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shorewall_code/Shorewall-docs/three-interface.htm
teastep 5e73f39c5a Shorewall-1.4.6 Beta 1 
git-svn-id: https://shorewall.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/shorewall/trunk@628 fbd18981-670d-0410-9b5c-8dc0c1a9a2bb
2003-07-04 16:41:22 +00:00

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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 5.0">
<meta name="ProgId" content="FrontPage.Editor.Document">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Three-Interface Firewall</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
style="border-collapse: collapse;" bordercolor="#111111" width="100%"
id="AutoNumber5" bgcolor="#400169" height="90">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="100%">
<h1 align="center"><font color="#ffffff">Three-Interface Firewall</font></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2 align="center">Version 2.0.1</h2>
<p align="left">Setting up a Linux system as a firewall for a small network
with DMZ is a fairly straight-forward task if you understand the
basics and follow the documentation.</p>
<p>This guide doesn't attempt to acquaint you with all of the features of
Shorewall. It rather focuses on what is required to configure Shorewall
in one of its more popular configurations:</p>
<ul>
<li>Linux system used as a firewall/router for a small
local network.</li>
<li>Single public IP address.</li>
<li>DMZ connected to a separate ethernet interface.</li>
<li>Connection through DSL, Cable Modem, ISDN, Frame
Relay, dial-up, ...</li>
</ul>
<p align="left">Here is a schematic of a typical installation.</p>
<p align="center"> <img border="0" src="images/dmz1.png" width="692"
height="635">
</p>
<p>Shorewall requires that you have the iproute/iproute2 package installed
(on RedHat, the package is called <i>iproute</i>)<i>. </i>You can
tell if this package is installed by the presence of an <b>ip</b>
program on your firewall system. As root, you can use the 'which'
command to check for this program:</p>
<pre> [root@gateway root]# which ip<br> /sbin/ip<br> [root@gateway root]#</pre>
<p>I recommend that you first read through the guide to familiarize yourself
with what's involved then go back through it again making your
configuration changes. Points at which configuration changes are
recommended are flagged with <img border="0"
src="images/BD21298_.gif" width="13" height="13">
.<2E>Configuration notes that are unique to LEAF/Bering are marked with<74><img
src="images/leaflogo.gif" alt="(LEAF Logo)" width="49" height="36">
</p>
<p><img border="0" src="images/j0213519.gif" width="60" height="60">
<20><><EFBFBD> If you edit your configuration files on a Windows
system, you must save them as Unix files if your editor supports
that option or you must run them through dos2unix before trying to
use them. Similarly, if you copy a configuration file from your Windows
hard drive to a floppy disk, you must run dos2unix against the copy
before using it with Shorewall.</p>
<ul>
<li><a
href="http://www.simtel.net/pub/pd/51438.html">Windows Version of
dos2unix</a></li>
<li><a
href="http://www.megaloman.com/%7Ehany/software/hd2u/">Linux Version
of dos2unix</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 align="left">Shorewall Concepts</h2>
<p> <img border="0" src="images/BD21298_.gif" width="13" height="13"
alt="">
<20><><EFBFBD> The configuration files for Shorewall are contained in the
directory /etc/shorewall -- for simple setups, you will only need to
deal with a few of these as described in this guide. After you have
<a href="Install.htm">installed Shorewall</a>, <b>download the <a
href="http://www.shorewall.net/pub/shorewall/Samples/">three-interface
sample</a>, un-tar it (tar -zxvf three-interfaces.tgz) and and copy
the files to /etc/shorewall (the files will replace files with the
same names that were placed in /etc/shorewall when Shorewall was installed)</b>.</p>
<p>As each file is introduced, I suggest that you look through the actual
file on your system -- each file contains detailed configuration
instructions and default entries.</p>
<p>Shorewall views the network where it is running as being composed of a
set of <i>zones.</i> In the three-interface sample configuration,
the following zone names are used:</p>
<table border="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;" cellpadding="3"
cellspacing="0" id="AutoNumber2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>Name</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>Description</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>net</b></td>
<td><b>The Internet</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>loc</b></td>
<td><b>Your Local Network</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>dmz</b></td>
<td><b>Demilitarized Zone</b></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Zone names are defined in <a href="Documentation.htm#Zones"> /etc/shorewall/zones</a>.</p>
<p>Shorewall also recognizes the firewall system as its own zone - by default,
the firewall itself is known as <b>fw</b>.</p>
<p>Rules about what traffic to allow and what traffic to deny are expressed
in terms of zones.</p>
<ul>
<li>You express your default policy for connections
from one zone to another zone in the<a
href="Documentation.htm#Policy"> /etc/shorewall/policy </a>file.</li>
<li>You define exceptions to those default policies
in the <a href="Documentation.htm#Rules">/etc/shorewall/rules </a>file.</li>
</ul>
<p>For each connection request entering the firewall, the request is first
checked against the /etc/shorewall/rules file. If no rule in that
file matches the connection request then the first policy in /etc/shorewall/policy
that matches the request is applied. If that policy is REJECT
or DROP<4F> the request is first checked against the rules in /etc/shorewall/common
(the samples provide that file for you).</p>
<p>The /etc/shorewall/policy file included with the three-interface sample
has the following policies:</p>
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber3">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>Source Zone</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>Destination Zone</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>Policy</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>Log Level</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>Limit:Burst</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>loc</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>net</td>
<td>all</td>
<td>DROP</td>
<td>info</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>all</td>
<td>all</td>
<td>REJECT</td>
<td>info</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p>In the three-interface sample, the line below is included but commented
out. If you want your firewall system to have full access to servers
on the internet, uncomment that line.</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber3">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>Source Zone</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>Destination Zone</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>Policy</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>Log Level</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>Limit:Burst</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fw</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>The above policy will:</p>
<ol>
<li>allow all connection requests from your local network
to the internet</li>
<li>drop (ignore) all connection requests from the internet
to your firewall or local network</li>
<li>optionally accept all connection requests from the
firewall to the internet (if you uncomment the additional policy)</li>
<li>reject all other connection requests.</li>
</ol>
<p><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_1.gif" width="13" height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> At this point, edit your /etc/shorewall/policy file
and make any changes that you wish.</p>
<h2 align="left">Network Interfaces</h2>
<p align="center"> <img border="0" src="images/dmz1.png" width="692"
height="635">
</p>
<p align="left">The firewall has three network interfaces. Where Internet
connectivity is through a cable or DSL "Modem", the <i>External
Interface</i> will be the ethernet adapter that is connected to
that "Modem" (e.g., <b>eth0</b>)<29> <u>unless</u> you connect via <i><u>P</u>oint-to-<u>P</u>oint
<u>P</u>rotocol over <u>E</u>thernet</i> (PPPoE) or <i><u>P</u>oint-to-<u>P</u>oint
<u>T</u>unneling <u>P</u>rotocol </i>(PPTP) in which case the External
Interface will be a ppp interface (e.g., <b>ppp0</b>). If you connect
via a regular modem, your External Interface will also be <b>ppp0</b>.
If you connect using ISDN, you external interface will be <b>ippp0.</b></p>
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_1.gif" width="13"
height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> If your external interface is <b>ppp0</b> or <b>ippp0
</b>then you will want to set CLAMPMSS=yes in <a
href="Documentation.htm#Conf"> /etc/shorewall/shorewall.conf.</a></p>
<p align="left">Your <i>Local Interface</i> will be an ethernet adapter (eth0,
eth1 or eth2) and will be connected to a hub or switch. Your local
computers will be connected to the same switch (note: If you have
only a single local system, you can connect the firewall directly
to the computer using a <i>cross-over </i> cable).</p>
<p align="left">Your <i>DMZ Interface</i> will also be an ethernet adapter
(eth0, eth1 or eth2) and will be connected to a hub or switch.
Your DMZ computers will be connected to the same switch (note: If
you have only a single DMZ system, you can connect the firewall directly
to the computer using a <i>cross-over </i> cable).</p>
<p align="left"><u><b> <img border="0" src="images/j0213519.gif"
width="60" height="60">
</b></u>Do not connect more than one interface to the
same hub or switch (even for testing). It won't work the way that
you expect it to and you will end up confused and believing that Shorewall
doesn't work at all.</p>
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_2.gif" width="13"
height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> The Shorewall three-interface sample configuration
assumes that the external interface is <b>eth0, </b>the local interface
is <b>eth1 </b>and the DMZ interface is <b> eth2</b>. If your configuration
is different, you will have to modify the sample /etc/shorewall/interfaces
file accordingly. While you are there, you may wish to review the
list of options that are specified for the interfaces. Some hints:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p align="left">If your external interface is <b>ppp0</b> or <b>ippp0</b>,
you can replace the "detect" in the second column with "-".
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p align="left">If your external interface is <b>ppp0</b> or <b>ippp0</b>
or if you have a static IP address, you can remove "dhcp" from
the option list. </p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 align="left">IP Addresses</h2>
<p align="left">Before going further, we should say a few words about Internet
Protocol (IP) <i>addresses</i>. Normally, your ISP will assign
you a single <i> Public</i> IP address. This address may be assigned
via the<i> Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</i> (DHCP) or as part
of establishing your connection when you dial in (standard modem) or
establish your PPP connection. In rare cases, your ISP may assign you
a<i> static</i> IP address; that means that you configure your firewall's
external interface to use that address permanently.<i> </i>Regardless
of how the address is assigned, it will be shared by all of your systems
when you access the Internet. You will have to assign your own addresses
for your internal network (the local and DMZ Interfaces on your firewall
plus your other computers). RFC 1918 reserves several <i>Private </i>IP
address ranges for this purpose:</p>
<div align="left">
<pre> 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255<br> 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255<br> 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255</pre>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_.gif" width="13"
height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> Before starting Shorewall, you should look at the
IP address of your external interface and if it is one of the
above ranges, you should remove the 'norfc1918' option from the
external interface's entry in /etc/shorewall/interfaces.</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">You will want to assign your local addresses from one <i>
sub-network </i>or <i>subnet</i> and your DMZ addresses from another
subnet. For our purposes, we can consider a subnet to consists
of a range of addresses x.y.z.0 - x.y.z.255. Such a subnet will have
a <i>Subnet Mask </i>of 255.255.255.0. The address x.y.z.0 is reserved
as the <i>Subnet Address</i> and x.y.z.255 is reserved as the <i>Subnet
Broadcast</i> <i>Address</i>. In Shorewall, a subnet is described using<6E><a
href="shorewall_setup_guide.htm#Subnets"><i>Classless InterDomain Routing
</i>(CIDR)</a> notation with consists of the subnet address followed
by "/24". The "24" refers to the number of consecutive "1" bits
from the left of the subnet mask. </p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">Example sub-network:</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<blockquote>
<table border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" id="AutoNumber1"
cellpadding="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>Range:</b></td>
<td>10.10.10.0 - 10.10.10.255</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Subnet Address:</b></td>
<td>10.10.10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Broadcast Address:</b></td>
<td>10.10.10.255</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><b>CIDR<EFBFBD>Notation:</b></td>
<td>10.10.10.0/24</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">It is conventional to assign the internal interface either
the first usable address in the subnet (10.10.10.1 in the above
example) or the last usable address (10.10.10.254).</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">One of the purposes of subnetting is to allow all computers
in the subnet to understand which other computers can be communicated
with directly. To communicate with systems outside of the subnetwork,
systems send packets through a<i><EFBFBD> gateway</i><EFBFBD> (router).</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_1.gif" width="13"
height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> Your local computers (Local Computers 1 &amp; 2)
should be configured with their<i> default gateway</i> set to
the IP address of the firewall's internal interface and your DMZ
computers ( DMZ Computers 1 &amp; 2) should be configured with their
default gateway set to the IP address of the firewall's DMZ interface.<2E><>
</p>
</div>
<p align="left">The foregoing short discussion barely scratches the surface
regarding subnetting and routing. If you are interested in learning
more about IP addressing and routing, I highly recommend <i>"IP
Fundamentals: What Everyone Needs to Know about Addressing &amp;
Routing",</i> Thomas A. Maufer, Prentice-Hall, 1999, ISBN 0-13-975483-0.</p>
<p align="left">The remainder of this quide will assume that you have configured
your network as shown here:</p>
<p align="center"> <img border="0" src="images/dmz2.png" width="721"
height="635">
</p>
<p align="left">The default gateway for the DMZ computers would be 10.10.11.254
and the default gateway for the Local computers would be 10.10.10.254.<br>
</p>
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_.gif" width="13"
height="13" alt="">
<20><><EFBFBD> <font color="#ff0000"><b>WARNING: </b></font><b>Your ISP<53> might
assign your external interface an RFC 1918 address. If that address is
in the 10.10.10.0/24 subnet then you will need to select a DIFFERENT RFC
1918 subnet for your local network and if it is in the 10.10.11.0/24 subnet
then you will need to select a different RFC 1918 subnet for your DMZ.</b><br>
</p>
<p align="left">IP Masquerading (SNAT)</p>
<p align="left">The addresses reserved by RFC 1918 are sometimes referred
to as <i>non-routable</i> because the Internet backbone routers
don't forward packets which have an RFC-1918 destination address.
When one of your local systems (let's assume local computer 1) sends
a connection request to an internet host, the firewall must perform
<i>Network Address Translation </i>(NAT). The firewall rewrites the
source address in the packet to be the address of the firewall's external
interface; in other words, the firewall makes it look as if the firewall
itself is initiating the connection.<2E> This is necessary so that the
destination host will be able to route return packets back to the firewall
(remember that packets whose destination address is reserved by RFC
1918 can't be routed accross the internet). When the firewall receives
a return packet, it rewrites the destination address back to 10.10.10.1
and forwards the packet on to local computer 1. </p>
<p align="left">On Linux systems, the above process is often referred to
as<i> IP Masquerading</i> and you will also see the term <i>Source Network
Address Translation </i>(SNAT) used. Shorewall follows the convention used
with Netfilter:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p align="left"><i>Masquerade</i> describes the case where you let your
firewall system automatically detect the external interface address.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p align="left"><i>SNAT</i> refers to the case when you explicitly specify
the source address that you want outbound packets from your local
network to use. </p>
</li>
</ul>
<p align="left">In Shorewall, both Masquerading and SNAT are configured with
entries in the /etc/shorewall/masq file.</p>
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_2.gif" width="13"
height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> If your external firewall interface is <b>eth0</b>,
your local interface <b>eth1 </b>and your DMZ interface is <b>eth2</b>
then you do not need to modify the file provided with the sample. Otherwise,
edit /etc/shorewall/masq and change it to match your configuration.</p>
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_2.gif" width="13"
height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> If your external IP is static, you can enter it in
the third column in the /etc/shorewall/masq entry if you like although
your firewall will work fine if you leave that column empty. Entering
your static IP in column 3 makes <br>
processing outgoing packets a little more efficient.<br>
</p>
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_.gif" width="13"
height="13" alt="">
<20><><EFBFBD> If you are using the Debian package, please check your shorewall.conf
file to ensure that the following are set correctly; if they are not,
change them appropriately:<br>
</p>
<ul>
<li>NAT_ENABLED=Yes (Shorewall versions earlier than 1.4.6)</li>
<li>IP_FORWARDING=On<br>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 align="left">Port Forwarding (DNAT)</h2>
<p align="left">One of your goals will be to run one or more servers on your
DMZ computers. Because these computers have RFC-1918 addresses,
it is not possible for clients on the internet to connect directly
to them. It is rather necessary for those clients to address their
connection requests to your firewall who rewrites the destination
address to the address of your server and forwards the packet to that
server. When your server responds, the firewall automatically performs
SNAT to rewrite the source address in the response.</p>
<p align="left">The above process is called<i> Port Forwarding</i> or <i>
Destination Network Address Translation</i> (DNAT). You configure
port forwarding using DNAT rules in the /etc/shorewall/rules file.</p>
<p>The general form of a simple port forwarding rule in /etc/shorewall/rules
is:</p>
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DNAT</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>dmz:<i>&lt;server local ip address&gt; </i>[:<i>&lt;server
port&gt;</i>]</td>
<td><i>&lt;protocol&gt;</i></td>
<td><i>&lt;port&gt;</i></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>If you don't specify the <i>&lt;server port&gt;</i>, it is assumed to
be the same as <i>&lt;port&gt;</i>.</p>
<p>Example - you run a Web Server on DMZ 2 and you want to forward incoming
TCP port 80 to that system:</p>
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DNAT</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>dmz:10.10.11.2</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>80</td>
<td># Forward port 80</td>
<td>from the internet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>loc</td>
<td>dmz:10.10.11.2</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>80</td>
<td>#Allow connections </td>
<td>from the local network</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>A couple of important points to keep in mind:</p>
<ul>
<li>When you are connecting to your server from your
local systems, you must use the server's internal IP address (10.10.11.2).</li>
<li>Many ISPs block incoming connection requests to
port 80. If you have problems connecting to your web server, try
the following rule and try connecting to port 5000 (e.g., connect
to <a href="http://w.x.y.z:5000"> http://w.x.y.z:5000</a> where w.x.y.z
is your external IP).</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DNAT</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>dmz:10.10.11.2:80</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>5000</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>If you want to be able to access your server from the local network using
your external address, then if you have a static external IP you
can replace the loc-&gt;dmz rule above with:</p>
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DNAT</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>dmz:10.10.11.2:80</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>80</td>
<td>-</td>
<td><i>&lt;external IP&gt;</i></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>If you have a dynamic ip then you must ensure that your external interface
is up before starting Shorewall and you must take steps as follows
(assume that your external interface is <b>eth0</b>):</p>
<ol>
<li>Include the following in /etc/shorewall/params:<br>
<br>
ETH0_IP=`find_interface_address eth0`<br>
<20></li>
<li>Make your loc-&gt;dmz rule:</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DNAT</td>
<td>loc<br>
</td>
<td>dmz:10.10.11.2:80</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>80</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>$ETH0_IP</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>If you want to access your server from the DMZ using your external IP
address, see <a href="FAQ.htm#faq2a">FAQ 2a</a>.</p>
<p><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_2.gif" width="13" height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> At this point, add the DNAT and ACCEPT rules for your
servers. </p>
<h2 align="left">Domain Name Server (DNS)</h2>
<p align="left">Normally, when you connect to your ISP, as part of getting
an IP address your firewall's <i>Domain Name Service </i>(DNS)
resolver will be automatically configured (e.g., the /etc/resolv.conf
file will be written). Alternatively, your ISP may have given you
the IP address of a pair of DNS <i> name servers</i> for you to manually
configure as your primary and secondary name servers. It is <u>your</u>
responsibility to configure the resolver in your internal systems.
You can take one of two approaches:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p align="left">You can configure your internal systems to use your ISP's
name servers. If you ISP gave you the addresses of their servers
or if those addresses are available on their web site, you can
configure your internal systems to use those addresses. If that
information isn't available, look in /etc/resolv.conf on your firewall
system -- the name servers are given in "nameserver" records in that
file. </p>
</li>
<li>
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_2.gif"
width="13" height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> You can configure a<i> Caching Name Server </i>on your
firewall or in your DMZ.<i> </i>Red Hat has an RPM for a caching
name server (which also requires the 'bind' RPM) and for Bering
users, there is dnscache.lrp. If you take this approach, you configure
your internal systems to use the caching name server as their primary
(and only) name server. You use the internal IP address of the firewall
(10.10.10.254 in the example above) for the name server address if
you choose to run the name server on your firewall. To allow your local
systems to talk to your caching name server, you must open port 53
(both UDP and TCP) from the local network to the server; you do that
by adding the rules in /etc/shorewall/rules. </p>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p align="left">If you run the name server on the firewall:
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>loc</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>loc</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>udp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>dmz</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>dmz</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>udp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</p>
</blockquote>
<div align="left">
<blockquote>
<p>Run name server on DMZ computer 1</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>loc</td>
<td>dmz:10.10.11.1</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>loc</td>
<td>dmz:10.10.11.1</td>
<td>udp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>dmz:10.10.10.1</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>dmz:10.10.10.1</td>
<td>udp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="left">
<h2 align="left">Other Connections</h2>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">The three-interface sample includes the following rules:</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>udp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">Those rules allow DNS access from your firewall and may be
removed if you commented out the line in /etc/shorewall/policy
allowing all connections from the firewall to the internet.</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">The sample also includes:</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>loc</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>22</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>loc</td>
<td>dmz</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>22</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">That rule allows you to run an SSH server on your firewall
and in each of your DMZ systems and to connect to those servers
from your local systems.</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">If you wish to enable other connections between your systems,
the general format is:</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td><i>&lt;source zone&gt;</i></td>
<td><i>&lt;destination zone&gt;</i></td>
<td><i>&lt;protocol&gt;</i></td>
<td><i>&lt;port&gt;</i></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">Example - You want to run a publicly-available DNS server
on your firewall system:</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>53</td>
<td>#Allow DNS access</td>
<td>from the internet</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>udp<br>
</td>
<td>53</td>
<td>#Allow DNS access</td>
<td>from the internet</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">Those two rules would of course be in addition to the rules
listed above under "If you run the name server on your firewall".</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">If you don't know what port and protocol a particular application
uses, look <a href="ports.htm">here</a>.</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left"><b>Important: </b>I don't recommend enabling telnet to/from
the internet because it uses clear text (even for login!). If
you want shell access to your firewall from the internet, use SSH:</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>net</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>22</td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
<td><EFBFBD></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left"> </p>
<p align="left"><img src="images/leaflogo.gif" alt="(LEAF Logo)"
width="49" height="36">
<20><><EFBFBD> Bering users will want to add the following two rules to be compatible
with Jacques's Shorewall configuration.<br>
</p>
<div align="left">
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse: collapse;"
id="AutoNumber4">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><u><b>ACTION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>DESTINATION</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PROTOCOL</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>SOURCE PORT</b></u></td>
<td><u><b>ORIGINAL ADDRESS</b></u></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>loc<br>
</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>udp<br>
</td>
<td>53<br>
</td>
<td>#Allow DNS Cache to</td>
<td>work<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ACCEPT</td>
<td>loc</td>
<td>fw</td>
<td>tcp</td>
<td>80</td>
<td>#Allow weblet to work</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</blockquote>
</div>
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_2.gif" width="13"
height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> Now modify /etc/shorewall/rules to add or remove
other connections as required.</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<h2 align="left">Starting and Stopping Your Firewall</h2>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left"> <img border="0" src="images/BD21298_2.gif"
width="13" height="13" alt="Arrow">
<20><><EFBFBD> The <a href="Install.htm">installation procedure </a>
configures your system to start Shorewall at system boot<6F> but beginning
with Shorewall version 1.3.9 startup is disabled so that your system
won't try to start Shorewall before configuration is complete. Once you
have completed configuration of your firewall, you can enable Shorewall
startup by removing the file /etc/shorewall/startup_disabled.<br>
</p>
<p align="left"><font color="#ff0000"><b>IMPORTANT</b>: </font><font
color="#ff0000">Users of the .deb package must edit /etc/default/shorewall
and set 'startup=1'.</font><br>
</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left">The firewall is started using the "shorewall start" command
and stopped using "shorewall stop". When the firewall is stopped,
routing is enabled on those hosts that have an entry in <a
href="Documentation.htm#Routestopped">/etc/shorewall/routestopped</a>. A
running firewall may be restarted using the "shorewall restart"
command. If you want to totally remove any trace of Shorewall
from your Netfilter configuration, use "shorewall clear".</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left"><img border="0" src="images/BD21298_2.gif" width="13"
height="13">
<20><><EFBFBD> The three-interface sample assumes that you want to
enable routing to/from <b>eth1 (</b>your local network) and<b> eth2
</b>(DMZ) when Shorewall is stopped. If these two interfaces don't
connect to your local network and DMZ or if you want to enable a
different set of hosts, modify /etc/shorewall/routestopped accordingly.</p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p align="left"><b>WARNING: </b>If you are connected to your firewall from
the internet, do not issue a "shorewall stop" command unless
you have added an entry for the IP address that you are connected
from to <a href="Documentation.htm#Routestopped">/etc/shorewall/routestopped</a>.
Also, I don't recommend using "shorewall restart"; it is better to
create an <i><a href="configuration_file_basics.htm#Configs">alternate
configuration</a></i> and test it using the <a
href="starting_and_stopping_shorewall.htm">"shorewall try" command</a>.</p>
</div>
<p align="left"><font size="2">Last updated 6/27/2003 - <a
href="support.htm">Tom Eastep</a></font></p>
<p align="left"><a href="copyright.htm"><font size="2">Copyright 2002, 2003
Thomas M. Eastep</font></a><br>
</p>
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