes that you wish.</para> </section> <section id="Interfaces"> <title>Network Interfaces</title> <mediaobject> <imageobject> <imagedata align="center" fileref="images/basics.png" format="PNG" /> </imageobject> </mediaobject> <para>The firewall has two network interfaces. Where Internet connectivity is through a cable or <acronym>DSL</acronym> <quote>Modem</quote>, the <emphasis>External Interface</emphasis> will be the Ethernet adapter that is connected to that <quote>Modem</quote> (e.g., <filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename>) unless you connect via <emphasis>Point-to-Point Protocol</emphasis> over Ethernet (<acronym>PPPoE</acronym>) or <emphasis>Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol</emphasis> (<acronym>PPTP</acronym>) in which case the External Interface will be a <literal>ppp</literal> interface (e.g., <filename class="devicefile">ppp0</filename>). If you connect via a regular modem, your External Interface will also be <filename class="devicefile">ppp0</filename>. If you connect via <acronym>ISDN</acronym>, your external interface will be <filename class="devicefile">ippp0</filename>.</para> <caution> <para>Be sure you know which interface is your external interface. Many hours have been spent floundering by users who have configured the wrong interface. If you are unsure, then as root type <command>ip route ls</command> at the command line. The device listed in the last (default) route should be your external interface.</para> <para>Example:</para> <programlisting>root@lists:~# ip route ls 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 scope link 192.168.2.2 dev tun0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.2.1 192.168.3.0/24 dev br0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.3.254 10.13.10.0/24 dev tun1 scope link 192.168.2.0/24 via 192.168.2.2 dev tun0 192.168.1.0/24 dev br0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.254 206.124.146.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 206.124.146.176 10.10.10.0/24 dev tun1 scope link default via 206.124.146.254 dev <emphasis role="bold">eth0</emphasis> root@lists:~# </programlisting> <para>In that example, <filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename> is the external interface.</para> </caution> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>I<emphasis role="bold">f your external interface is <filename class="devicefile">ppp0</filename> or <filename class="devicefile">ippp0</filename> then you will want to set <varname>CLAMPMSS=yes</varname> in <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>shorewall.conf</filename></emphasis>.</para> <para>Your <emphasis>Internal Interface</emphasis> will be an Ethernet adapter (<filename class="devicefile">eth1</filename> or <filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename>) and will be connected to a hub or switch. Your other computers will be connected to the same hub/switch (note: If you have only a single internal system, you can connect the firewall directly to the computer using a cross-over cable). <warning> <para><emphasis role="bold">Do not connect the internal and external interface to the same hub or switch except for testing</emphasis>.You can test using this kind of configuration if you specify the <emphasis role="bold">arp_filter</emphasis> option or the <emphasis role="bold">arp_ignore</emphasis> option in <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>interfaces</filename> for all interfaces connected to the common hub/switch. <emphasis role="bold">Using such a setup with a production firewall is strongly recommended against</emphasis>.</para> </warning><warning> <para><emphasis role="bold">Do not configure a default route on your internal interface.</emphasis> Your firewall should have exactly one default route via your ISP's Router.</para> </warning> <inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>The Shorewall two-interface sample configuration assumes that the external interface is <filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename> and the internal interface is <filename class="devicefile">eth1</filename>. If your configuration is different, you will have to modify the sample <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>interfaces</filename> file accordingly. While you are there, you may wish to review the list of options that are specified for the interfaces. Some hints:<tip> <para>If your external interface is <filename class="devicefile">ppp0</filename> or <filename class="devicefile">ippp0</filename>, you can replace the <varname>detect</varname> in the second column with a <quote>-</quote> (minus the quotes).</para> </tip><tip> <para>If your external interface is <filename class="devicefile">ppp0</filename> or <filename class="devicefile">ippp0</filename> or if you have a static <acronym>IP</acronym> address, you can remove <varname>dhcp</varname> from the option list.</para> </tip><tip> <para>If your internal interface is a bridge create using the <command>brctl</command> utility then <emphasis role="bold">you must add the <varname>routeback</varname> option to the option list.</emphasis></para> </tip></para> </section> <section id="Addresses"> <title>IP Addresses</title> <para>Before going further, we should say a few words about Internet Protocol (<acronym>IP</acronym>) addresses. Normally, your <acronym>ISP</acronym> will assign you a single Public IP address. This address may be assigned via the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (<acronym>DHCP</acronym>) or as part of establishing your connection when you dial in (standard modem) or establish your <acronym>PPP</acronym> connection. In rare cases, your <acronym>ISP</acronym> may assign you a static <acronym>IP</acronym> address; that means that you configure your firewall's external interface to use that address permanently. However your external address is assigned, it will be shared by all of your systems when you access the Internet. You will have to assign your own addresses in your internal network (the Internal Interface on your firewall plus your other computers). <emphasis role="bold">RFC 1918</emphasis> reserves several <emphasis>Private</emphasis> <acronym>IP</acronym> address ranges for this purpose: <programlisting>10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255</programlisting>You will want to assign your addresses from the same sub-network (subnet). For our purposes, we can consider a subnet to consists of a range of addresses <varname>x.y.z.0 - x.y.z.255</varname>. Such a subnet will have a Subnet Mask of <systemitem class="netmask">255.255.255.0</systemitem>. The address <varname>x.y.z.0</varname> is reserved as the <emphasis>Subnet Address</emphasis> and <varname>x.y.z.255</varname> is reserved as the <emphasis>Subnet Broadcast Address</emphasis>. In Shorewall, a subnet is described using <ulink url="shorewall_setup_guide.htm#Subnets">Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) notation</ulink> with consists of the subnet address followed by <varname>/24</varname>. The <quote>24</quote> refers to the number of consecutive leading <quote>1</quote> bits from the left of the subnet mask. <informaltable frame="all" label="Example sub-network" pgwide="0"> <!-- Orientation types for tables are not supported by fop yet so we'll fake it by using boldface on left side entries. --> <tgroup align="left" cols="2"> <tbody valign="middle"> <row valign="middle"> <entry align="left"><emphasis role="bold">Range:</emphasis></entry> <entry><systemitem class="ipaddress">10.10.10.0</systemitem> - <systemitem class="ipaddress">10.10.10.255</systemitem></entry> </row> <row> <entry align="left"><emphasis role="bold">Subnet Address:</emphasis></entry> <entry align="left"><systemitem class="netmask">10.10.10.0</systemitem></entry> </row> <row> <entry align="left"><emphasis role="bold">Broadcast Address:</emphasis></entry> <entry align="left"><systemitem class="ipaddress">10.10.10.255</systemitem></entry> </row> <row> <entry align="left"><emphasis role="bold">CIDR Notation:</emphasis></entry> <entry align="left"><systemitem class="ipaddress">10.10.10.0/24</systemitem></entry> </row> </tbody> </tgroup> </informaltable> It is conventional to assign the internal interface either the first usable address in the subnet (<systemitem class="ipaddress">10.10.10.1</systemitem> in the above example) or the last usable address (<systemitem class="ipaddress">10.10.10.254</systemitem>).</para> <para>One of the purposes of subnetting is to allow all computers in the subnet to understand which other computers can be communicated with directly. To communicate with systems outside of the subnetwork, systems send packets through a gateway (router).</para> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>Your local computers (computer 1 and computer 2 in the above diagram) should be configured with their default gateway to be the <acronym>IP</acronym> address of the firewall's internal interface.</para> <para>The foregoing short discussion barely scratches the surface regarding subnetting and routing. If you are interested in learning more about <acronym>IP</acronym> addressing and routing, I highly recommend <quote>IP Fundamentals: What Everyone Needs to Know about Addressing & Routing</quote>, Thomas A. Maufer, Prentice-Hall, 1999, ISBN 0-13-975483-0 (<ulink url="http://www.phptr.com/browse/product.asp?product_id={58D4F6D4-54C5-48BA-8EDD-86EBD7A42AF6}">link</ulink>).</para> <para id="Diagram">The remainder of this guide will assume that you have configured your network as shown here: <mediaobject> <imageobject> <imagedata align="center" fileref="images/basics1.png" format="PNG" /> </imageobject> </mediaobject> The default gateway for computer's 1 & 2 would be <systemitem class="ipaddress">10.10.10.254</systemitem>. <warning> <para>Your <acronym>ISP</acronym> might assign your external interface an <emphasis role="bold">RFC 1918</emphasis> address. If that address is in the <systemitem class="ipaddress">10.10.10.0/24</systemitem> subnet then <emphasis role="bold">you will need to select a DIFFERENT RFC 1918 subnet for your local network.</emphasis></para> </warning></para> </section> <section id="SNAT"> <title>IP Masquerading (SNAT)</title> <para>The addresses reserved by RFC 1918 are sometimes referred to as <firstterm>non-routable</firstterm> because the Internet backbone routers don't forward packets which have an RFC-1918 destination address. When one of your local systems (let's assume computer 1 in the <link linkend="Diagram">above diagram</link>) sends a connection request to an Internet host, the firewall must perform <emphasis>Network Address Translation</emphasis> (<acronym>NAT</acronym>). The firewall rewrites the source address in the packet to be the address of the firewall's external interface; in other words, the firewall makes it appear to the destination Internet host as if the firewall itself is initiating the connection. This is necessary so that the destination host will be able to route return packets back to the firewall (remember that packets whose destination address is reserved by RFC 1918 can't be routed across the Internet so the remote host can't address its response to computer 1). When the firewall receives a return packet, it rewrites the destination address back to <systemitem class="ipaddress">10.10.10.1</systemitem> and forwards the packet on to computer 1.</para> <para>On Linux systems, the above process is often referred to as <emphasis>IP Masquerading</emphasis> but you will also see the term <emphasis>Source Network Address Translation</emphasis> (<acronym>SNAT</acronym>) used. Shorewall follows the convention used with Netfilter: <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para><emphasis>Masquerade</emphasis> describes the case where you let your firewall system automatically detect the external interface address.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><emphasis><acronym>SNAT</acronym></emphasis> refers to the case when you explicitly specify the source address that you want outbound packets from your local network to use.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> In Shorewall, both <emphasis>Masquerading</emphasis> and <emphasis><acronym>SNAT</acronym></emphasis> are configured with entries in the <ulink url="manpages/shorewall-masq.html"><filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>masq</filename></ulink> file. You will normally use Masquerading if your external <acronym>IP</acronym> is dynamic and <acronym>SNAT</acronym> if the <acronym>IP</acronym> is static.</para> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>If your external firewall interface is <filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename>, you do not need to modify the file provided with <link linkend="Concepts">the sample</link>. Otherwise, edit <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>masq</filename> and change the first column to the name of your external interface.</para> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>If your external <acronym>IP</acronym> is static, you can enter it in the third column in the <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>masq</filename> entry if you like although your firewall will work fine if you leave that column empty (Masquerade). Entering your static <acronym>IP</acronym> in column 3 (SNAT) makes the processing of outgoing packets a little more efficient.</para> <graphic align="left" fileref="images/openlogo-nd-25.png" /> <para>I<emphasis role="bold">f you are using the Debian package, please check your <filename>shorewall.conf</filename> file to ensure that the following is set correctly; if it is not, change it appropriately:</emphasis> <itemizedlist spacing="compact"> <listitem> <para><varname>IP_FORWARDING=On</varname></para> </listitem> </itemizedlist></para> </section> <section id="Logging"> <title>Logging</title> <para>Shorewall does not maintain a log itself but rather relies on your <ulink url="shorewall_logging.htm">system's logging configuration</ulink>. The following <ulink url="manpages/shorewall.html">commands</ulink> rely on knowing where Netfilter messages are logged:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para><command>shorewall show log</command> (Displays the last 20 netfilter log messages)</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><command>shorewall logwatch</command> (Polls the log at a settable interval</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><command>shorewall dump</command> (Produces an extensive report for inclusion in Shorewall problem reports)</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <para>It is important that these commands work properly because when you encounter connection problems when Shorewall is running, the first thing that you should do is to look at the Netfilter log; with the help of <ulink url="FAQ.htm#faq17">Shorewall FAQ 17</ulink>, you can usually resolve the problem quickly.</para> <para>The Netfilter log location is distribution-dependent:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>Debian and its derivatives log Netfilter messages to <filename>/var/log/kern.log</filename>.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Recent <trademark>SuSE/OpenSuSE</trademark> releases come preconfigured with syslog-ng and log netfilter messages to <filename>/var/log/firewall</filename>.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>For other distributions, Netfilter messages are most commonly logged to <filename>/var/log/messages</filename>.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>If you are running a distribution that logs netfilter messages to a log other than <filename>/var/log/messages</filename>, then modify the LOGFILE setting in <filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> to specify the name of your log.</para> <important> <para>The LOGFILE setting does not control where the Netfilter log is maintained -- it simply tells the /sbin/<filename>shorewall</filename> utility where to find the log.</para> </important> </section> <section id="Modules"> <title>Kernel Module Loading</title> <para>Beginning in Shorewall 4.4.7, <filename>/etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf</filename> contains a LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY option which is set to <option>Yes</option> in the samples. This causes Shorewall to attempt to load the modules listed in <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/helpers</filename>. In addition, it sets <emphasis role="bold">sip_direct_media=0</emphasis> when loading the nf_conntrack_sip module. That setting is somewhat less secure than <emphasis role="bold">sip_direct_media=1</emphasis>, but it generally makes VOIP through the firewall work much better.</para> <para>The modules in <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/helpers</filename> are those that are not autoloaded. If your kernel does not support module autoloading and you want Shorewall to attempt to load all netfilter modules that it might require, then set LOAD_HELPERS_ONLY=No. That will cause Shorewall to try to load the modules listed in <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/modules</filename>. That file does not set <emphasis role="bold">sip_direct_media=0</emphasis>.</para> <para>If you need to modify either <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/helpers</filename> or <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/modules</filename> then copy the file to <filename>/etc/shorewall</filename> and modify the copy.</para> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>Modify the setting of LOAD_HELPER_ONLY as necessary.</para> </section> <section id="DNAT"> <title>Port Forwarding (DNAT)</title> <para>One of your goals may be to run one or more servers on your local computers. Because these computers have RFC-1918 addresses, it is not possible for clients on the Internet to connect directly to them. It is rather necessary for those clients to address their connection requests to the firewall who rewrites the destination address to the address of your server and forwards the packet to that server. When your server responds, the firewall automatically performs <acronym><link linkend="SNAT">SNAT</link></acronym> to rewrite the source address in the response.</para> <para>The above process is called <emphasis>Port Forwarding</emphasis> or <emphasis>Destination Network Address Translation</emphasis> (<acronym>DNAT</acronym>). You configure port forwarding using <acronym>DNAT</acronym> rules in the <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>rules</filename> file.</para> <para>For forwarding connections from the <emphasis>net</emphasis> zone to a server in the <emphasis>loc</emphasis> zone, the general form of a simple port forwarding rule in <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>rules</filename> is: <programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) DNAT net loc:<emphasis><server local ip address></emphasis>[:<emphasis><server port></emphasis>] <emphasis><protocol></emphasis> <emphasis><port></emphasis></programlisting><important> <para><emphasis role="bold">If you want to forward traffic from the <emphasis>loc</emphasis> zone to a server in the <emphasis>loc</emphasis> zone, see <ulink url="FAQ.htm#faq2">Shorewall FAQ 2</ulink>.</emphasis></para> </important><important> <para>Be sure to add your rules after the line that reads <emphasis role="bold">SECTION NEW.</emphasis></para> </important><important> <para>The server must have a static IP address. If you assign IP addresses to your local system using DHCP, you need to configure your DHCP server to always assign the same IP address to systems that are the target of a DNAT rule.</para> </important>Shorewall has <ulink url="Macros.html">macros</ulink> for many popular applications. Look at the output of <command>shorewall show macros</command> to see what is available in your release. Macros simplify creating DNAT rules by supplying the protocol and port(s) as shown in the following examples.</para> <para><example id="Example1" label="1"> <title>Web Server</title> <para>You run a Web Server on computer 2 in <link linkend="Diagram">the above diagram</link> and you want to forward incoming <acronym>TCP</acronym> port 80 to that system: <programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) Web(DNAT) net loc:10.10.10.2</programlisting></para> </example> <example id="Example2" label="2"> <title>FTP Server</title> <para>You run an <acronym>FTP</acronym> Server on <link linkend="Diagram">computer 1</link> so you want to forward incoming <acronym>TCP</acronym> port 21 to that system: <programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) FTP(DNAT) net loc:10.10.10.1</programlisting> For <acronym>FTP</acronym>, you will also need to have <acronym>FTP</acronym> connection tracking and <acronym>NAT</acronym> support in your kernel. For vendor-supplied kernels, this means that the <filename class="libraryfile">ip_conntrack_ftp</filename> and <filename class="libraryfile">ip_nat_ftp</filename> modules (<filename>nf_conntrack_ftp</filename> and <filename>nf_nat_ftp</filename> in later 2.6 kernels) must be loaded. Shorewall will automatically load these modules if they are available and located in the standard place under <filename class="directory">/lib/modules/<kernel version>/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter</filename>. See the <ulink url="FTP.html">Shorewall FTP documentation</ulink> for more information.</para> </example> A couple of important points to keep in mind: <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>You must test the above rule from a client outside of your local network (i.e., don't test from a browser running on computers 1 or 2 or on the firewall). If you want to be able to access your web server and/or <acronym>FTP</acronym> server from inside your firewall using the <acronym>IP</acronym> address of your external interface, see <ulink url="FAQ.htm#faq2">Shorewall FAQ #2</ulink>.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Many <acronym>ISP</acronym>s block incoming connection requests to port 80. If you have problems connecting to your web server, try the following rule and try connecting to port 5000.</para> <programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) DNAT net loc:10.10.10.2:80 tcp 5000</programlisting> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>At this point, modify <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>rules</filename> to add any <acronym>DNAT</acronym> rules that you require.</para> <important> <para>When testing DNAT rules like those shown above, you must test from a client OUTSIDE YOUR FIREWALL (in the 'net' zone). You cannot test these rules from inside the firewall!</para> <para>For DNAT troubleshooting tips, <ulink url="FAQ.htm#faq1a">see FAQs 1a and 1b</ulink>.</para> </important> <para>For information about DNAT when there are multiple external IP addresses, see the <ulink url="Shorewall_and_Aliased_Interfaces.html">Shorewall Aliased Interface documentation</ulink> and the <ulink url="shorewall_setup_guide.htm#dnat">Shorewall Setup Guide</ulink>.</para> </section> <section id="DNS"> <title>Domain Name Server (DNS)</title> <para>Normally, when you connect to your ISP, as part of getting an IP address your firewall's <emphasis>Domain Name Service</emphasis> (<acronym>DNS</acronym>) resolver will be automatically configured (e.g., the <filename class="directory">/etc/</filename><filename>resolv.conf</filename> file will be written). Alternatively, your ISP may have given you the <acronym>IP</acronym> address of a pair of <acronym>DNS</acronym> name servers for you to manually configure as your primary and secondary name servers. Regardless of how <acronym>DNS</acronym> gets configured on your firewall, it is your responsibility to configure the resolver in your internal systems. You can take one of two approaches: <itemizedlist spacing="compact"> <listitem> <para>You can configure your internal systems to use your ISP's name servers. If your ISP gave you the addresses of their servers or if those addresses are available on their web site, you can configure your internal systems to use those addresses. If that information isn't available, look in /etc/resolv.conf on your firewall system -- the name servers are given in "nameserver" records in that file.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><anchor id="cachingdns" /> You can configure a <emphasis>Caching Name Server</emphasis> on your firewall. <trademark>Red Hat</trademark> has an <acronym>RPM</acronym> for a caching name server (the <acronym>RPM</acronym> also requires the <command>bind</command><acronym>RPM</acronym>) and for Bering users, there is <command>dnscache.lrp</command>. If you take this approach, you configure your internal systems to use the firewall itself as their primary (and only) name server. You use the internal <acronym>IP</acronym> address of the firewall (<systemitem class="ipaddress">10.10.10.254</systemitem> in the example above) for the name server address. To allow your local systems to talk to your caching name server, you must open port 53 (both <acronym>UDP</acronym> and <acronym>TCP</acronym>) from the local network to the firewall; you do that by adding the following rules in <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>rules</filename>. <programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) DNS(ACCEPT)loc $FW</programlisting></para> </listitem> </itemizedlist></para> </section> <section id="Open"> <title>Other Connections</title> <para>The two-interface sample includes the following rules: <programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) DNS(ACCEPT) $FW net</programlisting>This rule allows <acronym>DNS</acronym> access from your firewall and may be removed if you uncommented the line in <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>policy</filename> allowing all connections from the firewall to the Internet.</para> <para>In the rule shown above, <quote>DNS</quote>(ACCEPT)is an example of a <emphasis>macro invocation</emphasis>. Shorewall includes a number of macros (see <filename>/usr/share/shorewall/macro.*</filename>) and <ulink url="Macros.html">you can add your own</ulink>.</para> <para>You don't have to use defined macros when coding a rule in <filename>/etc/shorewall/rules</filename>; Shorewall will start slightly faster if you code your rules directly rather than using macros. The the rule shown above could also have been coded as follows:<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) ACCEPT $FW net udp 53 ACCEPT $FW net tcp 53</programlisting></para> <para>In cases where Shorewall doesn't include a defined macro to meet your needs, you can either define the macro yourself or you can simply code the appropriate rules directly.</para> <para>The sample also includes: <programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SSH(ACCEPT) loc $FW </programlisting>That rule allows you to run an <acronym>SSH</acronym> server on your firewall and connect to that server from your local systems.</para> <para>If you wish to enable other connections from your firewall to other systems, the general format using a macro is: <programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) <macro>(ACCEPT) $FW <emphasis><destination zone></emphasis></programlisting>The general format when not using defined macros is:<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) ACCEPT $FW <emphasis><destination zone> <protocol> <port></emphasis></programlisting><example id="Example3"> <title>Web Server on Firewall</title> <para>You want to run a Web Server on your firewall system: <programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) Web(ACCEPT) net $FW Web(ACCEPT) loc $FW </programlisting>Those two rules would of course be in addition to the rules listed above under <quote><link linkend="cachingdns">You can configure a Caching Name Server on your firewall</link></quote>.</para> </example> If you don't know what port and protocol a particular application uses, look <ulink url="ports.htm">here</ulink>. <important> <para>I don't recommend enabling <command>telnet</command> to/from the Internet because it uses clear text (even for login!). If you want shell access to your firewall from the Internet, use <acronym>SSH</acronym>:</para> <programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SSH(ACCEPT) net $FW</programlisting> </important> <inlinegraphic fileref="images/leaflogo.gif" format="GIF" />Bering users will want to add the following two rules to be compatible with Jacques's Shorewall configuration.<programlisting>#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) ACCEPT loc $FW udp 53 #Allow DNS Cache to work ACCEPT loc $FW tcp 80 #Allow Weblet to work</programlisting> <inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>Now edit your <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>rules</filename> file to add or delete other connections as required.</para> </section> <section id="Other"> <title>Some Things to Keep in Mind</title> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para><emphasis role="bold">You cannot test your firewall from the inside</emphasis>. Just because you send requests to your firewall external IP address does not mean that the request will be associated with the external interface or the <quote>net</quote> zone. Any traffic that you generate from the local network will be associated with your local interface and will be treated as loc->fw traffic.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><emphasis role="bold">IP addresses are properties of systems, not of interfaces</emphasis>. It is a mistake to believe that your firewall is able to forward packets just because you can ping the IP address of all of the firewall's interfaces from the local network. The only conclusion you can draw from such pinging success is that the link between the local system and the firewall works and that you probably have the local system's default gateway set correctly.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><emphasis role="bold">All IP addresses configured on firewall interfaces are in the $FW (fw) zone</emphasis>. If 192.168.1.254 is the IP address of your internal interface then you can write <quote><emphasis role="bold">$FW:192.168.1.254</emphasis></quote> in a rule but you may not write <quote><emphasis role="bold">loc:192.168.1.254</emphasis></quote>. Similarly, it is nonsensical to add 192.168.1.254 to the <emphasis role="bold">loc</emphasis> zone using an entry in <filename>/etc/shorewall/hosts</filename>.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><emphasis role="bold">Reply packets do NOT automatically follow the reverse path of the one taken by the original request</emphasis>. All packets are routed according to the routing table of the host at each step of the way. This issue commonly comes up when people install a Shorewall firewall parallel to an existing gateway and try to use DNAT through Shorewall without changing the default gateway of the system receiving the forwarded requests. Requests come in through the Shorewall firewall where the destination IP address gets rewritten but replies go out unmodified through the old gateway.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para><emphasis role="bold">Shorewall itself has no notion of inside or outside</emphasis>. These concepts are embodied in how Shorewall is configured.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> </section> <section> <title>Disabling your existing Firewall</title> <para>Before starting Shorewall for the first time, it's a good idea to stop your existing firewall. On Redhat/CentOS/Fedora:</para> <programlisting><command>service iptables stop</command></programlisting> <para>If you are running SuSE, use Yast or Yast2 to stop SuSEFirewall.</para> <para>Once you have Shorewall running to your satisfaction, you should totally disable your existing firewall. On /Redhat/CentOS/Fedora:</para> <programlisting><command>chkconfig --del iptables</command></programlisting> </section> <section id="Starting"> <title>Starting and Stopping Your Firewall</title> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>The <ulink url="Install.htm">installation procedure</ulink> configures your system to start Shorewall at system boot but startup is disabled so that your system won't try to start Shorewall before configuration is complete. Once you have completed configuration of your firewall, you must edit /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf and set STARTUP_ENABLED=Yes.<graphic align="left" fileref="images/openlogo-nd-25.png" /><important> <para>Users of the .deb package must edit <filename class="directory">/etc/default/</filename><filename>shorewall</filename> and set <varname>startup=1</varname>.</para> </important> While you are editing <filename>shorewall.conf</filename>, it is a good idea to check the value of the SUBSYSLOCK option. You can find a description of this option by typing 'man shorewall.conf' at a shell prompt and searching for SUBSYSLOCK.</para> <para>The firewall is started using the <quote><command>shorewall start</command></quote> command and stopped using <quote><command>shorewall stop</command></quote>. When the firewall is stopped, routing is enabled on those hosts that have an entry in <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename><ulink url="manpages/shorewall-routestopped.html">routestopped</ulink></filename>. A running firewall may be restarted using the <quote><command>shorewall restart</command></quote> command. If you want to totally remove any trace of Shorewall from your Netfilter configuration, use <quote><command>shorewall clear</command></quote>.</para> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>The two-interface sample assumes that you want to enable routing to/from <filename class="devicefile">eth1</filename> (the local network) when Shorewall is stopped. If your local network isn't connected to <filename class="devicefile">eth1</filename> or if you wish to enable access to/from other hosts, change <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>routestopped</filename> accordingly. <warning> <para>If you are connected to your firewall from the Internet, do not issue a <quote><command>shorewall stop</command></quote> command unless you have added an entry for the <acronym>IP</acronym> address that you are connected from to <filename class="directory">/etc/shorewall/</filename><filename>routestopped</filename>. Also, I don't recommend using <quote><command>shorewall restart</command></quote>; it is better to create an alternate configuration and test it using the <quote><command>shorewall try</command></quote> command.</para> </warning></para> <para>The firewall will start after your network interfaces have been brought up. This leaves a small window between the time that the network interfaces are working and when the firewall is controlling connections through those interfaces. If this is a concern, you can close that window by installing the <ulink url="Shorewall-init.html">Shorewall Init Package</ulink>.</para> </section> <section id="Trouble"> <title>If it Doesn't Work</title> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>Re-check each of the items flagged with a red arrow above.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Check your <ulink url="shorewall_logging.html">log</ulink>.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Check the <ulink url="troubleshoot.htm">Troubleshooting Guide</ulink>.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>Check the <ulink url="FAQ.htm">FAQ</ulink>.</para> </listitem> </itemizedlist> </section> <section id="Reading"> <title>Additional Recommended Reading</title> <para>I highly recommend that you review the <ulink url="configuration_file_basics.htm">Common Configuration File Features page</ulink> -- it contains helpful tips about Shorewall features than make administering your firewall easier. Also, <ulink url="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">Operating Shorewall and Shorewall Lite</ulink> contains a lot of useful operational hints.</para> </section> <section id="Wireless"> <title>Adding a Wireless Segment to your Two-Interface Firewall</title> <para>Once you have the two-interface setup working, the next logical step is to add a Wireless Network. The first step involves adding an additional network card to your firewall, either a Wireless card or an Ethernet card that is connected to a Wireless Access Point.<caution> <para>When you add a network card, it won't necessarily be detected as the next highest Ethernet interface. For example, if you have two Ethernet cards in your system (<filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename> and <filename class="devicefile">eth1</filename>) and you add a third card that uses the same driver as one of the other two, that third card won't necessarily be detected as <filename class="devicefile">eth2</filename>; it could rather be detected as <filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename> or <filename class="devicefile">eth1</filename>! You can either live with that or you can shuffle the cards around in the slots until the new card is detected as <filename class="devicefile">eth2</filename>.</para> <para><emphasis role="bold">Update</emphasis>: Distributions are getting better about this. <trademark>SuSE</trademark> now associates a unique interface name with each MAC address. Other distributions have add-on packages to manage the relationship between MAC addresses and device names.</para> </caution></para> <para>Your new network will look similar to what is shown in the following figure.<graphic align="center" fileref="images/basics2.png" /></para> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>The first thing to note is that the computers in your wireless network will be in a different subnet from those on your wired local LAN. In the above example, we have chosen to use the network 10.10.11.0/24. Computers 3 and 4 would be configured with a default gateway IP address of 10.10.11.254.</para> <para>Second, we have chosen to include the wireless network as part of the local zone. Since Shorewall allows intra-zone traffic by default, traffic may flow freely between the local wired network and the wireless network.</para> <para><inlinegraphic fileref="images/BD21298_.gif" format="GIF" /></para> <para>There are only two changes that need to be made to the Shorewall configuration:</para> <itemizedlist> <listitem> <para>An entry needs to be added to <filename>/etc/shorewall/interfaces</filename> for the wireless network interface. If the wireless interface is <filename class="devicefile">wlan0</filename>, the entry might look like:</para> <programlisting>#ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS loc wlan0 detect maclist</programlisting> <para>As shown in the above entry, I recommend using the <ulink url="MAC_Validation.html">maclist option</ulink> for the wireless segment. By adding entries for computers 3 and 4 in <filename>/etc/shorewall/maclist</filename>, you help ensure that your neighbors aren't getting a free ride on your Internet connection. Start by omitting that option; when you have everything working, then add the option and configure your <filename>/etc/shorewall/maclist</filename> file.</para> </listitem> <listitem> <para>You need to add an entry to the <filename>/etc/shorewall/masq</filename> file to masquerade traffic from the wireless network to the Internet. If your Internet interface is <filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename> and your wireless interface is <filename class="devicefile">wlan0</filename>, the entry would be:</para> <programlisting>#INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS eth0 wlan0</programlisting> </listitem> </itemizedlist> <para>One other thing to note. To get <trademark>Microsoft</trademark> networking working between the wireless and wired networks, you will need either a WINS server or a PDC. I personally use Samba configured as a WINS server running on my firewall. Running a WINS server on your firewall requires the rules listed in the <ulink url="samba.htm">Shorewall/Samba documentation</ulink>.</para> </section> </article>