Tom Eastep 2006-03-27 2005 2006 Thomas M. Eastep Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. Make sure you are running a current, vendor-supported distribution, before attempting to perform this setup, older distributions do not meet the minimum requirements,and you will need to recompile iptables, kernel and other software on your system. If you don't follow this advice,we will not be able to help you.

Beginning with Shorewall 2.3.2, limited support is included for multiple internet connections. Limitations of this support are as follows: It utilizes static routing configuration. As such, there is no provision for reacting to the failure of either of the uplinks. The routing changes are made and the route cache is purged when Shorewall is started and when Shorewall is restarted (unless you specify the "-n" option to shorewall restart). Ideally, restarting the packet filter should have no effect on routing.

Let's assume that a firewall is connected via two separate ethernet interfaces to two different ISPs as in the following diagram. eth0 connects to ISP1. The IP address of eth0 is 206.124.146.176 and the ISP's gateway router has IP address 206.124.146.254. eth1 connects to ISP 2. The IP address of eth1 is 130.252.99.27 and the ISP's gateway router has IP address 130.252.99.254. eth2 connects to the local LAN. Its IP configuration is not relevant to this discussion. Each of these providers is described in an entry in the file /etc/shorewall/providers. Entries in /etc/shorewall/providers can specify that outgoing connections are to be load-balanced between the two ISPs. Entries in /etc/shorewall/tcrules can be used to direct particular outgoing connections to one ISP or the other. Use of /etc/shorewall/tcrules is not required for /etc/shorewall/providers to work, but you must select a unique MARK value for each provider so Shorewall can set up the correct marking rules for you. When you use the track option in /etc/shorewall/providers, connections from the internet are automatically routed back out of the correct interface and through the correct ISP gateway. This works whether the connection is handled by the firewall itself or if it is routed or port-forwarded to a system behind the firewall. Shorewall will set up the routing and will update the /etc/iproute2/rt_tables to include the table names and number of the tables that it adds. This feature uses packet marking to control the routing. As a consequence, there are some restrictions concerning entries in /etc/shorewall/tcrules: Packet marking for traffic control purposes may not be done in the PREROUTING table for connections involving providers with 'track' specified (see below). You may not use the SAVE or RESTORE options. You may not use connection marking. The /etc/shorewall/providers file can also be used in other routing scenarios. See the Squid documentation for an example.

Entries in this file have the following columns. As in all Shorewall configuration files, enter "-" in a column if you don't want to enter any value. NAME The provider name. Must begin with a letter and consist of letters and digits. The provider name becomes the name of the generated routing table for this provider. NUMBER A number between 1 and 252. This becomes the routing table number for the generated table for this provider. MARK A mark value used in your /etc/shorewall/tcrules file to direct packets to this provider. Shorewall will also mark connections that have seen input from this provider with this value and will restore the packet mark in the PREROUTING CHAIN. DUPLICATE Gives the name or number of a routing table to duplicate. May be 'main' or the name or number of a previously declared provider. For most applications, you want to specify 'main' here. INTERFACE The name of the interface to the provider. GATEWAY The IP address of the provider's Gateway router. You can enter detect here and Shorewall will attempt to automatically determine the gateway IP address. Hint: "detect" is appropriate for use in cases where the interface named in the INTERFACE column is dynamically configured via DHCP etc. OPTIONS A comma-separated list from the following: track If specified, connections FROM this interface are to be tracked so that responses may be routed back out this same interface. You want to specify 'track' if internet hosts will be connecting to local servers through this provider. Any time that you specify 'track', you will also want to specify 'balance' (see below). Use of this feature requires that your kernel and iptables support CONNMARK target and connmark match support. It does not require the ROUTE target extension. iptables 1.3.1 is broken with respect to CONNMARK and iptables-save/iptables-restore. This means that if you configure multiple ISPs, shorewall restore may fail. If it does, you may patch your iptables using the patch at http://shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/contrib/iptables/CONNMARK.diff. If you are using /etc/shorewall/providers because you have multiple internet connections, we recommend that you specify 'track' even if you don't need it. It helps maintain long-term connections in which there are significant periods with no traffic. balance The providers that have 'balance' specified will get outbound traffic load-balanced among them. Balancing will not be perfect, as it is route based, and routes are cached. This means that routes to often-used sites will always be over the same provider. By default, each provider is given the same weight (1) . You can change the weight of a given provider by following balance with "=" and the desired weight (e.g., balance=2). The weights reflect the relative bandwidth of the providers connections and should be small numbers since the kernel actually creates additional default routes for each weight increment. If you are using /etc/shorewall/providers because you have multiple internet connections, we recommend that you specify 'balance' even if you don't need it. You can still use entries in /etc/shorewall/tcrules to force traffic to one provider or another. loose Do not include routing rules that force traffic whose source IP is an address of the INTERFACE to be routed to this provider. Useful for defining providers that are to be used only when the appropriate packet mark is applied. COPY When you specify an existing table in the DUPLICATE column, Shorewall copies all routes through the interface specified in the INTERFACE column plus the interfaces listed in this column. At a minumum, you should list all interfaces on your firewall in this column except those internet interfaces specified in the INTERFACE column of entries in this file.

Adding another entry in the providers file simply creates an alternate routing table for you. In addition: Unless loose is specified, an ip rule is generated for each IP address on the INTERFACE that routes traffic from that address through the associated routing table. If you specify track, then connections which have had at least one packet arrive on the interface listed in the INTERFACE column have their connection mark set to the value in the MARK column. In the PREROUTING chain, packets with a connection mark have their packet mark set to the value of the associated connection mark; packets marked in this way bypass any prerouting rules that you create in /etc/shorewall/tcrules. This ensures that packets associated with connections from outside are always routed out of the correct interface. If you specify balance, then Shorewall will replace the 'default' route with weight 100 in the 'main' routing table with a load-balancing route among those gateways where balance was specified. So if you configure default routes, be sure that their weight is less than 100 or the route added by Shorewall will not be used. That's all that these entries do. You still have to follow the principle stated in the Shorewall Routing documentation: Routing determines where packets are to be sent. Once routing determines where the packet is to go, the firewall (Shorewall) determines if the packet is allowed to go there. The bottom line is that if you want traffic to go out through a particular provider then you must mark that traffic with the provider's MARK value in /etc/shorewall/tcrules and you must do that marking in the PREROUTING chain. Entries in /etc/shorewall/providers permanently alter your firewall/gateway's routing; that is, the effect of these changes is not reversed by shorewall stop or shorewall clear. To restore routing to its original state, you will have to restart your network. This can usually be done by /etc/init.d/network restart or /etc/init.d/networking restart. Check your distribution's networking documentation. You can mitigate the effect of the Shorewall-generated changes to your routing table by specifying a metric for each default route that you configure. Shorewall will generate a load-balancing default route (assuming that balance has been specified for some of the providers) that does not include a metric and that will therefore not replace any existing route that has a non-zero metric.

Given that Shorewall is simply a tool to configure Netfilter and does not run continuously in your system, entries in the providers file do not provide any automatic failover in the event of failure of one of your Internet connections.

The configuration in the figure at the top of this section would be specified in /etc/shorewall/providers as follows. #NAME NUMBER MARK DUPLICATE INTERFACE GATEWAY OPTIONS COPY ISP1 1 1 main eth0 206.124.146.254 track,balance eth2 ISP2 2 2 main eth1 130.252.99.254 track,balance eth2 Other configuration files go something like this: /etc/shorewall/interfaces: #ZONE INTERFACE BROADCAST OPTIONS net eth0 detect … net eth1 detect … /etc/shorewall/policy: #SOURCE DESTINATION POLICY LIMIT:BURST net net DROP Regardless of whether you have masqueraded hosts or not, YOU MUST ADD THESE TWO ENTRIES TO /etc/shorewall/masq: #INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS eth0 130.252.99.27 206.124.146.176 eth1 206.124.146.176 130.252.99.27 If you have a Dynamic IP address on either of the interfaces, you can use shell variables to construct the above rules. For example, if eth0 had a dynamic IP address, then: /etc/shorewall/params: ETH0_IP=$(find_first_interface_address eth0) /etc/shorewall/masq: #INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS eth0 130.252.99.27 $ETH0_IP eth1 $ETH0_IP 130.252.99.27 If you have masqueraded hosts, be sure to update /etc/shorewall/masq to masquerade to both ISPs. For example, if you masquerade all hosts connected to eth2 then: #INTERFACE SUBNET ADDRESS eth0 eth2 206.124.146.176 eth1 eth2 130.252.99.27 Entries in /etc/shorewall/masq have no effect on which ISP a particular connection will be sent through. That is rather the purpuse of entries in /etc/shorewall/tcrules. Now suppose that you want to route all outgoing SMTP traffic from your local network through ISP 2. You would make this entry in /etc/shorewall/tcrules (and if you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than 3.0.0, you would set TC_ENABLED=Yes in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf). #MARK SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT(S) CLIENT USER TEST # PORT(S) 2:P <local network> 0.0.0.0/0 tcp 25