Tom Eastep 2002-2007 Thomas M. Eastep Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. This article applies to Shorewall 4.0 and later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall 4.0.0 then please see the documentation for that release. Do not attempt to install Shorewall on a remote system. You are virtually assured to lock yourself out of that system.

Setting up a Linux system as a firewall for a small network is a fairly straight-forward task if you understand the basics and follow the documentation. This guide doesn't attempt to acquaint you with all of the features of Shorewall. It rather focuses on what is required to configure Shorewall in its most common configuration: Linux system used as a firewall/router for a small local network. Single public IP address. If you have more than one public IP address, this is not the guide you want -- see the Shorewall Setup Guide instead. Internet connection through cable modem, DSL, ISDN, Frame Relay, dial-up ... Here is a schematic of a typical installation:

If you edit your configuration files on a Windows system, you must save them as Unix files if your editor supports that option or you must run them through dos2unix before trying to use them. Similarly, if you copy a configuration file from your Windows hard drive to a floppy disk, you must run dos2unix against the copy before using it with Shorewall. Windows Version of dos2unix Linux Version of dos2unix

Shorewall requires that you have the iproute/iproute2 package installed (on RedHat, the package is called iproute). You can tell if this package is installed by the presence of an ip program on your firewall system. As root, you can use the which command to check for this program: [root@gateway root]# which ip /sbin/ip [root@gateway root]# I recommend that you first read through the guide to familiarize yourself with what's involved then go back through it again making your configuration changes.

Points at which configuration changes are recommended are flagged with . Configuration notes that are unique to LEAF/Bering are marked with .

If you have an ADSL Modem and you use PPTP to communicate with a server in that modem, you must make the changes recommended here in addition to those detailed below. ADSL with PPTP is most commonly found in Europe, notably in Austria.

The configuration files for Shorewall are contained in the directory /etc/shorewall -- for simple setups, you will only need to deal with a few of these as described in this guide. Note to Debian and Ubuntu Users If you install using the .deb, you will find that your /etc/shorewall directory is empty. This is intentional. The released configuration file skeletons may be found on your system in the directory /usr/share/doc/shorewall/default-config. Simply copy the files you need from that directory to /etc/shorewall and modify the copies. Note that you must copy /usr/share/doc/shorewall/default-config/shorewall.conf and /usr/share/doc/shorewall/default-config/modules to /etc/shorewall even if you do not modify those files. After you have installed Shorewall, locate the two-interfaces samples: If you installed using an RPM, the samples will be in the Samples/two-interfaces/ subdirectory of the Shorewall documentation directory. If you don't know where the Shorewall documentation directory is, you can find the samples using this command: ~# rpm -ql shorewall-common | fgrep two-interfaces /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/interfaces /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/masq /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/policy /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/routestopped /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/rules /usr/share/doc/packages/shorewall/Samples/two-interfaces/zones ~# If you installed using the tarball, the samples are in the Samples/two-interfaces directory in the tarball. If you installed using the .deb, the samples are in /usr/share/doc/shorewall/examples/two-interfaces. You must install the shorewall-doc package. If you are installing Shorewall version 3.4.0 or later then as each file is introduced, I suggest that you look at the actual file on your system and that you look at the man page for that file. For example, to look at the man page for the /etc/shorewall/zones file, type man shorewall-zones at a shell prompt. If you are installing a Shorewall version earlier than 3.4.0, then as each file is introduced, I suggest that you look through the actual file on your system -- each file contains detailed configuration instructions and default entries. Shorewall views the network where it is running as being composed of a set of zones. In the two-interface sample configuration, the following zone names are used: #ZONE TYPE OPTIONS IN OUT # OPTIONS OPTIONS fw firewall net ipv4 loc ipv4Zones are defined in the /etc/shorewall/zones file. Note that Shorewall recognizes the firewall system as its own zone - when the /etc/shorewall/zones file is processed, the name of the firewall zone is stored in the shell variable $FW which may be used to refer to the firewall zone throughout the Shorewall configuration. Rules about what traffic to allow and what traffic to deny are expressed in terms of zones. You express your default policy for connections from one zone to another zone in the /etc/shorewall/policy file. You define exceptions to those default policies in the /etc/shorewall/rules file. For each connection request entering the firewall, the request is first checked against the /etc/shorewall/rules file. If no rule in that file matches the connection request then the first policy in /etc/shorewall/policy that matches the request is applied. If there is a comon action defined for the policy in /etc/shorewall/actions or /usr/share/shorewall/actions.std then that action is peformed before the action is applied. The purpose of the common action is two-fold: It silently drops or rejects harmless common traffic that would otherwise clutter up your log — Broadcasts for example. If ensures that traffic critical to correct operation is allowed through the firewall — ICMP fragmentation-needed for example. The /etc/shorewall/policy file included with the two-interface sample has the following policies: #SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LEVEL LIMIT:BURST loc net ACCEPT net all DROP info all all REJECT infoIn the two-interface sample, the line below is included but commented out. If you want your firewall system to have full access to servers on the internet, uncomment that line. #SOURCE DEST POLICY LOG LEVEL LIMIT:BURST $FW net ACCEPT The above policy will: Allow all connection requests from your local network to the internet Drop (ignore) all connection requests from the internet to your firewall or local network Optionally accept all connection requests from the firewall to the internet (if you uncomment the additional policy) reject all other connection requests. It is important to note that Shorewall policies (and rules) refer to connections and not packet flow. With the policies defined in the /etc/shorewall/policy file shown above, connections are allowed from the loc zone to the net zone even though connections are not allowed from the loc zone to the firewall itself. At this point, edit your /etc/shorewall/policy and make any changes that you wish.

The firewall has two network interfaces. Where Internet connectivity is through a cable or DSL Modem, the External Interface will be the ethernet adapter that is connected to that Modem (e.g., eth0) unless you connect via Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) or Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) in which case the External Interface will be a ppp interface (e.g., ppp0). If you connect via a regular modem, your External Interface will also be ppp0. If you connect via ISDN, your external interface will be ippp0. Be sure you know which interface is your external interface. Many hours have been spent floundering by users who have configured the wrong interface. If you are unsure, then as root type ip route ls at the command line. The device listed in the last (default) route should be your external interface. Example: root@lists:~# ip route ls 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 scope link 192.168.2.2 dev tun0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.2.1 192.168.3.0/24 dev br0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.3.254 10.13.10.0/24 dev tun1 scope link 192.168.2.0/24 via 192.168.2.2 dev tun0 192.168.1.0/24 dev br0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.254 206.124.146.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 206.124.146.176 10.10.10.0/24 dev tun1 scope link default via 206.124.146.254 dev eth0 root@lists:~# In that example, eth0 is the external interface. If your external interface is ppp0 or ippp0 then you will want to set CLAMPMSS=yes in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf. Your Internal Interface will be an ethernet adapter (eth1 or eth0) and will be connected to a hub or switch. Your other computers will be connected to the same hub/switch (note: If you have only a single internal system, you can connect the firewall directly to the computer using a cross-over cable). Do not connect the internal and external interface to the same hub or switch except for testing.You can test using this kind of configuration if you specify the arp_filter option or the arp_ignore option in /etc/shorewall/interfaces for all interfaces connected to the common hub/switch. Using such a setup with a production firewall is strongly recommended against. The Shorewall two-interface sample configuration assumes that the external interface is eth0 and the internal interface is eth1. If your configuration is different, you will have to modify the sample /etc/shorewall/interfaces file accordingly. While you are there, you may wish to review the list of options that are specified for the interfaces. Some hints: If your external interface is ppp0 or ippp0, you can replace the detect in the second column with a - (minus the quotes). If your external interface is ppp0 or ippp0 or if you have a static IP address, you can remove dhcp from the option list. If your internal interface is a bridge create using the brctl utility then you must add the routeback option to the option list.

Before going further, we should say a few words about Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Normally, your ISP will assign you a single Public IP address. This address may be assigned via the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) or as part of establishing your connection when you dial in (standard modem) or establish your PPP connection. In rare cases, your ISP may assign you a static IP address; that means that you configure your firewall's external interface to use that address permanently. However your external address is assigned, it will be shared by all of your systems when you access the Internet. You will have to assign your own addresses in your internal network (the Internal Interface on your firewall plus your other computers). RFC 1918 reserves several Private IP address ranges for this purpose: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 Before starting Shorewall, you should look at the IP address of your external interface and if it is one of the above ranges, you should remove the 'norfc1918' option from the external interface's entry in /etc/shorewall/interfaces. To determine the IP address of your external interface, as root type ip addr ls dev <interface> at the command line where <interface> is your external interface. The line beginning with inet identifies your IP address. Example: root@lists:~# ip addr ls dev eth0 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,10000> mtu 1500 qdisc htb qlen 1000 link/ether 00:02:e3:08:48:4c brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 206.124.146.176/24 brd 206.124.146.255 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::202:e3ff:fe08:484c/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever root@lists:~# In this example, the IP address of the external interface is 206.124.146.176 You will want to assign your addresses from the same sub-network (subnet). For our purposes, we can consider a subnet to consists of a range of addresses x.y.z.0 - x.y.z.255. Such a subnet will have a Subnet Mask of 255.255.255.0. The address x.y.z.0 is reserved as the Subnet Address and x.y.z.255 is reserved as the Subnet Broadcast Address. In Shorewall, a subnet is described using Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) notation with consists of the subnet address followed by /24. The 24 refers to the number of consecutive leading 1 bits from the left of the subnet mask. Range: 10.10.10.0 - 10.10.10.255 Subnet Address: 10.10.10.0 Broadcast Address: 10.10.10.255 CIDR Notation: 10.10.10.0/24 It is conventional to assign the internal interface either the first usable address in the subnet (10.10.10.1 in the above example) or the last usable address (10.10.10.254). One of the purposes of subnetting is to allow all computers in the subnet to understand which other computers can be communicated with directly. To communicate with systems outside of the subnetwork, systems send packets through a gateway (router). Your local computers (computer 1 and computer 2 in the above diagram) should be configured with their default gateway to be the IP address of the firewall's internal interface. The foregoing short discussion barely scratches the surface regarding subnetting and routing. If you are interested in learning more about IP addressing and routing, I highly recommend IP Fundamentals: What Everyone Needs to Know about Addressing & Routing, Thomas A. Maufer, Prentice-Hall, 1999, ISBN 0-13-975483-0 (link). The remainder of this quide will assume that you have configured your network as shown here: The default gateway for computer's 1 & 2 would be 10.10.10.254. Your ISP might assign your external interface an RFC 1918 address. If that address is in the 10.10.10.0/24 subnet then you will need to select a DIFFERENT RFC 1918 subnet for your local network.

The addresses reserved by RFC 1918 are sometimes referred to as non-routable because the Internet backbone routers don't forward packets which have an RFC-1918 destination address. When one of your local systems (let's assume computer 1 in the above diagram) sends a connection request to an internet host, the firewall must perform Network Address Translation (NAT). The firewall rewrites the source address in the packet to be the address of the firewall's external interface; in other words, the firewall makes it appear to the destination internet host as if the firewall itself is initiating the connection. This is necessary so that the destination host will be able to route return packets back to the firewall (remember that packets whose destination address is reserved by RFC 1918 can't be routed across the internet so the remote host can't address its response to computer 1). When the firewall receives a return packet, it rewrites the destination address back to 10.10.10.1 and forwards the packet on to computer 1. On Linux systems, the above process is often referred to as IP Masquerading but you will also see the term Source Network Address Translation (SNAT) used. Shorewall follows the convention used with Netfilter: Masquerade describes the case where you let your firewall system automatically detect the external interface address. SNAT refers to the case when you explicitly specify the source address that you want outbound packets from your local network to use. In Shorewall, both Masquerading and SNAT are configured with entries in the /etc/shorewall/masq file. You will normally use Masquerading if your external IP is dynamic and SNAT if the IP is static. If your external firewall interface is eth0, you do not need to modify the file provided with the sample. Otherwise, edit /etc/shorewall/masq and change the first column to the name of your external interface and the second column to the name of your internal interface. If your external IP is static, you can enter it in the third column in the /etc/shorewall/masq entry if you like although your firewall will work fine if you leave that column empty (Masquerade). Entering your static IP in column 3 (SNAT) makes the processing of outgoing packets a little more efficient. If you are using the Debian package, please check your shorewall.conf file to ensure that the following is set correctly; if it is not, change it appropriately: IP_FORWARDING=On

One of your goals may be to run one or more servers on your local computers. Because these computers have RFC-1918 addresses, it is not possible for clients on the internet to connect directly to them. It is rather necessary for those clients to address their connection requests to the firewall who rewrites the destination address to the address of your server and forwards the packet to that server. When your server responds, the firewall automatically performs SNAT to rewrite the source address in the response. The above process is called Port Forwarding or Destination Network Address Translation (DNAT). You configure port forwarding using DNAT rules in the /etc/shorewall/rules file. The general form of a simple port forwarding rule in /etc/shorewall/rules is: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) DNAT net loc:<server local ip address>[:<server port>] <protocol> <port> Be sure to add your rules after the line that reads SECTON NEW. The server must have a static IP address. If you assign IP addresses to your local system using DHCP, you need to configure your DHCP server to always assign the same IP address to systems that are the target of a DNAT rule. Shorewall has macros for many popular applications. Look at the output of shorewall show macros to see what is available in your release. Macros simplify creating DNAT rules by supplying the protocol and port(s) as shown in the following examples. You run a Web Server on computer 2 in the above diagram and you want to forward incoming TCP port 80 to that system: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) Web/DNAT net loc:10.10.10.2 You run an FTP Server on computer 1 so you want to forward incoming TCP port 21 to that system: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) FTP/DNAT net loc:10.10.10.1 For FTP, you will also need to have FTP connection tracking and NAT support in your kernel. For vendor-supplied kernels, this means that the ip_conntrack_ftp and ip_nat_ftp modules (nf_conntrack_ftp and nf_nat_ftp in later 2.6 kernels) must be loaded. Shorewall will automatically load these modules if they are available and located in the standard place under /lib/modules/<kernel version>/kernel/net/ipv4/netfilter. See the Shorewall FTP documentation for more information. A couple of important points to keep in mind: You must test the above rule from a client outside of your local network (i.e., don't test from a browser running on computers 1 or 2 or on the firewall). If you want to be able to access your web server and/or FTP server from inside your firewall using the IP address of your external interface, see Shorewall FAQ #2. Many ISPs block incoming connection requests to port 80. If you have problems connecting to your web server, try the following rule and try connecting to port 5000. #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) DNAT net loc:10.10.10.2:80 tcp 5000 At this point, modify /etc/shorewall/rules to add any DNAT rules that you require. When testing DNAT rules like those shown above, you must test from a client OUTSIDE YOUR FIREWALL (in the 'net' zone). You cannot test these rules from inside the firewall! For DNAT troubleshooting tips, see FAQs 1a and 1b. For information about DNAT when there are multiple external IP addresses, see the Shorewall Aliased Interface documentation and the Shorewall Setup Guide.

Normally, when you connect to your ISP, as part of getting an IP address your firewall's Domain Name Service (DNS) resolver will be automatically configured (e.g., the /etc/resolv.conf file will be written). Alternatively, your ISP may have given you the IP address of a pair of DNS name servers for you to manually configure as your primary and secondary name servers. Regardless of how DNS gets configured on your firewall, it is your responsibility to configure the resolver in your internal systems. You can take one of two approaches: You can configure your internal systems to use your ISP's name servers. If your ISP gave you the addresses of their servers or if those addresses are available on their web site, you can configure your internal systems to use those addresses. If that information isn't available, look in /etc/resolv.conf on your firewall system -- the name servers are given in "nameserver" records in that file. You can configure a Caching Name Server on your firewall. Red Hat has an RPM for a caching name server (the RPM also requires the bindRPM) and for Bering users, there is dnscache.lrp. If you take this approach, you configure your internal systems to use the firewall itself as their primary (and only) name server. You use the internal IP address of the firewall (10.10.10.254 in the example above) for the name server address. To allow your local systems to talk to your caching name server, you must open port 53 (both UDP and TCP) from the local network to the firewall; you do that by adding the following rules in /etc/shorewall/rules. #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) DNS/ACCEPT loc $FW

The two-interface sample includes the following rules: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) DNS/ACCEPT $FW netThis rule allows DNS access from your firewall and may be removed if you uncommented the line in /etc/shorewall/policy allowing all connections from the firewall to the internet. In the rule shown above, DNS/ACCEPT is an example of a macro invocation. Shorewall includes a number of macros (see /usr/share/shorewall/macro.*) and you can add your own. You don't have to use defined macros when coding a rule in /etc/shorewall/rules; Shorewall will start slightly faster if you code your rules directly rather than using macros. The the rule shown above could also have been coded as follows:#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) ACCEPT $FW net udp 53 ACCEPT $FW net tcp 53 In cases where Shorewall doesn't include a defined macro to meet your needs, you can either define the macro yourself or you can simply code the appropriate rules directly. The sample also includes: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SSH/ACCEPT loc $FW That rule allows you to run an SSH server on your firewall and connect to that server from your local systems. If you wish to enable other connections from your firewall to other systems, the general format using a macro is: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) <macro>/ACCEPT $FW <destination zone>The general format when not using defined actions is:#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) ACCEPT $FW <destination zone> <protocol> <port> You want to run a Web Server on your firewall system: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) Web/ACCEPT net $FW Web/ACCEPT loc $FW Those two rules would of course be in addition to the rules listed above under You can configure a Caching Name Server on your firewall. If you don't know what port and protocol a particular application uses, look here. I don't recommend enabling telnet to/from the internet because it uses clear text (even for login!). If you want shell access to your firewall from the internet, use SSH: #ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) SSH/ACCEPT net $FW Bering users will want to add the following two rules to be compatible with Jacques's Shorewall configuration.#ACTION SOURCE DEST PROTO DEST PORT(S) ACCEPT loc $FW udp 53 #Allow DNS Cache to work ACCEPT loc $FW tcp 80 #Allow Weblet to work Now edit your /etc/shorewall/rules file to add or delete other connections as required.

You cannot test your firewall from the inside. Just because you send requests to your firewall external IP address does not mean that the request will be associated with the external interface or the net zone. Any traffic that you generate from the local network will be associated with your local interface and will be treated as loc->fw traffic. IP addresses are properties of systems, not of interfaces. It is a mistake to believe that your firewall is able to forward packets just because you can ping the IP address of all of the firewall's interfaces from the local network. The only conclusion you can draw from such pinging success is that the link between the local system and the firewall works and that you probably have the local system's default gateway set correctly. All IP addresses configured on firewall interfaces are in the $FW (fw) zone. If 192.168.1.254 is the IP address of your internal interface then you can write $FW:192.168.1.254 in a rule but you may not write loc:192.168.1.254. Similarly, it is nonsensical to add 192.168.1.254 to the loc zone using an entry in /etc/shorewall/hosts. Reply packets do NOT automatically follow the reverse path of the one taken by the original request. All packets are routed according to the routing table of the host at each step of the way. This issue commonly comes up when people install a Shorewall firewall parallel to an existing gateway and try to use DNAT through Shorewall without changing the default gateway of the system receiving the forwarded requests. Requests come in through the Shorewall firewall where the destination IP address gets rewritten but replies go out unmodified through the old gateway. Shorewall itself has no notion of inside or outside. These concepts are embodied in how Shorewall is configured.

The installation procedure configures your system to start Shorewall at system boot but startup is disabled so that your system won't try to start Shorewall before configuration is complete. Once you have completed configuration of your firewall, you must edit /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf and set STARTUP_ENABLED=Yes. Users of the .deb package must edit /etc/default/shorewall and set startup=1. The firewall is started using the shorewall start command and stopped using shorewall stop. When the firewall is stopped, routing is enabled on those hosts that have an entry in /etc/shorewall/routestopped. A running firewall may be restarted using the shorewall restart command. If you want to totally remove any trace of Shorewall from your Netfilter configuration, use shorewall clear. The two-interface sample assumes that you want to enable routing to/from eth1 (the local network) when Shorewall is stopped. If your local network isn't connected to eth1 or if you wish to enable access to/from other hosts, change /etc/shorewall/routestopped accordingly. If you are connected to your firewall from the internet, do not issue a shorewall stop command unless you have added an entry for the IP address that you are connected from to /etc/shorewall/routestopped. Also, I don't recommend using shorewall restart; it is better to create an alternate configuration and test it using the shorewall try command.

Re-check each of the items flagged with a red arrow above. Check your log. Check the Troubleshooting Guide. Check the FAQ.

I highly recommend that you review the Common Configuration File Features page -- it contains helpful tips about Shorewall features than make administering your firewall easier.

Once you have the two-interface setup working, the next logical step is to add a Wireless Network. The first step involves adding an additional network card to your firewall, either a Wireless card or an ethernet card that is connected to a Wireless Access Point. When you add a network card, it won't necessarily be detected as the next highest ethernet interface. For example, if you have two ethernet cards in your system (eth0 and eth1) and you add a third card that uses the same driver as one of the other two, that third card won't necessarily be detected as eth2; it could rather be detected as eth0 or eth1! You can either live with that or you can shuffle the cards around in the slots until the new card is detected as eth2. Update: Distributions are getting better about this. SuSE now associates a unique interface name with each MAC address. Other distributions have add-on packages to manage the relationship between MAC addresses and device names. Your new network will look similar to what is shown in the following figure. The first thing to note is that the computers in your wireless network will be in a different subnet from those on your wired local LAN. In the above example, we have chosen to use the network 10.10.11.0/24. Computers 3 and 4 would be configured with a default gateway IP address of 10.10.11.254. Second, we have chosen to include the wireless network as part of the local zone. Since Shorewall allows intra-zone traffic by default, traffic may flow freely between the local wired network and the wireless network. There are only two changes that need to be made to the Shorewall configuration: An entry needs to be added to /etc/shorewall/interfaces for the wireless network interface. If the wireless interface is wlan0, the entry might look like: #ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS loc wlan0 detect maclist As shown in the above entry, I recommend using the maclist option for the wireless segment. By adding entries for computers 3 and 4 in /etc/shorewall/maclist, you help ensure that your neighbors aren't getting a free ride on your internet connection. Start by omitting that option; when you have everything working, then add the option and configure your /etc/shorewall/maclist file. You need to add an entry to the /etc/shorewall/masq file to masquerade traffic from the wireless network to the internet. If your internet interface is eth0 and your wireless interface is wlan0, the entry would be: #INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS eth0 wlan0 One other thing to note. To get Microsoft networking working between the wireless and wired networks, you will need either a WINS server or a PDC. I personally use Samba configured as a WINS server running on my firewall. Running a WINS server on your firewall requires the rules listed in the Shorewall/Samba documentation.