Tom Eastep Arne Bernin 2006-03-15 2001-2006 Thomas M. Eastep 2005 Arne Bernin & Thomas M. Eastep Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.

Starting with Version 2.5.5, Shorewall has builtin support for traffic shaping and control. Before this version, the support was quite limited. You were able to use your own tcstart script (and you still are), but besides the tcrules file it was not possible to define classes or queueing discplines inside the Shorewall config files. The support for traffic shaping and control still does not cover all options available (and especially all algorithms that can be used to queue traffic) in the Linux kernel but it should fit most needs. If you are using your own script for traffic control and you still want to use it in the future, you will find information on how to do this, later in this document. But for this to work, you will also need to enable traffic shaping in the kernel and Shorewall as covered by the next sections.

This section gives a brief introduction of how controlling traffic with the linux kernel works. Although this might be enough for configuring it in the Shorewall configuration files, it still might be a good idea to take a deeper look into the Linux Advanced Routing and Shaping HOWTO. At the time of writing this, the current version is 1.0.0. Since kernel 2.2 Linux has extensive support for controlling traffic. You can define different algorithms that are used to queue the traffic before it leaves an interface. The standard one is called pfifo and is (as the name suggests) of the type First In First out. This means, that it does not shape anything, if you have a connection that eats up all your bandwidth, this qeueing algorithm will not stop it from doing so. For Shorewall traffic shaping we use two algorithms, one is called HTB (Hierarchical Token Bucket) and SFQ (Stochastic Fairness Queuing). SFQ is easy to explain: it just tries to track your connections (tcp or udp streams) and balances the traffic between them. This normally works well. HTB allows you to define a set of classes, and you can put the traffic you want into these classes. You can define minimum and maximum bandwitdh settings for those classes and order them hierachically (the less priorized classes only get bandwitdth if the more important have what they need). Shorewall builtin traffic shaping allows you to define these classes (and their bandwidth limits), and it uses SFQ inside these classes to make sure, that different data streams are handled equally. You can only shape outgoing traffic. The reason for this is simple, the packets were already received by your network card before you can decide what to do with them. So the only choice would be to drop them which normally makes no sense (since you received the packet already, it went through the possible bottleneck (the incoming connection). The next possible bottleneck might come if the packet leaves on another interface, so this will be the place where queuing might occur. So, defining queues for incoming packets is not very useful, you just want to have it forwarded to the outgoing interface as fast as possible. There is one exception, though. Limiting incoming traffic to a value a bit slower than your actual line speed will avoid queueing on the other end of that connection. This is mostly useful if you don't have access to traffic control on the other side and if this other side has a faster network connection than you do (the line speed between the systems is the bottleneck, e.g. a DSL or Cable Modem connection to your provider's router, the router itself is normally connected to a much faster backbone). So, if you drop packets that are coming in too fast, the underlying protocol might recognize this and slow down the connection. TCP has a builtin mechanism for this, UDP has not (but the protocol over UDP might recognize it , if there is any). The reason why queing is bad in these cases is, that you might have packets which need to be priorized over others, e.g. VoIP or ssh. For this type of connections it is important that packets arrive in a certain amount of time. For others like http downloads, it does not really matter if it takes a few seconds more. If you have a large queue on the other side and the router there does not care about QoS or the QoS bits are not set properly, your important packets will go into the same queue as your less timecritical download packets which will result in a large delay. You shape and control outgoing traffic by assigning the traffic to classes. Each class is associated with exactly one network interface and has a number of attributes: PRIORITY - Used to give preference to one class over another when selecting a packet to send. The priority is a numeric value with 1 being the highest priority, 2 being the next highest, and so on. RATE - The minimum bandwidth this class should get, when the traffic load rises. Classes with a higher priority (lower PRIORITY value) are served even if there are others that have a guaranteed bandwith but have a lower priority (higher PRIORITY value). CEIL - The maximum bandwidth the class is allowed to use when the link is idle. MARK - Netfilter has a facility for marking packets. Packet marks have a numeric value which is limited in Shorewall to the values 1-255. You assign packet marks to different types of traffic using entries in the /etc/shorewall/tcrules file. One class for each interface must be designated as the default class. This is the class to which unmarked traffic (packets to which you have not assigned a mark value in /etc/shorewall/tcrules) is assigned.

You will need at least kernel 2.4.18 for this to work, please take a look at the following screenshot for what settings you need to enable. For builtin support, you need the HTB scheduler, the Ingress scheduler, the PRIO pseudoscheduler and SFQ queue. The other scheduler or queue algorithms are not needed. You also need the u32 and fw classifiers from near the bottom of the main Networking Options menu (not shown). This screen shot shows how I've configured QoS in my Kernel:

You need this support whether you use the builtin support or whether you provide your own tcstart script. To enable the builtin traffic shaping and control in Shorewall, you have to do the following: Set TC_ENABLED to "Internal" in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf. Setting TC_ENABLED=Yes causes Shorewall to look for an external tcstart file (See a later section for details). Setting CLEAR_TC parameter in /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf to Yes will clear the traffic shaping configuration during Shorewall [re]start and Shorewall stop. This is normally what you want when using the builtin support (and also if you use your own tcstart script) The other steps that follow depend on whether you use your own script or the builtin solution. They will be explained in the following sections.

For defining bandwidths (for either devices or classes) please use kbit or kbps(for Kilobytes per second) and make sure there is NO space between the number and the unit (it is 100kbit not 100 kbit). Using mbit, mbps or a raw number (which means bytes) could be used, but note that only integer numbers are supported (0.5 is not valid). To properly configure the settings for your devices you might need to find out the real up- and downstream rates you have. This is especially the case, if you are using a DSL connection or one of another type that do not have a guaranteed bandwidth. Don't trust the values your provider tells you for this; especially measuring the real download speed is important! There are several online tools that help you find out; search for "dsl speed test" on google (For Germany you can use arcor speed check). Be sure to choose a test located near you.

This file allows you to define the incoming and outgoing bandwidth for the devices you want traffic shaping to be enabled. That means, if you want to use traffic shaping for a device, you have to define it here. Columns in the file are as follows: INTERFACE - Name of interface. Each interface may be listed only once in this file. You may NOT specify the name of an alias (e.g., eth0:0) here; see FAQ #18. You man NOT specify wildcards here, e.g. if you have multiple ppp interfaces, you need to put them all in here! IN-BANDWIDTH - The incoming Bandwidth of that interface. Please note that you are not able to do traffic shaping on incoming traffic, as the traffic is already received before you could do so. This Column allows you to define the maximum traffic allowed for this interface in total, if the rate is exceeded, the packets are dropped. You want this mainly if you have a DSL or Cable Connection to avoid queuing at your providers side. If you don't want any traffic to be dropped set this to a value faster than your interface maximum rate. To determine the optimum value for this setting, we recommend that you start by setting it significantly below your measured download bandwidth (20% or so). While downloading, measure the ping response time from the firewall to the upstream router as you gradually increase the setting.The optimal setting is at the point beyond which the ping time increases sharply as you increase the setting. OUT-BANDWIDTH - Specifiy the outgoing bandwidth of that interface. This is the maximum speed your connection can handle. It is also the speed you can refer as "full" if you define the tc classes. Outgoing traffic above this rate will be dropped. Suppose you are using PPP over Ethernet (DSL) and ppp0 is the interface for this. The device has an outgoing bandwidth of 500kbit and an incoming bandwidth of 6000kbit #INTERFACE IN-BANDWITH OUT-BANDWIDTH ppp0 6000kbit 500kbit

This file allows you to define the actual classes that are used to split the outgoing traffic. INTERFACE - Name of interface. Must match the name of an interface with an entry in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices. MARK - The mark value which is an integer in the range 1-255. You define these marks in the tcrules file, marking the traffic you want to go into the queueing classes defined in here. You can use the same marks for different Interfaces. RATE - The minimum bandwidth this class should get, when the traffic load rises. Please note that first the classes which equal or a lesser priority value are served even if there are others that have a guaranteed bandwith but a lower priority. CEIL - The maximum bandwidth this class is allowed to use when the link is idle. Useful if you have traffic which can get full speed when more important services (e.g. interactive like ssh) are not used. You can use the value "full" in here for setting the maximum bandwidth to the defined output bandwidth of that interface. PRIORITY - you have to define a priority for the class. packets in a class with a higher priority (=lesser value) are handled before less priorized onces. You can just define the mark value here also, if you are increasing the mark values with lesser priority. OPTIONS - A comma-separated list of options including the following: default - this is the default class for that interface where all traffic should go, that is not classified otherwise. defining default for exactly one class per interface is mandatory! tos-<tosname> - this lets you define a filter for the given <tosname> which lets you define a value of the Type Of Service bits in the ip package which causes the package to go in this class. Please note, that this filter overrides all mark settings, so if you define a tos filter for a class all traffic having that mark will go in it regardless of the mark on the package. You can use the following for this option: tos-minimize-delay (16) tos-maximize-throughput (8) tos-maximize-reliability (4) tos-minimize-cost (2) tos-normal-service (0) Each of this options is only valid for one class per interface. tcp-ack - if defined causes an tc filter to be created that puts all tcp ack packets on that interface that have an size of <=64 Bytes to go in this class. This is useful for speeding up downloads. Please note that the size of the ack packets is limited to 64 bytes as some applications (p2p for example) use to make every package an ack package which would cause them all into here. We want only packets WITHOUT payload to match, so the size limit. Bigger packets just take their normal way into the classes. This option is only valid for class per interface.

The fwmark classifier provides a convenient way to classify packets for traffic shaping. The /etc/shorewall/tcrules file is used for specifying these marks in a tabular fashion. Normally, packet marking occurs in the PREROUTING chain before any address rewriting takes place. This makes it impossible to mark inbound packets based on their destination address when SNAT or Masquerading are being used. You can cause packet marking to occur in the FORWARD chain by using the MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN option in shorewall.conf. Columns in the file are as follows: MARK or CLASSIFY - MARK specifies the mark value is to be assigned in case of a match. This is an integer in the range 1-255. This value may be optionally followed by : and either F or P to designate that the marking will occur in the FORWARD or PREROUTING chains respectively. If this additional specification is omitted, the chain used to mark packets will be determined by the setting of the MARK_IN_FORWARD_CHAIN option in shorewall.conf. To use CLASSIFY, your kernel and iptables must include CLASSIFY target support. In that case, this column contains a classification (classid) of the form <major>:<minor> where <major> and <minor> are integers. Corresponds to the 'class' specification in these traffic shaping modules: atm cbq dsmark pfifo_fast htb prio Classify always occurs in the POSTROUTING chain. When used with the builtin traffic shaper, the <major> class is the device number (the first entry in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices is device 1, the second is device 2 and so on) and the <minor> class is the MARK value of the class + 100. SOURCE - The source of the packet. If the packet originates on the firewall, place $FW in this column. Otherwise, this is a comma-separated list of interface names, IP addresses, MAC addresses in Shorewall Format and/or Subnets. Examples eth0 192.168.2.4,192.168.1.0/24 DEST -- Destination of the packet. Comma-separated list of IP addresses and/or subnets. PROTO - Protocol - Must be the name of a protocol from /etc/protocol, a number or all PORT(S) - Destination Ports. A comma-separated list of Port names (from /etc/services), port numbers or port ranges (e.g., 21:22); if the protocol is icmp, this column is interpreted as the destination icmp type(s). CLIENT PORT(S) - (Optional) Port(s) used by the client. If omitted, any source port is acceptable. Specified as a comma-separate list of port names, port numbers or port ranges. USER/GROUP (Added in Shorewall version 1.4.10) - (Optional) This column may only be non-empty if the SOURCE is the firewall itself. When this column is non-empty, the rule applies only if the program generating the output is running under the effective user and/or group. It may contain : [!][<user name or number>]:[<group name or number>][+<program name>] The colon is optionnal when specifying only a user. Examples: joe #program must be run by joe :kids #program must be run by a member of the 'kids' group !:kids #program must not be run by a member of the 'kids' group +upnpd #program named upnpd (This feature was removed from Netfilter in kernel version 2.6.14). All packets arriving on eth1 should be marked with 1. All packets arriving on eth2 and eth3 should be marked with 2. All packets originating on the firewall itself should be marked with 3. #MARK SOURCE DESTINATION PROTOCOL PORT(S) 1 eth1 0.0.0.0/0 all 2 eth2 0.0.0.0/0 all 2 eth3 0.0.0.0/0 all 3 $FW 0.0.0.0/0 all All GRE (protocol 47) packets not originating on the firewall and destined for 155.186.235.151 should be marked with 12. #MARK SOURCE DESTINATION PROTOCOL PORT(S) 12 0.0.0.0/0 155.182.235.151 47 All SSH request packets originating in 192.168.1.0/24 and destined for 155.186.235.151 should be marked with 22. #MARK SOURCE DESTINATION PROTOCOL PORT(S) 22 192.168.1.0/24 155.182.235.151 tcp 22 All SSH packets packets going out of the first device in in /etc/shorewall/tcdevices should be assigned to the class with mark value 10. #MARK SOURCE DESTINATION PROTOCOL PORT(S) CLIENT # PORT(S) 1:110 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp 22 1:110 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp - 22

If you use ppp/pppoe/pppoa) to connect to your internet provider and you use traffic shaping you need to restart shorewall traffic shaping. The reason for this is, that if the ppp connection gets restarted (and it usally does this at least daily), all tc filters/qdiscs related to that interface are deleted. The easiest way to achieve this, is just to restart shorewall once the link is up. To achieve this add a small executable script to/etc/ppp/ip-up.d. #! /bin/sh /sbin/shorewall refresh

You are able to fully replace the wondershaper script by using the buitin traffic control.You can find example configuration files at "http://www1.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Samples/tc4shorewall/. Please note that they are just examples and need to be adjusted to work for you. In this examples it is assumed that your interface for you internet connection is ppp0 (for DSL) , if you use another connection type, you have to change it. You also need to change the settings in the tcdevices.wondershaper file to reflect your line speed. The relevant lines of the config files follow here. Please note that this is just an 1:1 replacement doing exactly what wondershaper should do. You are free to change it...

#INTERFACE IN-BANDWITH OUT-BANDWIDTH ppp0 5000kbit 500kbit

#INTERFACE MARK RATE CEIL PRIORITY OPTIONS ppp0 1 full full 1 tcp-ack,tos-minimize-delay ppp0 2 9*full/10 9*full/10 2 default ppp0 3 8*full/10 8*full/10 2

#MARK SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT(S) CLIENT USER # PORT(S) 1:P 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 icmp echo-request 1:P 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 icmp echo-reply # mark traffic which should have a lower priority with a 3: # mldonkey 3 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp - 4666 Wondershaper allows you to define a set of hosts and/or ports you want to classify as low priority. To achieve this , you have to add these hosts to tcrules and set the mark to 3 (true if you use the example configuration files).

lets assume the following settings from your old wondershaper script (don't assume these example values are really useful, they are only used for demonstrating ;-): # low priority OUTGOING traffic - you can leave this blank if you want # low priority source netmasks NOPRIOHOSTSRC="192.168.1.128/25 192.168.3.28" # low priority destination netmasks NOPRIOHOSTDST=60.0.0.0/24 # low priority source ports NOPRIOPORTSRC="6662 6663" # low priority destination ports NOPRIOPORTDST="6662 6663" This would result in the following additional settings to the tcrules file: 3 192.168.1.128/25 0.0.0.0/0 all 3 192.168.3.28 0.0.0.0/0 all 3 0.0.0.0/0 60.0.0.0/24 all 3 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp 6662,6663 3 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 udp - 6662,6663 3 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp 6662,6663 3 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp - 6662,6663

This is a simple setup for people sharing an internet connection and using different computers for this. It just basically shapes between 2 hosts which have the ip addresses 192.168.2.23 and 192.168.2.42

#INTERFACE IN-BANDWITH OUT-BANDWIDTH ppp0 6000kbit 700kbit We have 6mbit down and 700kbit upstream.

#INTERFACE MARK RATE CEIL PRIORITY OPTIONS ppp0 1 10kbit 50kbit 1 tcp-ack ppp0 2 300kbit full 2 ppp0 3 300kbit full 2 ppp0 4 90kbit 200kbit 3 default We add a class for tcp ack packets with highest priority, so that downloads are fast. The following 2 classes share most of the bandwidth between the 2 hosts, if the connection is idle, they may use full speed. As the hosts should be treated equally they have the same priority. The last class is for the remaining traffic.

#MARK SOURCE DEST PROTO PORT(S) CLIENT USER # PORT(S) 1:P 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 icmp echo-request 1:P 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 icmp echo-reply 2:P 192.168.2.23 0.0.0.0/0 all 3:P 192.168.2.42 0.0.0.0/0 all We mark icmp ping and replies so they will go into the fast interactive class and set a mark for each host.

If you prefer your own tcstart file, just install it in /etc/shorewall/tcstart. In your tcstart script, when you want to run the tc utility, use the run_tc function supplied by Shorewall if you want tc errors to stop the firewall. Set TC_ENABLED=Yes and CLEAR_TC=Yes Supply an /etc/shorewall/tcstart script to configure your traffic shaping rules. Optionally supply an /etc/shorewall/tcclear script to stop traffic shaping. That is usually unnecessary. If your tcstart script uses the fwmark classifier, you can mark packets using entries in /etc/shorewall/tcrules.

To start traffic shaping when you bring up your network interfaces, you will have to arrange for your traffic shaping configuration script to be run at that time. How you do that is distribution dependent and will not be covered here. You then should: Set TC_ENABLED=No and CLEAR_TC=No If your script uses the fwmark classifier, you can mark packets using entries in /etc/shorewall/tcrules.