PowerShell/Data/Abbr/astronomy.csv

1	ABBR	TERM
2	21CSLC	21st Century Space Launch Complex
3	4LGSF	Four-Laser Guide Star Facility
4	4MOST	4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (Proposed new spectroscopic instrument for VISTA)
5	4T	Four Telescope (VLTI mode)
6	A&A	Journal, Astronomy & Astrophysics
7	A&ARv	Journal, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
8	AAA	Amateur Astronomers Association of New York
9	ACD	Amplitude Calibration Device (ALMA)
10	ACM	Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors
11	ACe	Astaldi Cimolai EIE (Consortium)
12	ADA	ALMA Department of Administration
13	ADO	ALMA Director’s Office
14	ADS	International Italian optics company working on the DSM for the VLT
15	AEM	ALMA construction consortium
16	AFNOR	Association Française de Normalisation
17	AFTA	Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets
18	AGN	Active Galactic Nucleus
19	AIDA	Astronomical Infrastructure for Data Access
20	AIP	Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam
21	AIT	Assembly, Integration and Test
22	AIV	Assembly, Integration and Verification
23	AJ	The Astronomical Journal
24	ALMA	Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
25	AMBER	Astronomical Multi-BEam combineR (VLTI Instrument)
26	AN	Journal, Astronomische Nachrichten
27	Antu	VLT Unit Telescope 1
28	AO	Adaptive Optics
29	AOF	Adaptive Optics Facility
30	AOS	Array Operations Site (ALMA)
31	APE	Active Phasing Experiment
32	APEX	Atacama Pathfinder Experiment
33	ApJ	Astrophysical Journal
34	ApJS	Journal, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
35	AQUARIUS	Mid-infrared detector array (VISIR)
36	ARAL	Alignment facility for the VLTI
37	ARC	ALMA Regional Centre, or Ames Research Center
38	ArTeMiS	Bolometric camera for APEX
39	ASAC	ALMA Science Advisory Committee
40	ASIAA	East Asia FEIC (ALMA)
41	ASIC	Application Specific Integrated Circuit
42	ASSIST	Adaptive Secondary Setup and Instrument Simulator (AOF test bench)
43	AstraLux	Lucky Imaging camera for the Calar Alto 2.2-metre telescope
44	AT	Auxiliary Telescope for the VLTI
45	ATC	Astronomy Technology Centre (United Kingdom)
46	ATILO	Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation
47	AU	Astronomical Unit, the distance between the Earth and the Sun
48	AUI	Associated Universities Inc.
49	AVM	Astronomical Visualisation Metadata
50	AXP	Anomalous X-Ray Pulsar
51	BAM	Construction company for the Headquarters extension
52	BE	Back-End (ALMA)
53	BELLA	Building Europe Link to Latin America
54	BFL	Budget and Forward Look
55	BH	Black hole
56	BLAST	Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope
57	BlackGEM	(La Silla) Telescope array searching for optical counterparts of gravitational wave sources
58	BLIP	Background photon noise limited
59	C2PAP	Computational Center for Particle and Astrophysics, Universe Cluster, Garching
60	CAD	Computer Aided Design
61	CADC	Canadian Astronomy Data Centre
62	CAPj	Communicating Astronomy with the Public Journal
63	CARLA	Clusters Around Radio-Loud AGN (Spitzer)
64	CASA	Common Astronomy Software Applications (ALMA)
65	CBR	cosmic background radiation
66	CCD	Charge Coupled Device
67	CCTV	Closed Circuit TeleVision
68	CDR	Critical Design Review
69	CDS	Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (Strasbourg astronomical Data Center)
70	CEA	Commissariat à L’Energie Atomique, France
71	CELAC_EU	Summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States–European Union
72	CES	Coude Echelle Spectrometer
73	CfP	Call for Proposal
74	CfT	Call for tender
75	CGM	Circumgalactic medium
76	CHAMP+	Dual channel heterodyne receiver array (APEX)
77	CLIF	Convolution with Linearized Inverse Filter algorithm for wavefront sensing
78	CLP	Chilean Peso
79	CM	center of mass
80	CMB	Cosmic Microwave Background
81	CMBR	Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
82	CME	Coronal Mass Ejection (usually Sun)
83	CNAM	Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
84	CNRS	Centre national de la recherche scientifique
85	CO	Carbon monoxide
86	CO	Carried Over budget
87	COFUND	EU fellowship funding programme
88	CONDOR	1.5 THz heterodyne receiver (APEX)
89	CONICA	COudé Near-Infrared CAmera (VLT)
90	CORALIE	Echelle Spectrograph on the 1.2-metre Leonard Euler Swiss telescope
91	CoRoT	COnvection ROtation and planetary Transits (French Satellite)
92	COSMOS	HST survey programme
93	Cou-	Council Document
94	CP	Calibration Programme
95	CPI	Consumer Price Index
96	CRIRES+	Planned upgrade to CRIRES
97	CRIRES	Cryogenic InfraRed Echelle Spectrometer (VLT)
98	CSV	Commissioning and Science Verification
99	CTA	Cherenkov Telescope Array
100	CTA-S	Cherenkov Telescope Array South
101	CTAO	Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory
102	CUBES	Cassegrain U-band Brazilian ESO Spectrograph
103	CuRe	Fast wavefront reconstruction algorithms for XAO with pyramid WFS
104	CuReD	Fast wavefront reconstruction algorithms for XAO with pyramid WFS with pre-processing
105	DC	Direct Current
106	DDS	Data DistributIOn middleware for SPARTA
107	DDT	Director’s Discretionary Time
108	DFG	Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
109	DFS	(VLT) Data Flow System
110	DG	Director General
111	DIG	Deep Imaging Group (Vitacura)
112	DL	Delay Line (VLTI)
113	DMO	Data Management and Operations Division
114	DMS	Dome and Main Structure
115	DRS	DRS, formerly Boeing, detector manufacturer
116	DSC	Directorate for Science
117	DSM	Deformable Secondary Mirror
118	DSO	Department of Science Operations (ALMA)
119	eAPD	electron Avalanche Photodiode Detector
120	EASC	European ALMA Support Centre
121	EC	European Commission
122	ECRI	European Conference on Research Infrastructures
123	EFOSC2	ESO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (v.2)
124	EIB	European Investment Bank
125	EIROforum	Organisation consisting of the seven largest scientific European international organisations devoted to fostering mutual activities
126	ELT	Extremely Large Telescope
127	EM&P	Journal, Earth, Moon, and Planets
128	EMAC	ELT Management Advisory Committee
129	EMBL	European Molecular Biology Laboratory (Germany)
130	EMMI	ESO Multi-Mode Instrument (NTT)
131	ePOD	education and Public Outreach Department
132	ERC	European Research Council
133	ERIS	Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph
134	ERP	Enterprise Resource Planning (Administration software)
135	ESAC	European Science Advisory Committee (for ALMA)
136	ESAC	European Space Astronomy Centre (ESA, Spain)
137	ESC	ELT Subcommittee
138	ESE	ELT Science and Engineering
139	ESM	European School Munich
140	ESO	European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere
141	ESOF	Euroscience Open Forum
142	ESON	ESO Science Outreach Network
143	ESPRESSO	Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet- and Stable Spectroscopic Observations
144	ESRC	ELT Standing Review Committee
145	ETF	ELT Technical Facility
146	EVALSO	Enabling Virtual Access to Latin-american Southern Observatories
147	EWASS	European Week of Astronomy and Space Science
148	ExA	Journal, Experimental Astronomy
149	ExTrA	(La Silla) Exoplanets in Transit and their Atmospheres
150	FC	Finance Committee
151	FDR	Final Design Review
152	FE IPT	Front-End Integrated Project Team (ALMA)
153	FE	Front End
154	FEA	Finite Element Analysis
155	FEED	Front-End Engineering Design (ELT)
156	FEIC	Front End Integration Centre (ALMA)
157	FEROS	Fibre-fed, Extended Range, Échelle Spectrograph (MPG/ESO 2.2-metre)
158	FIAT	Facility (for) Infrared Arrays Testing
159	FITS	Flexible Image Transport System
160	FLAMES	Fibre Large Array Multi Element Spectrograph (VLT)
161	FORS1	FOcal Reducer/low dispersion Spectrograph (VLT)-1
162	FORS2	FOcal Reducer/low dispersion Spectrograph (VLT)-2
163	FOS	Faint Object Spectrograph (HST)
164	FP	Fabry-Perot
165	FP6	Sixth EC Framework Programme
166	FP7	Seventh EC Framework Programme
167	FWHM	Full Width at Half Maximum
168	GALACSI	Ground Atmospheric Layer Adaptive Optics for Spectroscopic Imaging (AOF)
169	GIRAFFE	Fibre-fed multi-object spectrograph and part of the VLT FLAMES facility
170	GLAO	Ground Layer Adaptive Optics
171	gNLT	Garching Night Log Tool
172	GRAAL	GRound-layer Adaptive optics Assisted by Lasers (AOF)
173	GRAVITY	AO assisted, two-object, multiple-beam-combiner (VLTI)
174	GROND	Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector (MPG/ESO 2.2-metre)
175	GTC	Gran Telescopio Canarias
176	GTO	Guaranteed Time for Observation
177	GWh	Gigawatt hours
178	GÉANT	European multi-gigabit computer network for research and education purposes
179	H-LTAO	HARMONI Laser Tomography Adaptive Optics
180	H2020	(EU) Horizon 2020 Programme
181	HARMONI	Proposed first light integral field spectrograph for the ELT
182	HARPS	High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planetary Searcher (3.6-metre)
183	HAWK-I	High Acuity Wide field K-band Imager
184	HCI	Human Computer Interface
185	HIA	Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (Canada)
186	HIRES	(ELT) HIgh REsolution Spectrograph
187	HODM	High Order Deformable Mirror
188	HST	Hubble Space Telescope
189	HVAC	Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
190	IAG	Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences (Brazil)
191	IAS	International Accounting Standards
192	IAU	International Astronomical Union
193	Icar	Icarus, Planetary science journal, Planetary science journal
194	IFS	Integral Field Spectrograph (SPHERE, ELT)
195	IFU	Integral Field Unit
196	INAF	Italian National Institute for Astrophysics
197	INRIA	Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique
198	IPAG	Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble
199	IPC	(Chilean) Índice de Precios al Consumidor
200	IPP	Max-Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (Germany)
201	IPSAS	International Public Sector Accounting Standards
202	IPT	Integrated Product Team (ALMA)
203	IR	Infrared
204	IRAM	Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
205	IRDIS	InfraRed Dual-beam Imager and Spectrograph (SPHERE, ELT)
206	IRIS	VLTI Infrared Image Sensor
207	IRLOS	InfraRed Low Order Sensor
208	IRO	International Relations Office
209	ISAAC	Infrared Spectrometer And Array Camera (VLT)
210	ISERD	Israeli inter-ministerial agency for R&D cooperation with Europe
211	ISM	International Staff Member
212	ISS	International Space Station
213	IT	Information Technology
214	ITAR	International Traffic in Arms Regulations
215	ITER	International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
216	IVOA	International Virtual Observatory Alliance
217	IVSLA	Istituto Veneto di Scienze ed Arti
218	IYA2009	International Year of Astronomy 2009
219	JAO	Joint ALMA Observatory
220	JENAM	Joint European and National Astronomy Meeting
221	JPL	Jet Propulsion Laboratory
222	JUICE	JUpiter ICy moons Explorer
223	JWST	James Webb Space Telescope
224	k	kilo/1,000
225	KIDS	(VST) Kilo-Degree Survey
226	KMOS	K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (VLT)
227	KTS	Klaus Tschira Stiftung
228	Kueyan	VLT Unit Telescope 2
229	LABOCA	Large APEX Bolometer CAmera
230	LAOG	Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de l'Observatoire de Grenoble
231	LCS	Local Control System
232	LEO	Low Earth Orbit
233	LFC	Laser Frequency Comb
234	LGS	Laser Guide Star
235	LGSF	Laser Guide Star Facility
236	LMC	Large Magellanic Cloud
237	LMU	Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
238	LN2	Liquid nitrogen
239	LOFAR	Low Frequency Array
240	LOPS	Local Optical Phasing Sensor
241	LP	Large Programme
242	LPG	Liquefied Petroleum Gas
243	LPO	La Silla ­Paranal Observatory
244	LSM	Local Staff Members
245	LSP	La Silla ­Paranal Subcommittee
246	LTAO	Laser Tomography Adaptive Optics
247	LVSM	Large Visible Sensor Module
248	M#	Mirror #
249	M	million/1,000,000
250	MACAO	Multiple Application Curvature Adaptive Optic
251	MACCON	Motion controller manufacturer
252	MAD	Multi-conjugate Adaptive optics Demonstrator
253	MAORY	(ELT) Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY
254	mas	milliarcseconds
255	MASCOT	Mini All-Sky Cloud Observation Tool (Paranal)
256	MATISSE	Multi AperTure mid-Infrared SpectroScopic Experiment (VLTI)
257	MCAO	Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics
258	Melipal	VLT Unit Telescope 3
259	MELT	Minuscule ELT
260	MENLO systems	Optical equipment manufacturer
261	MERAC	Mobilising European Research in Astrophysics and Cosmology
262	MERIL	Mapping the European Research Infrastructure Landscape
263	METIS	Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph
264	MICADO	Adaptive optics imaging camera (ELT)
265	MIDI	Mid-infrared Interferometric Instrument (VLTI)
266	MIM	Museo Interactivo Mirador, Santiago
267	MIT	Massachusetts Institute of Technology
268	mmVLBI	Millimeter Very Long Baseline Interferometry
269	Mn	Mirror #n
270	MNRAS	Journal, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
271	MOAO	Multiple-Object Adaptive Optics
272	MOONS	Multi Object Optical and Near-infrared Spectrograph (VLT third generation)
273	MOS	(ELT) Multi-Object Spectroscopy
274	MOSAIC	(ELT) Multi-Object Spectrograph (Multi-Object Spectrograph for Astrophysics, Intergalactic medium studies and Cosmology)
275	MOSFIRE	Near-infrared multi-object spectrograph (Keck)
276	MPA	Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
277	MPE	Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
278	MPG	Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
279	MPIA	Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
280	MPIfR	Max-Planck Institute for Radioastronomy (Germany)
281	MS	Member State(s)
282	MTM	MT Mechatronics (European company of high technology, engineering and maintenance services)
283	MUSE	Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (VLT)
284	NACO	NAOS-CONICA (VLT)
285	NAOJ	National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
286	NAOMI	Adaptive optics system for the ATs (VLTI)
287	NAOS	Nasmyth Adaptive Optics System (VLT)
288	NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration
289	NAV	Navision
290	NDF	Non-Deliverable Forward Agreement
291	NEAR	New Earths in the Alpha Cen Region experiment
292	NEO	Near-Earth Object
293	NewA	Journal, New Astronomy
294	NewAR	Journal, New Astronomy Reviews
295	NFM	Narrow Field Mode
296	NGC	New General Catalogue
297	NGC	New General detector Controller
298	NGSD	Proposed large natural/laser guide star WFS detector (ELT)
299	NGTS	Next Generation Transit Survey
300	NINS	National Institutes of Natural Sciences
301	NIRPS	(NNT) Near Infra Red Planet Searcher
302	NOVA	The Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (Nederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie)
303	NRAO	National Radio Astronomy Observatory
304	NSF	National Science Foundation
305	NTT	New Technology Telescope
306	NUVA	Network for UltraViolet Astrophysics
307	OAA	Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory
308	OBAMA	Optical Bidule for Aberration Measurement on the ATs
309	OCA-NICE	Cote d’Azur Observatory (Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur)
310	ODG	Office of the Director General
311	OECD	Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
312	OmegaCAM	Optical Camera for the VST
313	OPC	Observing Programmes Committee
314	OPO	Observing Programmes Office
315	OPTICON	Optical Infrared Coordination Network for Astronomy
316	OSF	ALMA Operations Support Facilities
317	OSO	Onsala Space Observatory
318	OT	Observing Tool
319	OTS	Operations Technical Support
320	P&SS	Journal, Planetary and Space Science
321	P2PP	Peer to Peer Protocol
322	P86	Observing Period 86
323	P87	Observing Period 87
324	PA	Product Assurance
325	PAC	Provisional Acceptance Chile
326	PACMAN	Fringe tracker for PRIMA (VLTI)
327	PAE	Provisional Acceptance Europe
328	PARLA	PAranal Raman Laser, replacement for PARSEC (VLTI)
329	PARSEC	Sodium line laser for VLT AO
330	PASJ	Journal, Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
331	PASP	Journal, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
332	PDR	Preliminary Design Review
333	PESSTO	Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey of Transient Objects
334	PFS	(ELT) Pre-Focal Station
335	PFS-A	(ELT) Pre-Focal Station for Nasmyth A
336	PhD	Doctor of Philosophy
337	PI	Principal Investigator
338	PIO	Public Information Officer
339	PIONIER	VLTI visitor instrument
340	PIP	Paranal Instrumentation Programme
341	PLC	Programmable Logic Controllers (ELT)
342	PMD	Project Management Department
343	PMPD	Performance Management and Professional Development
344	PRIMA	Phase-Referenced Imaging and Micro-arcsecond Astrometry facility (VLTI)
345	PSF	Point Spread Function
346	PTP	Precision Time Protocol
347	Q	Quarter
348	QSO	Quasi Stellar Object, quasar
349	QUEST	QUasar Equatorial Survey Team
350	R&D	Research and Development
351	RAB	Reflector Assembly Building
352	RAL	Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot (UK)
353	RCL	Radioastronomy Chajnantor Limitada
354	RedCLARA	Latin American Advanced Networks Cooperation (Academic data network in Latin America)
355	REM	Rapid Eye Mount Telescope (La Silla)
356	REUNA	Red Universitaria Nacional (Academic data network in Chile)
357	RM	Rossiter-McClaughlin (effect)
358	RMN	Reflective Memory Network (VLTI)
359	rms	Root Mean Square
360	SABOCA	Shortwave Apex BOlometer Camera
361	SAC	EURO-VO Science Advisory Committee
362	SAF	Science Archive Facility
363	SAFRAN-REOSC	High performance optics company
364	SAPHIRA	Detector for the GRAVITY wavefront sensor
365	SAXO	SPHERE’S AO system (VLT)
366	SCAO	Single-conjugate adaptive optics
367	SCO	Santiago Central Office (ALMA/ESO Vitacura)
368	SDD	Software Development Division
369	SDSS	Sloan Digital Sky Survey
370	SEPIA	Swedish ESO PI receiver for APEX
371	SHFI	Swedish Heterodyne Facility Instrument
372	SiC	(ELT) SiliconCarbide-mirrorsubstrate
373	SINFONI	Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared (VLT)
374	SKA	Square Kilometer Array
375	SM	Service Mode (observing)
376	SM4	Servicing Mission 4 (HST)
377	SMBH	Supermassive black hole
378	SOFI	SOn oF Isaac (NTT)
379	SOPHIE	Spectrographe pour l’Observation des Phénomènes des Intérieurs stellaires et des Exoplanètes
380	SOXS	(NTT) Son Of X-Shooter
381	SPARTA	Real-time computer for the AOF
382	SPC	Scientific Personnel Committee
383	SPECULOOS	(Paranal) Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars
384	SPHERE	Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet Research instrument (VLT)
385	SPIFFI	SPectrometer for Infrared Faint Field Imaging
386	SPT	South Pole Telescope
387	SSDF	Science Support Discretionary Fund
388	SSED	Software System Engineering Department
389	SSWG	Science Strategy Working Group
390	ST-ECF	Space Telescope European Coordination Facility
391	STC	Scientific Technical Committee
392	STFC	Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK)
393	STRAP	Tip-tilt sensors (VLTI)
394	STScI	Space Telescope Science Institute (USA)
395	sub-mm	submillimetre
396	SUSI2	Superb Seeing Imager 2 (NTT)
397	TAROT	Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires
398	TAROT-S	Télescopes à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires South
399	TBT	Test-Bed Telescope
400	TEC	Technology Division
401	telbib	ESO library telescope bibliography database
402	TFB	Tunable Filter Bank (ALMA)
403	TIMMI	TIMMI far-infrared camera (ESO 3.6-metre telescope)
404	ToO	Target of Opportunity
405	TRAPPIST	TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope
406	TRR	Test Readiness Review
407	TUM	Technische Universität München
408	UC	Users Committee
409	UK ATC	UK Astronomy Technology Centre
410	Ultracam	High-speed camera (VLT)
411	UltraVISTA	Ultra-deep near-infrared survey in the COSMOS field
412	UNCOPUOS	United Nations Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
413	USM	University Observatory Munich
414	UT	Unit Telescope of the VLT
415	UT1–4	VLT Unit Telescopes 1–4: Antu, Kueyen, Melipal and Yepun
416	UV	UltraViolet
417	UVES	UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph (VLT)
418	VAT	Value Added Tax
419	VERTEX	(APEX) VERTEX Antennentechnik GmbH, Duisburg (Germany)
420	VHS	VISTA Hemisphere Survey
421	VIDEO	VISTA Deep Extragalactic Observations Survey
422	VIKING	VISTA Kilo-degree Infrared Galaxy survey
423	VIMOS	VIsible MultiObject Spectrograph (VLT)
424	VINCI	VLT INterferometer Commissioning Instrument (VLTI)
425	VIPERS	VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey
426	VIRCAM	VISTA Infrared Camera
427	VISA	VLTI Sub-Array
428	VISIR	VLT Mid-Infrared Imager Spectrometer
429	VISTA	Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy
430	VLT	Very Large Telescope
431	VLT/I	Very Large Telescope and its Interferometer
432	VLTI	Very Large Telescope Interferometer
433	VLTI-PR#	VLTI projects
434	VM	Visitor Mode (observing)
435	VMC	VISTA survey of the Magellanic Cloud system
436	VO	Virtual Observatory
437	VOP	Virtual Observatory Project Office
438	VPHAS+	VST Photometric Hα Survey
439	VSS	Variability Sky Survey
440	VST	VLT Survey Telescope
441	VVDS	VIMOS VLT Deep Survey
442	VVV	ESO public survey VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea
443	WASP	Wide Angle Search for Planets survey
444	WFCAM	Infrared wide field camera for the UK Infrared Telescope on Mauna Kea
445	WFI	Wide Field Imager (MPG/ESO 2.2-metre)
446	WiFi	Wireless Fidelity
447	WVR	Water Vapour Radiometer (ALMA)
448	X-shooter	Wideband ultraviolet-infrared single target spectrograph (VLT)
449	XAO	Extreme adaptive optics
450	XMM-Newton	X-ray Multi-Mirror satellite (ESA)
451	Yepun	VLT Unit Telescope 4
452	Z-Spec	Millimetre-wave spectrograph (APEX visitor instrument)
453	zCOSMOS	Large Programme to measure 30 000 galaxies in the HST Cosmic Origins field
454	ZIMPOL	Zurich Imaging Polarimeter (SPHERE, ELT)
455	ΛCDM	Lambda Cold Dark Matter
456	μm	Micrometre