forked from extern/shorewall_code
566 lines
23 KiB
XML
566 lines
23 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd">
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<article>
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<!--$Id$-->
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<articleinfo>
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<title>Shorewall Traffic Accounting</title>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<firstname>Tom</firstname>
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<surname>Eastep</surname>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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<pubdate><?dbtimestamp format="Y/m/d"?></pubdate>
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<copyright>
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<year>2003-2009</year>
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<holder>Thomas M. Eastep</holder>
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</copyright>
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<legalnotice>
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<para>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version
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1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
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no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover, and with no Back-Cover
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Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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<quote><ulink url="GnuCopyright.htm">GNU Free Documentation
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License</ulink></quote>.</para>
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</legalnotice>
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</articleinfo>
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<caution>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">This article applies to Shorewall 4.0 and
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later. If you are running a version of Shorewall earlier than Shorewall
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4.0.0 then please see the documentation for that
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release</emphasis>.</para>
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</caution>
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<section id="Basics">
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<title>Accounting Basics</title>
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<para>Shorewall accounting rules are described in the file
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<filename><filename>/etc/shorewall/accounting</filename></filename>. By
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default, the accounting rules are placed in a chain called
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<quote>accounting</quote> and can thus be displayed using
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<quote>shorewall[-lite] show -x accounting</quote>. All traffic passing
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into, out of, or through the firewall traverses the accounting chain
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including traffic that will later be rejected by interface options such as
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<quote>tcpflags</quote> and <quote>maclist</quote>.</para>
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<para>The columns in the accounting file are described in <ulink
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url="manpages/shorewall-accounting.html">shorewall-accounting</ulink> (5)
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and <ulink
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url="manpages6/shorewall6-accounting.html">shorewall6-accounting</ulink>
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(5).</para>
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<para>In all columns except ACTION and CHAIN, the values <quote>-</quote>,
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<quote>any</quote> and <quote>all</quote> are treated as
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wild-cards.</para>
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<para>The accounting rules are evaluated in the Netfilter
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<quote>filter</quote> table. This is the same environment where the
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<quote>rules</quote> file rules are evaluated and in this environment,
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DNAT has already occurred in inbound packets and SNAT has not yet occurred
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on outbound packets.</para>
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<para>Accounting rules are not stateful -- each rule only handles traffic
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in one direction. For example, if eth0 is your Internet interface, and you
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have a web server in your DMZ connected to eth1, then to count HTTP
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traffic in both directions requires two rules:</para>
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<programlisting> #ACTION CHAIN SOURCE DESTINATION PROTOCOL DEST SOURCE
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# PORT PORT
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DONE - eth0 eth1 tcp 80
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DONE - eth1 eth0 tcp - 80</programlisting>
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<para>Associating a counter with a chain allows for nice reporting. For
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example:</para>
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<programlisting> #ACTION CHAIN SOURCE DESTINATION PROTOCOL DEST SOURCE
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# PORT PORT
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web:COUNT - eth0 eth1 tcp 80
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web:COUNT - eth1 eth0 tcp - 80
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web:COUNT - eth0 eth1 tcp 443
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web:COUNT - eth1 eth0 tcp - 443
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DONE web</programlisting>
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<para>Now <command>shorewall show web</command> (or
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<command>shorewall-lite show web</command> for Shorewall Lite users) will
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give you a breakdown of your web traffic:</para>
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<programlisting> [root@gateway shorewall]# shorewall show web
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Shorewall-1.4.6-20030821 Chain web at gateway.shorewall.net - Wed Aug 20 09:48:56 PDT 2003
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Counters reset Wed Aug 20 09:48:00 PDT 2003
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Chain web (4 references)
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pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
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11 1335 tcp -- eth0 eth1 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80
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18 1962 tcp -- eth1 eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp spt:80
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0 0 tcp -- eth0 eth1 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:443
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0 0 tcp -- eth1 eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp spt:443
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29 3297 RETURN all -- * * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
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[root@gateway shorewall]#</programlisting>
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<para>Here is a slightly different example:</para>
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<programlisting> #ACTION CHAIN SOURCE DESTINATION PROTOCOL DEST SOURCE
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# PORT PORT
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web - eth0 eth1 tcp 80
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web - eth1 eth0 tcp - 80
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web - eth0 eth1 tcp 443
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web - eth1 eth0 tcp - 443
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COUNT web eth0 eth1
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COUNT web eth1 eth0</programlisting>
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<para>Now <command>shorewall show web</command> (or
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<command>shorewall-lite show web</command> for Shorewall Lite users)
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simply gives you a breakdown by input and output:</para>
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<programlisting> [root@gateway shorewall]# shorewall show accounting web
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Shorewall-1.4.6-20030821 Chains accounting web at gateway.shorewall.net - Wed Aug 20 10:27:21 PDT 2003
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Counters reset Wed Aug 20 10:24:33 PDT 2003
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Chain accounting (3 references)
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pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
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8767 727K web tcp -- eth0 eth1 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80
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0 0 web tcp -- eth0 eth1 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:443</programlisting>
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<programlisting>
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11506 13M web tcp -- eth1 eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp spt:80
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0 0 web tcp -- eth1 eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp spt:443
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Chain web (4 references)
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pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
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8767 727K all -- eth0 eth1 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
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11506 13M all -- eth1 eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
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[root@gateway shorewall]#</programlisting>
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<para>Here's how the same example would be constructed on an HTTP server
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with only one interface (eth0).</para>
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<caution>
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<para>READ THE ABOVE CAREFULLY -- IT SAYS <emphasis
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role="bold">SERVER</emphasis>. If you want to account for web browsing,
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you have to reverse the rules below.</para>
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</caution>
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<programlisting> #ACTION CHAIN SOURCE DESTINATION PROTOCOL DEST SOURCE
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# PORT PORT
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web - eth0 - tcp 80
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web - - eth0 tcp - 80
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web - eth0 - tcp 443
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web - - eth0 tcp - 443
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COUNT web eth0
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COUNT web - eth0</programlisting>
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<para>Note that with only one interface, only the SOURCE (for input rules)
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or the DESTINATION (for output rules) is specified in each rule.</para>
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<para>Here's the output:</para>
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<programlisting> [root@mail shorewall]# shorewall show accounting web Shorewall-1.4.7
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Chains accounting web at mail.shorewall.net - Sun Oct 12 10:27:21 PDT 2003
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Counters reset Sat Oct 11 08:12:57 PDT 2003
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Chain accounting (3 references)
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pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
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8767 727K web tcp -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:80
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11506 13M web tcp -- * eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp spt:80
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0 0 web tcp -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp dpt:443
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0 0 web tcp -- * eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0 tcp spt:443
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Chain web (4 references)
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pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination
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8767 727K all -- eth0 * 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
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11506 13M all -- * eth0 0.0.0.0/0 0.0.0.0/0
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[root@mail shorewall]#</programlisting>
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<para>For an example of integrating Shorewall Accounting with MRTG, see
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<ulink
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url="http://www.nightbrawler.com/code/shorewall-stats/">http://www.nightbrawler.com/code/shorewall-stats/</ulink>.</para>
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</section>
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<section id="Bridge">
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<title>Accounting with Bridges</title>
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<para>The structure of the accounting rules changes slightly when there
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are <ulink url="bridge-Shorewall-perl.html">bridges</ulink> defined in the
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Shorewall configuration. Because of the restrictions imposed by Netfilter
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in kernel 2.6.21 and later, output accounting rules must be segregated
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from forwarding and input rules. To accomplish this separation,
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Shorewall-perl creates two accounting chains:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">accounting</emphasis> - for input and
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forwarded traffic.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">accountout</emphasis> - for output
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traffic.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>If the CHAIN column contains <quote>-</quote>, then:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>If the SOURCE column in a rule includes the name of the firewall
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zone (e.g., $FW), then the default chain to insert the rule into is
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<emphasis role="bold">accountout</emphasis> only.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Otherwise, if the DEST in the rule is <emphasis
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role="bold">any</emphasis> or <emphasis role="bold">all</emphasis> or
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0.0.0.0/0, then the rule is added to both <emphasis
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role="bold">accounting</emphasis> and <emphasis
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role="bold">accountout</emphasis>.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Otherwise, the rule is added to <emphasis
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role="bold">accounting</emphasis> only.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Sectioned Accounting Rules</title>
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<para>Traditionally, the root of the Shorewall accounting rules has been
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the <emphasis role="bold">accounting</emphasis> chain. Having a single
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root chain has drawbacks:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Many rules are traversed needlessly (they could not possibly
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match traffic).</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>At any time, the Netfilter team could begin generating errors
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when loading those same rules.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>MAC addresses may not be used in the accounting rules.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The <emphasis role="bold">accounting</emphasis> chain cannot be
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optimized when OPTIMIZE_ACCOUNTING=Yes.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The rules may be defined in any order so the rules compiler must
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post-process the ruleset to ensure that there are no loops and to
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alert the user to unreferenced chains.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.18, the accounting structure can be
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created with three root chains:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">accountin</emphasis>: Rules that are valid
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in the <emphasis role="bold">INPUT</emphasis> chain (may not specify
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an output interface).</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">accountout</emphasis>: Rules that are
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valid in the OUTPUT chain (may not specify an input interface or a MAC
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address).</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">accounting</emphasis>: Other rules.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>The new structure is enabled by sectioning the accounting file in a
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manner similar to the <ulink url="manpages/shorewall-rules.html">rules
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file</ulink>. The sections are <emphasis role="bold">INPUT</emphasis>,
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<emphasis role="bold">OUTPUT</emphasis> and <emphasis
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role="bold">FORWARD</emphasis> and must appear in that order (although any
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of them may be omitted). The first non-commentary record in the accounting
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file must be a section header when sectioning is used. </para>
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<para>Beginning with Shorewall 4.4.20, the ACCOUNTING_TABLE setting was
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added to shorewall.conf and shorewall6.conf. That setting determines the
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Netfilter table (filter or mangle) where the accounting rules are added.
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When ACCOUNTING_TABLE=mangle is specified, the available sections are
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<emphasis role="bold">PREROUTING</emphasis>, <emphasis
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role="bold">INPUT</emphasis>, <emphasis role="bold">OUTPUT</emphasis>,
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<emphasis role="bold">FORWARD</emphasis> and <emphasis
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role="bold">POSTROUTING</emphasis>.</para>
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<para>Section headers have the form:</para>
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<para><option>SECTION</option>
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<replaceable>section-name</replaceable></para>
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<para>When sections are enabled:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>You must jump to a user-defined accounting chain before you can
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add rules to that chain.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>This eliminates loops and unreferenced chains.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>You may not specify an output interface in the <emphasis
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role="bold">PREROUTING</emphasis> and <emphasis
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role="bold">INPUT</emphasis> sections.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>In the <emphasis role="bold">OUTPUT</emphasis> and <emphasis
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role="bold">POSTROUTING</emphasis> sections:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>You may not specify an input interface</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>You may not jump to a chain defined in the <emphasis
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role="bold">INPUT</emphasis> or <emphasis
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role="bold">PREROUTING</emphasis> sections that specifies an input
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interface</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>You may not specify a MAC address</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>You may not jump to a chain defined in the <emphasis
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role="bold">INPUT</emphasis> or <emphasis
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role="bold">PREROUTING</emphasis> section that specifies specifies
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a MAC address.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>The default value of the CHAIN column is:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">accountin</emphasis> in the <emphasis
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role="bold">INPUT</emphasis> section</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">accounout</emphasis> in the <emphasis
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role="bold">OUTPUT</emphasis> section</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">accountfwd</emphasis> in the <emphasis
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role="bold">FORWARD</emphasis> section</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">accountpre</emphasis> in the <emphasis
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role="bold">PREROUTING</emphasis> section</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para><emphasis role="bold">accountpost</emphasis> in the
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<emphasis role="bold">POSTROUTING</emphasis> section</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Traffic addressed to the firewall goes through the rules defined
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in the INPUT section.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Traffic originating on the firewall goes through the rules
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defined in the OUTPUT section.</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Traffic being forwarded through the firewall goes through the
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rules from the FORWARD sections.</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Here is a sample sectioned file that used <link
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linkend="perIP">Per-IP Accounting</link>.</para>
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<caution>
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<para>In this example, the dmz net corresponds to a vserver zone so
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lives on the firewall itself.</para>
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</caution>
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<programlisting>#ACTION CHAIN SOURCE DESTINATION PROTO DEST SOURCE USER/ MARK IPSEC
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# PORT(S) PORT(S) GROUP
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SECTION INPUT
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ACCOUNT(fw-net,$FW_NET) - COM_IF
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ACCOUNT(dmz-net,$DMZ_NET) - COM_IF
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SECTION OUTPUT
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ACCOUNT(fw-net,$FW_NET) - - COM_IF
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ACCOUNT(dmz-net,$DMZ_NET) - - COM_IF
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SECTION FORWARD
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ACCOUNT(loc-net,$INT_NET) - COM_IF INT_IF
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ACCOUNT(loc-net,$INT_NET) - INT_IF COM_IF
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</programlisting>
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</section>
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<section id="Collectd">
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<title>Integrating Shorewall Accounting with Collectd</title>
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<para>Sergiusz Pawlowicz has written a nice article that shows how to
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integrate Shorewall Accounting with collectd to produce nice graphs of
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traffic activity. The article may be found at <ulink
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url="http://collectd.org/wiki/index.php/Plugin:IPTables">http://collectd.org/wiki/index.php/Plugin:IPTables</ulink>.</para>
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</section>
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<section id="perIP">
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<title>Per-IP Accounting</title>
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<para>Shorewall 4.4.17 added support for per-IP accounting using the
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ACCOUNT target. That target is only available when xtables-addons is
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installed. This support has been successfully tested with xtables-addons
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1.32 on:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Fedora 14</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>Debian Squeeze</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>OpenSuSE 11.3</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>and xtables-addons Version 1.21 on:</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>Debian Lenny</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>Information about xtables-addons installation may be found at <ulink
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url="Dynamic.html#xtables-addons">here</ulink>.</para>
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|
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<para>Per-IP accounting is configured in <ulink
|
|
url="manpages/shorewall-accounting.html">shorewall-accounting</ulink> (5)
|
|
(it is currently not supported in IPv6). In the ACTION column,
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enter:</para>
|
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|
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<simplelist>
|
|
<member><emphasis
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role="bold">ACCOUNT(</emphasis><replaceable>table</replaceable>,<replaceable>network</replaceable><emphasis
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role="bold">)</emphasis></member>
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</simplelist>
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|
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<para>where</para>
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|
|
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<simplelist>
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<member><replaceable>table</replaceable> is the name of an accounting
|
|
table (you choose the name). All rules specifying the same table will
|
|
have their per-IP counters accumulated in that table.</member>
|
|
|
|
<member><replaceable>network</replaceable> is an IPv4 network in CIDR
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|
notation. The network can be as large as a /8 (class A).</member>
|
|
</simplelist>
|
|
|
|
<para>One nice feature of per-IP accounting is that the counters survive
|
|
<command>shorewall restart</command>. This has a downside, however. If you
|
|
change the network associated with an accounting table, then you must
|
|
<command>shorewall stop; shorewall start</command> to have a successful
|
|
restart (counters will be cleared).</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Example: Suppose your WAN interface is eth0 and your LAN interface
|
|
is eth1 with network 172.20.1.0/24. To account for all traffic between the
|
|
WAN and LAN interfaces:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>#ACTION CHAIN SOURCE DEST ...
|
|
ACCOUNT(net-loc,172.20.1.0/24) - eth0 eth1
|
|
ACCOUNT(net-loc,172.20.1.0/24) - eth1 eth0</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>This will create a <emphasis role="bold">net-loc</emphasis> table
|
|
for counting packets and bytes for traffic between the two
|
|
interfaces.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The table is dumped using the <command>iptaccount</command> utility
|
|
(part of xtables-addons):</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting><command>iptaccount [-f] -l net-loc</command></programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>Example:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>gateway:~# <emphasis role="bold">iptaccount -l net-loc</emphasis>
|
|
|
|
libxt_ACCOUNT_cl userspace accounting tool v1.3
|
|
|
|
Showing table: net-loc
|
|
Run #0 - 3 items found
|
|
IP: 172.20.1.105 SRC packets: 115 bytes: 131107 DST packets: 68 bytes: 20045
|
|
IP: 172.20.1.131 SRC packets: 47 bytes: 12729 DST packets: 38 bytes: 25304
|
|
IP: 172.20.1.145 SRC packets: 20747 bytes: 2779676 DST packets: 27050 bytes: 32286071
|
|
Finished.
|
|
gateway:~#</programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para>For each local IP address with non-zero counters, the packet and
|
|
byte count for both incoming traffic (IP is DST) and outgoing traffic (IP
|
|
is SRC) are listed. The -f option causes the table to be flushed (reset
|
|
all counters to zero) after printing.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>For a command synopsis:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting><command>iptaccount --help</command></programlisting>
|
|
|
|
<para><filename>/sbin/shorewall</filename> also supports a <command>show
|
|
ipa</command> command (from my own gateway just after I flushed the
|
|
counters using <command>iptaccount -f -l</command>.:</para>
|
|
|
|
<programlisting>gateway:~# <command>shorewall show ipa</command>
|
|
Shorewall 4.4.18-Beta1 per-IP Accounting at gateway - Thu Feb 10 13:28:37 PST 2011
|
|
|
|
Showing table: loc-net
|
|
IP: 172.20.1.146 SRC packets: 9 bytes: 574 DST packets: 9 bytes: 770
|
|
|
|
Showing table: dmz-net
|
|
IP: 70.90.191.124 SRC packets: 243 bytes: 23726 DST packets: 248 bytes: 39036
|
|
IP: 70.90.191.125 SRC packets: 73 bytes: 10640 DST packets: 73 bytes: 4846
|
|
|
|
Showing table: fw-net
|
|
IP: 70.90.191.121 SRC packets: 0 bytes: 0 DST packets: 4 bytes: 243
|
|
IP: 70.90.191.122 SRC packets: 11 bytes: 1338 DST packets: 8 bytes: 5465
|
|
IP: 70.90.191.123 SRC packets: 42 bytes: 4604 DST packets: 44 bytes: 10662
|
|
|
|
gateway:~#
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</article>
|