PowerShell/data/abbr/astronomy.csv

1	ABBR	MEANING
2	21CSLC	21st Century Space Launch Complex
3	4LGSF	Four-Laser Guide Star Facility
4	4MOST	4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (Proposed new spectroscopic instrument for VISTA)
5	4T	Four Telescope (VLTI mode)
6	A&A	Journal, Astronomy & Astrophysics
7	A&ARv	Journal, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
8	AAA	Amateur Astronomers Association of New York
9	AACS	Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystems
10	ACD	Amplitude Calibration Device (ALMA)
11	ACM	Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors
12	ACe	Astaldi Cimolai EIE (Consortium)
13	ADA	ALMA Department of Administration
14	ADCS	Attitude Determination and Control
15	ADO	ALMA Director’s Office
16	ADS	International Italian optics company working on the DSM for the VLT
17	AEM	ALMA construction consortium
18	AFNOR	Association Française de Normalisation
19	AFTA	Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets
20	AGN	Active Galactic Nucleus
21	AIDA	Astronomical Infrastructure for Data Access
22	AIP	Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam
23	AIT	Assembly, Integration and Test
24	AIV	Assembly, Integration and Verification
25	AJ	The Astronomical Journal
26	ALMA	Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
27	AM0	Air Mass Zero (Space Vacuum)
28	AMBER	Astronomical Multi-BEam combineR (VLTI Instrument)
29	AN	Journal, Astronomische Nachrichten
30	Antu	VLT Unit Telescope 1
31	AO	Adaptive Optics
32	AOF	Adaptive Optics Facility
33	AOS	Array Operations Site (ALMA)
34	APE	Active Phasing Experiment
35	APEX	Atacama Pathfinder Experiment
36	ApJ	Astrophysical Journal
37	ApJS	Journal, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
38	AQUARIUS	Mid-infrared detector array (VISIR)
39	ARAL	Alignment facility for the VLTI
40	ARC	ALMA Regional Centre, or Ames Research Center
41	ArTeMiS	Bolometric camera for APEX
42	ASAC	ALMA Science Advisory Committee
43	ASAL	Agence Spatiale Algerienne
44	ASIAA	East Asia FEIC (ALMA)
45	ASIC	Application Specific Integrated Circuit
46	ASSIST	Adaptive Secondary Setup and Instrument Simulator (AOF test bench)
47	AstraLux	Lucky Imaging camera for the Calar Alto 2.2-metre telescope
48	AT	Auxiliary Telescope for the VLTI
49	ATC	Astronomy Technology Centre (United Kingdom)
50	ATILO	Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation
51	AU	Astronomical Unit, the distance between the Earth and the Sun
52	AUI	Associated Universities Inc.
53	AVM	Astronomical Visualisation Metadata
54	AXP	Anomalous X-Ray Pulsar
55	BAM	Construction company for the Headquarters extension
56	BE	Back-End (ALMA)
57	BELLA	Building Europe Link to Latin America
58	BFL	Budget and Forward Look
59	BH	Black hole
60	BLAST	Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope
61	BlackGEM	(La Silla) Telescope array searching for optical counterparts of gravitational wave sources
62	BLIP	Background photon noise limited
63	C2PAP	Computational Center for Particle and Astrophysics, Universe Cluster, Garching
64	CADC	Canadian Astronomy Data Centre
65	CAPj	Communicating Astronomy with the Public Journal
66	CARLA	Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN (Spitzer)
67	CASA	Common Astronomy Software Applications (ALMA)
68	CBR	cosmic background radiation
69	CDR	Critical Design Review
70	CDS	Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (Strasbourg astronomical Data Center)
71	CEA	Commissariat à L’Energie Atomique, France
72	CELAC_EU	Summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States–European Union
73	CES	Coude Echelle Spectrometer
74	CGM	Circumgalactic medium
75	CHAMP+	Dual channel heterodyne receiver array (APEX)
76	CLIF	Convolution with Linearized Inverse Filter algorithm for wavefront sensing
77	CM	center of mass
78	CMB	Cosmic Microwave Background
79	CMBR	Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
80	CME	Coronal Mass Ejection (usually Sun)
81	CNAM	Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
82	CNRS	Centre national de la recherche scientifique
83	CO	Carbon monoxide
84	CO	Carried Over budget
85	COFUND	EU fellowship funding programme
86	CONDOR	1.5 THz heterodyne receiver (APEX)
87	CONICA	COudé Near-Infrared CAmera (VLT)
88	CORALIE	Echelle Spectrograph on the 1.2-metre Leonard Euler Swiss telescope
89	CoRoT	COnvection ROtation and planetary Transits (French Satellite)
90	COSMOS	HST survey programme
91	Cou-	Council Document
92	CP	Calibration Programme
93	CPI	Consumer Price Index
94	CRIRES+	Planned upgrade to CRIRES
95	CRIRES	Cryogenic InfraRed Echelle Spectrometer (VLT)
96	CSV	Commissioning and Science Verification
97	CTA	Cherenkov Telescope Array
98	CTA-S	Cherenkov Telescope Array South
99	CTAO	Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory
100	CUBES	Cassegrain U-band Brazilian ESO Spectrograph
101	CuRe	Fast wavefront reconstruction algorithms for XAO with pyramid WFS
102	CuReD	Fast wavefront reconstruction algorithms for XAO with pyramid WFS with pre-processing
103	DC	Direct Current
104	DDS	Data DistributIOn middleware for SPARTA
105	DDT	Director’s Discretionary Time
106	DFG	Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
107	DFS	(VLT) Data Flow System
108	DG	Director General
109	DIG	Deep Imaging Group (Vitacura)
110	DL	Delay Line (VLTI)
111	DMO	Data Management and Operations Division
112	DMS	Dome and Main Structure
113	DRS	DRS, formerly Boeing, detector manufacturer
114	DSC	Directorate for Science
115	DSM	Deformable Secondary Mirror
116	DSO	Department of Science Operations (ALMA)
117	eAPD	electron Avalanche Photodiode Detector
118	EASC	European ALMA Support Centre
119	EC	European Commission
120	ECRI	European Conference on Research Infrastructures
121	EFOSC2	ESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (v.2)
122	EIB	European Investment Bank
123	EIROforum	Organisation consisting of the seven largest scientific European international organisations devoted to fostering mutual activities
124	ELT	Extremely Large Telescope
125	EM&P	Journal, Earth, Moon, and Planets
126	EMAC	ELT Management Advisory Committee
127	EMBL	European Molecular Biology Laboratory (Germany)
128	EMMI	ESO Multi-Mode Instrument (NTT)
129	ePOD	education and Public Outreach Department
130	ERC	European Research Council
131	ERIS	Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph
132	ERP	Enterprise Resource Planning (Administration software)
133	ESAC	European Science Advisory Committee (for ALMA)
134	ESAC	European Space Astronomy Centre (ESA, Spain)
135	ESC	ELT Subcommittee
136	ESE	ELT Science and Engineering
137	ESM	European School Munich
138	ESO	European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere
139	ESOF	Euroscience Open Forum
140	ESON	ESO Science Outreach Network
141	ESPRESSO	Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet- and Stable Spectroscopic Observations
142	ESRC	ELT Standing Review Committee
143	ETF	ELT Technical Facility
144	EVALSO	Enabling Virtual Access to Latin-american Southern Observatories
145	EWASS	European Week of Astronomy and Space Science
146	ExA	Journal, Experimental Astronomy
147	ExTrA	(La Silla) Exoplanets in Transit and their Atmospheres
148	FC	Finance Committee
149	FDR	Final Design Review
150	FE IPT	Front-End Integrated Project Team (ALMA)
151	FE	Front End
152	FEA	Finite Element Analysis
153	FEED	Front-End Engineering Design (ELT)
154	FEIC	Front End Integration Centre (ALMA)
155	FEROS	Fibre-fed, Extended Range, Échelle Spectrograph (MPG/ESO 2.2-metre)
156	FIAT	Facility (for) Infrared Arrays Testing
157	FITS	Flexible Image Transport System
158	FLAMES	Fibre Large Array Multi Element Spectrograph (VLT)
159	FORS1	FOcal Reducer/low dispersion Spectrograph (VLT)-1
160	FORS2	FOcal Reducer/low dispersion Spectrograph (VLT)-2
161	FOS	Faint Object Spectrograph (HST)
162	FP	Fabry-Perot
163	FP6	Sixth EC Framework Programme
164	FP7	Seventh EC Framework Programme
165	FWHM	Full Width at Half Maximum
166	GALACSI	Ground Atmospheric Layer Adaptive Optics for Spectroscopic Imaging (AOF)
167	GIRAFFE	Fibre-fed multi-object spectrograph and part of the VLT FLAMES facility
168	GLAO	Ground Layer Adaptive Optics
169	gNLT	Garching Night Log Tool
170	GRAAL	GRound-layer Adaptive optics Assisted by Lasers (AOF)
171	GRAVITY	AO assisted, two-object, multiple-beam-combiner (VLTI)
172	GROND	Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector (MPG/ESO 2.2-metre)
173	GTC	Gran Telescopio Canarias
174	GTO	Guaranteed Time for Observation
175	GWh	Gigawatt hours
176	GÉANT	European multi-gigabit computer network for research and education purposes
177	H-LTAO	HARMONI Laser Tomography Adaptive Optics
178	H2020	(EU) Horizon 2020 Programme
179	HARMONI	Proposed first light integral field spectrograph for the ELT
180	HARPS	High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planetary Searcher (3.6-metre)
181	HAWK-I	High Acuity Wide field K-band Imager
182	HCI	Human Computer Interface
183	HIA	Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (Canada)
184	HIRES	(ELT) HIgh REsolution Spectrograph
185	HODM	High Order Deformable Mirror
186	HST	Hubble Space Telescope
187	HVAC	Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
188	IAG	Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences (Brazil)
189	IAU	International Astronomical Union
190	Icar	Icarus, Planetary science journal, Planetary science journal
191	IFS	Integral Field Spectrograph (SPHERE, ELT)
192	IFU	Integral Field Unit
193	INAF	Italian National Institute for Astrophysics
194	INRIA	Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique
195	IPAG	Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble
196	IPC	(Chilean) Índice de Precios al Consumidor
197	IPP	Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (Germany)
198	IPSAS	International Public Sector Accounting Standards
199	IPT	Integrated Product Team (ALMA)
200	IR	Infrared
201	IRAM	Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
202	IRDIS	InfraRed Dual-beam Imager and Spectrograph (SPHERE, ELT)
203	IRIS	VLTI Infrared Image Sensor
204	IRLOS	InfraRed Low Order Sensor
205	IRO	International Relations Office
206	ISAAC	Infrared Spectrometer And Array Camera (VLT)
207	ISERD	Israeli inter-ministerial agency for R&D cooperation with Europe
208	ISM	International Staff Member
209	ISRO	Indian Space Research Organisation
210	ISS	International Space Station
211	IT	Information Technology
212	ITAR	International Traffic in Arms Regulations
213	ITER	International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
214	IVOA	International Virtual Observatory Alliance
215	IVSLA	Istituto Veneto di Scienze ed Arti
216	IYA2009	International Year of Astronomy 2009
217	JAO	Joint ALMA Observatory
218	JENAM	Joint European and National Astronomy Meeting
219	JUICE	JUpiter ICy moons Explorer
220	JWST	James Webb Space Telescope
221	k	kilo/1,000
222	KIDS	(VST) Kilo-Degree Survey
223	KMOS	K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (VLT)
224	KTS	Klaus Tschira Stiftung
225	Kueyan	VLT Unit Telescope 2
226	LABOCA	Large APEX Bolometer CAmera
227	LAOG	Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de l'Observatoire de Grenoble
228	LCS	Local Control System
229	LEO	Low Earth Orbit
230	LFC	Laser Frequency Comb
231	LGS	Laser Guide Star
232	LGSF	Laser Guide Star Facility
233	LMC	Large Magellanic Cloud
234	LMU	Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
235	LN2	Liquid nitrogen
236	LOFAR	Low Frequency Array
237	LOPS	Local Optical Phasing Sensor
238	LP	Large Programme
239	LPG	Liquefied Petroleum Gas
240	LPO	La Silla ­Paranal Observatory
241	LSM	Local Staff Members
242	LSP	La Silla ­Paranal Subcommittee
243	LTAO	Laser Tomography Adaptive Optics
244	LVSM	Large Visible Sensor Module
245	M#	Mirror #
246	M	million/1,000,000
247	MACAO	Multiple Application Curvature Adaptive Optic
248	MACCON	Motion controller manufacturer
249	MAD	Multi-conjugate Adaptive optics Demonstrator
250	MAORY	(ELT) Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY
251	mas	milliarcseconds
252	MASCOT	Mini All-Sky Cloud Observation Tool (Paranal)
253	MATISSE	Multi AperTure mid-Infrared SpectroScopic Experiment (VLTI)
254	MCAO	Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics
255	Melipal	VLT Unit Telescope 3
256	MELT	Minuscule ELT
257	MENLO systems	Optical equipment manufacturer
258	MERAC	Mobilising European Research in Astrophysics and Cosmology
259	MERIL	Mapping the European Research Infrastructure Landscape
260	METIS	Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph
261	MICADO	Adaptive optics imaging camera (ELT)
262	MIDI	Mid-infrared Interferometric Instrument (VLTI)
263	MIM	Museo Interactivo Mirador, Santiago
264	mmVLBI	Millimeter Very Long Baseline Interferometry
265	Mn	Mirror #n
266	MNRAS	Journal, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
267	MOAO	Multiple-Object Adaptive Optics
268	MOONS	Multi Object Optical and Near-infrared Spectrograph (VLT third generation)
269	MOS	(ELT) Multi-Object Spectroscopy
270	MOSAIC	(ELT) Multi-Object Spectrograph (Multi-Object Spectrograph for Astrophysics, Intergalactic medium studies and Cosmology)
271	MOSFIRE	Near-infrared multi-object spectrograph (Keck)
272	MPA	Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
273	MPE	Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
274	MPG	Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
275	MPIA	Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
276	MPIfR	Max-Planck Institute for Radioastronomy (Germany)
277	MS	Member State(s)
278	MTM	MT Mechatronics (European company of high technology, engineering and maintenance services)
279	MUSE	Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (VLT)
280	NACO	NAOS-CONICA (VLT)
281	NAOJ	National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
282	NAOMI	Adaptive optics system for the ATs (VLTI)
283	NAOS	Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System (VLT)
284	NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration
285	NAV	Navision
286	NDF	Non-Deliverable Forward Agreement
287	NEAR	New Earths in the Alpha Cen Region experiment
288	NEO	Near-Earth Object
289	NewA	Journal, New Astronomy
290	NewAR	Journal, New Astronomy Reviews
291	NFM	Narrow Field Mode
292	NGC	New General Catalogue
293	NGC	New General detector Controller
294	NGSD	Proposed large natural/laser guide star WFS detector (ELT)
295	NGTS	Next Generation Transit Survey
296	NINS	National Institutes of Natural Sciences
297	NIRPS	(NNT) Near Infra Red Planet Searcher
298	NOVA	The Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie)
299	NRAO	National Radio Astronomy Observatory
300	NSF	National Science Foundation
301	NTT	New Technology Telescope
302	NUVA	Network for UltraViolet Astrophysics
303	OAA	Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
304	OBAMA	Optical Bidule for Aberration Measurement on the ATs
305	OBC	On-Board Computer
306	OCA-NICE	Cote d’Azur Observatory (Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur)
307	ODG	Office of the Director General
308	OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
309	OmegaCAM	Optical Camera for the VST
310	OPC	Observing Programmes Committee
311	OPO	Observing Programmes Office
312	OPTICON	Optical Infrared Coordination Network for Astronomy
313	OSF	ALMA Operations Support Facilities
314	OSO	Onsala Space Observatory
315	OT	Observing Tool
316	OTS	Operations Technical Support
317	P&SS	Journal, Planetary and Space Science
318	P2PP	Peer to Peer Protocol
319	P86	Observing Period 86
320	P87	Observing Period 87
321	PA	Product Assurance
322	PAC	Provisional Acceptance Chile
323	PACMAN	Fringe tracker for PRIMA (VLTI)
324	PAE	Provisional Acceptance Europe
325	PARLA	PAranal Raman Laser, replacement for PARSEC (VLTI)
326	PARSEC	Sodium line laser for VLT AO
327	PASJ	Journal, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
328	PASP	Journal, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
329	PDR	Preliminary Design Review
330	PESSTO	Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey of Transient Objects
331	PFS	(ELT) Pre-Focal Station
332	PFS-A	(ELT) Pre-Focal Station for Nasmyth A
333	PhD	Doctor of Philosophy
334	PI	Principal Investigator
335	PIO	Public Information Officer
336	PIONIER	VLTI visitor instrument
337	PIP	Paranal Instrumentation Programme
338	PLC	Programmable Logic Controllers (ELT)
339	PMD	Project Management Department
340	PMPD	Performance Management and Professional Development
341	PRIMA	Phase-Referenced Imaging and Micro-arcsecond Astrometry facility (VLTI)
342	PSF	Point Spread Function
343	PSLV	Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
344	PTP	Precision Time Protocol
345	Q	Quarter
346	QSO	Quasi Stellar Object, quasar
347	QUEST	QUasar Equatorial Survey Team
348	R&D	Research and Development
349	RAB	Reflector Assembly Building
350	RAL	Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot (UK)
351	RCL	Radioastronomy Chajnantor Limitada
352	RedCLARA	Latin American Advanced Networks Cooperation (Academic data network in Latin America)
353	REM	Rapid Eye Mount Telescope (La Silla)
354	REUNA	Red Universitaria Nacional (Academic data network in Chile)
355	RM	Rossiter-McClaughlin (effect)
356	RMN	Reflective Memory Network (VLTI)
357	rms	Root Mean Square
358	SABOCA	Shortwave Apex BOlometer Camera
359	SAC	EURO-VO Science Advisory Committee
360	SAF	Science Archive Facility
361	SAFRAN-REOSC	High performance optics company
362	SAPHIRA	Detector for the GRAVITY wavefront sensor
363	SAXO	SPHERE’S AO system (VLT)
364	SBSP	Space Based Solar Power
365	SCAO	Single-conjugate adaptive optics
366	SCO	Santiago Central Office (ALMA/ESO Vitacura)
367	SDD	Software Development Division
368	SDSS	Sloan Digital Sky Survey
369	SEPIA	Swedish ESO PI receiver for APEX
370	SHFI	Swedish Heterodyne Facility Instrument
371	SiC	(ELT) SiliconCarbide-mirrorsubstrate
372	SINFONI	Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared (VLT)
373	SKA	Square Kilometer Array
374	SM	Service Mode (observing)
375	SM4	Servicing Mission 4 (HST)
376	SMBH	Supermassive black hole
377	SOFI	SOn oF Isaac (NTT)
378	SOPHIE	Spectrographe pour l’Observation des Phénomènes des Intérieurs stellaires et des Exoplanètes
379	SOXS	(NTT) Son Of X-Shooter
380	SPARTA	Real-time computer for the AOF
381	SPC	Scientific Personnel Committee
382	SPECULOOS	(Paranal) Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
383	SPHERE	Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet Research instrument (VLT)
384	SPIFFI	SPectrometer for Infrared Faint Field Imaging
385	SPT	South Pole Telescope
386	SSDF	Science Support Discretionary Fund
387	SSED	Software System Engineering Department
388	SSWG	Science Strategy Working Group
389	SSS	Surrey Space Centre
390	ST-ECF	Space Telescope European Coordination Facility
391	STC	Scientific Technical Committee
392	STFC	Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK)
393	STRAP	Tip-tilt sensors (VLTI)
394	STScI	Space Telescope Science Institute (USA)
395	sub-mm	submillimetre
396	SUSI2	Superb Seeing Imager 2 (NTT)
397	TAROT	Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires
398	TAROT-S	Télescopes à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires South
399	TBT	Test-Bed Telescope
400	TEC	Technology Division
401	telbib	ESO library telescope bibliography database
402	TFB	Tunable Filter Bank (ALMA)
403	TIMMI	TIMMI far-infrared camera (ESO 3.6-metre telescope)
404	ToO	Target of Opportunity
405	TRAPPIST	TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope
406	TRR	Test Readiness Review
407	UC	Users Committee
408	UKSA	United Kingdom Space Agency
409	Ultracam	High-speed camera (VLT)
410	UltraVISTA	Ultra-deep near-infrared survey in the COSMOS field
411	UNCOPUOS	United Nations Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
412	USM	University Observatory Munich
413	UT	Unit Telescope of the VLT
414	UT1–4	VLT Unit Telescopes 1–4: Antu, Kueyen, Melipal and Yepun
415	UV	UltraViolet
416	UVES	UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph (VLT)
417	VERTEX	(APEX) VERTEX Antennentechnik GmbH, Duisburg (Germany)
418	VHS	VISTA Hemisphere Survey
419	VIDEO	VISTA Deep Extragalactic Observations Survey
420	VIKING	VISTA Kilo-degree Infrared Galaxy survey
421	VIMOS	VIsible MultiObject Spectrograph (VLT)
422	VINCI	VLT INterferometer Commissioning Instrument (VLTI)
423	VIPERS	VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey
424	VIRCAM	VISTA Infrared Camera
425	VISA	VLTI Sub-Array
426	VISIR	VLT Mid-Infrared Imager Spectrometer
427	VISTA	Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy
428	VLT	Very Large Telescope
429	VLT/I	Very Large Telescope and its Interferometer
430	VLTI	Very Large Telescope Interferometer
431	VLTI-PR#	VLTI projects
432	VM	Visitor Mode (observing)
433	VMC	VISTA survey of the Magellanic Cloud system
434	VO	Virtual Observatory
435	VOP	Virtual Observatory Project Office
436	VPHAS+	VST Photometric Hα Survey
437	VSS	Variability Sky Survey
438	VST	VLT Survey Telescope
439	VVDS	VIMOS VLT Deep Survey
440	VVV	ESO public survey VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea
441	WASP	Wide Angle Search for Planets survey
442	WFCAM	Infrared wide field camera for the UK Infrared Telescope on Mauna Kea
443	WFI	Wide Field Imager (MPG/ESO 2.2-metre)
444	WiFi	Wireless Fidelity
445	WVR	Water Vapour Radiometer (ALMA)
446	X-shooter	Wideband ultraviolet-infrared single target spectrograph (VLT)
447	XAO	Extreme adaptive optics
448	XMM-Newton	X-ray Multi-Mirror satellite (ESA)
449	Yepun	VLT Unit Telescope 4
450	Z-Spec	Millimetre-wave spectrograph (APEX visitor instrument)
451	zCOSMOS	Large Programme to measure 30 000 galaxies in the HST Cosmic Origins field
452	ZIMPOL	Zurich Imaging Polarimeter (SPHERE, ELT)
453	ΛCDM	Lambda Cold Dark Matter
454	μm	Micrometre