Cleanup

make test fails when finding .rst files from site packages installed
in the virtual environment

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# https://editorconfig.org
+root = true
+
+[*]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4
+end_of_line = lf
+charset = utf-8
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+insert_final_newline = true
+
+[*.yml]
+indent_size = 2
+
+[Makefile]
+indent_style = tab
+indent_size = 8

.github/FUNDING.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# These are supported funding model platforms
+
+github: # Replace with up to 4 GitHub Sponsors-enabled usernames e.g., [user1, user2]
+patreon: # Replace with a single Patreon username
+open_collective: # Replace with a single Open Collective username
+ko_fi: # Replace with a single Ko-fi username
+tidelift: # Replace with a single Tidelift platform-name/package-name e.g., npm/babel
+community_bridge: # Replace with a single Community Bridge project-name e.g., cloud-foundry
+liberapay: # Replace with a single Liberapay username
+issuehunt: # Replace with a single IssueHunt username
+otechie: # Replace with a single Otechie username
+custom: https://paypal.me/roztocil

.github/workflows/build.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+name: Build
+on: [push]
+jobs:
+  extras:
+    # Run coverage and extra tests only once
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+        with:
+          python-version: 3.8
+      - run: pip install --upgrade pip
+      - run: make install
+      - run: make pycodestyle
+      - run: make test-cover
+      - run: make codecov-upload
+        env:
+          CODECOV_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_REPO_TOKEN }}
+      - run: make test-dist
+  test:
+    # Run core HTTPie tests everywhere
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macOS-latest, windows-latest]
+        python-version: [3.6, 3.7, 3.8]
+        exclude:
+          - os: windows-latest
+            python-version: 3.8
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v1
+        with:
+          python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
+      - run: python -m pip install --upgrade pip
+      - run: pip install --upgrade --editable .
+      - run: python setup.py test

.gitignore

@@ -1,11 +1,142 @@
-dist
-httpie.egg-info
-build
-*.pyc
-*.egg
-.tox
-README.html
-.coverage
-htmlcov
-.idea
 .DS_Store
+.idea/
+*.egg-info
+.cache/
+*.pyc
+htmlcov
+
+
+##############################################################################
+# The bellow is GitHub template for Python project. gitignore.
+# <https://github.com/github/gitignore/blob/master/Python.gitignore>
+##############################################################################
+
+# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
+__pycache__/
+*.py[cod]
+*$py.class
+
+# C extensions
+*.so
+
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+build/
+develop-eggs/
+dist/
+downloads/
+eggs/
+.eggs/
+lib/
+lib64/
+parts/
+sdist/
+var/
+wheels/
+pip-wheel-metadata/
+share/python-wheels/
+*.egg-info/
+.installed.cfg
+*.egg
+MANIFEST
+
+# PyInstaller
+#  Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
+#  before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
+*.manifest
+*.spec
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+pip-delete-this-directory.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+htmlcov/
+.tox/
+.nox/
+.coverage
+.coverage.*
+.cache
+nosetests.xml
+coverage.xml
+*.cover
+*.py,cover
+.hypothesis/
+.pytest_cache/
+
+# Translations
+*.mo
+*.pot
+
+# Django stuff:
+*.log
+local_settings.py
+db.sqlite3
+db.sqlite3-journal
+
+# Flask stuff:
+instance/
+.webassets-cache
+
+# Scrapy stuff:
+.scrapy
+
+# Sphinx documentation
+docs/_build/
+
+# PyBuilder
+target/
+
+# Jupyter Notebook
+.ipynb_checkpoints
+
+# IPython
+profile_default/
+ipython_config.py
+
+# pyenv
+.python-version
+
+# pipenv
+#   According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.
+#   However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies
+#   having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not
+#   install all needed dependencies.
+#Pipfile.lock
+
+# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow
+__pypackages__/
+
+# Celery stuff
+celerybeat-schedule
+celerybeat.pid
+
+# SageMath parsed files
+*.sage.py
+
+# Environments
+.env
+.venv
+env/
+venv/
+ENV/
+env.bak/
+venv.bak/
+
+# Spyder project settings
+.spyderproject
+.spyproject
+
+# Rope project settings
+.ropeproject
+
+# mkdocs documentation
+/site
+
+# mypy
+.mypy_cache/
+.dmypy.json
+dmypy.json
+
+# Pyre type checker
+.pyre/

.travis.yml

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# https://travis-ci.org/jakubroztocil/httpie
-os:
-  - linux
-  - osx
-language: python
-python:
-  - 2.6
-  - 2.7
-  - pypy
-  - 3.3
-  - 3.4
-  - pypy3
-script:
-  - make
-after_success:
-  - pip install python-coveralls
-  - coveralls

AUTHORS.rst

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ HTTPie authors
 Patches and ideas
 -----------------
 
+`Complete list of contributors on GitHub <https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/graphs/contributors>`_
+
 * `Cláudia T. Delgado <https://github.com/claudiatd>`_ (logo)
 * `Hank Gay <https://github.com/gthank>`_
 * `Jake Basile <https://github.com/jakebasile>`_
@@ -32,3 +34,9 @@ Patches and ideas
 * `Nathan LaFreniere <https://github.com/nlf>`_
 * `Matthias Lehmann <https://github.com/matleh>`_
 * `Dennis Brakhane <https://github.com/brakhane>`_
+* `Matt Layman <https://github.com/mblayman>`_
+* `Edward Yang <https://github.com/honorabrutroll>`_
+* `Aleksandr Vinokurov <https://github.com/aleksandr-vin>`_
+* `Jeff Byrnes <https://github.com/jeffbyrnes>`_
+
+

CHANGELOG.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+==========
+Change Log
+==========
+
+This document records all notable changes to `HTTPie <https://httpie.org>`_.
+This project adheres to `Semantic Versioning <https://semver.org/>`_.
+
+
+`2.0.0`_ (2020-01-12)
+-------------------------
+* Removed Python 2.7 support (`EOL Jan 2020 <https://www.python.org/doc/sunset-python-2/>`_).
+* Added ``--offline`` to allow building an HTTP request and printing it but not
+  actually sending it over the network.
+* Replaced the old collect-all-then-process handling of HTTP communication
+  with one-by-one processing of each HTTP request or response as they become
+  available. This means that you can see headers immediately,
+  see what is being send even when the request fails, etc.
+* Removed automatic config file creation to avoid concurrency issues.
+* Removed the default 30-second connection ``--timeout`` limit.
+* Removed Python’s default limit of 100 response headers.
+* Added ``--max-headers`` to allow setting the max header limit.
+* Added ``--compress`` to allow request body compression.
+* Added ``--ignore-netrc`` to allow bypassing credentials from ``.netrc``.
+* Added ``https`` alias command with ``https://`` as the default scheme.
+* Added ``$ALL_PROXY`` documentation.
+* Added type annotations throughout the codebase.
+* Added ``tests/`` to the PyPi package for the convenience of
+  downstream package maintainers.
+* Fixed an error when ``stdin`` was a closed fd.
+* Improved ``--debug`` output formatting.
+
+
+`1.0.3`_ (2019-08-26)
+---------------------
+
+* Fixed CVE-2019-10751 — the way the output filename is generated for
+  ``--download`` requests without ``--output`` resulting in a redirect has
+  been changed to only consider the initial URL as the base for the generated
+  filename, and not the final one. This fixes a potential security issue under
+  the following scenario:
+
+  1. A ``--download`` request with no explicit ``--output`` is made (e.g.,
+     ``$ http -d example.org/file.txt``), instructing httpie to
+     `generate the output filename <https://httpie.org/doc#downloaded-filename>`_
+     from the ``Content-Disposition`` response header, or from the URL if the header
+     is not provided.
+  2. The server handling the request has been modified by an attacker and
+     instead of the expected response the URL returns a redirect to another
+     URL, e.g., ``attacker.example.org/.bash_profile``, whose response does
+     not provide  a ``Content-Disposition`` header (i.e., the base for the
+     generated filename becomes ``.bash_profile`` instead of ``file.txt``).
+  3. Your current directory doesn’t already contain ``.bash_profile``
+     (i.e., no unique suffix is added to the generated filename).
+  4. You don’t notice the potentially unexpected output filename
+     as reported by httpie in the console output
+     (e.g., ``Downloading 100.00 B to ".bash_profile"``).
+
+  Reported by Raul Onitza and Giulio Comi.
+
+
+`1.0.2`_ (2018-11-14)
+-------------------------
+
+* Fixed tests for installation with pyOpenSSL.
+
+
+`1.0.1`_ (2018-11-14)
+-------------------------
+
+* Removed external URL calls from tests.
+
+
+`1.0.0`_ (2018-11-02)
+-------------------------
+
+* Added ``--style=auto`` which follows the terminal ANSI color styles.
+* Added support for selecting TLS 1.3 via ``--ssl=tls1.3``
+  (available once implemented in upstream libraries).
+* Added ``true``/``false`` as valid values for ``--verify``
+  (in addition to ``yes``/``no``) and the boolean value is case-insensitive.
+* Changed the default ``--style`` from ``solarized`` to ``auto`` (on Windows it stays ``fruity``).
+* Fixed default headers being incorrectly case-sensitive.
+* Removed Python 2.6 support.
+
+
+
+`0.9.9`_ (2016-12-08)
+---------------------
+
+* Fixed README.
+
+
+`0.9.8`_ (2016-12-08)
+---------------------
+
+* Extended auth plugin API.
+* Added exit status code ``7`` for plugin errors.
+* Added support for ``curses``-less Python installations.
+* Fixed ``REQUEST_ITEM`` arg incorrectly being reported as required.
+* Improved ``CTRL-C`` interrupt handling.
+* Added the standard exit status code ``130`` for keyboard interrupts.
+
+
+`0.9.6`_ (2016-08-13)
+---------------------
+
+* Added Python 3 as a dependency for Homebrew installations
+  to ensure some of the newer HTTP features work out of the box
+  for macOS users (starting with HTTPie 0.9.4.).
+* Added the ability to unset a request header with ``Header:``, and send an
+  empty value with ``Header;``.
+* Added ``--default-scheme <URL_SCHEME>`` to enable things like
+  ``$ alias https='http --default-scheme=https``.
+* Added ``-I`` as a shortcut for ``--ignore-stdin``.
+* Added fish shell completion (located in ``extras/httpie-completion.fish``
+  in the Github repo).
+* Updated ``requests`` to 2.10.0 so that SOCKS support can be added via
+  ``pip install requests[socks]``.
+* Changed the default JSON ``Accept`` header from ``application/json``
+  to ``application/json, */*``.
+* Changed the pre-processing of request HTTP headers so that any leading
+  and trailing whitespace is removed.
+
+
+`0.9.4`_ (2016-07-01)
+---------------------
+
+* Added ``Content-Type`` of files uploaded in ``multipart/form-data`` requests
+* Added ``--ssl=<PROTOCOL>`` to specify the desired SSL/TLS protocol version
+  to use for HTTPS requests.
+* Added JSON detection with ``--json, -j`` to work around incorrect
+  ``Content-Type``
+* Added ``--all`` to show intermediate responses such as redirects (with ``--follow``)
+* Added ``--history-print, -P WHAT`` to specify formatting of intermediate responses
+* Added ``--max-redirects=N`` (default 30)
+* Added ``-A`` as short name for ``--auth-type``
+* Added ``-F`` as short name for ``--follow``
+* Removed the ``implicit_content_type`` config option
+  (use ``"default_options": ["--form"]`` instead)
+* Redirected ``stdout`` doesn't trigger an error anymore when ``--output FILE``
+  is set
+* Changed the default ``--style`` back to ``solarized`` for better support
+  of light and dark terminals
+* Improved ``--debug`` output
+* Fixed ``--session`` when used with ``--download``
+* Fixed ``--download`` to trim too long filenames before saving the file
+* Fixed the handling of ``Content-Type`` with multiple ``+subtype`` parts
+* Removed the XML formatter as the implementation suffered from multiple issues
+
+
+
+`0.9.3`_ (2016-01-01)
+---------------------
+
+* Changed the default color ``--style`` from ``solarized`` to ``monokai``
+* Added basic Bash autocomplete support (need to be installed manually)
+* Added request details to connection error messages
+* Fixed ``'requests.packages.urllib3' has no attribute 'disable_warnings'``
+  errors that occurred in some installations
+* Fixed colors and formatting on Windows
+* Fixed ``--auth`` prompt on Windows
+
+
+`0.9.2`_ (2015-02-24)
+---------------------
+
+* Fixed compatibility with Requests 2.5.1
+* Changed the default JSON ``Content-Type`` to ``application/json`` as UTF-8
+  is the default JSON encoding
+
+
+`0.9.1`_ (2015-02-07)
+---------------------
+
+* Added support for Requests transport adapter plugins
+  (see `httpie-unixsocket <https://github.com/httpie/httpie-unixsocket>`_
+  and `httpie-http2 <https://github.com/httpie/httpie-http2>`_)
+
+
+`0.9.0`_ (2015-01-31)
+---------------------
+
+* Added ``--cert`` and ``--cert-key`` parameters to specify a client side
+  certificate and private key for SSL
+* Improved unicode support
+* Improved terminal color depth detection via ``curses``
+* To make it easier to deal with Windows paths in request items, ``\``
+  now only escapes special characters (the ones that are used as key-value
+  separators by HTTPie)
+* Switched from ``unittest`` to ``pytest``
+* Added Python `wheel` support
+* Various test suite improvements
+* Added ``CONTRIBUTING``
+* Fixed ``User-Agent`` overwriting when used within a session
+* Fixed handling of empty passwords in URL credentials
+* Fixed multiple file uploads with the same form field name
+* Fixed ``--output=/dev/null`` on Linux
+* Miscellaneous bugfixes
+
+
+`0.8.0`_ (2014-01-25)
+---------------------
+
+* Added ``field=@file.txt`` and ``field:=@file.json`` for embedding
+  the contents of text and JSON files into request data
+* Added curl-style shorthand for localhost
+* Fixed request ``Host`` header value output so that it doesn't contain
+  credentials, if included in the URL
+
+
+`0.7.1`_ (2013-09-24)
+---------------------
+
+* Added ``--ignore-stdin``
+* Added support for auth plugins
+* Improved ``--help`` output
+* Improved ``Content-Disposition`` parsing for ``--download`` mode
+* Update to Requests 2.0.0
+
+
+`0.6.0`_ (2013-06-03)
+---------------------
+
+* XML data is now formatted
+* ``--session`` and ``--session-read-only`` now also accept paths to
+  session files (eg. ``http --session=/tmp/session.json example.org``)
+
+
+`0.5.1`_ (2013-05-13)
+---------------------
+
+* ``Content-*`` and ``If-*`` request headers are not stored in sessions
+  anymore as they are request-specific
+
+
+`0.5.0`_ (2013-04-27)
+---------------------
+
+* Added a download mode via ``--download``
+* Fixes miscellaneous bugs
+
+
+`0.4.1`_ (2013-02-26)
+---------------------
+
+* Fixed ``setup.py``
+
+
+`0.4.0`_ (2013-02-22)
+---------------------
+
+* Added Python 3.3 compatibility
+* Added Requests >= v1.0.4 compatibility
+* Added support for credentials in URL
+* Added ``--no-option`` for every ``--option`` to be config-friendly
+* Mutually exclusive arguments can be specified multiple times. The
+  last value is used
+
+
+`0.3.0`_ (2012-09-21)
+---------------------
+
+* Allow output redirection on Windows
+* Added configuration file
+* Added persistent session support
+* Renamed ``--allow-redirects`` to ``--follow``
+* Improved the usability of ``http --help``
+* Fixed installation on Windows with Python 3
+* Fixed colorized output on Windows with Python 3
+* CRLF HTTP header field separation in the output
+* Added exit status code ``2`` for timed-out requests
+* Added the option to separate colorizing and formatting
+  (``--pretty=all``, ``--pretty=colors`` and ``--pretty=format``)
+  ``--ugly`` has bee removed in favor of ``--pretty=none``
+
+
+`0.2.7`_ (2012-08-07)
+---------------------
+
+* Added compatibility with Requests 0.13.6
+* Added streamed terminal output. ``--stream, -S`` can be used to enable
+  streaming also with ``--pretty`` and to ensure a more frequent output
+  flushing
+* Added support for efficient large file downloads
+* Sort headers by name (unless ``--pretty=none``)
+* Response body is fetched only when needed (e.g., not with ``--headers``)
+* Improved content type matching
+* Updated Solarized color scheme
+* Windows: Added ``--output FILE`` to store output into a file
+  (piping results in corrupted data on Windows)
+* Proper handling of binary requests and responses
+* Fixed printing of ``multipart/form-data`` requests
+* Renamed ``--traceback`` to ``--debug``
+
+
+`0.2.6`_ (2012-07-26)
+---------------------
+
+* The short option for ``--headers`` is now ``-h`` (``-t`` has been
+  removed, for usage use ``--help``)
+* Form data and URL parameters can have multiple fields with the same name
+  (e.g.,``http -f url a=1 a=2``)
+* Added ``--check-status`` to exit with an error on HTTP 3xx, 4xx and
+  5xx (3, 4, and 5, respectively)
+* If the output is piped to another program or redirected to a file,
+  the default behaviour is to only print the response body
+  (It can still be overwritten via the ``--print`` flag.)
+* Improved highlighting of HTTP headers
+* Added query string parameters (``param==value``)
+* Added support for terminal colors under Windows
+
+
+`0.2.5`_ (2012-07-17)
+---------------------
+
+* Unicode characters in prettified JSON now don't get escaped for
+  improved readability
+* --auth now prompts for a password if only a username provided
+* Added support for request payloads from a file path with automatic
+  ``Content-Type`` (``http URL @/path``)
+* Fixed missing query string when displaying the request headers via
+  ``--verbose``
+* Fixed Content-Type for requests with no data
+
+
+`0.2.2`_ (2012-06-24)
+---------------------
+
+* The ``METHOD`` positional argument can now be omitted (defaults to
+  ``GET``, or to ``POST`` with data)
+* Fixed --verbose --form
+* Added support for Tox
+
+
+`0.2.1`_ (2012-06-13)
+---------------------
+
+* Added compatibility with ``requests-0.12.1``
+* Dropped custom JSON and HTTP lexers in favor of the ones newly included
+  in ``pygments-1.5``
+
+
+`0.2.0`_ (2012-04-25)
+---------------------
+
+* Added Python 3 support
+* Added the ability to print the HTTP request as well as the response
+  (see ``--print`` and ``--verbose``)
+* Added support for Digest authentication
+* Added file upload support
+  (``http -f POST file_field_name@/path/to/file``)
+* Improved syntax highlighting for JSON
+* Added support for field name escaping
+* Many bug fixes
+
+
+`0.1.6`_ (2012-03-04)
+---------------------
+
+* Fixed ``setup.py``
+
+
+`0.1.5`_ (2012-03-04)
+---------------------
+
+* Many improvements and bug fixes
+
+
+`0.1.4`_ (2012-02-28)
+---------------------
+
+* Many improvements and bug fixes
+
+
+`0.1.0`_ (2012-02-25)
+---------------------
+
+* Initial public release
+
+
+.. _`0.1.0`: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/commit/b966efa
+.. _0.1.4: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/b966efa...0.1.4
+.. _0.1.5: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.1.4...0.1.5
+.. _0.1.6: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.1.5...0.1.6
+.. _0.2.0: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.1.6...0.2.0
+.. _0.2.1: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.2.0...0.2.1
+.. _0.2.2: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.2.1...0.2.2
+.. _0.2.5: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.2.2...0.2.5
+.. _0.2.6: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.2.5...0.2.6
+.. _0.2.7: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.2.5...0.2.7
+.. _0.3.0: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.2.7...0.3.0
+.. _0.4.0: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.3.0...0.4.0
+.. _0.4.1: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.4.0...0.4.1
+.. _0.5.0: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.4.1...0.5.0
+.. _0.5.1: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.5.0...0.5.1
+.. _0.6.0: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.5.1...0.6.0
+.. _0.7.1: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.6.0...0.7.1
+.. _0.8.0: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.7.1...0.8.0
+.. _0.9.0: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.8.0...0.9.0
+.. _0.9.1: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.9.0...0.9.1
+.. _0.9.2: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.9.1...0.9.2
+.. _0.9.3: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.9.2...0.9.3
+.. _0.9.4: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.9.3...0.9.4
+.. _0.9.6: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.9.4...0.9.6
+.. _0.9.8: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.9.6...0.9.8
+.. _0.9.9: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.9.8...0.9.9
+.. _1.0.0: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/0.9.9...1.0.0
+.. _1.0.1: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/1.0.0...1.0.1
+.. _1.0.2: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/1.0.1...1.0.2
+.. _1.0.3: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/1.0.2...1.0.3
+.. _2.0.0: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/1.0.3...2.0.0
+.. _2.1.0-dev: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/compare/2.0.0...master

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
+
+## Our Pledge
+
+In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as
+contributors and maintainers pledge to making participation in our project and
+our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
+size, disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender identity and expression,
+level of experience, education, socio-economic status, nationality, personal
+appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation.
+
+## Our Standards
+
+Examples of behavior that contributes to creating a positive environment
+include:
+
+* Using welcoming and inclusive language
+* Being respectful of differing viewpoints and experiences
+* Gracefully accepting constructive criticism
+* Focusing on what is best for the community
+* Showing empathy towards other community members
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior by participants include:
+
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery and unwelcome sexual attention or
+ advances
+* Trolling, insulting/derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+* Public or private harassment
+* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or electronic
+ address, without explicit permission
+* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
+ professional setting
+
+## Our Responsibilities
+
+Project maintainers are responsible for clarifying the standards of acceptable
+behavior and are expected to take appropriate and fair corrective action in
+response to any instances of unacceptable behavior.
+
+Project maintainers have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or
+reject comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions
+that are not aligned to this Code of Conduct, or to ban temporarily or
+permanently any contributor for other behaviors that they deem inappropriate,
+threatening, offensive, or harmful.
+
+## Scope
+
+This Code of Conduct applies both within project spaces and in public spaces
+when an individual is representing the project or its community. Examples of
+representing a project or community include using an official project e-mail
+address, posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
+representative at an online or offline event. Representation of a project may be
+further defined and clarified by project maintainers.
+
+## Enforcement
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
+reported by contacting the project team at jakub@roztocil.co. All
+complaints will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that
+is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. The project team is
+obligated to maintain confidentiality with regard to the reporter of an incident.
+Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately.
+
+Project maintainers who do not follow or enforce the Code of Conduct in good
+faith may face temporary or permanent repercussions as determined by other
+members of the project's leadership.
+
+## Attribution
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage], version 1.4,
+available at https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/1/4/code-of-conduct.html
+
+[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
+
+For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq

CONTRIBUTING.rst

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
+######################
 Contributing to HTTPie
 ######################
 
-Bug reports and code and documentation patches are greatly appretiated. You can
-also help by using the development version of HTTPie and reporting any bugs you
-might encounter.
+Bug reports and code and documentation patches are welcome. You can
+help this project also by using the development version of HTTPie
+and by reporting any bugs you might encounter.
 
-Bug Reports
-===========
+1. Reporting bugs
+=================
 
 **It's important that you provide the full command argument list
 as well as the output of the failing command.**
@@ -15,81 +16,168 @@ to your bug report, e.g.:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    $ http --debug [arguments that trigger the error]
-    [complete output]
+    $ http --debug [COMPLETE ARGUMENT LIST THAT TRIGGERS THE ERROR]
+    [COMPLETE OUTPUT]
 
 
-Contributing Code and Documentation
-===================================
+2. Contributing Code and Docs
+=============================
 
 Before working on a new feature or a bug, please browse `existing issues`_
 to see whether it has been previously discussed. If the change in question
-is a bigger one, it's always good to discuss before your starting working on
+is a bigger one, it's always good to discuss before you start working on
 it.
 
 
 Development Environment
------------------------
+--------------------------------
+
+
+Getting the code
+****************
+
+Go to https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie and fork the project repository.
+
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    git clone https://github.com/<YOU>/httpie
+    # Clone your fork
+    git clone git@github.com:<YOU>/httpie.git
 
+    # Enter the project directory
     cd httpie
 
+    # Create a branch for your changes
     git checkout -b my_topical_branch
 
-    # (Recommended: create a new virtualenv)
 
-    # Install dev. requirements and also HTTPie (in editable mode
-    # so that the `http' command will point to your working copy):
+Setup
+*****
+
+The `Makefile`_ contains a bunch of tasks to get you started. Just run
+the following command, which:
+
+
+* Creates an isolated Python virtual environment inside ``./venv``
+  (via the standard library `venv`_ tool);
+* installs all dependencies and also installs HTTPie
+  (in editable mode so that the ``http`` command will point to your
+  working copy).
+* and runs tests (It is the same as running ``make install test``).
+
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
     make
 
 
+
+Python virtual environment
+**************************
+
+Activate the Python virtual environment—created via the ``make install``
+task during `setup`_—for your active shell session using the following command:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    source venv/bin/activate
+
+(If you use ``virtualenvwrapper``, you can also use ``workon httpie`` to
+activate the environment — we have created a symlink for you. It’s a bit of
+a hack but it works™.)
+
+You should now see ``(httpie)`` next to your shell prompt, and
+the ``http`` should point to you development copy:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    (httpie) ~/Code/httpie $ which http
+    /Users/jakub/Code/httpie/venv/bin/http
+    (httpie) ~/Code/httpie $ http --version
+    2.0.0-dev
+
+(Btw, you don’t need to activate the virtual environment if you just want
+run some of the ``make`` tasks. You can also invoke the development
+version of HTTPie directly with ``./venv/bin/http`` without having to activate
+the environment first. The same goes for ``./venv/bin/py.test``, etc.).
+
+
 Making Changes
 --------------
 
-Please make sure your changes conform to `Style Guide for Python Code`_ (PEP8).
+Please make sure your changes conform to `Style Guide for Python Code`_ (PEP8)
+and that ``make pycodestyle`` passes.
 
 
-Tests
------
+Testing & CI
+------------
 
-Before opening a pull requests, please make sure the `test suite`_ passes
-in all of the `supported Python environments`_. You should also **add tests
-for any new features and bug fixes**.
+Please add tests for any new features and bug fixes.
+
+When you open a pull request,
+`Github Actions <https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/actions>`_
+will automatically run HTTPie’s `test suite`_ against your code
+so please make sure all checks pass.
+
+
+Running tests locally
+*********************
+
+HTTPie uses the `pytest`_ runner. It also uses `Tox`_ which allows you to run
+tests on multiple Python versions even when testing locally.
 
-HTTPie uses `pytest`_ and `Tox`_.
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    ### Running all tests:
-
-    # Current Python
+    # Run tests on the current Python interpreter with coverage.
     make test
 
-    # Current Python with coverage
+    # Run tests with coverage
     make test-cover
 
-    # All the supported and available Pythons via Tox
+    # Run all tests in all of the supported and available Pythons via Tox
     make test-tox
 
-    ### Running specific tests:
+    # Test PEP8 compliance
+    make pycodestyle
 
-    # Current Python
-    pytest tests/test_uploads.py
+    # Run extended tests — for code as well as .rst files syntax, packaging, etc.
+    make test-all
 
-    # All Pythons
+
+Running specific tests
+**********************
+
+After you have activated your virtual environment (see `setup`_), you
+can run specific tests from the terminal:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    # Run specific tests on the current Python
+    py.test tests/test_uploads.py
+    py.test tests/test_uploads.py::TestMultipartFormDataFileUpload
+    py.test tests/test_uploads.py::TestMultipartFormDataFileUpload::test_upload_ok
+
+    # Run specific tests on the on all Pythons via Tox
+    # (change to `tox -e py37' to limit Python version)
     tox -- tests/test_uploads.py --verbose
+    tox -- tests/test_uploads.py::TestMultipartFormDataFileUpload --verbose
+    tox -- tests/test_uploads.py::TestMultipartFormDataFileUpload::test_upload_ok --verbose
+
+-----
+
+See `Makefile`_ for additional development utilities.
 
 
-Don't forget to add yourself to `AUTHORS.rst`_.
+Finally, don't forget to add yourself to `AUTHORS`_!
 
 
 .. _Tox: http://tox.testrun.org
 .. _supported Python environments: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/blob/master/tox.ini
 .. _existing issues: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues?state=open
-.. _AUTHORS.rst: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/blob/master/AUTHORS.rst
-.. _pytest: http://pytest.org/
-.. _Style Guide for Python Code: http://python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
+.. _AUTHORS: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/blob/master/AUTHORS.rst
+.. _Makefile: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/blob/master/Makefile
+.. _venv: https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html
+.. _pytest: https://pytest.org/
+.. _Style Guide for Python Code: https://python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/
 .. _test suite: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/tree/master/tests

LICENSE

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright © 2012 Jakub Roztocil <jakub@roztocil.name>
+Copyright © 2012-2019 Jakub Roztocil <jakub@roztocil.co>
 
 Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
        notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
        documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 
-    3. Neither the name of The author nor the names of its contributors may
-       be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+    3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors
+       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
        without specific prior written permission.
 
-THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
 ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
 WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
-DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
 ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
 (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
 LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1 +1,7 @@
-include README.rst LICENSE
+include LICENSE
+include README.rst
+include CHANGELOG.rst
+include AUTHORS.rst
+
+# <https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/182>
+recursive-include tests/ *

Makefile

@@ -1,67 +1,194 @@
+###############################################################################
+# See ./CONTRIBUTING.rst
+###############################################################################
+
+ROOT_DIR:=$(shell dirname $(realpath $(firstword $(MAKEFILE_LIST))))
 VERSION=$(shell grep __version__ httpie/__init__.py)
-REQUIREMENTS="requirements-dev.txt"
-TAG="\n\n\033[0;32m\#\#\# "
-END=" \#\#\# \033[0m\n"
+REQUIREMENTS=requirements-dev.txt
+H1="\n\n\033[0;32m\#\#\# "
+H1END=" \#\#\# \033[0m\n"
 
-all: test
 
-uninstall-httpie:
-	@echo $(TAG)Removing existing installation of HTTPie$(END)
-	- pip uninstall --yes httpie >/dev/null
-	! which http
+# Only used to create our venv.
+SYSTEM_PYTHON=python3
+
+VENV_ROOT=venv
+VENV_BIN=$(VENV_ROOT)/bin
+VENV_PIP=$(VENV_BIN)/pip3
+VENV_PYTHON=$(VENV_BIN)/python
+
+
+export PATH := $(VENV_BIN):$(PATH)
+
+
+all: uninstall-httpie install test
+
+
+install: venv
+	@echo $(H1)Installing dev requirements$(H1END)
+	$(VENV_PIP) install --upgrade -r $(REQUIREMENTS)
+
+	@echo $(H1)Installing HTTPie$(H1END)
+	$(VENV_PIP) install --upgrade --editable .
+
 	@echo
 
-uninstall-all: uninstall-httpie
-	- pip uninstall --yes -r $(REQUIREMENTS)
-
-init: uninstall-httpie
-	@echo $(TAG)Installing dev requirements$(END)
-	pip install --upgrade -r $(REQUIREMENTS)
-	@echo $(TAG)Installing HTTPie$(END)
-	pip install --upgrade --editable .
+clean:
+	@echo $(H1)Cleaning up$(H1END)
+	rm -rf $(VENV_ROOT)
+	# Remove symlink for virtualenvwrapper, if we’ve created one.
+	[ -n "$(WORKON_HOME)" -a -L "$(WORKON_HOME)/httpie" -a -f "$(WORKON_HOME)/httpie" ] && rm $(WORKON_HOME)/httpie || true
+	rm -rf .tox *.egg dist build .coverage .cache .pytest_cache httpie.egg-info
+	find . -name '__pycache__' -delete -o -name '*.pyc' -delete
 	@echo
 
-test: init
-	@echo $(TAG)Running tests in on current Python with coverage $(END)
-	py.test --cov ./httpie --cov ./tests --doctest-modules --verbose ./httpie ./tests
+
+venv:
+	@echo $(H1)Creating a Python environment $(VENV_ROOT) $(H1END)
+
+	$(SYSTEM_PYTHON) -m venv --prompt httpie $(VENV_ROOT)
+
+	@echo
+	@echo done.
+	@echo
+	@echo To active it manually, run:
+	@echo
+	@echo "    source $(VENV_BIN)/activate"
+	@echo
+	@echo '(learn more: https://docs.python.org/3/library/venv.html)'
+	@echo
+	@if [ -n "$(WORKON_HOME)" ]; then \
+		echo $(ROOT_DIR) >  $(VENV_ROOT)/.project; \
+		if [ ! -d $(WORKON_HOME)/httpie -a ! -L $(WORKON_HOME)/httpie ]; then \
+			ln -s $(ROOT_DIR)/$(VENV_ROOT) $(WORKON_HOME)/httpie ; \
+			echo ''; \
+			echo 'Since you use virtualenvwrapper, we created a symlink'; \
+			echo 'so you can also use "workon httpie" to activate the venv.'; \
+			echo ''; \
+		fi; \
+	fi
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Testing
+###############################################################################
+
+
+test:
+	@echo $(H1)Running tests$(HEADER_EXTRA)$(H1END)
+	$(VENV_BIN)/py.test $(COV) ./httpie $(COV) ./tests --doctest-modules --verbose ./httpie ./tests
 	@echo
 
-test-tox: init
-	@echo $(TAG)Running tests on all Pythons via Tox$(END)
-	tox
+
+test-cover: COV=--cov
+test-cover: HEADER_EXTRA=' (with coverage)'
+test-cover: test
+
+
+# test-all is meant to test everything — even this Makefile
+test-all: clean install test test-tox test-dist pycodestyle
 	@echo
 
+
 test-dist: test-sdist test-bdist-wheel
 	@echo
 
-test-sdist: clean uninstall-httpie
-	@echo $(TAG)Testing sdist build an installation$(END)
-	python setup.py sdist
-	pip install --force-reinstall --upgrade dist/*.gz
-	which http
+
+test-tox: uninstall-httpie install
+	@echo $(H1)Running tests on all Pythons via Tox$(H1END)
+	$(VENV_BIN)/tox
 	@echo
 
-test-bdist-wheel: clean uninstall-httpie
-	@echo $(TAG)Testing wheel build an installation$(END)
-	python setup.py bdist_wheel
-	pip install --force-reinstall --upgrade dist/*.whl
-	which http
+
+test-sdist: clean venv
+	@echo $(H1)Testing sdist build an installation$(H1END)
+	$(VENV_PYTHON) setup.py sdist
+	$(VENV_PIP) install --force-reinstall --upgrade dist/*.gz
+	$(VENV_BIN)/http --version
 	@echo
 
-# This tests everything, even this Makefile.
-test-all: uninstall-all clean init test test-tox test-dist
 
-publish: test-all
-	@echo $(TAG)Testing wheel build an installation$(END)
+test-bdist-wheel: clean venv
+	@echo $(H1)Testing wheel build an installation$(H1END)
+	$(VENV_PIP) install wheel
+	$(VENV_PYTHON) setup.py bdist_wheel
+	$(VENV_PIP) install --force-reinstall --upgrade dist/*.whl
+	$(VENV_BIN)/http --version
+	@echo
+
+
+pycodestyle:
+	@echo $(H1)Running pycodestyle$(H1END)
+	@[ -f $(VENV_BIN)/pycodestyle ] || $(VENV_PIP) install pycodestyle
+	$(VENV_BIN)/pycodestyle httpie/ tests/ extras/ *.py
+	@echo
+
+
+codecov-upload:
+	@echo $(H1)Running codecov$(H1END)
+	@[ -f $(VENV_BIN)/codecov ] || $(VENV_PIP) install codecov
+	# $(VENV_BIN)/codecov --required
+	$(VENV_BIN)/codecov
+	@echo
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Publishing to PyPi
+###############################################################################
+
+
+publish: test-all publish-no-test
+
+
+publish-no-test:
+	@echo $(H1)Testing wheel build an installation$(H1END)
 	@echo "$(VERSION)"
-	@echo "$(VERSION)" | grep -q "dev"  && echo "!!!Not publishing dev version!!!" && exit 1
-	python setup.py register
-	python setup.py sdist upload
-	python setup.py bdist_wheel upload
+	@echo "$(VERSION)" | grep -q "dev" && echo '!!!Not publishing dev version!!!' && exit 1 || echo ok
+	$(VENV_PYTHON) setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
+	$(VENV_BIN)/twine upload dist/*
 	@echo
 
-clean:
-	@echo $(TAG)Cleaning up$(END)
-	rm -rf .tox *.egg dist build .coverage
-	find . -name '__pycache__' -delete -print -o -name '*.pyc' -delete -print
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Uninstalling
+###############################################################################
+
+uninstall-httpie:
+	@echo $(H1)Uninstalling httpie$(H1END)
+	- $(VENV_PIP) uninstall --yes httpie &2>/dev/null
+
+	@echo "Verifying…"
+	cd .. && ! $(VENV_PYTHON) -m httpie --version &2>/dev/null
+
+	@echo "Done"
 	@echo
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Docs
+###############################################################################
+
+pdf:
+	# NOTE: rst2pdf needs to be installed manually and against a Python 2
+	@echo "Converting README.rst to PDF…"
+	rst2pdf \
+		--strip-elements-with-class=no-pdf \
+		README.rst \
+		-o README.pdf
+	@echo "Done"
+	@echo
+
+
+###############################################################################
+# Homebrew
+###############################################################################
+
+brew-deps:
+	extras/brew-deps.py
+
+brew-test:
+	- brew uninstall httpie
+	brew install --build-from-source ./extras/httpie.rb
+	brew test httpie
+	brew audit --strict httpie

appveyor.yml

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-# https://ci.appveyor.com/project/jakubroztocil/httpie
-build: false
-environment:
-  matrix:
-    - PYTHON: "C:/Python27"
-    - PYTHON: "C:/Python34"
-init:
-  - "ECHO %PYTHON%"
-  - ps: "ls C:/Python*"
-install:
-  - ps: (new-object net.webclient).DownloadFile('https://raw.github.com/pypa/pip/master/contrib/get-pip.py', 'C:/get-pip.py')
-  - "%PYTHON%/python.exe C:/get-pip.py"
-  - "%PYTHON%/Scripts/pip.exe install -e ."
-test_script:
-  - "%PYTHON%/Scripts/pip.exe --version"
-  - "%PYTHON%/Scripts/http.exe --debug"
-  - "%PYTHON%/python.exe setup.py test"

extras/brew-deps.py

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Generate Ruby code with URLs and file hashes for packages from PyPi
+(i.e., httpie itself as well as its dependencies) to be included
+in the Homebrew formula after a new release of HTTPie has been published
+on PyPi.
+
+<https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/master/Formula/httpie.rb>
+
+"""
+import hashlib
+import requests
+
+
+PACKAGES = [
+    'httpie',
+    'Pygments',
+    'requests',
+    'certifi',
+    'urllib3',
+    'idna',
+    'chardet',
+    'PySocks',
+]
+
+
+def get_package_meta(package_name):
+    api_url = f'https://pypi.python.org/pypi/{package_name}/json'
+    resp = requests.get(api_url).json()
+    hasher = hashlib.sha256()
+    for release in resp['urls']:
+        download_url = release['url']
+        if download_url.endswith('.tar.gz'):
+            hasher.update(requests.get(download_url).content)
+            return {
+                'name': package_name,
+                'url': download_url,
+                'sha256': hasher.hexdigest(),
+            }
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError(f'{package_name}: download not found: {resp}')
+
+
+def main():
+    package_meta_map = {
+        package_name: get_package_meta(package_name)
+        for package_name in PACKAGES
+    }
+    httpie_meta = package_meta_map.pop('httpie')
+    print()
+    print('  url "{url}"'.format(url=httpie_meta['url']))
+    print('  sha256 "{sha256}"'.format(sha256=httpie_meta['sha256']))
+    print()
+    for dep_meta in package_meta_map.values():
+        print('  resource "{name}" do'.format(name=dep_meta['name']))
+        print('    url "{url}"'.format(url=dep_meta['url']))
+        print('    sha256 "{sha256}"'.format(sha256=dep_meta['sha256']))
+        print('  end')
+        print('')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

extras/httpie-completion.bash

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+
+_http_complete() {
+    local cur_word=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}
+    local prev_word=${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD - 1]}
+
+    if [[ "$cur_word" == -*  ]]; then
+        _http_complete_options "$cur_word"
+    fi
+}
+
+complete -o default -F _http_complete http
+
+_http_complete_options() {
+    local cur_word=$1
+    local options="-j --json -f --form --pretty -s --style -p --print
+    -v --verbose -h --headers -b --body -S --stream -o --output -d --download
+    -c --continue --session --session-read-only -a --auth --auth-type --proxy
+    --follow --verify --cert --cert-key --timeout --check-status --ignore-stdin
+    --help --version --traceback --debug"
+    COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -W "$options" -- "$cur_word" ) )
+}

extras/httpie-completion.fish

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+function __fish_httpie_auth_types
+  echo "basic"\t"Basic HTTP auth"
+  echo "digest"\t"Digest HTTP auth"
+end
+
+function __fish_httpie_styles
+  echo "autumn"
+  echo "borland"
+  echo "bw"
+  echo "colorful"
+  echo "default"
+  echo "emacs"
+  echo "friendly"
+  echo "fruity"
+  echo "igor"
+  echo "manni"
+  echo "monokai"
+  echo "murphy"
+  echo "native"
+  echo "paraiso-dark"
+  echo "paraiso-light"
+  echo "pastie"
+  echo "perldoc"
+  echo "rrt"
+  echo "solarized"
+  echo "tango"
+  echo "trac"
+  echo "vim"
+  echo "vs"
+  echo "xcode"
+end
+
+complete -x -c http -s s -l style        -d 'Output coloring style (default is "monokai")' -A -a '(__fish_httpie_styles)'
+complete    -c http -s f -l form         -d 'Data items from the command line are serialized as form fields'
+complete    -c http -s j -l json         -d '(default) Data items from the command line are serialized as a JSON object'
+complete -x -c http      -l pretty       -d 'Controls output processing' -a "all colors format none" -A
+complete -x -c http -s p -l print        -d 'String specifying what the output should contain'
+complete    -c http -s v -l verbose      -d 'Print the whole request as well as the response'
+complete    -c http -s h -l headers      -d 'Print only the response headers'
+complete    -c http -s b -l body         -d 'Print only the response body'
+complete    -c http -s S -l stream       -d 'Always stream the output by line'
+complete    -c http -s o -l output       -d 'Save output to FILE'
+complete    -c http -s d -l download     -d 'Do not print the response body to stdout'
+complete    -c http -s c -l continue     -d 'Resume an interrupted download'
+complete -x -c http      -l session      -d 'Create, or reuse and update a session'
+complete -x -c http -s a -l auth         -d 'If only the username is provided (-a username), HTTPie will prompt for the password'
+complete -x -c http      -l auth-type    -d 'The authentication mechanism to be used' -a '(__fish_httpie_auth_types)' -A
+complete -x -c http      -l proxy        -d 'String mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy'
+complete    -c http      -l follow       -d 'Allow full redirects'
+complete -x -c http      -l verify       -d 'SSL cert verification'
+complete    -c http      -l cert         -d 'SSL cert'
+complete    -c http      -l cert-key     -d 'Private SSL cert key'
+complete -x -c http      -l timeout      -d 'Connection timeout in seconds'
+complete    -c http      -l check-status -d 'Error with non-200 HTTP status code'
+complete    -c http      -l ignore-stdin -d 'Do not attempt to read stdin'
+complete    -c http      -l help         -d 'Show help'
+complete    -c http      -l version      -d 'Show version'
+complete    -c http      -l traceback    -d 'Prints exception traceback should one occur'
+complete    -c http      -l debug        -d 'Show debugging information'

extras/httpie.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# The latest Homebrew formula as submitted to Homebrew/homebrew-core.
+# Only useful for testing until it gets accepted by homebrew maintainers.
+# (It will need to be updated from the repo version before next release.)
+#
+# https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/master/Formula/httpie.rb
+#
+class Httpie < Formula
+  include Language::Python::Virtualenv
+
+  desc "User-friendly cURL replacement (command-line HTTP client)"
+  homepage "https://httpie.org/"
+  url "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d5/a4/ab61c1dbfdef33c7b7f5f7df0d79eb5cd55a106601a4acc17f983f320b4a/httpie-1.0.3.tar.gz"
+  sha256 "6d1b6e21da7d3ec030ae95536d4032c1129bdaf9de4adc72c596b87e5f646e80"
+  head "https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie.git"
+
+  bottle do
+    cellar :any_skip_relocation
+    sha256 "158258be68ac93de13860be2bef02da6fd8b68aa24b2e6609bcff1ec3f93e7a0" => :mojave
+    sha256 "54352116b6fa2c3bd65f26136fdcb57986dbff8a52de5febf7aea59c126d29e1" => :high_sierra
+    sha256 "9cce71768fe388808e11b26d651b44a6b54219f5406845b4273b5099f5c1f76f" => :sierra
+  end
+
+  depends_on "python"
+
+  resource "Pygments" do
+    url "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7e/ae/26808275fc76bf2832deb10d3a3ed3107bc4de01b85dcccbe525f2cd6d1e/Pygments-2.4.2.tar.gz"
+    sha256 "881c4c157e45f30af185c1ffe8d549d48ac9127433f2c380c24b84572ad66297"
+  end
+
+  resource "requests" do
+    url "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/01/62/ddcf76d1d19885e8579acb1b1df26a852b03472c0e46d2b959a714c90608/requests-2.22.0.tar.gz"
+    sha256 "11e007a8a2aa0323f5a921e9e6a2d7e4e67d9877e85773fba9ba6419025cbeb4"
+  end
+
+  resource "certifi" do
+    url "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c5/67/5d0548226bcc34468e23a0333978f0e23d28d0b3f0c71a151aef9c3f7680/certifi-2019.6.16.tar.gz"
+    sha256 "945e3ba63a0b9f577b1395204e13c3a231f9bc0223888be653286534e5873695"
+  end
+
+  resource "urllib3" do
+    url "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/4c/13/2386233f7ee40aa8444b47f7463338f3cbdf00c316627558784e3f542f07/urllib3-1.25.3.tar.gz"
+    sha256 "dbe59173209418ae49d485b87d1681aefa36252ee85884c31346debd19463232"
+  end
+
+  resource "idna" do
+    url "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ad/13/eb56951b6f7950cadb579ca166e448ba77f9d24efc03edd7e55fa57d04b7/idna-2.8.tar.gz"
+    sha256 "c357b3f628cf53ae2c4c05627ecc484553142ca23264e593d327bcde5e9c3407"
+  end
+
+  resource "chardet" do
+    url "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fc/bb/a5768c230f9ddb03acc9ef3f0d4a3cf93462473795d18e9535498c8f929d/chardet-3.0.4.tar.gz"
+    sha256 "84ab92ed1c4d4f16916e05906b6b75a6c0fb5db821cc65e70cbd64a3e2a5eaae"
+  end
+
+  resource "PySocks" do
+    url "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/15/ab/35824cfdee1aac662e3298275fa1e6cbedb52126d1785f8977959b769ccf/PySocks-1.7.0.tar.gz"
+    sha256 "d9031ea45fdfacbe59a99273e9f0448ddb33c1580fe3831c1b09557c5718977c"
+  end
+
+  def install
+    virtualenv_install_with_resources
+  end
+
+  test do
+    raw_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/master/Formula/httpie.rb"
+    assert_match "PYTHONPATH", shell_output("#{bin}/http --ignore-stdin #{raw_url}")
+  end
+end

httpie/__init__.py

@@ -2,18 +2,7 @@
 HTTPie - a CLI, cURL-like tool for humans.
 
 """
+
+__version__ = '2.0.0'
 __author__ = 'Jakub Roztocil'
-__version__ = '0.9.1'
 __licence__ = 'BSD'
-
-
-class ExitStatus:
-    """Exit status code constants."""
-    OK = 0
-    ERROR = 1
-    ERROR_TIMEOUT = 2
-
-    # Used only when requested with --check-status:
-    ERROR_HTTP_3XX = 3
-    ERROR_HTTP_4XX = 4
-    ERROR_HTTP_5XX = 5

httpie/__main__.py

@@ -3,8 +3,18 @@
 
 """
 import sys
-from .core import main
+
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        from .core import main
+        exit_status = main()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        from httpie.status import ExitStatus
+        exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR_CTRL_C
+
+    sys.exit(exit_status.value)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    sys.exit(main())
+    main()

httpie/cli/argparser.py

@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+import argparse
+import errno
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+from argparse import RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
+from textwrap import dedent
+from urllib.parse import urlsplit
+
+from httpie.cli.argtypes import AuthCredentials, KeyValueArgType, parse_auth
+from httpie.cli.constants import (
+    HTTP_GET, HTTP_POST, OUTPUT_OPTIONS, OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT,
+    OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT_STDOUT_REDIRECTED, OUT_RESP_BODY, PRETTY_MAP,
+    PRETTY_STDOUT_TTY_ONLY, SEPARATOR_CREDENTIALS, SEPARATOR_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS,
+    SEPARATOR_GROUP_DATA_ITEMS, URL_SCHEME_RE,
+    OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT_OFFLINE,
+)
+from httpie.cli.exceptions import ParseError
+from httpie.cli.requestitems import RequestItems
+from httpie.context import Environment
+from httpie.plugins import plugin_manager
+from httpie.utils import ExplicitNullAuth, get_content_type
+
+
+class HTTPieHelpFormatter(RawDescriptionHelpFormatter):
+    """A nicer help formatter.
+
+    Help for arguments can be indented and contain new lines.
+    It will be de-dented and arguments in the help
+    will be separated by a blank line for better readability.
+
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, max_help_position=6, *args, **kwargs):
+        # A smaller indent for args help.
+        kwargs['max_help_position'] = max_help_position
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _split_lines(self, text, width):
+        text = dedent(text).strip() + '\n\n'
+        return text.splitlines()
+
+
+class HTTPieArgumentParser(argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    """Adds additional logic to `argparse.ArgumentParser`.
+
+    Handles all input (CLI args, file args, stdin), applies defaults,
+    and performs extra validation.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, formatter_class=HTTPieHelpFormatter, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['add_help'] = False
+        super().__init__(*args, formatter_class=formatter_class, **kwargs)
+        self.env = None
+        self.args = None
+        self.has_stdin_data = False
+
+    # noinspection PyMethodOverriding
+    def parse_args(
+        self,
+        env: Environment,
+        args=None,
+        namespace=None
+    ) -> argparse.Namespace:
+        self.env = env
+        self.args, no_options = super().parse_known_args(args, namespace)
+
+        if self.args.debug:
+            self.args.traceback = True
+
+        self.has_stdin_data = (
+            self.env.stdin
+            and not self.args.ignore_stdin
+            and not self.env.stdin_isatty
+        )
+
+        # Arguments processing and environment setup.
+        self._apply_no_options(no_options)
+        self._validate_download_options()
+        self._setup_standard_streams()
+        self._process_output_options()
+        self._process_pretty_options()
+        self._guess_method()
+        self._parse_items()
+
+        if self.has_stdin_data:
+            self._body_from_file(self.env.stdin)
+        if not URL_SCHEME_RE.match(self.args.url):
+            if os.path.basename(env.program_name) == 'https':
+                scheme = 'https://'
+            else:
+                scheme = self.args.default_scheme + "://"
+
+            # See if we're using curl style shorthand for localhost (:3000/foo)
+            shorthand = re.match(r'^:(?!:)(\d*)(/?.*)$', self.args.url)
+            if shorthand:
+                port = shorthand.group(1)
+                rest = shorthand.group(2)
+                self.args.url = scheme + 'localhost'
+                if port:
+                    self.args.url += ':' + port
+                self.args.url += rest
+            else:
+                self.args.url = scheme + self.args.url
+        self._process_auth()
+
+        return self.args
+
+    # noinspection PyShadowingBuiltins
+    def _print_message(self, message, file=None):
+        # Sneak in our stderr/stdout.
+        file = {
+            sys.stdout: self.env.stdout,
+            sys.stderr: self.env.stderr,
+            None: self.env.stderr
+        }.get(file, file)
+        if not hasattr(file, 'buffer') and isinstance(message, str):
+            message = message.encode(self.env.stdout_encoding)
+        super()._print_message(message, file)
+
+    def _setup_standard_streams(self):
+        """
+        Modify `env.stdout` and `env.stdout_isatty` based on args, if needed.
+
+        """
+        self.args.output_file_specified = bool(self.args.output_file)
+        if self.args.download:
+            # FIXME: Come up with a cleaner solution.
+            if not self.args.output_file and not self.env.stdout_isatty:
+                # Use stdout as the download output file.
+                self.args.output_file = self.env.stdout
+            # With `--download`, we write everything that would normally go to
+            # `stdout` to `stderr` instead. Let's replace the stream so that
+            # we don't have to use many `if`s throughout the codebase.
+            # The response body will be treated separately.
+            self.env.stdout = self.env.stderr
+            self.env.stdout_isatty = self.env.stderr_isatty
+        elif self.args.output_file:
+            # When not `--download`ing, then `--output` simply replaces
+            # `stdout`. The file is opened for appending, which isn't what
+            # we want in this case.
+            self.args.output_file.seek(0)
+            try:
+                self.args.output_file.truncate()
+            except IOError as e:
+                if e.errno == errno.EINVAL:
+                    # E.g. /dev/null on Linux.
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    raise
+            self.env.stdout = self.args.output_file
+            self.env.stdout_isatty = False
+
+    def _process_auth(self):
+        # TODO: refactor
+        self.args.auth_plugin = None
+        default_auth_plugin = plugin_manager.get_auth_plugins()[0]
+        auth_type_set = self.args.auth_type is not None
+        url = urlsplit(self.args.url)
+
+        if self.args.auth is None and not auth_type_set:
+            if url.username is not None:
+                # Handle http://username:password@hostname/
+                username = url.username
+                password = url.password or ''
+                self.args.auth = AuthCredentials(
+                    key=username,
+                    value=password,
+                    sep=SEPARATOR_CREDENTIALS,
+                    orig=SEPARATOR_CREDENTIALS.join([username, password])
+                )
+
+        if self.args.auth is not None or auth_type_set:
+            if not self.args.auth_type:
+                self.args.auth_type = default_auth_plugin.auth_type
+            plugin = plugin_manager.get_auth_plugin(self.args.auth_type)()
+
+            if plugin.auth_require and self.args.auth is None:
+                self.error('--auth required')
+
+            plugin.raw_auth = self.args.auth
+            self.args.auth_plugin = plugin
+            already_parsed = isinstance(self.args.auth, AuthCredentials)
+
+            if self.args.auth is None or not plugin.auth_parse:
+                self.args.auth = plugin.get_auth()
+            else:
+                if already_parsed:
+                    # from the URL
+                    credentials = self.args.auth
+                else:
+                    credentials = parse_auth(self.args.auth)
+
+                if (not credentials.has_password()
+                        and plugin.prompt_password):
+                    if self.args.ignore_stdin:
+                        # Non-tty stdin read by now
+                        self.error(
+                            'Unable to prompt for passwords because'
+                            ' --ignore-stdin is set.'
+                        )
+                    credentials.prompt_password(url.netloc)
+                self.args.auth = plugin.get_auth(
+                    username=credentials.key,
+                    password=credentials.value,
+                )
+        if not self.args.auth and self.args.ignore_netrc:
+            # Set a no-op auth to force requests to ignore .netrc
+            # <https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/2773#issuecomment-174312831>
+            self.args.auth = ExplicitNullAuth()
+
+    def _apply_no_options(self, no_options):
+        """For every `--no-OPTION` in `no_options`, set `args.OPTION` to
+        its default value. This allows for un-setting of options, e.g.,
+        specified in config.
+
+        """
+        invalid = []
+
+        for option in no_options:
+            if not option.startswith('--no-'):
+                invalid.append(option)
+                continue
+
+            # --no-option => --option
+            inverted = '--' + option[5:]
+            for action in self._actions:
+                if inverted in action.option_strings:
+                    setattr(self.args, action.dest, action.default)
+                    break
+            else:
+                invalid.append(option)
+
+        if invalid:
+            msg = 'unrecognized arguments: %s'
+            self.error(msg % ' '.join(invalid))
+
+    def _body_from_file(self, fd):
+        """There can only be one source of request data.
+
+        Bytes are always read.
+
+        """
+        if self.args.data:
+            self.error('Request body (from stdin or a file) and request '
+                       'data (key=value) cannot be mixed. Pass '
+                       '--ignore-stdin to let key/value take priority.')
+        self.args.data = getattr(fd, 'buffer', fd).read()
+
+    def _guess_method(self):
+        """Set `args.method` if not specified to either POST or GET
+        based on whether the request has data or not.
+
+        """
+        if self.args.method is None:
+            # Invoked as `http URL'.
+            assert not self.args.request_items
+            if self.has_stdin_data:
+                self.args.method = HTTP_POST
+            else:
+                self.args.method = HTTP_GET
+
+        # FIXME: False positive, e.g., "localhost" matches but is a valid URL.
+        elif not re.match('^[a-zA-Z]+$', self.args.method):
+            # Invoked as `http URL item+'. The URL is now in `args.method`
+            # and the first ITEM is now incorrectly in `args.url`.
+            try:
+                # Parse the URL as an ITEM and store it as the first ITEM arg.
+                self.args.request_items.insert(0, KeyValueArgType(
+                    *SEPARATOR_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS).__call__(self.args.url))
+
+            except argparse.ArgumentTypeError as e:
+                if self.args.traceback:
+                    raise
+                self.error(e.args[0])
+
+            else:
+                # Set the URL correctly
+                self.args.url = self.args.method
+                # Infer the method
+                has_data = (
+                    self.has_stdin_data
+                    or any(
+                        item.sep in SEPARATOR_GROUP_DATA_ITEMS
+                        for item in self.args.request_items)
+                )
+                self.args.method = HTTP_POST if has_data else HTTP_GET
+
+    def _parse_items(self):
+        """
+        Parse `args.request_items` into `args.headers`, `args.data`,
+        `args.params`, and `args.files`.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            request_items = RequestItems.from_args(
+                request_item_args=self.args.request_items,
+                as_form=self.args.form,
+            )
+        except ParseError as e:
+            if self.args.traceback:
+                raise
+            self.error(e.args[0])
+        else:
+            self.args.headers = request_items.headers
+            self.args.data = request_items.data
+            self.args.files = request_items.files
+            self.args.params = request_items.params
+
+        if self.args.files and not self.args.form:
+            # `http url @/path/to/file`
+            file_fields = list(self.args.files.keys())
+            if file_fields != ['']:
+                self.error(
+                    'Invalid file fields (perhaps you meant --form?): %s'
+                    % ','.join(file_fields))
+
+            fn, fd, ct = self.args.files['']
+            self.args.files = {}
+
+            self._body_from_file(fd)
+
+            if 'Content-Type' not in self.args.headers:
+                content_type = get_content_type(fn)
+                if content_type:
+                    self.args.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
+
+    def _process_output_options(self):
+        """Apply defaults to output options, or validate the provided ones.
+
+        The default output options are stdout-type-sensitive.
+
+        """
+
+        def check_options(value, option):
+            unknown = set(value) - OUTPUT_OPTIONS
+            if unknown:
+                self.error('Unknown output options: {0}={1}'.format(
+                    option,
+                    ','.join(unknown)
+                ))
+
+        if self.args.verbose:
+            self.args.all = True
+
+        if self.args.output_options is None:
+            if self.args.verbose:
+                self.args.output_options = ''.join(OUTPUT_OPTIONS)
+            elif self.args.offline:
+                self.args.output_options = OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT_OFFLINE
+            elif not self.env.stdout_isatty:
+                self.args.output_options = OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT_STDOUT_REDIRECTED
+            else:
+                self.args.output_options = OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT
+
+        if self.args.output_options_history is None:
+            self.args.output_options_history = self.args.output_options
+
+        check_options(self.args.output_options, '--print')
+        check_options(self.args.output_options_history, '--history-print')
+
+        if self.args.download and OUT_RESP_BODY in self.args.output_options:
+            # Response body is always downloaded with --download and it goes
+            # through a different routine, so we remove it.
+            self.args.output_options = str(
+                set(self.args.output_options) - set(OUT_RESP_BODY))
+
+    def _process_pretty_options(self):
+        if self.args.prettify == PRETTY_STDOUT_TTY_ONLY:
+            self.args.prettify = PRETTY_MAP[
+                'all' if self.env.stdout_isatty else 'none']
+        elif (self.args.prettify and self.env.is_windows
+              and self.args.output_file):
+            self.error('Only terminal output can be colorized on Windows.')
+        else:
+            # noinspection PyTypeChecker
+            self.args.prettify = PRETTY_MAP[self.args.prettify]
+
+    def _validate_download_options(self):
+        if not self.args.download:
+            if self.args.download_resume:
+                self.error('--continue only works with --download')
+        if self.args.download_resume and not (
+                self.args.download and self.args.output_file):
+            self.error('--continue requires --output to be specified')

httpie/cli/argtypes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import argparse
+import getpass
+import os
+import sys
+from typing import Union, List, Optional
+
+from httpie.cli.constants import SEPARATOR_CREDENTIALS
+from httpie.sessions import VALID_SESSION_NAME_PATTERN
+
+
+class KeyValueArg:
+    """Base key-value pair parsed from CLI."""
+
+    def __init__(self, key: str, value: Optional[str], sep: str, orig: str):
+        self.key = key
+        self.value = value
+        self.sep = sep
+        self.orig = orig
+
+    def __eq__(self, other: 'KeyValueArg'):
+        return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self.__dict__)
+
+
+class SessionNameValidator:
+
+    def __init__(self, error_message: str):
+        self.error_message = error_message
+
+    def __call__(self, value: str) -> str:
+        # Session name can be a path or just a name.
+        if (os.path.sep not in value
+                and not VALID_SESSION_NAME_PATTERN.search(value)):
+            raise argparse.ArgumentError(None, self.error_message)
+        return value
+
+
+class Escaped(str):
+    """Represents an escaped character."""
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"Escaped({repr(str(self))})"
+
+
+class KeyValueArgType:
+    """A key-value pair argument type used with `argparse`.
+
+    Parses a key-value arg and constructs a `KeyValueArg` instance.
+    Used for headers, form data, and other key-value pair types.
+
+    """
+
+    key_value_class = KeyValueArg
+
+    def __init__(self, *separators: str):
+        self.separators = separators
+        self.special_characters = set('\\')
+        for separator in separators:
+            self.special_characters.update(separator)
+
+    def __call__(self, s: str) -> KeyValueArg:
+        """Parse raw string arg  and return `self.key_value_class` instance.
+
+        The best of `self.separators` is determined (first found, longest).
+        Back slash escaped characters aren't considered as separators
+        (or parts thereof). Literal back slash characters have to be escaped
+        as well (r'\\').
+
+        """
+        tokens = self.tokenize(s)
+
+        # Sorting by length ensures that the longest one will be
+        # chosen as it will overwrite any shorter ones starting
+        # at the same position in the `found` dictionary.
+        separators = sorted(self.separators, key=len)
+
+        for i, token in enumerate(tokens):
+
+            if isinstance(token, Escaped):
+                continue
+
+            found = {}
+            for sep in separators:
+                pos = token.find(sep)
+                if pos != -1:
+                    found[pos] = sep
+
+            if found:
+                # Starting first, longest separator found.
+                sep = found[min(found.keys())]
+
+                key, value = token.split(sep, 1)
+
+                # Any preceding tokens are part of the key.
+                key = ''.join(tokens[:i]) + key
+
+                # Any following tokens are part of the value.
+                value += ''.join(tokens[i + 1:])
+
+                break
+
+        else:
+            raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'{s!r} is not a valid value')
+
+        return self.key_value_class(key=key, value=value, sep=sep, orig=s)
+
+    def tokenize(self, s: str) -> List[Union[str, Escaped]]:
+        r"""Tokenize the raw arg string
+
+        There are only two token types - strings and escaped characters:
+
+        >>> KeyValueArgType('=').tokenize(r'foo\=bar\\baz')
+        ['foo', Escaped('='), 'bar', Escaped('\\'), 'baz']
+
+        """
+        tokens = ['']
+        characters = iter(s)
+        for char in characters:
+            if char == '\\':
+                char = next(characters, '')
+                if char not in self.special_characters:
+                    tokens[-1] += '\\' + char
+                else:
+                    tokens.extend([Escaped(char), ''])
+            else:
+                tokens[-1] += char
+        return tokens
+
+
+class AuthCredentials(KeyValueArg):
+    """Represents parsed credentials."""
+
+    def has_password(self) -> bool:
+        return self.value is not None
+
+    def prompt_password(self, host: str):
+        prompt_text = f'http: password for {self.key}@{host}: '
+        try:
+            self.value = self._getpass(prompt_text)
+        except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            sys.stderr.write('\n')
+            sys.exit(0)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _getpass(prompt):
+        # To allow easy mocking.
+        return getpass.getpass(str(prompt))
+
+
+class AuthCredentialsArgType(KeyValueArgType):
+    """A key-value arg type that parses credentials."""
+
+    key_value_class = AuthCredentials
+
+    def __call__(self, s):
+        """Parse credentials from `s`.
+
+        ("username" or "username:password").
+
+        """
+        try:
+            return super().__call__(s)
+        except argparse.ArgumentTypeError:
+            # No password provided, will prompt for it later.
+            return self.key_value_class(
+                key=s,
+                value=None,
+                sep=SEPARATOR_CREDENTIALS,
+                orig=s
+            )
+
+
+parse_auth = AuthCredentialsArgType(SEPARATOR_CREDENTIALS)
+
+
+def readable_file_arg(filename):
+    try:
+        with open(filename, 'rb'):
+            return filename
+    except IOError as ex:
+        raise argparse.ArgumentTypeError(f'{filename}: {ex.args[1]}')

httpie/cli/constants.py

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+"""Parsing and processing of CLI input (args, auth credentials, files, stdin).
+
+"""
+import re
+import ssl
+
+
+# TODO: Use MultiDict for headers once added to `requests`.
+# <https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/130>
+
+
+# ALPHA *( ALPHA / DIGIT / "+" / "-" / "." )
+# <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.1>
+URL_SCHEME_RE = re.compile(r'^[a-z][a-z0-9.+-]*://', re.IGNORECASE)
+
+HTTP_POST = 'POST'
+HTTP_GET = 'GET'
+
+# Various separators used in args
+SEPARATOR_HEADER = ':'
+SEPARATOR_HEADER_EMPTY = ';'
+SEPARATOR_CREDENTIALS = ':'
+SEPARATOR_PROXY = ':'
+SEPARATOR_DATA_STRING = '='
+SEPARATOR_DATA_RAW_JSON = ':='
+SEPARATOR_FILE_UPLOAD = '@'
+SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_FILE_CONTENTS = '=@'
+SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE = ':=@'
+SEPARATOR_QUERY_PARAM = '=='
+
+# Separators that become request data
+SEPARATOR_GROUP_DATA_ITEMS = frozenset({
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_STRING,
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_RAW_JSON,
+    SEPARATOR_FILE_UPLOAD,
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_FILE_CONTENTS,
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE
+})
+
+# Separators for items whose value is a filename to be embedded
+SEPARATOR_GROUP_DATA_EMBED_ITEMS = frozenset({
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_FILE_CONTENTS,
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE,
+})
+
+# Separators for raw JSON items
+SEPARATOR_GROUP_RAW_JSON_ITEMS = frozenset([
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_RAW_JSON,
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE,
+])
+
+# Separators allowed in ITEM arguments
+SEPARATOR_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS = frozenset({
+    SEPARATOR_HEADER,
+    SEPARATOR_HEADER_EMPTY,
+    SEPARATOR_QUERY_PARAM,
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_STRING,
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_RAW_JSON,
+    SEPARATOR_FILE_UPLOAD,
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_FILE_CONTENTS,
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE,
+})
+
+# Output options
+OUT_REQ_HEAD = 'H'
+OUT_REQ_BODY = 'B'
+OUT_RESP_HEAD = 'h'
+OUT_RESP_BODY = 'b'
+
+OUTPUT_OPTIONS = frozenset({
+    OUT_REQ_HEAD,
+    OUT_REQ_BODY,
+    OUT_RESP_HEAD,
+    OUT_RESP_BODY
+})
+
+# Pretty
+PRETTY_MAP = {
+    'all': ['format', 'colors'],
+    'colors': ['colors'],
+    'format': ['format'],
+    'none': []
+}
+PRETTY_STDOUT_TTY_ONLY = object()
+
+# Defaults
+OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT = OUT_RESP_HEAD + OUT_RESP_BODY
+OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT_STDOUT_REDIRECTED = OUT_RESP_BODY
+OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT_OFFLINE = OUT_REQ_HEAD + OUT_REQ_BODY
+
+SSL_VERSION_ARG_MAPPING = {
+    'ssl2.3': 'PROTOCOL_SSLv23',
+    'ssl3': 'PROTOCOL_SSLv3',
+    'tls1': 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1',
+    'tls1.1': 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_1',
+    'tls1.2': 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2',
+    'tls1.3': 'PROTOCOL_TLSv1_3',
+}
+SSL_VERSION_ARG_MAPPING = {
+    cli_arg: getattr(ssl, ssl_constant)
+    for cli_arg, ssl_constant in SSL_VERSION_ARG_MAPPING.items()
+    if hasattr(ssl, ssl_constant)
+}

httpie/cli/definition.py

@@ -1,48 +1,31 @@
-"""CLI arguments definition.
-
-NOTE: the CLI interface may change before reaching v1.0.
+"""
+CLI arguments definition.
 
 """
+from argparse import (FileType, OPTIONAL, SUPPRESS, ZERO_OR_MORE)
 from textwrap import dedent, wrap
-#noinspection PyCompatibility
-from argparse import (RawDescriptionHelpFormatter, FileType,
-                      OPTIONAL, ZERO_OR_MORE, SUPPRESS)
 
 from httpie import __doc__, __version__
-from httpie.plugins.builtin import BuiltinAuthPlugin
+from httpie.cli.argparser import HTTPieArgumentParser
+from httpie.cli.argtypes import (
+    KeyValueArgType, SessionNameValidator, readable_file_arg,
+)
+from httpie.cli.constants import (
+    OUTPUT_OPTIONS, OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT, OUT_REQ_BODY, OUT_REQ_HEAD,
+    OUT_RESP_BODY, OUT_RESP_HEAD, PRETTY_MAP, PRETTY_STDOUT_TTY_ONLY,
+    SEPARATOR_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS, SEPARATOR_PROXY, SSL_VERSION_ARG_MAPPING,
+)
+from httpie.output.formatters.colors import (
+    AUTO_STYLE, AVAILABLE_STYLES, DEFAULT_STYLE,
+)
 from httpie.plugins import plugin_manager
+from httpie.plugins.builtin import BuiltinAuthPlugin
 from httpie.sessions import DEFAULT_SESSIONS_DIR
-from httpie.output.formatters.colors import AVAILABLE_STYLES, DEFAULT_STYLE
-from httpie.input import (Parser, AuthCredentialsArgType, KeyValueArgType,
-                          SEP_PROXY, SEP_CREDENTIALS, SEP_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS,
-                          OUT_REQ_HEAD, OUT_REQ_BODY, OUT_RESP_HEAD,
-                          OUT_RESP_BODY, OUTPUT_OPTIONS,
-                          OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT, PRETTY_MAP,
-                          PRETTY_STDOUT_TTY_ONLY, SessionNameValidator,
-                          readable_file_arg)
 
 
-class HTTPieHelpFormatter(RawDescriptionHelpFormatter):
-    """A nicer help formatter.
-
-    Help for arguments can be indented and contain new lines.
-    It will be de-dented and arguments in the help
-    will be separated by a blank line for better readability.
-
-
-    """
-    def __init__(self, max_help_position=6, *args, **kwargs):
-        # A smaller indent for args help.
-        kwargs['max_help_position'] = max_help_position
-        super(HTTPieHelpFormatter, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-
-    def _split_lines(self, text, width):
-        text = dedent(text).strip() + '\n\n'
-        return text.splitlines()
-
-parser = Parser(
-    formatter_class=HTTPieHelpFormatter,
-    description='%s <http://httpie.org>' % __doc__.strip(),
+parser = HTTPieArgumentParser(
+    prog='http',
+    description='%s <https://httpie.org>' % __doc__.strip(),
     epilog=dedent("""
     For every --OPTION there is also a --no-OPTION that reverts OPTION
     to its default value.
@@ -51,10 +34,9 @@ parser = Parser(
 
         https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues
 
-    """)
+    """),
 )
 
-
 #######################################################################
 # Positional arguments.
 #######################################################################
@@ -68,7 +50,7 @@ positional = parser.add_argument_group(
     """)
 )
 positional.add_argument(
-    'method',
+    dest='method',
     metavar='METHOD',
     nargs=OPTIONAL,
     default=None,
@@ -84,10 +66,11 @@ positional.add_argument(
     """
 )
 positional.add_argument(
-    'url',
+    dest='url',
     metavar='URL',
     help="""
     The scheme defaults to 'http://' if the URL does not include one.
+    (You can override this with: --default-scheme=https)
 
     You can also use a shorthand for localhost
 
@@ -97,10 +80,11 @@ positional.add_argument(
     """
 )
 positional.add_argument(
-    'items',
+    dest='request_items',
     metavar='REQUEST_ITEM',
     nargs=ZERO_OR_MORE,
-    type=KeyValueArgType(*SEP_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS),
+    default=None,
+    type=KeyValueArgType(*SEPARATOR_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS),
     help=r"""
     Optional key-value pairs to be included in the request. The separator used
     determines the type:
@@ -141,7 +125,6 @@ positional.add_argument(
     """
 )
 
-
 #######################################################################
 # Content type.
 #######################################################################
@@ -174,6 +157,28 @@ content_type.add_argument(
     """
 )
 
+#######################################################################
+# Content processing.
+#######################################################################
+
+content_processing = parser.add_argument_group(
+    title='Content Processing Options',
+    description=None
+)
+
+content_processing.add_argument(
+    '--compress', '-x',
+    action='count',
+    default=0,
+    help="""
+    Content compressed (encoded) with Deflate algorithm.
+    The Content-Encoding header is set to deflate.
+
+    Compression is skipped if it appears that compression ratio is
+    negative. Compression can be forced by repeating the argument.
+
+    """
+)
 
 #######################################################################
 # Output processing
@@ -202,22 +207,24 @@ output_processing.add_argument(
     help="""
     Output coloring style (default is "{default}"). One of:
 
-{available}
+{available_styles}
 
-    For this option to work properly, please make sure that the $TERM
-    environment variable is set to "xterm-256color" or similar
+    The "{auto_style}" style follows your terminal's ANSI color styles.
+
+    For non-{auto_style} styles to work properly, please make sure that the
+    $TERM environment variable is set to "xterm-256color" or similar
     (e.g., via `export TERM=xterm-256color' in your ~/.bashrc).
 
     """.format(
         default=DEFAULT_STYLE,
-        available='\n'.join(
-            '{0}{1}'.format(8*' ', line.strip())
+        available_styles='\n'.join(
+            '{0}{1}'.format(8 * ' ', line.strip())
             for line in wrap(', '.join(sorted(AVAILABLE_STYLES)), 60)
         ).rstrip(),
+        auto_style=AUTO_STYLE,
     )
 )
 
-
 #######################################################################
 # Output options
 #######################################################################
@@ -227,62 +234,77 @@ output_options.add_argument(
     '--print', '-p',
     dest='output_options',
     metavar='WHAT',
-    help="""
+    help=f"""
     String specifying what the output should contain:
 
-        '{req_head}' request headers
-        '{req_body}' request body
-        '{res_head}' response headers
-        '{res_body}' response body
+        '{OUT_REQ_HEAD}' request headers
+        '{OUT_REQ_BODY}' request body
+        '{OUT_RESP_HEAD}' response headers
+        '{OUT_RESP_BODY}' response body
 
-    The default behaviour is '{default}' (i.e., the response headers and body
-    is printed), if standard output is not redirected. If the output is piped
-    to another program or to a file, then only the response body is printed
-    by default.
+    The default behaviour is '{OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT}' (i.e., the response
+    headers and body is printed), if standard output is not redirected.
+    If the output is piped to another program or to a file, then only the
+    response body is printed by default.
 
     """
-    .format(
-        req_head=OUT_REQ_HEAD,
-        req_body=OUT_REQ_BODY,
-        res_head=OUT_RESP_HEAD,
-        res_body=OUT_RESP_BODY,
-        default=OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT,
-    )
-)
-output_options.add_argument(
-    '--verbose', '-v',
-    dest='output_options',
-    action='store_const',
-    const=''.join(OUTPUT_OPTIONS),
-    help="""
-    Print the whole request as well as the response. Shortcut for --print={0}.
-
-    """
-    .format(''.join(OUTPUT_OPTIONS))
 )
 output_options.add_argument(
     '--headers', '-h',
     dest='output_options',
     action='store_const',
     const=OUT_RESP_HEAD,
-    help="""
-    Print only the response headers. Shortcut for --print={0}.
+    help=f"""
+    Print only the response headers. Shortcut for --print={OUT_RESP_HEAD}.
 
     """
-    .format(OUT_RESP_HEAD)
 )
 output_options.add_argument(
     '--body', '-b',
     dest='output_options',
     action='store_const',
     const=OUT_RESP_BODY,
-    help="""
-    Print only the response body. Shortcut for --print={0}.
+    help=f"""
+    Print only the response body. Shortcut for --print={OUT_RESP_BODY}.
 
     """
-    .format(OUT_RESP_BODY)
 )
 
+output_options.add_argument(
+    '--verbose', '-v',
+    dest='verbose',
+    action='store_true',
+    help="""
+    Verbose output. Print the whole request as well as the response. Also print
+    any intermediary requests/responses (such as redirects).
+    It's a shortcut for: --all --print={0}
+
+    """.format(''.join(OUTPUT_OPTIONS))
+)
+output_options.add_argument(
+    '--all',
+    default=False,
+    action='store_true',
+    help="""
+    By default, only the final request/response is shown. Use this flag to show
+    any intermediary requests/responses as well. Intermediary requests include
+    followed redirects (with --follow), the first unauthorized request when
+    Digest auth is used (--auth=digest), etc.
+
+    """
+)
+output_options.add_argument(
+    '--history-print', '-P',
+    dest='output_options_history',
+    metavar='WHAT',
+    help="""
+    The same as --print, -p but applies only to intermediary requests/responses
+    (such as redirects) when their inclusion is enabled with --all. If this
+    options is not specified, then they are formatted the same way as the final
+    response.
+
+    """
+)
 output_options.add_argument(
     '--stream', '-S',
     action='store_true',
@@ -307,8 +329,9 @@ output_options.add_argument(
     dest='output_file',
     metavar='FILE',
     help="""
-    Save output to FILE. If --download is set, then only the response body is
-    saved to the file. Other parts of the HTTP exchange are printed to stderr.
+    Save output to FILE instead of stdout. If --download is also set, then only
+    the response body is saved to FILE. Other parts of the HTTP exchange are
+    printed to stderr.
 
     """
 
@@ -338,13 +361,12 @@ output_options.add_argument(
     """
 )
 
-
 #######################################################################
 # Sessions
 #######################################################################
 
-sessions = parser.add_argument_group(title='Sessions')\
-                 .add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+sessions = parser.add_argument_group(title='Sessions') \
+    .add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
 
 session_name_validator = SessionNameValidator(
     'Session name contains invalid characters.'
@@ -354,17 +376,16 @@ sessions.add_argument(
     '--session',
     metavar='SESSION_NAME_OR_PATH',
     type=session_name_validator,
-    help="""
+    help=f"""
     Create, or reuse and update a session. Within a session, custom headers,
     auth credential, as well as any cookies sent by the server persist between
     requests.
 
     Session files are stored in:
 
-        {session_dir}/<HOST>/<SESSION_NAME>.json.
+        {DEFAULT_SESSIONS_DIR}/<HOST>/<SESSION_NAME>.json.
 
     """
-    .format(session_dir=DEFAULT_SESSIONS_DIR)
 )
 sessions.add_argument(
     '--session-read-only',
@@ -377,7 +398,6 @@ sessions.add_argument(
     """
 )
 
-
 #######################################################################
 # Authentication
 #######################################################################
@@ -386,8 +406,8 @@ sessions.add_argument(
 auth = parser.add_argument_group(title='Authentication')
 auth.add_argument(
     '--auth', '-a',
+    default=None,
     metavar='USER[:PASS]',
-    type=AuthCredentialsArgType(SEP_CREDENTIALS),
     help="""
     If only the username is provided (-a username), HTTPie will prompt
     for the password.
@@ -395,18 +415,28 @@ auth.add_argument(
     """,
 )
 
+
+class _AuthTypeLazyChoices:
+    # Needed for plugin testing
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in plugin_manager.get_auth_plugin_mapping()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(sorted(plugin_manager.get_auth_plugin_mapping().keys()))
+
+
 _auth_plugins = plugin_manager.get_auth_plugins()
 auth.add_argument(
-    '--auth-type',
-    choices=[plugin.auth_type for plugin in _auth_plugins],
-    default=_auth_plugins[0].auth_type,
+    '--auth-type', '-A',
+    choices=_AuthTypeLazyChoices(),
+    default=None,
     help="""
     The authentication mechanism to be used. Defaults to "{default}".
 
     {types}
 
-    """
-    .format(default=_auth_plugins[0].auth_type, types='\n    '.join(
+    """.format(default=_auth_plugins[0].auth_type, types='\n    '.join(
         '"{type}": {name}{package}{description}'.format(
             type=plugin.auth_type,
             name=plugin.name,
@@ -422,7 +452,15 @@ auth.add_argument(
         for plugin in _auth_plugins
     )),
 )
+auth.add_argument(
+    '--ignore-netrc',
+    default=False,
+    action='store_true',
+    help="""
+    Ignore credentials from .netrc.
 
+    """,
+)
 
 #######################################################################
 # Network
@@ -430,59 +468,55 @@ auth.add_argument(
 
 network = parser.add_argument_group(title='Network')
 
+network.add_argument(
+    '--offline',
+    default=False,
+    action='store_true',
+    help="""
+    Build the request and print it but don’t actually send it.
+    """
+)
 network.add_argument(
     '--proxy',
     default=[],
     action='append',
     metavar='PROTOCOL:PROXY_URL',
-    type=KeyValueArgType(SEP_PROXY),
+    type=KeyValueArgType(SEPARATOR_PROXY),
     help="""
     String mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy
     (e.g. http:http://foo.bar:3128). You can specify multiple proxies with
-    different protocols.
+    different protocols. The environment variables $ALL_PROXY, $HTTP_PROXY,
+    and $HTTPS_proxy are supported as well.
 
     """
 )
 network.add_argument(
-    '--follow',
+    '--follow', '-F',
     default=False,
     action='store_true',
     help="""
-    Set this flag if full redirects are allowed (e.g. re-POST-ing of data at
-    new Location).
-
-    """
-)
-network.add_argument(
-    '--verify',
-    default='yes',
-    help="""
-    Set to "no" to skip checking the host's SSL certificate. You can also pass
-    the path to a CA_BUNDLE file for private certs. You can also set the
-    REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE environment variable. Defaults to "yes".
+    Follow 30x Location redirects.
 
     """
 )
 
 network.add_argument(
-    '--cert',
-    default=None,
-    type=readable_file_arg,
+    '--max-redirects',
+    type=int,
+    default=30,
     help="""
-    You can specify a local cert to use as client side SSL certificate.
-    This file may either contain both private key and certificate or you may
-    specify --cert-key separately.
+    By default, requests have a limit of 30 redirects (works with --follow).
 
     """
 )
 
 network.add_argument(
-    '--cert-key',
-    default=None,
-    type=readable_file_arg,
+    '--max-headers',
+    type=int,
+    default=0,
     help="""
-    The private key to use with SSL. Only needed if --cert is given and the
-    certificate file does not contain the private key.
+    The maximum number of response headers to be read before giving up
+    (default 0, i.e., no limit).
 
     """
 )
@@ -490,11 +524,15 @@ network.add_argument(
 network.add_argument(
     '--timeout',
     type=float,
-    default=30,
+    default=0,
     metavar='SECONDS',
     help="""
-    The connection timeout of the request in seconds. The default value is
-    30 seconds.
+    The connection timeout of the request in seconds.
+    The default value is 0, i.e., there is no timeout limit.
+    This is not a time limit on the entire response download;
+    rather, an error is reported if the server has not issued a response for
+    timeout seconds (more precisely, if no bytes have been received on
+    the underlying socket for timeout seconds).
 
     """
 )
@@ -515,6 +553,56 @@ network.add_argument(
     """
 )
 
+#######################################################################
+# SSL
+#######################################################################
+
+ssl = parser.add_argument_group(title='SSL')
+ssl.add_argument(
+    '--verify',
+    default='yes',
+    help="""
+    Set to "no" (or "false") to skip checking the host's SSL certificate.
+    Defaults to "yes" ("true"). You can also pass the path to a CA_BUNDLE file
+    for private certs. (Or you can set the REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE environment
+    variable instead.)
+    """
+)
+ssl.add_argument(
+    '--ssl',  # TODO: Maybe something more general, such as --secure-protocol?
+    dest='ssl_version',
+    choices=list(sorted(SSL_VERSION_ARG_MAPPING.keys())),
+    help="""
+    The desired protocol version to use. This will default to
+    SSL v2.3 which will negotiate the highest protocol that both
+    the server and your installation of OpenSSL support. Available protocols
+    may vary depending on OpenSSL installation (only the supported ones
+    are shown here).
+
+    """
+)
+ssl.add_argument(
+    '--cert',
+    default=None,
+    type=readable_file_arg,
+    help="""
+    You can specify a local cert to use as client side SSL certificate.
+    This file may either contain both private key and certificate or you may
+    specify --cert-key separately.
+
+    """
+)
+
+ssl.add_argument(
+    '--cert-key',
+    default=None,
+    type=readable_file_arg,
+    help="""
+    The private key to use with SSL. Only needed if --cert is given and the
+    certificate file does not contain the private key.
+
+    """
+)
 
 #######################################################################
 # Troubleshooting
@@ -523,7 +611,7 @@ network.add_argument(
 troubleshooting = parser.add_argument_group(title='Troubleshooting')
 
 troubleshooting.add_argument(
-    '--ignore-stdin',
+    '--ignore-stdin', '-I',
     action='store_true',
     default=False,
     help="""
@@ -554,7 +642,15 @@ troubleshooting.add_argument(
     action='store_true',
     default=False,
     help="""
-    Prints exception traceback should one occur.
+    Prints the exception traceback should one occur.
+
+    """
+)
+troubleshooting.add_argument(
+    '--default-scheme',
+    default="http",
+    help="""
+    The default scheme to use if not specified in the URL.
 
     """
 )
@@ -563,8 +659,8 @@ troubleshooting.add_argument(
     action='store_true',
     default=False,
     help="""
-    Prints exception traceback should one occur, and also other information
-    that is useful for debugging HTTPie itself and for reporting bugs.
+    Prints the exception traceback should one occur, as well as other
+    information useful for debugging HTTPie itself and for reporting bugs.
 
     """
 )

httpie/cli/dicts.py

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
+
+
+class RequestHeadersDict(CaseInsensitiveDict):
+    """
+    Headers are case-insensitive and multiple values are currently not supported.
+
+    """
+
+
+class RequestJSONDataDict(OrderedDict):
+    pass
+
+
+class MultiValueOrderedDict(OrderedDict):
+    """Multi-value dict for URL parameters and form data."""
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        """
+        If `key` is assigned more than once, `self[key]` holds a
+        `list` of all the values.
+
+        This allows having multiple fields with the same name in form
+        data and URL params.
+
+        """
+        assert not isinstance(value, list)
+        if key not in self:
+            super().__setitem__(key, value)
+        else:
+            if not isinstance(self[key], list):
+                super().__setitem__(key, [self[key]])
+            self[key].append(value)
+
+
+class RequestQueryParamsDict(MultiValueOrderedDict):
+    pass
+
+
+class RequestDataDict(MultiValueOrderedDict):
+
+    def items(self):
+        for key, values in super(MultiValueOrderedDict, self).items():
+            if not isinstance(values, list):
+                values = [values]
+            for value in values:
+                yield key, value
+
+
+class RequestFilesDict(RequestDataDict):
+    pass

httpie/cli/exceptions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class ParseError(Exception):
+    pass

httpie/cli/requestitems.py

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+import os
+from io import BytesIO
+from typing import Callable, Dict, IO, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+from httpie.cli.argtypes import KeyValueArg
+from httpie.cli.constants import (
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_FILE_CONTENTS, SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE,
+    SEPARATOR_DATA_RAW_JSON, SEPARATOR_DATA_STRING, SEPARATOR_FILE_UPLOAD,
+    SEPARATOR_HEADER, SEPARATOR_HEADER_EMPTY, SEPARATOR_QUERY_PARAM,
+)
+from httpie.cli.dicts import (
+    RequestDataDict, RequestFilesDict, RequestHeadersDict, RequestJSONDataDict,
+    RequestQueryParamsDict,
+)
+from httpie.cli.exceptions import ParseError
+from httpie.utils import (get_content_type, load_json_preserve_order)
+
+
+class RequestItems:
+
+    def __init__(self, as_form=False):
+        self.headers = RequestHeadersDict()
+        self.data = RequestDataDict() if as_form else RequestJSONDataDict()
+        self.files = RequestFilesDict()
+        self.params = RequestQueryParamsDict()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_args(
+        cls,
+        request_item_args: List[KeyValueArg],
+        as_form=False,
+    ) -> 'RequestItems':
+        instance = cls(as_form=as_form)
+        rules: Dict[str, Tuple[Callable, dict]] = {
+            SEPARATOR_HEADER: (
+                process_header_arg,
+                instance.headers,
+            ),
+            SEPARATOR_HEADER_EMPTY: (
+                process_empty_header_arg,
+                instance.headers,
+            ),
+            SEPARATOR_QUERY_PARAM: (
+                process_query_param_arg,
+                instance.params,
+            ),
+            SEPARATOR_FILE_UPLOAD: (
+                process_file_upload_arg,
+                instance.files,
+            ),
+            SEPARATOR_DATA_STRING: (
+                process_data_item_arg,
+                instance.data,
+            ),
+            SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_FILE_CONTENTS: (
+                process_data_embed_file_contents_arg,
+                instance.data,
+            ),
+            SEPARATOR_DATA_RAW_JSON: (
+                process_data_raw_json_embed_arg,
+                instance.data,
+            ),
+            SEPARATOR_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE: (
+                process_data_embed_raw_json_file_arg,
+                instance.data,
+            ),
+        }
+
+        for arg in request_item_args:
+            processor_func, target_dict = rules[arg.sep]
+            target_dict[arg.key] = processor_func(arg)
+
+        return instance
+
+
+JSONType = Union[str, bool, int, list, dict]
+
+
+def process_header_arg(arg: KeyValueArg) -> Optional[str]:
+    return arg.value or None
+
+
+def process_empty_header_arg(arg: KeyValueArg) -> str:
+    if arg.value:
+        raise ParseError(
+            'Invalid item "%s" '
+            '(to specify an empty header use `Header;`)'
+            % arg.orig
+        )
+    return arg.value
+
+
+def process_query_param_arg(arg: KeyValueArg) -> str:
+    return arg.value
+
+
+def process_file_upload_arg(arg: KeyValueArg) -> Tuple[str, IO, str]:
+    filename = arg.value
+    try:
+        with open(os.path.expanduser(filename), 'rb') as f:
+            contents = f.read()
+    except IOError as e:
+        raise ParseError('"%s": %s' % (arg.orig, e))
+    return (
+        os.path.basename(filename),
+        BytesIO(contents),
+        get_content_type(filename),
+    )
+
+
+def process_data_item_arg(arg: KeyValueArg) -> str:
+    return arg.value
+
+
+def process_data_embed_file_contents_arg(arg: KeyValueArg) -> str:
+    return load_text_file(arg)
+
+
+def process_data_embed_raw_json_file_arg(arg: KeyValueArg) -> JSONType:
+    contents = load_text_file(arg)
+    value = load_json(arg, contents)
+    return value
+
+
+def process_data_raw_json_embed_arg(arg: KeyValueArg) -> JSONType:
+    value = load_json(arg, arg.value)
+    return value
+
+
+def load_text_file(item: KeyValueArg) -> str:
+    path = item.value
+    try:
+        with open(os.path.expanduser(path), 'rb') as f:
+            return f.read().decode()
+    except IOError as e:
+        raise ParseError('"%s": %s' % (item.orig, e))
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
+        raise ParseError(
+            '"%s": cannot embed the content of "%s",'
+            ' not a UTF8 or ASCII-encoded text file'
+            % (item.orig, item.value)
+        )
+
+
+def load_json(arg: KeyValueArg, contents: str) -> JSONType:
+    try:
+        return load_json_preserve_order(contents)
+    except ValueError as e:
+        raise ParseError('"%s": %s' % (arg.orig, e))

httpie/client.py

@@ -1,93 +1,258 @@
+import argparse
+import http.client
 import json
 import sys
-from pprint import pformat
+import zlib
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Iterable, Union
 
 import requests
+from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter
 
-from httpie import sessions
 from httpie import __version__
-from httpie.compat import str
+from httpie.cli.constants import SSL_VERSION_ARG_MAPPING
+from httpie.cli.dicts import RequestHeadersDict
 from httpie.plugins import plugin_manager
+from httpie.sessions import get_httpie_session
+from httpie.utils import repr_dict
 
 
-FORM = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
-JSON = 'application/json; charset=utf-8'
-DEFAULT_UA = 'HTTPie/%s' % __version__
+try:
+    # noinspection PyPackageRequirements
+    import urllib3
+    # <https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/security.html>
+    urllib3.disable_warnings()
+except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+    pass
 
 
-def get_requests_session():
+FORM_CONTENT_TYPE = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
+JSON_CONTENT_TYPE = 'application/json'
+JSON_ACCEPT = f'{JSON_CONTENT_TYPE}, */*'
+DEFAULT_UA = f'HTTPie/{__version__}'
+
+
+def collect_messages(
+    args: argparse.Namespace,
+    config_dir: Path,
+) -> Iterable[Union[requests.PreparedRequest, requests.Response]]:
+    httpie_session = None
+    httpie_session_headers = None
+    if args.session or args.session_read_only:
+        httpie_session = get_httpie_session(
+            config_dir=config_dir,
+            session_name=args.session or args.session_read_only,
+            host=args.headers.get('Host'),
+            url=args.url,
+        )
+        httpie_session_headers = httpie_session.headers
+
+    request_kwargs = make_request_kwargs(
+        args=args,
+        base_headers=httpie_session_headers,
+    )
+    send_kwargs = make_send_kwargs(args)
+    send_kwargs_mergeable_from_env = make_send_kwargs_mergeable_from_env(args)
+    requests_session = build_requests_session(
+        ssl_version=args.ssl_version,
+    )
+
+    if httpie_session:
+        httpie_session.update_headers(request_kwargs['headers'])
+        requests_session.cookies = httpie_session.cookies
+        if args.auth_plugin:
+            # Save auth from CLI to HTTPie session.
+            httpie_session.auth = {
+                'type': args.auth_plugin.auth_type,
+                'raw_auth': args.auth_plugin.raw_auth,
+            }
+        elif httpie_session.auth:
+            # Apply auth from HTTPie session
+            request_kwargs['auth'] = httpie_session.auth
+
+    if args.debug:
+        # TODO: reflect the split between request and send kwargs.
+        dump_request(request_kwargs)
+
+    request = requests.Request(**request_kwargs)
+    prepared_request = requests_session.prepare_request(request)
+    if args.compress and prepared_request.body:
+        compress_body(prepared_request, always=args.compress > 1)
+    response_count = 0
+    while prepared_request:
+        yield prepared_request
+        if not args.offline:
+            send_kwargs_merged = requests_session.merge_environment_settings(
+                url=prepared_request.url,
+                **send_kwargs_mergeable_from_env,
+            )
+            with max_headers(args.max_headers):
+                response = requests_session.send(
+                    request=prepared_request,
+                    **send_kwargs_merged,
+                    **send_kwargs,
+                )
+            response_count += 1
+            if response.next:
+                if args.max_redirects and response_count == args.max_redirects:
+                    raise requests.TooManyRedirects
+                if args.follow:
+                    prepared_request = response.next
+                    if args.all:
+                        yield response
+                    continue
+            yield response
+        break
+
+    if httpie_session:
+        if httpie_session.is_new() or not args.session_read_only:
+            httpie_session.cookies = requests_session.cookies
+            httpie_session.save()
+
+
+# noinspection PyProtectedMember
+@contextmanager
+def max_headers(limit):
+    # <https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/802>
+    orig = http.client._MAXHEADERS
+    http.client._MAXHEADERS = limit or float('Inf')
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        http.client._MAXHEADERS = orig
+
+
+def compress_body(request: requests.PreparedRequest, always: bool):
+    deflater = zlib.compressobj()
+    body_bytes = (
+        request.body
+        if isinstance(request.body, bytes)
+        else request.body.encode()
+    )
+    deflated_data = deflater.compress(body_bytes)
+    deflated_data += deflater.flush()
+    is_economical = len(deflated_data) < len(body_bytes)
+    if is_economical or always:
+        request.body = deflated_data
+        request.headers['Content-Encoding'] = 'deflate'
+        request.headers['Content-Length'] = str(len(deflated_data))
+
+
+class HTTPieHTTPSAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
+
+    def __init__(self, ssl_version=None, **kwargs):
+        self._ssl_version = ssl_version
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+    def init_poolmanager(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        kwargs['ssl_version'] = self._ssl_version
+        super().init_poolmanager(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def build_requests_session(
+    ssl_version: str = None,
+) -> requests.Session:
     requests_session = requests.Session()
-    for cls in plugin_manager.get_trasnsport_plugins():
-        transport_plugin = cls()
-        requests_session.mount(prefix=transport_plugin.prefix,
-                               adapter=transport_plugin.get_adapter())
+
+    # Install our adapter.
+    requests_session.mount('https://', HTTPieHTTPSAdapter(
+        ssl_version=(
+            SSL_VERSION_ARG_MAPPING[ssl_version]
+            if ssl_version else None
+        )
+    ))
+
+    # Install adapters from plugins.
+    for plugin_cls in plugin_manager.get_transport_plugins():
+        transport_plugin = plugin_cls()
+        requests_session.mount(
+            prefix=transport_plugin.prefix,
+            adapter=transport_plugin.get_adapter(),
+        )
+
     return requests_session
 
 
-def get_response(args, config_dir):
-    """Send the request and return a `request.Response`."""
-
-    requests_session = get_requests_session()
-
-    if not args.session and not args.session_read_only:
-        kwargs = get_requests_kwargs(args)
-        if args.debug:
-            dump_request(kwargs)
-        response = requests_session.request(**kwargs)
-    else:
-        response = sessions.get_response(
-            requests_session=requests_session,
-            args=args,
-            config_dir=config_dir,
-            session_name=args.session or args.session_read_only,
-            read_only=bool(args.session_read_only),
-        )
-
-    return response
+def dump_request(kwargs: dict):
+    sys.stderr.write(
+        f'\n>>> requests.request(**{repr_dict(kwargs)})\n\n')
 
 
-def dump_request(kwargs):
-    sys.stderr.write('\n>>> requests.request(%s)\n\n'
-                     % pformat(kwargs))
+def finalize_headers(headers: RequestHeadersDict) -> RequestHeadersDict:
+    final_headers = RequestHeadersDict()
+    for name, value in headers.items():
+        if value is not None:
+            # “leading or trailing LWS MAY be removed without
+            # changing the semantics of the field value”
+            # <https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec4.html>
+            # Also, requests raises `InvalidHeader` for leading spaces.
+            value = value.strip()
+            if isinstance(value, str):
+                # See <https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/212>
+                value = value.encode('utf8')
+        final_headers[name] = value
+    return final_headers
 
 
-def encode_headers(headers):
-    # This allows for unicode headers which is non-standard but practical.
-    # See: https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/212
-    return dict(
-        (name, value.encode('utf8') if isinstance(value, str) else value)
-        for name, value in headers.items()
-    )
-
-
-def get_default_headers(args):
-    default_headers = {
+def make_default_headers(args: argparse.Namespace) -> RequestHeadersDict:
+    default_headers = RequestHeadersDict({
         'User-Agent': DEFAULT_UA
-    }
+    })
 
     auto_json = args.data and not args.form
-    # FIXME: Accept is set to JSON with `http url @./file.txt`.
     if args.json or auto_json:
-        default_headers['Accept'] = 'application/json'
+        default_headers['Accept'] = JSON_ACCEPT
         if args.json or (auto_json and args.data):
-            default_headers['Content-Type'] = JSON
+            default_headers['Content-Type'] = JSON_CONTENT_TYPE
 
     elif args.form and not args.files:
         # If sending files, `requests` will set
         # the `Content-Type` for us.
-        default_headers['Content-Type'] = FORM
+        default_headers['Content-Type'] = FORM_CONTENT_TYPE
     return default_headers
 
 
-def get_requests_kwargs(args, base_headers=None):
+def make_send_kwargs(args: argparse.Namespace) -> dict:
+    kwargs = {
+        'timeout': args.timeout or None,
+        'allow_redirects': False,
+    }
+    return kwargs
+
+
+def make_send_kwargs_mergeable_from_env(args: argparse.Namespace) -> dict:
+    cert = None
+    if args.cert:
+        cert = args.cert
+        if args.cert_key:
+            cert = cert, args.cert_key
+    kwargs = {
+        'proxies': {p.key: p.value for p in args.proxy},
+        'stream': True,
+        'verify': {
+            'yes': True,
+            'true': True,
+            'no': False,
+            'false': False,
+        }.get(args.verify.lower(), args.verify),
+        'cert': cert,
+    }
+    return kwargs
+
+
+def make_request_kwargs(
+    args: argparse.Namespace,
+    base_headers: RequestHeadersDict = None
+) -> dict:
     """
-    Translate our `args` into `requests.request` keyword arguments.
+    Translate our `args` into `requests.Request` keyword arguments.
 
     """
     # Serialize JSON data, if needed.
     data = args.data
     auto_json = data and not args.form
-    if args.json or auto_json and isinstance(data, dict):
+    if (args.json or auto_json) and isinstance(data, dict):
         if data:
             data = json.dumps(data)
         else:
@@ -96,40 +261,20 @@ def get_requests_kwargs(args, base_headers=None):
             data = ''
 
     # Finalize headers.
-    headers = get_default_headers(args)
+    headers = make_default_headers(args)
     if base_headers:
         headers.update(base_headers)
     headers.update(args.headers)
-    headers = encode_headers(headers)
-
-    credentials = None
-    if args.auth:
-        auth_plugin = plugin_manager.get_auth_plugin(args.auth_type)()
-        credentials = auth_plugin.get_auth(args.auth.key, args.auth.value)
-
-    cert = None
-    if args.cert:
-        cert = args.cert
-        if args.cert_key:
-            cert = cert, args.cert_key
+    headers = finalize_headers(headers)
 
     kwargs = {
-        'stream': True,
         'method': args.method.lower(),
         'url': args.url,
         'headers': headers,
         'data': data,
-        'verify': {
-            'yes': True,
-            'no': False
-        }.get(args.verify, args.verify),
-        'cert': cert,
-        'timeout': args.timeout,
-        'auth': credentials,
-        'proxies': dict((p.key, p.value) for p in args.proxy),
-        'files': args.files,
-        'allow_redirects': args.follow,
+        'auth': args.auth,
         'params': args.params,
+        'files': args.files,
     }
 
     return kwargs

httpie/compat.py

@@ -1,158 +1,4 @@
-"""
-Python 2.6, 2.7, and 3.x compatibility.
+import sys
 
-"""
-# Borrow these from requests:
-# noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
-from requests.compat import is_windows, bytes, str, is_py3, is_py26
 
-try:
-    # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences,PyCompatibility
-    from urllib.parse import urlsplit
-except ImportError:
-    # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences,PyCompatibility
-    from urlparse import urlsplit
-
-try:
-    # noinspection PyCompatibility
-    from urllib.request import urlopen
-except ImportError:
-    # noinspection PyCompatibility
-    from urllib2 import urlopen
-
-try:
-    from collections import OrderedDict
-except ImportError:
-    # Python 2.6 OrderedDict class, needed for headers, parameters, etc .###
-    # <https://pypi.python.org/pypi/ordereddict/1.1>
-    # noinspection PyCompatibility
-    from UserDict import DictMixin
-
-    # noinspection PyShadowingBuiltins
-    class OrderedDict(dict, DictMixin):
-        # Copyright (c) 2009 Raymond Hettinger
-        #
-        # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
-        # obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
-        # (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
-        # including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
-        # publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
-        # and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
-        # subject to the following conditions:
-        #
-        #     The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
-        #     included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-        #
-        #     THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
-        #     EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES
-        #     OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
-        #     NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
-        #     HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
-        #     WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
-        #     FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
-        #     OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
-        # noinspection PyMissingConstructor
-        def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
-            if len(args) > 1:
-                raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d'
-                                % len(args))
-            try:
-                self.__end
-            except AttributeError:
-                self.clear()
-            self.update(*args, **kwds)
-
-        def clear(self):
-            self.__end = end = []
-            # noinspection PyUnusedLocal
-            end += [None, end, end]     # sentinel node for doubly linked list
-            self.__map = {}             # key --> [key, prev, next]
-            dict.clear(self)
-
-        def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-            if key not in self:
-                end = self.__end
-                curr = end[1]
-                curr[2] = end[1] = self.__map[key] = [key, curr, end]
-            dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
-
-        def __delitem__(self, key):
-            dict.__delitem__(self, key)
-            key, prev, next = self.__map.pop(key)
-            prev[2] = next
-            next[1] = prev
-
-        def __iter__(self):
-            end = self.__end
-            curr = end[2]
-            while curr is not end:
-                yield curr[0]
-                curr = curr[2]
-
-        def __reversed__(self):
-            end = self.__end
-            curr = end[1]
-            while curr is not end:
-                yield curr[0]
-                curr = curr[1]
-
-        def popitem(self, last=True):
-            if not self:
-                raise KeyError('dictionary is empty')
-            if last:
-                key = reversed(self).next()
-            else:
-                key = iter(self).next()
-            value = self.pop(key)
-            return key, value
-
-        def __reduce__(self):
-            items = [[k, self[k]] for k in self]
-            tmp = self.__map, self.__end
-            del self.__map, self.__end
-            inst_dict = vars(self).copy()
-            self.__map, self.__end = tmp
-            if inst_dict:
-                return self.__class__, (items,), inst_dict
-            return self.__class__, (items,)
-
-        def keys(self):
-            return list(self)
-
-        setdefault = DictMixin.setdefault
-        update = DictMixin.update
-        pop = DictMixin.pop
-        values = DictMixin.values
-        items = DictMixin.items
-        iterkeys = DictMixin.iterkeys
-        itervalues = DictMixin.itervalues
-        iteritems = DictMixin.iteritems
-
-        def __repr__(self):
-            if not self:
-                return '%s()' % (self.__class__.__name__,)
-            return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.items())
-
-        def copy(self):
-            return self.__class__(self)
-
-        # noinspection PyMethodOverriding
-        @classmethod
-        def fromkeys(cls, iterable, value=None):
-            d = cls()
-            for key in iterable:
-                d[key] = value
-            return d
-
-        def __eq__(self, other):
-            if isinstance(other, OrderedDict):
-                if len(self) != len(other):
-                    return False
-                for p, q in zip(self.items(), other.items()):
-                    if p != q:
-                        return False
-                return True
-            return dict.__eq__(self, other)
-
-        def __ne__(self, other):
-            return not self == other
+is_windows = 'win32' in str(sys.platform).lower()

httpie/config.py

@@ -1,61 +1,59 @@
-import os
-import json
 import errno
+import json
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Union
 
 from httpie import __version__
 from httpie.compat import is_windows
 
 
-DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR = os.environ.get(
+DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR = Path(os.environ.get(
     'HTTPIE_CONFIG_DIR',
     os.path.expanduser('~/.httpie') if not is_windows else
     os.path.expandvars(r'%APPDATA%\\httpie')
-)
+))
+
+
+class ConfigFileError(Exception):
+    pass
 
 
 class BaseConfigDict(dict):
-
     name = None
     helpurl = None
     about = None
 
-    def __getattr__(self, item):
-        return self[item]
+    def __init__(self, path: Path):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.path = path
 
-    def _get_path(self):
-        """Return the config file path without side-effects."""
-        raise NotImplementedError()
-
-    @property
-    def path(self):
-        """Return the config file path creating basedir, if needed."""
-        path = self._get_path()
+    def ensure_directory(self):
         try:
-            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(path), mode=0o700)
+            self.path.parent.mkdir(mode=0o700, parents=True)
         except OSError as e:
             if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
                 raise
-        return path
 
-    def is_new(self):
-        return not os.path.exists(self._get_path())
+    def is_new(self) -> bool:
+        return not self.path.exists()
 
     def load(self):
+        config_type = type(self).__name__.lower()
         try:
-            with open(self.path, 'rt') as f:
+            with self.path.open('rt') as f:
                 try:
                     data = json.load(f)
                 except ValueError as e:
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        'Invalid %s JSON: %s [%s]' %
-                        (type(self).__name__, str(e), self.path)
+                    raise ConfigFileError(
+                        f'invalid {config_type} file: {e} [{self.path}]'
                     )
                 self.update(data)
         except IOError as e:
             if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
-                raise
+                raise ConfigFileError(f'cannot read {config_type} file: {e}')
 
-    def save(self):
+    def save(self, fail_silently=False):
         self['__meta__'] = {
             'httpie': __version__
         }
@@ -65,33 +63,41 @@ class BaseConfigDict(dict):
         if self.about:
             self['__meta__']['about'] = self.about
 
-        with open(self.path, 'w') as f:
-            json.dump(self, f, indent=4, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=True)
-            f.write('\n')
+        self.ensure_directory()
+
+        try:
+            with self.path.open('w') as f:
+                json.dump(
+                    obj=self,
+                    fp=f,
+                    indent=4,
+                    sort_keys=True,
+                    ensure_ascii=True,
+                )
+                f.write('\n')
+        except IOError:
+            if not fail_silently:
+                raise
 
     def delete(self):
         try:
-            os.unlink(self.path)
+            self.path.unlink()
         except OSError as e:
             if e.errno != errno.ENOENT:
                 raise
 
 
 class Config(BaseConfigDict):
-
-    name = 'config'
-    helpurl = 'https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie#config'
-    about = 'HTTPie configuration file'
-
+    FILENAME = 'config.json'
     DEFAULTS = {
-        'implicit_content_type': 'json',
         'default_options': []
     }
 
-    def __init__(self, directory=DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR):
-        super(Config, self).__init__()
+    def __init__(self, directory: Union[str, Path] = DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR):
+        self.directory = Path(directory)
+        super().__init__(path=self.directory / self.FILENAME)
         self.update(self.DEFAULTS)
-        self.directory = directory
 
-    def _get_path(self):
-        return os.path.join(self.directory, self.name + '.json')
+    @property
+    def default_options(self) -> list:
+        return self['default_options']

httpie/context.py

@@ -1,11 +1,21 @@
+import os
 import sys
-
-from requests.compat import is_windows
-
-from httpie.config import DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR, Config
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Union, IO, Optional
 
 
-class Environment(object):
+try:
+    import curses
+except ImportError:
+    curses = None  # Compiled w/o curses
+
+from httpie.compat import is_windows
+from httpie.config import DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR, Config, ConfigFileError
+
+from httpie.utils import repr_dict
+
+
+class Environment:
     """
     Information about the execution context
     (standard streams, config directory, etc).
@@ -15,29 +25,25 @@ class Environment(object):
     is used by the test suite to simulate various scenarios.
 
     """
-    is_windows = is_windows
-    config_dir = DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR
-    stdin = sys.stdin
-    stdin_isatty = stdin.isatty()
-    stdin_encoding = None
-    stdout = sys.stdout
-    stdout_isatty = stdout.isatty()
-    stdout_encoding = None
-    stderr = sys.stderr
-    stderr_isatty = stderr.isatty()
+    is_windows: bool = is_windows
+    config_dir: Path = DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR
+    stdin: Optional[IO] = sys.stdin  # `None` when closed fd (#791)
+    stdin_isatty: bool = stdin.isatty() if stdin else False
+    stdin_encoding: str = None
+    stdout: IO = sys.stdout
+    stdout_isatty: bool = stdout.isatty()
+    stdout_encoding: str = None
+    stderr: IO = sys.stderr
+    stderr_isatty: bool = stderr.isatty()
     colors = 256
+    program_name: str = 'http'
     if not is_windows:
-        import curses
-        try:
-            curses.setupterm()
+        if curses:
             try:
+                curses.setupterm()
                 colors = curses.tigetnum('colors')
-            except TypeError:
-                # pypy3 (2.4.0)
-                colors = curses.tigetnum(b'colors')
-        except curses.error:
-            pass
-        del curses
+            except curses.error:
+                pass
     else:
         # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
         import colorama.initialise
@@ -61,7 +67,7 @@ class Environment(object):
         self.__dict__.update(**kwargs)
 
         # Keyword arguments > stream.encoding > default utf8
-        if self.stdin_encoding is None:
+        if self.stdin and self.stdin_encoding is None:
             self.stdin_encoding = getattr(
                 self.stdin, 'encoding', None) or 'utf8'
         if self.stdout_encoding is None:
@@ -70,16 +76,39 @@ class Environment(object):
                 # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
                 from colorama import AnsiToWin32
                 if isinstance(self.stdout, AnsiToWin32):
+                    # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
                     actual_stdout = self.stdout.wrapped
             self.stdout_encoding = getattr(
                 actual_stdout, 'encoding', None) or 'utf8'
 
+    def __str__(self):
+        defaults = dict(type(self).__dict__)
+        actual = dict(defaults)
+        actual.update(self.__dict__)
+        actual['config'] = self.config
+        return repr_dict({
+            key: value
+            for key, value in actual.items()
+            if not key.startswith('_')
+        })
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'<{type(self).__name__} {self}>'
+
+    _config: Config = None
+
     @property
-    def config(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_config'):
-            self._config = Config(directory=self.config_dir)
-            if self._config.is_new():
-                self._config.save()
-            else:
-                self._config.load()
-        return self._config
+    def config(self) -> Config:
+        config = self._config
+        if not config:
+            self._config = config = Config(directory=self.config_dir)
+            if not config.is_new():
+                try:
+                    config.load()
+                except ConfigFileError as e:
+                    self.log_error(e, level='warning')
+        return config
+
+    def log_error(self, msg, level='error'):
+        assert level in ['error', 'warning']
+        self.stderr.write(f'\n{self.program_name}: {level}: {msg}\n\n')

httpie/core.py

@@ -1,62 +1,211 @@
-"""This module provides the main functionality of HTTPie.
-
-Invocation flow:
-
-  1. Read, validate and process the input (args, `stdin`).
-  2. Create and send a request.
-  3. Stream, and possibly process and format, the parts
-     of the request-response exchange selected by output options.
-  4. Simultaneously write to `stdout`
-  5. Exit.
-
-"""
+import argparse
+import os
+import platform
 import sys
-import errno
+from typing import List, Union
 
 import requests
-from requests import __version__ as requests_version
 from pygments import __version__ as pygments_version
+from requests import __version__ as requests_version
 
-from httpie import __version__ as httpie_version, ExitStatus
-from httpie.compat import str, bytes, is_py3
-from httpie.client import get_response
-from httpie.downloads import Download
+from httpie import __version__ as httpie_version
+from httpie.client import collect_messages
 from httpie.context import Environment
+from httpie.downloads import Downloader
+from httpie.output.writer import write_message, write_stream
 from httpie.plugins import plugin_manager
-from httpie.output.streams import (
-    build_output_stream,
-    write, write_with_colors_win_py3
-)
+from httpie.status import ExitStatus, http_status_to_exit_status
 
 
-def get_exit_status(http_status, follow=False):
-    """Translate HTTP status code to exit status code."""
-    if 300 <= http_status <= 399 and not follow:
-        # Redirect
-        return ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_3XX
-    elif 400 <= http_status <= 499:
-        # Client Error
-        return ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_4XX
-    elif 500 <= http_status <= 599:
-        # Server Error
-        return ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_5XX
-    else:
-        return ExitStatus.OK
-
-
-def print_debug_info(env):
-    env.stderr.writelines([
-        'HTTPie %s\n' % httpie_version,
-        'HTTPie data: %s\n' % env.config.directory,
-        'Requests %s\n' % requests_version,
-        'Pygments %s\n' % pygments_version,
-        'Python %s %s\n' % (sys.version, sys.platform)
-    ])
-
-
-def decode_args(args, stdin_encoding):
+def main(
+    args: List[Union[str, bytes]] = sys.argv,
+    env=Environment(),
+) -> ExitStatus:
     """
-    Convert all bytes ags to str
+    The main function.
+
+    Pre-process args, handle some special types of invocations,
+    and run the main program with error handling.
+
+    Return exit status code.
+
+    """
+    program_name, *args = args
+    env.program_name = os.path.basename(program_name)
+    args = decode_raw_args(args, env.stdin_encoding)
+    plugin_manager.load_installed_plugins()
+
+    from httpie.cli.definition import parser
+
+    if env.config.default_options:
+        args = env.config.default_options + args
+
+    include_debug_info = '--debug' in args
+    include_traceback = include_debug_info or '--traceback' in args
+
+    if include_debug_info:
+        print_debug_info(env)
+        if args == ['--debug']:
+            return ExitStatus.SUCCESS
+
+    exit_status = ExitStatus.SUCCESS
+
+    try:
+        parsed_args = parser.parse_args(
+            args=args,
+            env=env,
+        )
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        env.stderr.write('\n')
+        if include_traceback:
+            raise
+        exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR_CTRL_C
+    except SystemExit as e:
+        if e.code != ExitStatus.SUCCESS:
+            env.stderr.write('\n')
+            if include_traceback:
+                raise
+            exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR
+    else:
+        try:
+            exit_status = program(
+                args=parsed_args,
+                env=env,
+            )
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            env.stderr.write('\n')
+            if include_traceback:
+                raise
+            exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR_CTRL_C
+        except SystemExit as e:
+            if e.code != ExitStatus.SUCCESS:
+                env.stderr.write('\n')
+                if include_traceback:
+                    raise
+                exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR
+        except requests.Timeout:
+            exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR_TIMEOUT
+            env.log_error(f'Request timed out ({parsed_args.timeout}s).')
+        except requests.TooManyRedirects:
+            exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR_TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS
+            env.log_error(
+                f'Too many redirects'
+                f' (--max-redirects=parsed_args.max_redirects).'
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            # TODO: Further distinction between expected and unexpected errors.
+            msg = str(e)
+            if hasattr(e, 'request'):
+                request = e.request
+                if hasattr(request, 'url'):
+                    msg = (
+                        f'{msg} while doing a {request.method}'
+                        f' request to URL: {request.url}'
+                    )
+            env.log_error(f'{type(e).__name__}: {msg}')
+            if include_traceback:
+                raise
+            exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR
+
+    return exit_status
+
+
+def program(
+    args: argparse.Namespace,
+    env: Environment,
+) -> ExitStatus:
+    """
+    The main program without error handling.
+
+    """
+    exit_status = ExitStatus.SUCCESS
+    downloader = None
+
+    try:
+        if args.download:
+            args.follow = True  # --download implies --follow.
+            downloader = Downloader(
+                output_file=args.output_file,
+                progress_file=env.stderr,
+                resume=args.download_resume
+            )
+            downloader.pre_request(args.headers)
+
+        initial_request = None
+        final_response = None
+
+        for message in collect_messages(args, env.config.directory):
+            write_message(
+                requests_message=message,
+                env=env,
+                args=args,
+            )
+            if isinstance(message, requests.PreparedRequest):
+                if not initial_request:
+                    initial_request = message
+            else:
+                final_response = message
+                if args.check_status or downloader:
+                    exit_status = http_status_to_exit_status(
+                        http_status=message.status_code,
+                        follow=args.follow
+                    )
+                    if (not env.stdout_isatty
+                            and exit_status != ExitStatus.SUCCESS):
+                        env.log_error(
+                            f'HTTP {message.raw.status} {message.raw.reason}',
+                            level='warning'
+                        )
+
+        if downloader and exit_status == ExitStatus.SUCCESS:
+            # Last response body download.
+            download_stream, download_to = downloader.start(
+                initial_url=initial_request.url,
+                final_response=final_response,
+            )
+            write_stream(
+                stream=download_stream,
+                outfile=download_to,
+                flush=False,
+            )
+            downloader.finish()
+            if downloader.interrupted:
+                exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR
+                env.log_error(
+                    'Incomplete download: size=%d; downloaded=%d' % (
+                        downloader.status.total_size,
+                        downloader.status.downloaded
+                    ))
+        return exit_status
+
+    finally:
+        if downloader and not downloader.finished:
+            downloader.failed()
+
+        if (not isinstance(args, list) and args.output_file
+                and args.output_file_specified):
+            args.output_file.close()
+
+
+def print_debug_info(env: Environment):
+    env.stderr.writelines([
+        f'HTTPie {httpie_version}\n',
+        f'Requests {requests_version}\n',
+        f'Pygments {pygments_version}\n',
+        f'Python {sys.version}\n{sys.executable}\n',
+        f'{platform.system()} {platform.release()}',
+    ])
+    env.stderr.write('\n\n')
+    env.stderr.write(repr(env))
+    env.stderr.write('\n')
+
+
+def decode_raw_args(
+    args: List[Union[str, bytes]],
+    stdin_encoding: str
+) -> List[str]:
+    """
+    Convert all bytes args to str
     by decoding them using stdin encoding.
 
     """
@@ -65,129 +214,3 @@ def decode_args(args, stdin_encoding):
         if type(arg) == bytes else arg
         for arg in args
     ]
-
-
-def main(args=sys.argv[1:], env=Environment()):
-    """Run the main program and write the output to ``env.stdout``.
-
-    Return exit status code.
-
-    """
-    args = decode_args(args, env.stdin_encoding)
-    plugin_manager.load_installed_plugins()
-
-    from httpie.cli import parser
-
-    if env.config.default_options:
-        args = env.config.default_options + args
-
-    def error(msg, *args, **kwargs):
-        msg = msg % args
-        level = kwargs.get('level', 'error')
-        env.stderr.write('\nhttp: %s: %s\n' % (level, msg))
-
-    debug = '--debug' in args
-    traceback = debug or '--traceback' in args
-    exit_status = ExitStatus.OK
-
-    if debug:
-        print_debug_info(env)
-        if args == ['--debug']:
-            return exit_status
-
-    download = None
-
-    try:
-        args = parser.parse_args(args=args, env=env)
-
-        if args.download:
-            args.follow = True  # --download implies --follow.
-            download = Download(
-                output_file=args.output_file,
-                progress_file=env.stderr,
-                resume=args.download_resume
-            )
-            download.pre_request(args.headers)
-
-        response = get_response(args, config_dir=env.config.directory)
-
-        if args.check_status or download:
-
-            exit_status = get_exit_status(
-                http_status=response.status_code,
-                follow=args.follow
-            )
-
-            if not env.stdout_isatty and exit_status != ExitStatus.OK:
-                error('HTTP %s %s',
-                      response.raw.status,
-                      response.raw.reason,
-                      level='warning')
-
-        write_kwargs = {
-            'stream': build_output_stream(
-                args, env, response.request, response),
-
-            # This will in fact be `stderr` with `--download`
-            'outfile': env.stdout,
-
-            'flush': env.stdout_isatty or args.stream
-        }
-
-        try:
-
-            if env.is_windows and is_py3 and 'colors' in args.prettify:
-                write_with_colors_win_py3(**write_kwargs)
-            else:
-                write(**write_kwargs)
-
-            if download and exit_status == ExitStatus.OK:
-                # Response body download.
-                download_stream, download_to = download.start(response)
-                write(
-                    stream=download_stream,
-                    outfile=download_to,
-                    flush=False,
-                )
-                download.finish()
-                if download.interrupted:
-                    exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR
-                    error('Incomplete download: size=%d; downloaded=%d' % (
-                        download.status.total_size,
-                        download.status.downloaded
-                    ))
-
-        except IOError as e:
-            if not traceback and e.errno == errno.EPIPE:
-                # Ignore broken pipes unless --traceback.
-                env.stderr.write('\n')
-            else:
-                raise
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        if traceback:
-            raise
-        env.stderr.write('\n')
-        exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR
-    except SystemExit as e:
-        if e.code != ExitStatus.OK:
-            if traceback:
-                raise
-            env.stderr.write('\n')
-            exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR
-    except requests.Timeout:
-        exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR_TIMEOUT
-        error('Request timed out (%ss).', args.timeout)
-
-    except Exception as e:
-        # TODO: Better distinction between expected and unexpected errors.
-        #       Network errors vs. bugs, etc.
-        if traceback:
-            raise
-        error('%s: %s', type(e).__name__, str(e))
-        exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR
-
-    finally:
-        if download and not download.finished:
-            download.failed()
-
-    return exit_status

httpie/downloads.py

@@ -4,23 +4,27 @@ Download mode implementation.
 
 """
 from __future__ import division
+
+import errno
+import mimetypes
 import os
 import re
 import sys
-import mimetypes
 import threading
-from time import sleep, time
 from mailbox import Message
+from time import sleep, time
+from typing import IO, Optional, Tuple
+from urllib.parse import urlsplit
+
+import requests
 
-from httpie.output.streams import RawStream
 from httpie.models import HTTPResponse
+from httpie.output.streams import RawStream
 from httpie.utils import humanize_bytes
-from httpie.compat import urlsplit
 
 
 PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206
 
-
 CLEAR_LINE = '\r\033[K'
 PROGRESS = (
     '{percentage: 6.2f} %'
@@ -37,11 +41,11 @@ class ContentRangeError(ValueError):
     pass
 
 
-def parse_content_range(content_range, resumed_from):
+def parse_content_range(content_range: str, resumed_from: int) -> int:
     """
     Parse and validate Content-Range header.
 
-    <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html>
+    <https://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html>
 
     :param content_range: the value of a Content-Range response header
                           eg. "bytes 21010-47021/47022"
@@ -53,8 +57,8 @@ def parse_content_range(content_range, resumed_from):
         raise ContentRangeError('Missing Content-Range')
 
     pattern = (
-        '^bytes (?P<first_byte_pos>\d+)-(?P<last_byte_pos>\d+)'
-        '/(\*|(?P<instance_length>\d+))$'
+        r'^bytes (?P<first_byte_pos>\d+)-(?P<last_byte_pos>\d+)'
+        r'/(\*|(?P<instance_length>\d+))$'
     )
     match = re.match(pattern, content_range)
 
@@ -78,8 +82,8 @@ def parse_content_range(content_range, resumed_from):
     # byte-content-range- spec MUST ignore it and any content
     # transferred along with it."
     if (first_byte_pos >= last_byte_pos
-            or (instance_length is not None
-                and instance_length <= last_byte_pos)):
+        or (instance_length is not None
+            and instance_length <= last_byte_pos)):
         raise ContentRangeError(
             'Invalid Content-Range returned: %r' % content_range)
 
@@ -96,7 +100,9 @@ def parse_content_range(content_range, resumed_from):
     return last_byte_pos + 1
 
 
-def filename_from_content_disposition(content_disposition):
+def filename_from_content_disposition(
+    content_disposition: str
+) -> Optional[str]:
     """
     Extract and validate filename from a Content-Disposition header.
 
@@ -115,7 +121,7 @@ def filename_from_content_disposition(content_disposition):
             return filename
 
 
-def filename_from_url(url, content_type):
+def filename_from_url(url: str, content_type: Optional[str]) -> str:
     fn = urlsplit(url).path.rstrip('/')
     fn = os.path.basename(fn) if fn else 'index'
     if '.' not in fn and content_type:
@@ -135,19 +141,58 @@ def filename_from_url(url, content_type):
     return fn
 
 
-def get_unique_filename(filename, exists=os.path.exists):
+def trim_filename(filename: str, max_len: int) -> str:
+    if len(filename) > max_len:
+        trim_by = len(filename) - max_len
+        name, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+        if trim_by >= len(name):
+            filename = filename[:-trim_by]
+        else:
+            filename = name[:-trim_by] + ext
+    return filename
+
+
+def get_filename_max_length(directory: str) -> int:
+    max_len = 255
+    try:
+        pathconf = os.pathconf
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass  # non-posix
+    else:
+        try:
+            max_len = pathconf(directory, 'PC_NAME_MAX')
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EINVAL:
+                raise
+    return max_len
+
+
+def trim_filename_if_needed(filename: str, directory='.', extra=0) -> str:
+    max_len = get_filename_max_length(directory) - extra
+    if len(filename) > max_len:
+        filename = trim_filename(filename, max_len)
+    return filename
+
+
+def get_unique_filename(filename: str, exists=os.path.exists) -> str:
     attempt = 0
     while True:
         suffix = '-' + str(attempt) if attempt > 0 else ''
-        if not exists(filename + suffix):
-            return filename + suffix
+        try_filename = trim_filename_if_needed(filename, extra=len(suffix))
+        try_filename += suffix
+        if not exists(try_filename):
+            return try_filename
         attempt += 1
 
 
-class Download(object):
+class Downloader:
 
-    def __init__(self, output_file=None,
-                 resume=False, progress_file=sys.stderr):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        output_file: IO = None,
+        resume: bool = False,
+        progress_file: IO = sys.stderr
+    ):
         """
         :param resume: Should the download resume if partial download
                        already exists.
@@ -159,27 +204,24 @@ class Download(object):
         :param progress_file: Where to report download progress.
 
         """
+        self.finished = False
+        self.status = DownloadStatus()
         self._output_file = output_file
         self._resume = resume
         self._resumed_from = 0
-        self.finished = False
-
-        self.status = Status()
         self._progress_reporter = ProgressReporterThread(
             status=self.status,
             output=progress_file
         )
 
-    def pre_request(self, request_headers):
+    def pre_request(self, request_headers: dict):
         """Called just before the HTTP request is sent.
 
         Might alter `request_headers`.
 
-        :type request_headers: dict
-
         """
-        # Disable content encoding so that we can resume, etc.
-        request_headers['Accept-Encoding'] = None
+        # Ask the server not to encode the content so that we can resume, etc.
+        request_headers['Accept-Encoding'] = 'identity'
         if self._resume:
             bytes_have = os.path.getsize(self._output_file.name)
             if bytes_have:
@@ -188,28 +230,40 @@ class Download(object):
                 request_headers['Range'] = 'bytes=%d-' % bytes_have
                 self._resumed_from = bytes_have
 
-    def start(self, response):
+    def start(
+        self,
+        initial_url: str,
+        final_response: requests.Response
+    ) -> Tuple[RawStream, IO]:
         """
         Initiate and return a stream for `response` body  with progress
         callback attached. Can be called only once.
 
-        :param response: Initiated response object with headers already fetched
-        :type response: requests.models.Response
+        :param initial_url: The original requested URL
+        :param final_response: Initiated response object with headers already fetched
 
         :return: RawStream, output_file
 
         """
         assert not self.status.time_started
 
+        # FIXME: some servers still might sent Content-Encoding: gzip
+        # <https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/423>
         try:
-            total_size = int(response.headers['Content-Length'])
+            total_size = int(final_response.headers['Content-Length'])
         except (KeyError, ValueError, TypeError):
             total_size = None
 
-        if self._output_file:
-            if self._resume and response.status_code == PARTIAL_CONTENT:
+        if not self._output_file:
+            self._output_file = self._get_output_file_from_response(
+                initial_url=initial_url,
+                final_response=final_response,
+            )
+        else:
+            # `--output, -o` provided
+            if self._resume and final_response.status_code == PARTIAL_CONTENT:
                 total_size = parse_content_range(
-                    response.headers.get('Content-Range'),
+                    final_response.headers.get('Content-Range'),
                     self._resumed_from
                 )
 
@@ -220,19 +274,6 @@ class Download(object):
                     self._output_file.truncate()
                 except IOError:
                     pass  # stdout
-        else:
-            # TODO: Should the filename be taken from response.history[0].url?
-            # Output file not specified. Pick a name that doesn't exist yet.
-            filename = None
-            if 'Content-Disposition' in response.headers:
-                filename = filename_from_content_disposition(
-                    response.headers['Content-Disposition'])
-            if not filename:
-                filename = filename_from_url(
-                    url=response.url,
-                    content_type=response.headers.get('Content-Type'),
-                )
-            self._output_file = open(get_unique_filename(filename), mode='a+b')
 
         self.status.started(
             resumed_from=self._resumed_from,
@@ -240,7 +281,7 @@ class Download(object):
         )
 
         stream = RawStream(
-            msg=HTTPResponse(response),
+            msg=HTTPResponse(final_response),
             with_headers=False,
             with_body=True,
             on_body_chunk_downloaded=self.chunk_downloaded,
@@ -268,14 +309,14 @@ class Download(object):
         self._progress_reporter.stop()
 
     @property
-    def interrupted(self):
+    def interrupted(self) -> bool:
         return (
             self.finished
             and self.status.total_size
             and self.status.total_size != self.status.downloaded
         )
 
-    def chunk_downloaded(self, chunk):
+    def chunk_downloaded(self, chunk: bytes):
         """
         A download progress callback.
 
@@ -286,9 +327,27 @@ class Download(object):
         """
         self.status.chunk_downloaded(len(chunk))
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _get_output_file_from_response(
+        initial_url: str,
+        final_response: requests.Response,
+    ) -> IO:
+        # Output file not specified. Pick a name that doesn't exist yet.
+        filename = None
+        if 'Content-Disposition' in final_response.headers:
+            filename = filename_from_content_disposition(
+                final_response.headers['Content-Disposition'])
+        if not filename:
+            filename = filename_from_url(
+                url=initial_url,
+                content_type=final_response.headers.get('Content-Type'),
+            )
+        unique_filename = get_unique_filename(filename)
+        return open(unique_filename, mode='a+b')
 
-class Status(object):
-    """Holds details about the downland status."""
+
+class DownloadStatus:
+    """Holds details about the download status."""
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.downloaded = 0
@@ -299,8 +358,7 @@ class Status(object):
 
     def started(self, resumed_from=0, total_size=None):
         assert self.time_started is None
-        if total_size is not None:
-            self.total_size = total_size
+        self.total_size = total_size
         self.downloaded = self.resumed_from = resumed_from
         self.time_started = time()
 
@@ -325,13 +383,15 @@ class ProgressReporterThread(threading.Thread):
     Uses threading to periodically update the status (speed, ETA, etc.).
 
     """
-    def __init__(self, status, output, tick=.1, update_interval=1):
-        """
 
-        :type status: Status
-        :type output: file
-        """
-        super(ProgressReporterThread, self).__init__()
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        status: DownloadStatus,
+        output: IO,
+        tick=.1,
+        update_interval=1
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
         self.status = status
         self.output = output
         self._tick = tick
@@ -410,8 +470,8 @@ class ProgressReporterThread(threading.Thread):
                              else 0)
 
     def sum_up(self):
-        actually_downloaded = (self.status.downloaded
-                               - self.status.resumed_from)
+        actually_downloaded = (
+            self.status.downloaded - self.status.resumed_from)
         time_taken = self.status.time_finished - self.status.time_started
 
         self.output.write(CLEAR_LINE)

httpie/input.py

@@ -1,668 +0,0 @@
-"""Parsing and processing of CLI input (args, auth credentials, files, stdin).
-
-"""
-import os
-import sys
-import re
-import errno
-import mimetypes
-import getpass
-from io import BytesIO
-from collections import namedtuple
-# noinspection PyCompatibility
-from argparse import ArgumentParser, ArgumentTypeError, ArgumentError
-
-# TODO: Use MultiDict for headers once added to `requests`.
-# https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/130
-from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
-
-from httpie.compat import OrderedDict, urlsplit, str
-from httpie.sessions import VALID_SESSION_NAME_PATTERN
-from httpie.utils import load_json_preserve_order
-
-
-# ALPHA *( ALPHA / DIGIT / "+" / "-" / "." )
-# <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.1>
-URL_SCHEME_RE = re.compile(r'^[a-z][a-z0-9.+-]*://', re.IGNORECASE)
-
-HTTP_POST = 'POST'
-HTTP_GET = 'GET'
-HTTP = 'http://'
-HTTPS = 'https://'
-
-
-# Various separators used in args
-SEP_HEADERS = ':'
-SEP_CREDENTIALS = ':'
-SEP_PROXY = ':'
-SEP_DATA = '='
-SEP_DATA_RAW_JSON = ':='
-SEP_FILES = '@'
-SEP_DATA_EMBED_FILE = '=@'
-SEP_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE = ':=@'
-SEP_QUERY = '=='
-
-# Separators that become request data
-SEP_GROUP_DATA_ITEMS = frozenset([
-    SEP_DATA,
-    SEP_DATA_RAW_JSON,
-    SEP_FILES,
-    SEP_DATA_EMBED_FILE,
-    SEP_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE
-])
-
-# Separators for items whose value is a filename to be embedded
-SEP_GROUP_DATA_EMBED_ITEMS = frozenset([
-    SEP_DATA_EMBED_FILE,
-    SEP_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE,
-])
-
-# Separators for raw JSON items
-SEP_GROUP_RAW_JSON_ITEMS = frozenset([
-    SEP_DATA_RAW_JSON,
-    SEP_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE,
-])
-
-# Separators allowed in ITEM arguments
-SEP_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS = frozenset([
-    SEP_HEADERS,
-    SEP_QUERY,
-    SEP_DATA,
-    SEP_DATA_RAW_JSON,
-    SEP_FILES,
-    SEP_DATA_EMBED_FILE,
-    SEP_DATA_EMBED_RAW_JSON_FILE,
-])
-
-
-# Output options
-OUT_REQ_HEAD = 'H'
-OUT_REQ_BODY = 'B'
-OUT_RESP_HEAD = 'h'
-OUT_RESP_BODY = 'b'
-
-OUTPUT_OPTIONS = frozenset([
-    OUT_REQ_HEAD,
-    OUT_REQ_BODY,
-    OUT_RESP_HEAD,
-    OUT_RESP_BODY
-])
-
-# Pretty
-PRETTY_MAP = {
-    'all': ['format', 'colors'],
-    'colors': ['colors'],
-    'format': ['format'],
-    'none': []
-}
-PRETTY_STDOUT_TTY_ONLY = object()
-
-
-# Defaults
-OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT = OUT_RESP_HEAD + OUT_RESP_BODY
-OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT_STDOUT_REDIRECTED = OUT_RESP_BODY
-
-
-class Parser(ArgumentParser):
-    """Adds additional logic to `argparse.ArgumentParser`.
-
-    Handles all input (CLI args, file args, stdin), applies defaults,
-    and performs extra validation.
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        kwargs['add_help'] = False
-        super(Parser, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-
-    # noinspection PyMethodOverriding
-    def parse_args(self, env, args=None, namespace=None):
-
-        self.env = env
-        self.args, no_options = super(Parser, self)\
-            .parse_known_args(args, namespace)
-
-        if self.args.debug:
-            self.args.traceback = True
-
-        # Arguments processing and environment setup.
-        self._apply_no_options(no_options)
-        self._apply_config()
-        self._validate_download_options()
-        self._setup_standard_streams()
-        self._process_output_options()
-        self._process_pretty_options()
-        self._guess_method()
-        self._parse_items()
-        if not self.args.ignore_stdin and not env.stdin_isatty:
-            self._body_from_file(self.env.stdin)
-        if not URL_SCHEME_RE.match(self.args.url):
-            scheme = HTTP
-
-            # See if we're using curl style shorthand for localhost (:3000/foo)
-            shorthand = re.match(r'^:(?!:)(\d*)(/?.*)$', self.args.url)
-            if shorthand:
-                port = shorthand.group(1)
-                rest = shorthand.group(2)
-                self.args.url = scheme + 'localhost'
-                if port:
-                    self.args.url += ':' + port
-                self.args.url += rest
-            else:
-                self.args.url = scheme + self.args.url
-        self._process_auth()
-
-        return self.args
-
-    # noinspection PyShadowingBuiltins
-    def _print_message(self, message, file=None):
-        # Sneak in our stderr/stdout.
-        file = {
-            sys.stdout: self.env.stdout,
-            sys.stderr: self.env.stderr,
-            None: self.env.stderr
-        }.get(file, file)
-        if not hasattr(file, 'buffer') and isinstance(message, str):
-            message = message.encode(self.env.stdout_encoding)
-        super(Parser, self)._print_message(message, file)
-
-    def _setup_standard_streams(self):
-        """
-        Modify `env.stdout` and `env.stdout_isatty` based on args, if needed.
-
-        """
-        if not self.env.stdout_isatty and self.args.output_file:
-            self.error('Cannot use --output, -o with redirected output.')
-
-        if self.args.download:
-            # FIXME: Come up with a cleaner solution.
-            if not self.env.stdout_isatty:
-                # Use stdout as the download output file.
-                self.args.output_file = self.env.stdout
-            # With `--download`, we write everything that would normally go to
-            # `stdout` to `stderr` instead. Let's replace the stream so that
-            # we don't have to use many `if`s throughout the codebase.
-            # The response body will be treated separately.
-            self.env.stdout = self.env.stderr
-            self.env.stdout_isatty = self.env.stderr_isatty
-        elif self.args.output_file:
-            # When not `--download`ing, then `--output` simply replaces
-            # `stdout`. The file is opened for appending, which isn't what
-            # we want in this case.
-            self.args.output_file.seek(0)
-            try:
-                self.args.output_file.truncate()
-            except IOError as e:
-                if e.errno == errno.EINVAL:
-                    # E.g. /dev/null on Linux.
-                    pass
-                else:
-                    raise
-            self.env.stdout = self.args.output_file
-            self.env.stdout_isatty = False
-
-    def _apply_config(self):
-        if (not self.args.json
-                and self.env.config.implicit_content_type == 'form'):
-            self.args.form = True
-
-    def _process_auth(self):
-        """
-        If only a username provided via --auth, then ask for a password.
-        Or, take credentials from the URL, if provided.
-
-        """
-        url = urlsplit(self.args.url)
-
-        if self.args.auth:
-            if not self.args.auth.has_password():
-                # Stdin already read (if not a tty) so it's save to prompt.
-                if self.args.ignore_stdin:
-                    self.error('Unable to prompt for passwords because'
-                               ' --ignore-stdin is set.')
-                self.args.auth.prompt_password(url.netloc)
-
-        elif url.username is not None:
-            # Handle http://username:password@hostname/
-            username = url.username
-            password = url.password or ''
-            self.args.auth = AuthCredentials(
-                key=username,
-                value=password,
-                sep=SEP_CREDENTIALS,
-                orig=SEP_CREDENTIALS.join([username, password])
-            )
-
-    def _apply_no_options(self, no_options):
-        """For every `--no-OPTION` in `no_options`, set `args.OPTION` to
-        its default value. This allows for un-setting of options, e.g.,
-        specified in config.
-
-        """
-        invalid = []
-
-        for option in no_options:
-            if not option.startswith('--no-'):
-                invalid.append(option)
-                continue
-
-            # --no-option => --option
-            inverted = '--' + option[5:]
-            for action in self._actions:
-                if inverted in action.option_strings:
-                    setattr(self.args, action.dest, action.default)
-                    break
-            else:
-                invalid.append(option)
-
-        if invalid:
-            msg = 'unrecognized arguments: %s'
-            self.error(msg % ' '.join(invalid))
-
-    def _body_from_file(self, fd):
-        """There can only be one source of request data.
-
-        Bytes are always read.
-
-        """
-        if self.args.data:
-            self.error('Request body (from stdin or a file) and request '
-                       'data (key=value) cannot be mixed.')
-        self.args.data = getattr(fd, 'buffer', fd).read()
-
-    def _guess_method(self):
-        """Set `args.method` if not specified to either POST or GET
-        based on whether the request has data or not.
-
-        """
-        if self.args.method is None:
-            # Invoked as `http URL'.
-            assert not self.args.items
-            if not self.args.ignore_stdin and not self.env.stdin_isatty:
-                self.args.method = HTTP_POST
-            else:
-                self.args.method = HTTP_GET
-
-        # FIXME: False positive, e.g., "localhost" matches but is a valid URL.
-        elif not re.match('^[a-zA-Z]+$', self.args.method):
-            # Invoked as `http URL item+'. The URL is now in `args.method`
-            # and the first ITEM is now incorrectly in `args.url`.
-            try:
-                # Parse the URL as an ITEM and store it as the first ITEM arg.
-                self.args.items.insert(0, KeyValueArgType(
-                    *SEP_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS).__call__(self.args.url))
-
-            except ArgumentTypeError as e:
-                if self.args.traceback:
-                    raise
-                self.error(e.args[0])
-
-            else:
-                # Set the URL correctly
-                self.args.url = self.args.method
-                # Infer the method
-                has_data = (
-                    (not self.args.ignore_stdin and not self.env.stdin_isatty)
-                     or any(item.sep in SEP_GROUP_DATA_ITEMS
-                            for item in self.args.items)
-                )
-                self.args.method = HTTP_POST if has_data else HTTP_GET
-
-    def _parse_items(self):
-        """Parse `args.items` into `args.headers`, `args.data`, `args.params`,
-         and `args.files`.
-
-        """
-        try:
-            items = parse_items(
-                items=self.args.items,
-                data_class=ParamsDict if self.args.form else OrderedDict
-            )
-        except ParseError as e:
-            if self.args.traceback:
-                raise
-            self.error(e.args[0])
-        else:
-            self.args.headers = items.headers
-            self.args.data = items.data
-            self.args.files = items.files
-            self.args.params = items.params
-
-        if self.args.files and not self.args.form:
-            # `http url @/path/to/file`
-            file_fields = list(self.args.files.keys())
-            if file_fields != ['']:
-                self.error(
-                    'Invalid file fields (perhaps you meant --form?): %s'
-                    % ','.join(file_fields))
-
-            fn, fd = self.args.files['']
-            self.args.files = {}
-
-            self._body_from_file(fd)
-
-            if 'Content-Type' not in self.args.headers:
-                mime, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(fn, strict=False)
-                if mime:
-                    content_type = mime
-                    if encoding:
-                        content_type = '%s; charset=%s' % (mime, encoding)
-                    self.args.headers['Content-Type'] = content_type
-
-    def _process_output_options(self):
-        """Apply defaults to output options, or validate the provided ones.
-
-        The default output options are stdout-type-sensitive.
-
-        """
-        if not self.args.output_options:
-            self.args.output_options = (
-                OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT
-                if self.env.stdout_isatty
-                else OUTPUT_OPTIONS_DEFAULT_STDOUT_REDIRECTED
-            )
-
-        unknown_output_options = set(self.args.output_options) - OUTPUT_OPTIONS
-        if unknown_output_options:
-            self.error(
-                'Unknown output options: %s' % ','.join(unknown_output_options)
-            )
-
-        if self.args.download and OUT_RESP_BODY in self.args.output_options:
-            # Response body is always downloaded with --download and it goes
-            # through a different routine, so we remove it.
-            self.args.output_options = str(
-                set(self.args.output_options) - set(OUT_RESP_BODY))
-
-    def _process_pretty_options(self):
-        if self.args.prettify == PRETTY_STDOUT_TTY_ONLY:
-            self.args.prettify = PRETTY_MAP[
-                'all' if self.env.stdout_isatty else 'none']
-        elif self.args.prettify and self.env.is_windows:
-            self.error('Only terminal output can be colorized on Windows.')
-        else:
-            # noinspection PyTypeChecker
-            self.args.prettify = PRETTY_MAP[self.args.prettify]
-
-    def _validate_download_options(self):
-        if not self.args.download:
-            if self.args.download_resume:
-                self.error('--continue only works with --download')
-        if self.args.download_resume and not (
-                self.args.download and self.args.output_file):
-            self.error('--continue requires --output to be specified')
-
-
-class ParseError(Exception):
-    pass
-
-
-class KeyValue(object):
-    """Base key-value pair parsed from CLI."""
-
-    def __init__(self, key, value, sep, orig):
-        self.key = key
-        self.value = value
-        self.sep = sep
-        self.orig = orig
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return repr(self.__dict__)
-
-
-class SessionNameValidator(object):
-
-    def __init__(self, error_message):
-        self.error_message = error_message
-
-    def __call__(self, value):
-        # Session name can be a path or just a name.
-        if (os.path.sep not in value
-                and not VALID_SESSION_NAME_PATTERN.search(value)):
-            raise ArgumentError(None, self.error_message)
-        return value
-
-
-class KeyValueArgType(object):
-    """A key-value pair argument type used with `argparse`.
-
-    Parses a key-value arg and constructs a `KeyValue` instance.
-    Used for headers, form data, and other key-value pair types.
-
-    """
-
-    key_value_class = KeyValue
-
-    def __init__(self, *separators):
-        self.separators = separators
-        self.special_characters = set('\\')
-        for separator in separators:
-            self.special_characters.update(separator)
-
-    def __call__(self, string):
-        """Parse `string` and return `self.key_value_class()` instance.
-
-        The best of `self.separators` is determined (first found, longest).
-        Back slash escaped characters aren't considered as separators
-        (or parts thereof). Literal back slash characters have to be escaped
-        as well (r'\\').
-
-        """
-
-        class Escaped(str):
-            """Represents an escaped character."""
-
-        def tokenize(string):
-            """Tokenize `string`. There are only two token types - strings
-            and escaped characters:
-
-            tokenize(r'foo\=bar\\baz')
-            => ['foo', Escaped('='), 'bar', Escaped('\\'), 'baz']
-
-            """
-            tokens = ['']
-            characters = iter(string)
-            for char in characters:
-                if char == '\\':
-                    char = next(characters, '')
-                    if char not in self.special_characters:
-                        tokens[-1] += '\\' + char
-                    else:
-                        tokens.extend([Escaped(char), ''])
-                else:
-                    tokens[-1] += char
-            return tokens
-
-        tokens = tokenize(string)
-
-        # Sorting by length ensures that the longest one will be
-        # chosen as it will overwrite any shorter ones starting
-        # at the same position in the `found` dictionary.
-        separators = sorted(self.separators, key=len)
-
-        for i, token in enumerate(tokens):
-
-            if isinstance(token, Escaped):
-                continue
-
-            found = {}
-            for sep in separators:
-                pos = token.find(sep)
-                if pos != -1:
-                    found[pos] = sep
-
-            if found:
-                # Starting first, longest separator found.
-                sep = found[min(found.keys())]
-
-                key, value = token.split(sep, 1)
-
-                # Any preceding tokens are part of the key.
-                key = ''.join(tokens[:i]) + key
-
-                # Any following tokens are part of the value.
-                value += ''.join(tokens[i + 1:])
-
-                break
-
-        else:
-            raise ArgumentTypeError(
-                u'"%s" is not a valid value' % string)
-
-        return self.key_value_class(
-            key=key, value=value, sep=sep, orig=string)
-
-
-class AuthCredentials(KeyValue):
-    """Represents parsed credentials."""
-
-    def _getpass(self, prompt):
-        # To allow mocking.
-        return getpass.getpass(prompt)
-
-    def has_password(self):
-        return self.value is not None
-
-    def prompt_password(self, host):
-        try:
-            self.value = self._getpass(
-                'http: password for %s@%s: ' % (self.key, host))
-        except (EOFError, KeyboardInterrupt):
-            sys.stderr.write('\n')
-            sys.exit(0)
-
-
-class AuthCredentialsArgType(KeyValueArgType):
-    """A key-value arg type that parses credentials."""
-
-    key_value_class = AuthCredentials
-
-    def __call__(self, string):
-        """Parse credentials from `string`.
-
-        ("username" or "username:password").
-
-        """
-        try:
-            return super(AuthCredentialsArgType, self).__call__(string)
-        except ArgumentTypeError:
-            # No password provided, will prompt for it later.
-            return self.key_value_class(
-                key=string,
-                value=None,
-                sep=SEP_CREDENTIALS,
-                orig=string
-            )
-
-
-class RequestItemsDict(OrderedDict):
-    """Multi-value dict for URL parameters and form data."""
-
-    #noinspection PyMethodOverriding
-    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
-        """ If `key` is assigned more than once, `self[key]` holds a
-        `list` of all the values.
-
-        This allows having multiple fields with the same name in form
-        data and URL params.
-
-        """
-        assert not isinstance(value, list)
-        if key not in self:
-            super(RequestItemsDict, self).__setitem__(key, value)
-        else:
-            if not isinstance(self[key], list):
-                super(RequestItemsDict, self).__setitem__(key, [self[key]])
-            self[key].append(value)
-
-
-class ParamsDict(RequestItemsDict):
-    pass
-
-
-class DataDict(RequestItemsDict):
-
-    def items(self):
-        for key, values in super(RequestItemsDict, self).items():
-            if not isinstance(values, list):
-                values = [values]
-            for value in values:
-                yield key, value
-
-
-RequestItems = namedtuple('RequestItems',
-                          ['headers', 'data', 'files', 'params'])
-
-
-def parse_items(items,
-                headers_class=CaseInsensitiveDict,
-                data_class=OrderedDict,
-                files_class=DataDict,
-                params_class=ParamsDict):
-    """Parse `KeyValue` `items` into `data`, `headers`, `files`,
-    and `params`.
-
-    """
-    headers = []
-    data = []
-    files = []
-    params = []
-
-    for item in items:
-        value = item.value
-
-        if item.sep == SEP_HEADERS:
-            target = headers
-        elif item.sep == SEP_QUERY:
-            target = params
-        elif item.sep == SEP_FILES:
-            try:
-                with open(os.path.expanduser(value), 'rb') as f:
-                    value = (os.path.basename(value),
-                             BytesIO(f.read()))
-            except IOError as e:
-                raise ParseError('"%s": %s' % (item.orig, e))
-            target = files
-
-        elif item.sep in SEP_GROUP_DATA_ITEMS:
-
-            if item.sep in SEP_GROUP_DATA_EMBED_ITEMS:
-                try:
-                    with open(os.path.expanduser(value), 'rb') as f:
-                        value = f.read().decode('utf8')
-                except IOError as e:
-                    raise ParseError('"%s": %s' % (item.orig, e))
-                except UnicodeDecodeError:
-                    raise ParseError(
-                        '"%s": cannot embed the content of "%s",'
-                        ' not a UTF8 or ASCII-encoded text file'
-                        % (item.orig, item.value)
-                    )
-
-            if item.sep in SEP_GROUP_RAW_JSON_ITEMS:
-                try:
-                    value = load_json_preserve_order(value)
-                except ValueError as e:
-                    raise ParseError('"%s": %s' % (item.orig, e))
-            target = data
-
-        else:
-            raise TypeError(item)
-
-        target.append((item.key, value))
-
-    return RequestItems(headers_class(headers),
-                        data_class(data),
-                        files_class(files),
-                        params_class(params))
-
-
-def readable_file_arg(filename):
-    try:
-        open(filename, 'rb')
-    except IOError as ex:
-        raise ArgumentTypeError('%s: %s' % (filename, ex.args[1]))
-    return filename

httpie/models.py

@@ -1,37 +1,38 @@
-from httpie.compat import urlsplit, str
+from typing import Iterable, Optional
+from urllib.parse import urlsplit
 
 
-class HTTPMessage(object):
+class HTTPMessage:
     """Abstract class for HTTP messages."""
 
     def __init__(self, orig):
         self._orig = orig
 
-    def iter_body(self, chunk_size):
+    def iter_body(self, chunk_size: int) -> Iterable[bytes]:
         """Return an iterator over the body."""
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def iter_lines(self, chunk_size):
+    def iter_lines(self, chunk_size: int) -> Iterable[bytes]:
         """Return an iterator over the body yielding (`line`, `line_feed`)."""
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     @property
-    def headers(self):
+    def headers(self) -> str:
         """Return a `str` with the message's headers."""
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     @property
-    def encoding(self):
+    def encoding(self) -> Optional[str]:
         """Return a `str` with the message's encoding, if known."""
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     @property
-    def body(self):
+    def body(self) -> bytes:
         """Return a `bytes` with the message's body."""
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
     @property
-    def content_type(self):
+    def content_type(self) -> str:
         """Return the message content type."""
         ct = self._orig.headers.get('Content-Type', '')
         if not isinstance(ct, str):
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(HTTPMessage):
     def iter_lines(self, chunk_size):
         return ((line, b'\n') for line in self._orig.iter_lines(chunk_size))
 
-    #noinspection PyProtectedMember
+    # noinspection PyProtectedMember
     @property
     def headers(self):
         original = self._orig.raw._original_response
@@ -60,11 +61,7 @@ class HTTPResponse(HTTPMessage):
             20: '2',
         }[original.version]
 
-        status_line = 'HTTP/{version} {status} {reason}'.format(
-            version=version,
-            status=original.status,
-            reason=original.reason
-        )
+        status_line = f'HTTP/{version} {original.status} {original.reason}'
         headers = [status_line]
         try:
             # `original.msg` is a `http.client.HTTPMessage` on Python 3

httpie/output/formatters/colors.py

@@ -1,21 +1,36 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import json
+from typing import Optional, Type
+
 import pygments.lexer
-import pygments.token
-import pygments.styles
 import pygments.lexers
 import pygments.style
+import pygments.styles
+import pygments.token
 from pygments.formatters.terminal import TerminalFormatter
 from pygments.formatters.terminal256 import Terminal256Formatter
+from pygments.lexer import Lexer
+from pygments.lexers.special import TextLexer
+from pygments.lexers.text import HttpLexer as PygmentsHttpLexer
 from pygments.util import ClassNotFound
 
 from httpie.compat import is_windows
+from httpie.context import Environment
 from httpie.plugins import FormatterPlugin
 
 
-# Colors on Windows via colorama don't look that
-# great and fruity seems to give the best result there.
-AVAILABLE_STYLES = set(pygments.styles.STYLE_MAP.keys())
-AVAILABLE_STYLES.add('solarized')
-DEFAULT_STYLE = 'solarized' if not is_windows else 'fruity'
+AUTO_STYLE = 'auto'  # Follows terminal ANSI color styles
+DEFAULT_STYLE = AUTO_STYLE
+SOLARIZED_STYLE = 'solarized'  # Bundled here
+if is_windows:
+    # Colors on Windows via colorama don't look that
+    # great and fruity seems to give the best result there.
+    DEFAULT_STYLE = 'fruity'
+
+AVAILABLE_STYLES = set(pygments.styles.get_all_styles())
+AVAILABLE_STYLES.add(SOLARIZED_STYLE)
+AVAILABLE_STYLES.add(AUTO_STYLE)
 
 
 class ColorFormatter(FormatterPlugin):
@@ -28,58 +43,93 @@ class ColorFormatter(FormatterPlugin):
     """
     group_name = 'colors'
 
-    def __init__(self, env, color_scheme=DEFAULT_STYLE, **kwargs):
-        super(ColorFormatter, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        env: Environment,
+        explicit_json=False,
+        color_scheme=DEFAULT_STYLE,
+        **kwargs
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
         if not env.colors:
             self.enabled = False
             return
 
-        # Cache to speed things up when we process streamed body by line.
-        self.lexer_cache = {}
-
-        try:
-            style_class = pygments.styles.get_style_by_name(color_scheme)
-        except ClassNotFound:
-            style_class = Solarized256Style
-
-        if env.colors == 256:
-            fmt_class = Terminal256Formatter
+        use_auto_style = color_scheme == AUTO_STYLE
+        has_256_colors = env.colors == 256
+        if use_auto_style or not has_256_colors:
+            http_lexer = PygmentsHttpLexer()
+            formatter = TerminalFormatter()
         else:
-            fmt_class = TerminalFormatter
-        self.formatter = fmt_class(style=style_class)
+            http_lexer = SimplifiedHTTPLexer()
+            formatter = Terminal256Formatter(
+                style=self.get_style_class(color_scheme)
+            )
 
-    def format_headers(self, headers):
-        return pygments.highlight(headers, HTTPLexer(), self.formatter).strip()
+        self.explicit_json = explicit_json  # --json
+        self.formatter = formatter
+        self.http_lexer = http_lexer
 
-    def format_body(self, body, mime):
-        lexer = self.get_lexer(mime)
+    def format_headers(self, headers: str) -> str:
+        return pygments.highlight(
+            code=headers,
+            lexer=self.http_lexer,
+            formatter=self.formatter,
+        ).strip()
+
+    def format_body(self, body: str, mime: str) -> str:
+        lexer = self.get_lexer_for_body(mime, body)
         if lexer:
-            body = pygments.highlight(body, lexer, self.formatter)
+            body = pygments.highlight(
+                code=body,
+                lexer=lexer,
+                formatter=self.formatter,
+            )
         return body.strip()
 
-    def get_lexer(self, mime):
-        if mime in self.lexer_cache:
-            return self.lexer_cache[mime]
-        self.lexer_cache[mime] = get_lexer(mime)
-        return self.lexer_cache[mime]
+    def get_lexer_for_body(
+        self, mime: str,
+        body: str
+    ) -> Optional[Type[Lexer]]:
+        return get_lexer(
+            mime=mime,
+            explicit_json=self.explicit_json,
+            body=body,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_style_class(color_scheme: str) -> Type[pygments.style.Style]:
+        try:
+            return pygments.styles.get_style_by_name(color_scheme)
+        except ClassNotFound:
+            return Solarized256Style
 
 
-def get_lexer(mime):
+def get_lexer(
+    mime: str,
+    explicit_json=False,
+    body=''
+) -> Optional[Type[Lexer]]:
+    # Build candidate mime type and lexer names.
     mime_types, lexer_names = [mime], []
-    type_, subtype = mime.split('/')
+    type_, subtype = mime.split('/', 1)
     if '+' not in subtype:
         lexer_names.append(subtype)
     else:
-        subtype_name, subtype_suffix = subtype.split('+')
+        subtype_name, subtype_suffix = subtype.split('+', 1)
         lexer_names.extend([subtype_name, subtype_suffix])
         mime_types.extend([
             '%s/%s' % (type_, subtype_name),
             '%s/%s' % (type_, subtype_suffix)
         ])
-    # as a last resort, if no lexer feels responsible, and
+
+    # As a last resort, if no lexer feels responsible, and
     # the subtype contains 'json', take the JSON lexer
     if 'json' in subtype:
         lexer_names.append('json')
+
+    # Try to resolve the right lexer.
     lexer = None
     for mime_type in mime_types:
         try:
@@ -93,10 +143,20 @@ def get_lexer(mime):
                 lexer = pygments.lexers.get_lexer_by_name(name)
             except ClassNotFound:
                 pass
+
+    if explicit_json and body and (not lexer or isinstance(lexer, TextLexer)):
+        # JSON response with an incorrect Content-Type?
+        try:
+            json.loads(body)  # FIXME: the body also gets parsed in json.py
+        except ValueError:
+            pass  # Nope
+        else:
+            lexer = pygments.lexers.get_lexer_by_name('json')
+
     return lexer
 
 
-class HTTPLexer(pygments.lexer.RegexLexer):
+class SimplifiedHTTPLexer(pygments.lexer.RegexLexer):
     """Simplified HTTP lexer for Pygments.
 
     It only operates on headers and provides a stronger contrast between

httpie/output/formatters/headers.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from httpie.plugins import FormatterPlugin
 
 class HeadersFormatter(FormatterPlugin):
 
-    def format_headers(self, headers):
+    def format_headers(self, headers: str) -> str:
         """
         Sorts headers by name while retaining relative
         order of multiple headers with the same name.

httpie/output/formatters/json.py

@@ -9,18 +9,25 @@ DEFAULT_INDENT = 4
 
 class JSONFormatter(FormatterPlugin):
 
-    def format_body(self, body, mime):
-        if 'json' in mime:
+    def format_body(self, body: str, mime: str) -> str:
+        maybe_json = [
+            'json',
+            'javascript',
+            'text',
+        ]
+        if (self.kwargs['explicit_json']
+                or any(token in mime for token in maybe_json)):
             try:
                 obj = json.loads(body)
             except ValueError:
-                # Invalid JSON, ignore.
-                pass
+                pass  # Invalid JSON, ignore.
             else:
                 # Indent, sort keys by name, and avoid
                 # unicode escapes to improve readability.
-                body = json.dumps(obj,
-                                  sort_keys=True,
-                                  ensure_ascii=False,
-                                  indent=DEFAULT_INDENT)
+                body = json.dumps(
+                    obj=obj,
+                    sort_keys=True,
+                    ensure_ascii=False,
+                    indent=DEFAULT_INDENT
+                )
         return body

httpie/output/formatters/xml.py

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import
-import re
-from xml.etree import ElementTree
-
-from httpie.plugins import FormatterPlugin
-
-
-DECLARATION_RE = re.compile('<\?xml[^\n]+?\?>', flags=re.I)
-DOCTYPE_RE = re.compile('<!DOCTYPE[^\n]+?>', flags=re.I)
-
-
-DEFAULT_INDENT = 4
-
-
-def indent(elem, indent_text=' ' * DEFAULT_INDENT):
-    """
-    In-place prettyprint formatter
-    C.f. http://effbot.org/zone/element-lib.htm#prettyprint
-
-    """
-    def _indent(elem, level=0):
-        i = "\n" + level * indent_text
-        if len(elem):
-            if not elem.text or not elem.text.strip():
-                elem.text = i + indent_text
-            if not elem.tail or not elem.tail.strip():
-                elem.tail = i
-            for elem in elem:
-                _indent(elem, level + 1)
-            if not elem.tail or not elem.tail.strip():
-                elem.tail = i
-        else:
-            if level and (not elem.tail or not elem.tail.strip()):
-                elem.tail = i
-
-    return _indent(elem)
-
-
-class XMLFormatter(FormatterPlugin):
-    # TODO: tests
-
-    def format_body(self, body, mime):
-        if 'xml' in mime:
-            # FIXME: orig NS names get forgotten during the conversion, etc.
-            try:
-                root = ElementTree.fromstring(body.encode('utf8'))
-            except ElementTree.ParseError:
-                # Ignore invalid XML errors (skips attempting to pretty print)
-                pass
-            else:
-                indent(root)
-                # Use the original declaration
-                declaration = DECLARATION_RE.match(body)
-                doctype = DOCTYPE_RE.match(body)
-                body = ElementTree.tostring(root, encoding='utf-8')\
-                                  .decode('utf8')
-                if doctype:
-                    body = '%s\n%s' % (doctype.group(0), body)
-                if declaration:
-                    body = '%s\n%s' % (declaration.group(0), body)
-        return body

httpie/output/processing.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import re
+from typing import Optional, List
 
-from httpie.plugins import plugin_manager
+from httpie.plugins import plugin_manager, ConverterPlugin
 from httpie.context import Environment
 
 
@@ -11,19 +12,20 @@ def is_valid_mime(mime):
     return mime and MIME_RE.match(mime)
 
 
-class Conversion(object):
+class Conversion:
 
-    def get_converter(self, mime):
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_converter(mime: str) -> Optional[ConverterPlugin]:
         if is_valid_mime(mime):
             for converter_class in plugin_manager.get_converters():
                 if converter_class.supports(mime):
                     return converter_class(mime)
 
 
-class Formatting(object):
+class Formatting:
     """A delegate class that invokes the actual processors."""
 
-    def __init__(self, groups, env=Environment(), **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, groups: List[str], env=Environment(), **kwargs):
         """
         :param groups: names of processor groups to be applied
         :param env: Environment
@@ -38,12 +40,12 @@ class Formatting(object):
                 if p.enabled:
                     self.enabled_plugins.append(p)
 
-    def format_headers(self, headers):
+    def format_headers(self, headers: str) -> str:
         for p in self.enabled_plugins:
             headers = p.format_headers(headers)
         return headers
 
-    def format_body(self, content, mime):
+    def format_body(self, content: str, mime: str) -> str:
         if is_valid_mime(mime):
             for p in self.enabled_plugins:
                 content = p.format_body(content, mime)

httpie/output/streams.py

@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 from itertools import chain
-from functools import partial
+from typing import Callable, Iterable, Union
 
-from httpie.compat import str
 from httpie.context import Environment
-from httpie.models import HTTPRequest, HTTPResponse
-from httpie.input import (OUT_REQ_BODY, OUT_REQ_HEAD,
-                          OUT_RESP_HEAD, OUT_RESP_BODY)
-from httpie.output.processing import Formatting, Conversion
+from httpie.models import HTTPMessage
+from httpie.output.processing import Conversion, Formatting
 
 
 BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE = (
@@ -24,108 +21,16 @@ class BinarySuppressedError(Exception):
     message = BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE
 
 
-def write(stream, outfile, flush):
-    """Write the output stream."""
-    try:
-        # Writing bytes so we use the buffer interface (Python 3).
-        buf = outfile.buffer
-    except AttributeError:
-        buf = outfile
-
-    for chunk in stream:
-        buf.write(chunk)
-        if flush:
-            outfile.flush()
-
-
-def write_with_colors_win_py3(stream, outfile, flush):
-    """Like `write`, but colorized chunks are written as text
-    directly to `outfile` to ensure it gets processed by colorama.
-    Applies only to Windows with Python 3 and colorized terminal output.
-
-    """
-    color = b'\x1b['
-    encoding = outfile.encoding
-    for chunk in stream:
-        if color in chunk:
-            outfile.write(chunk.decode(encoding))
-        else:
-            outfile.buffer.write(chunk)
-        if flush:
-            outfile.flush()
-
-
-def build_output_stream(args, env, request, response):
-    """Build and return a chain of iterators over the `request`-`response`
-    exchange each of which yields `bytes` chunks.
-
-    """
-    req_h = OUT_REQ_HEAD in args.output_options
-    req_b = OUT_REQ_BODY in args.output_options
-    resp_h = OUT_RESP_HEAD in args.output_options
-    resp_b = OUT_RESP_BODY in args.output_options
-    req = req_h or req_b
-    resp = resp_h or resp_b
-
-    output = []
-    Stream = get_stream_type(env, args)
-
-    if req:
-        output.append(Stream(
-            msg=HTTPRequest(request),
-            with_headers=req_h,
-            with_body=req_b))
-
-    if req_b and resp:
-        # Request/Response separator.
-        output.append([b'\n\n'])
-
-    if resp:
-        output.append(Stream(
-            msg=HTTPResponse(response),
-            with_headers=resp_h,
-            with_body=resp_b))
-
-    if env.stdout_isatty and resp_b:
-        # Ensure a blank line after the response body.
-        # For terminal output only.
-        output.append([b'\n\n'])
-
-    return chain(*output)
-
-
-def get_stream_type(env, args):
-    """Pick the right stream type based on `env` and `args`.
-    Wrap it in a partial with the type-specific args so that
-    we don't need to think what stream we are dealing with.
-
-    """
-    if not env.stdout_isatty and not args.prettify:
-        Stream = partial(
-            RawStream,
-            chunk_size=RawStream.CHUNK_SIZE_BY_LINE
-            if args.stream
-            else RawStream.CHUNK_SIZE
-        )
-    elif args.prettify:
-        Stream = partial(
-            PrettyStream if args.stream else BufferedPrettyStream,
-            env=env,
-            conversion=Conversion(),
-            formatting=Formatting(env=env, groups=args.prettify,
-                                  color_scheme=args.style),
-        )
-    else:
-        Stream = partial(EncodedStream, env=env)
-
-    return Stream
-
-
-class BaseStream(object):
+class BaseStream:
     """Base HTTP message output stream class."""
 
-    def __init__(self, msg, with_headers=True, with_body=True,
-                 on_body_chunk_downloaded=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        msg: HTTPMessage,
+        with_headers=True,
+        with_body=True,
+        on_body_chunk_downloaded: Callable[[bytes], None] = None
+    ):
         """
         :param msg: a :class:`models.HTTPMessage` subclass
         :param with_headers: if `True`, headers will be included
@@ -138,15 +43,15 @@ class BaseStream(object):
         self.with_body = with_body
         self.on_body_chunk_downloaded = on_body_chunk_downloaded
 
-    def get_headers(self):
+    def get_headers(self) -> bytes:
         """Return the headers' bytes."""
         return self.msg.headers.encode('utf8')
 
-    def iter_body(self):
+    def iter_body(self) -> Iterable[bytes]:
         """Return an iterator over the message body."""
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    def __iter__(self):
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterable[bytes]:
         """Return an iterator over `self.msg`."""
         if self.with_headers:
             yield self.get_headers()
@@ -171,10 +76,10 @@ class RawStream(BaseStream):
     CHUNK_SIZE_BY_LINE = 1
 
     def __init__(self, chunk_size=CHUNK_SIZE, **kwargs):
-        super(RawStream, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self.chunk_size = chunk_size
 
-    def iter_body(self):
+    def iter_body(self) -> Iterable[bytes]:
         return self.msg.iter_body(self.chunk_size)
 
 
@@ -189,26 +94,20 @@ class EncodedStream(BaseStream):
     CHUNK_SIZE = 1
 
     def __init__(self, env=Environment(), **kwargs):
-
-        super(EncodedStream, self).__init__(**kwargs)
-
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         if env.stdout_isatty:
             # Use the encoding supported by the terminal.
             output_encoding = env.stdout_encoding
         else:
             # Preserve the message encoding.
             output_encoding = self.msg.encoding
-
         # Default to utf8 when unsure.
         self.output_encoding = output_encoding or 'utf8'
 
-    def iter_body(self):
-
+    def iter_body(self) -> Iterable[bytes]:
         for line, lf in self.msg.iter_lines(self.CHUNK_SIZE):
-
             if b'\0' in line:
                 raise BinarySuppressedError()
-
             yield line.decode(self.msg.encoding) \
                       .encode(self.output_encoding, 'replace') + lf
 
@@ -224,17 +123,21 @@ class PrettyStream(EncodedStream):
 
     CHUNK_SIZE = 1
 
-    def __init__(self, conversion, formatting, **kwargs):
-        super(PrettyStream, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+    def __init__(
+        self, conversion: Conversion,
+        formatting: Formatting,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self.formatting = formatting
         self.conversion = conversion
         self.mime = self.msg.content_type.split(';')[0]
 
-    def get_headers(self):
+    def get_headers(self) -> bytes:
         return self.formatting.format_headers(
             self.msg.headers).encode(self.output_encoding)
 
-    def iter_body(self):
+    def iter_body(self) -> Iterable[bytes]:
         first_chunk = True
         iter_lines = self.msg.iter_lines(self.CHUNK_SIZE)
         for line, lf in iter_lines:
@@ -255,7 +158,7 @@ class PrettyStream(EncodedStream):
             yield self.process_body(line) + lf
             first_chunk = False
 
-    def process_body(self, chunk):
+    def process_body(self, chunk: Union[str, bytes]) -> bytes:
         if not isinstance(chunk, str):
             # Text when a converter has been used,
             # otherwise it will always be bytes.
@@ -274,7 +177,7 @@ class BufferedPrettyStream(PrettyStream):
 
     CHUNK_SIZE = 1024 * 10
 
-    def iter_body(self):
+    def iter_body(self) -> Iterable[bytes]:
         # Read the whole body before prettifying it,
         # but bail out immediately if the body is binary.
         converter = None

httpie/output/writer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+import argparse
+import errno
+from typing import Union, IO, TextIO, Tuple, Type
+
+import requests
+
+from httpie.context import Environment
+from httpie.models import HTTPRequest, HTTPResponse
+from httpie.output.processing import Conversion, Formatting
+from httpie.output.streams import (
+    RawStream, PrettyStream,
+    BufferedPrettyStream, EncodedStream,
+    BaseStream,
+)
+from httpie.cli.constants import (
+    OUT_REQ_BODY, OUT_REQ_HEAD, OUT_RESP_BODY, OUT_RESP_HEAD,
+)
+
+
+def write_message(
+    requests_message: Union[requests.PreparedRequest, requests.Response],
+    env: Environment,
+    args: argparse.Namespace,
+):
+    output_options_by_message_type = {
+        requests.PreparedRequest: {
+            'with_headers': OUT_REQ_HEAD in args.output_options,
+            'with_body': OUT_REQ_BODY in args.output_options,
+        },
+        requests.Response: {
+            'with_headers': OUT_RESP_HEAD in args.output_options,
+            'with_body': OUT_RESP_BODY in args.output_options,
+        },
+    }
+    output_options = output_options_by_message_type[type(requests_message)]
+    if not any(output_options.values()):
+        return
+    write_stream_kwargs = {
+        'stream': build_output_stream_for_message(
+            args=args,
+            env=env,
+            requests_message=requests_message,
+            **output_options,
+        ),
+        # NOTE: `env.stdout` will in fact be `stderr` with `--download`
+        'outfile': env.stdout,
+        'flush': env.stdout_isatty or args.stream
+    }
+    try:
+        if env.is_windows and 'colors' in args.prettify:
+            write_stream_with_colors_win_py3(**write_stream_kwargs)
+        else:
+            write_stream(**write_stream_kwargs)
+    except IOError as e:
+        show_traceback = args.debug or args.traceback
+        if not show_traceback and e.errno == errno.EPIPE:
+            # Ignore broken pipes unless --traceback.
+            env.stderr.write('\n')
+        else:
+            raise
+
+
+def write_stream(
+    stream: BaseStream,
+    outfile: Union[IO, TextIO],
+    flush: bool
+):
+    """Write the output stream."""
+    try:
+        # Writing bytes so we use the buffer interface (Python 3).
+        buf = outfile.buffer
+    except AttributeError:
+        buf = outfile
+
+    for chunk in stream:
+        buf.write(chunk)
+        if flush:
+            outfile.flush()
+
+
+def write_stream_with_colors_win_py3(
+    stream: 'BaseStream',
+    outfile: TextIO,
+    flush: bool
+):
+    """Like `write`, but colorized chunks are written as text
+    directly to `outfile` to ensure it gets processed by colorama.
+    Applies only to Windows with Python 3 and colorized terminal output.
+
+    """
+    color = b'\x1b['
+    encoding = outfile.encoding
+    for chunk in stream:
+        if color in chunk:
+            outfile.write(chunk.decode(encoding))
+        else:
+            outfile.buffer.write(chunk)
+        if flush:
+            outfile.flush()
+
+
+def build_output_stream_for_message(
+    args: argparse.Namespace,
+    env: Environment,
+    requests_message: Union[requests.PreparedRequest, requests.Response],
+    with_headers: bool,
+    with_body: bool,
+):
+    stream_class, stream_kwargs = get_stream_type_and_kwargs(
+        env=env,
+        args=args,
+    )
+    message_class = {
+        requests.PreparedRequest: HTTPRequest,
+        requests.Response: HTTPResponse,
+    }[type(requests_message)]
+    yield from stream_class(
+        msg=message_class(requests_message),
+        with_headers=with_headers,
+        with_body=with_body,
+        **stream_kwargs,
+    )
+    if env.stdout_isatty and with_body:
+        # Ensure a blank line after the response body.
+        # For terminal output only.
+        yield b'\n\n'
+
+
+def get_stream_type_and_kwargs(
+    env: Environment,
+    args: argparse.Namespace
+) -> Tuple[Type['BaseStream'], dict]:
+    """Pick the right stream type and kwargs for it based on `env` and `args`.
+
+    """
+    if not env.stdout_isatty and not args.prettify:
+        stream_class = RawStream
+        stream_kwargs = {
+            'chunk_size': (
+                RawStream.CHUNK_SIZE_BY_LINE
+                if args.stream
+                else RawStream.CHUNK_SIZE
+            )
+        }
+    elif args.prettify:
+        stream_class = PrettyStream if args.stream else BufferedPrettyStream
+        stream_kwargs = {
+            'env': env,
+            'conversion': Conversion(),
+            'formatting': Formatting(
+                env=env,
+                groups=args.prettify,
+                color_scheme=args.style,
+                explicit_json=args.json,
+            )
+        }
+    else:
+        stream_class = EncodedStream
+        stream_kwargs = {
+            'env': env
+        }
+
+    return stream_class, stream_kwargs

httpie/plugins/__init__.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """
 WARNING: The plugin API is still work in progress and will
-         probably be completely reworked by v1.0.0.
+         probably be completely reworked in the future.
 
 """
 from httpie.plugins.base import (
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ from httpie.plugins.manager import PluginManager
 from httpie.plugins.builtin import BasicAuthPlugin, DigestAuthPlugin
 from httpie.output.formatters.headers import HeadersFormatter
 from httpie.output.formatters.json import JSONFormatter
-from httpie.output.formatters.xml import XMLFormatter
 from httpie.output.formatters.colors import ColorFormatter
 
 
 plugin_manager = PluginManager()
-plugin_manager.register(BasicAuthPlugin,
-                        DigestAuthPlugin)
-plugin_manager.register(HeadersFormatter,
-                        JSONFormatter,
-                        XMLFormatter,
-                        ColorFormatter)
+plugin_manager.register(
+    BasicAuthPlugin,
+    DigestAuthPlugin,
+    HeadersFormatter,
+    JSONFormatter,
+    ColorFormatter,
+)

httpie/plugins/base.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class BasePlugin(object):
+class BasePlugin:
 
     # The name of the plugin, eg. "My auth".
     name = None
@@ -15,15 +15,41 @@ class AuthPlugin(BasePlugin):
     """
     Base auth plugin class.
 
-    See <https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie-ntlm> for an example auth plugin.
+    See <https://github.com/httpie/httpie-ntlm> for an example auth plugin.
+
+    See also `test_auth_plugins.py`
 
     """
     # The value that should be passed to --auth-type
     # to use this auth plugin. Eg. "my-auth"
     auth_type = None
 
-    def get_auth(self, username, password):
+    # Set to `False` to make it possible to invoke this auth
+    # plugin without requiring the user to specify credentials
+    # through `--auth, -a`.
+    auth_require = True
+
+    # By default the `-a` argument is parsed for `username:password`.
+    # Set this to `False` to disable the parsing and error handling.
+    auth_parse = True
+
+    # If both `auth_parse` and `prompt_password` are set to `True`,
+    # and the value of `-a` lacks the password part,
+    # then the user will be prompted to type the password in.
+    prompt_password = True
+
+    # Will be set to the raw value of `-a` (if provided) before
+    # `get_auth()` gets called.
+    raw_auth = None
+
+    def get_auth(self, username=None, password=None):
         """
+        If `auth_parse` is set to `True`, then `username`
+        and `password` contain the parsed credentials.
+
+        Use `self.raw_auth` to access the raw value passed through
+        `--auth, -a`.
+
         Return a ``requests.auth.AuthBase`` subclass instance.
 
         """
@@ -33,7 +59,7 @@ class AuthPlugin(BasePlugin):
 class TransportPlugin(BasePlugin):
     """
 
-    http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/advanced/#transport-adapters
+    https://2.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/advanced/#transport-adapters
 
     """
 
@@ -49,7 +75,7 @@ class TransportPlugin(BasePlugin):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 
-class ConverterPlugin(object):
+class ConverterPlugin(BasePlugin):
 
     def __init__(self, mime):
         self.mime = mime
@@ -62,7 +88,8 @@ class ConverterPlugin(object):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
-class FormatterPlugin(object):
+class FormatterPlugin(BasePlugin):
+    group_name = 'format'
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         """
@@ -74,7 +101,7 @@ class FormatterPlugin(object):
         self.enabled = True
         self.kwargs = kwargs
 
-    def format_headers(self, headers):
+    def format_headers(self, headers: str) -> str:
         """Return processed `headers`
 
         :param headers: The headers as text.
@@ -82,7 +109,7 @@ class FormatterPlugin(object):
         """
         return headers
 
-    def format_body(self, content, mime):
+    def format_body(self, content: str, mime: str) -> str:
         """Return processed `content`.
 
         :param mime: E.g., 'application/atom+xml'.

httpie/plugins/builtin.py

@@ -5,37 +5,40 @@ import requests.auth
 from httpie.plugins.base import AuthPlugin
 
 
+# noinspection PyAbstractClass
 class BuiltinAuthPlugin(AuthPlugin):
-
     package_name = '(builtin)'
 
 
 class HTTPBasicAuth(requests.auth.HTTPBasicAuth):
 
-    def __call__(self, r):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        request: requests.PreparedRequest
+    ) -> requests.PreparedRequest:
         """
         Override username/password serialization to allow unicode.
 
         See https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/212
 
         """
-        r.headers['Authorization'] = type(self).make_header(
+        request.headers['Authorization'] = type(self).make_header(
             self.username, self.password).encode('latin1')
-        return r
+        return request
 
     @staticmethod
-    def make_header(username, password):
+    def make_header(username: str, password: str) -> str:
         credentials = u'%s:%s' % (username, password)
         token = b64encode(credentials.encode('utf8')).strip().decode('latin1')
         return 'Basic %s' % token
 
 
 class BasicAuthPlugin(BuiltinAuthPlugin):
-
     name = 'Basic HTTP auth'
     auth_type = 'basic'
 
-    def get_auth(self, username, password):
+    # noinspection PyMethodOverriding
+    def get_auth(self, username: str, password: str) -> HTTPBasicAuth:
         return HTTPBasicAuth(username, password)
 
 
@@ -44,5 +47,10 @@ class DigestAuthPlugin(BuiltinAuthPlugin):
     name = 'Digest HTTP auth'
     auth_type = 'digest'
 
-    def get_auth(self, username, password):
+    # noinspection PyMethodOverriding
+    def get_auth(
+        self,
+        username: str,
+        password: str
+    ) -> requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth:
         return requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth(username, password)

httpie/plugins/manager.py

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 from itertools import groupby
+from operator import attrgetter
+from typing import Dict, List, Type
+
 from pkg_resources import iter_entry_points
-from httpie.plugins import AuthPlugin, FormatterPlugin, ConverterPlugin
-from httpie.plugins.base import TransportPlugin
+
+from httpie.plugins import AuthPlugin, ConverterPlugin, FormatterPlugin
+from httpie.plugins.base import BasePlugin, TransportPlugin
 
 
 ENTRY_POINT_NAMES = [
@@ -12,17 +16,17 @@ ENTRY_POINT_NAMES = [
 ]
 
 
-class PluginManager(object):
+class PluginManager(list):
 
-    def __init__(self):
-        self._plugins = []
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return iter(self._plugins)
-
-    def register(self, *plugins):
+    def register(self, *plugins: Type[BasePlugin]):
         for plugin in plugins:
-            self._plugins.append(plugin)
+            self.append(plugin)
+
+    def unregister(self, plugin: Type[BasePlugin]):
+        self.remove(plugin)
+
+    def filter(self, by_type=Type[BasePlugin]):
+        return [plugin for plugin in self if issubclass(plugin, by_type)]
 
     def load_installed_plugins(self):
         for entry_point_name in ENTRY_POINT_NAMES:
@@ -32,34 +36,34 @@ class PluginManager(object):
                 self.register(entry_point.load())
 
     # Auth
-    def get_auth_plugins(self):
-        return [plugin for plugin in self if issubclass(plugin, AuthPlugin)]
+    def get_auth_plugins(self) -> List[Type[AuthPlugin]]:
+        return self.filter(AuthPlugin)
 
-    def get_auth_plugin_mapping(self):
-        return dict((plugin.auth_type, plugin)
-                    for plugin in self.get_auth_plugins())
+    def get_auth_plugin_mapping(self) -> Dict[str, Type[AuthPlugin]]:
+        return {
+            plugin.auth_type: plugin for plugin in self.get_auth_plugins()
+        }
 
-    def get_auth_plugin(self, auth_type):
+    def get_auth_plugin(self, auth_type: str) -> Type[AuthPlugin]:
         return self.get_auth_plugin_mapping()[auth_type]
 
     # Output processing
-    def get_formatters(self):
-        return [plugin for plugin in self
-                if issubclass(plugin, FormatterPlugin)]
+    def get_formatters(self) -> List[Type[FormatterPlugin]]:
+        return self.filter(FormatterPlugin)
 
-    def get_formatters_grouped(self):
-        groups = {}
-        for group_name, group in groupby(
-                self.get_formatters(),
-                key=lambda p: getattr(p, 'group_name', 'format')):
-            groups[group_name] = list(group)
-        return groups
+    def get_formatters_grouped(self) -> Dict[str, List[Type[FormatterPlugin]]]:
+        return {
+            group_name: list(group)
+            for group_name, group
+            in groupby(self.get_formatters(), key=attrgetter('group_name'))
+        }
 
-    def get_converters(self):
-        return [plugin for plugin in self
-                if issubclass(plugin, ConverterPlugin)]
+    def get_converters(self) -> List[Type[ConverterPlugin]]:
+        return self.filter(ConverterPlugin)
 
     # Adapters
-    def get_trasnsport_plugins(self):
-        return [plugin for plugin in self
-                if issubclass(plugin, TransportPlugin)]
+    def get_transport_plugins(self) -> List[Type[TransportPlugin]]:
+        return self.filter(TransportPlugin)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'<PluginManager: {list(self)}>'

httpie/sessions.py

@@ -1,86 +1,60 @@
-"""Persistent, JSON-serialized sessions.
+"""
+Persistent, JSON-serialized sessions.
 
 """
-import re
 import os
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional, Union
+from urllib.parse import urlsplit
 
+from requests.auth import AuthBase
 from requests.cookies import RequestsCookieJar, create_cookie
 
-from httpie.compat import urlsplit
+from httpie.cli.dicts import RequestHeadersDict
 from httpie.config import BaseConfigDict, DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR
 from httpie.plugins import plugin_manager
 
 
 SESSIONS_DIR_NAME = 'sessions'
-DEFAULT_SESSIONS_DIR = os.path.join(DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR, SESSIONS_DIR_NAME)
+DEFAULT_SESSIONS_DIR = DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR / SESSIONS_DIR_NAME
 VALID_SESSION_NAME_PATTERN = re.compile('^[a-zA-Z0-9_.-]+$')
 # Request headers starting with these prefixes won't be stored in sessions.
 # They are specific to each request.
-# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Requests
+# <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Requests>
 SESSION_IGNORED_HEADER_PREFIXES = ['Content-', 'If-']
 
 
-def get_response(requests_session, session_name,
-                 config_dir, args, read_only=False):
-    """Like `client.get_response`, but applies permanent
-    aspects of the session to the request.
-
-    """
-    from .client import get_requests_kwargs, dump_request
+def get_httpie_session(
+    config_dir: Path,
+    session_name: str,
+    host: Optional[str],
+    url: str,
+) -> 'Session':
     if os.path.sep in session_name:
         path = os.path.expanduser(session_name)
     else:
-        hostname = (args.headers.get('Host', None)
-                    or urlsplit(args.url).netloc.split('@')[-1])
+        hostname = host or urlsplit(url).netloc.split('@')[-1]
         if not hostname:
             # HACK/FIXME: httpie-unixsocket's URLs have no hostname.
             hostname = 'localhost'
 
         # host:port => host_port
         hostname = hostname.replace(':', '_')
-        path = os.path.join(config_dir,
-                            SESSIONS_DIR_NAME,
-                            hostname,
-                            session_name + '.json')
-
+        path = (
+            config_dir / SESSIONS_DIR_NAME / hostname / f'{session_name}.json'
+        )
     session = Session(path)
     session.load()
-
-    kwargs = get_requests_kwargs(args, base_headers=session.headers)
-    if args.debug:
-        dump_request(kwargs)
-    session.update_headers(kwargs['headers'])
-
-    if args.auth:
-        session.auth = {
-            'type': args.auth_type,
-            'username': args.auth.key,
-            'password': args.auth.value,
-        }
-    elif session.auth:
-        kwargs['auth'] = session.auth
-
-    requests_session.cookies = session.cookies
-
-    try:
-        response = requests_session.request(**kwargs)
-    except Exception:
-        raise
-    else:
-        # Existing sessions with `read_only=True` don't get updated.
-        if session.is_new() or not read_only:
-            session.cookies = requests_session.cookies
-            session.save()
-        return response
+    return session
 
 
 class Session(BaseConfigDict):
-    helpurl = 'https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie#sessions'
+    helpurl = 'https://httpie.org/doc#sessions'
     about = 'HTTPie session file'
 
-    def __init__(self, path, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(Session, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self._path = path
+    def __init__(self, path: Union[str, Path]):
+        super().__init__(path=Path(path))
         self['headers'] = {}
         self['cookies'] = {}
         self['auth'] = {
@@ -89,18 +63,18 @@ class Session(BaseConfigDict):
             'password': None
         }
 
-    def _get_path(self):
-        return self._path
-
-    def update_headers(self, request_headers):
+    def update_headers(self, request_headers: RequestHeadersDict):
         """
         Update the session headers with the request ones while ignoring
         certain name prefixes.
 
-        :type request_headers: dict
-
         """
+        headers = self.headers
         for name, value in request_headers.items():
+
+            if value is None:
+                continue  # Ignore explicitly unset headers
+
             value = value.decode('utf8')
             if name == 'User-Agent' and value.startswith('HTTPie/'):
                 continue
@@ -109,14 +83,16 @@ class Session(BaseConfigDict):
                 if name.lower().startswith(prefix.lower()):
                     break
             else:
-                self['headers'][name] = value
+                headers[name] = value
+
+        self['headers'] = dict(headers)
 
     @property
-    def headers(self):
-        return self['headers']
+    def headers(self) -> RequestHeadersDict:
+        return RequestHeadersDict(self['headers'])
 
     @property
-    def cookies(self):
+    def cookies(self) -> RequestsCookieJar:
         jar = RequestsCookieJar()
         for name, cookie_dict in self['cookies'].items():
             jar.set_cookie(create_cookie(
@@ -125,28 +101,46 @@ class Session(BaseConfigDict):
         return jar
 
     @cookies.setter
-    def cookies(self, jar):
-        """
-        :type jar: CookieJar
-        """
-        # http://docs.python.org/2/library/cookielib.html#cookie-objects
+    def cookies(self, jar: RequestsCookieJar):
+        # <https://docs.python.org/2/library/cookielib.html#cookie-objects>
         stored_attrs = ['value', 'path', 'secure', 'expires']
         self['cookies'] = {}
         for cookie in jar:
-            self['cookies'][cookie.name] = dict(
-                (attname, getattr(cookie, attname))
+            self['cookies'][cookie.name] = {
+                attname: getattr(cookie, attname)
                 for attname in stored_attrs
-            )
+            }
 
     @property
-    def auth(self):
+    def auth(self) -> Optional[AuthBase]:
         auth = self.get('auth', None)
         if not auth or not auth['type']:
             return
-        auth_plugin = plugin_manager.get_auth_plugin(auth['type'])()
-        return auth_plugin.get_auth(auth['username'], auth['password'])
+
+        plugin = plugin_manager.get_auth_plugin(auth['type'])()
+
+        credentials = {'username': None, 'password': None}
+        try:
+            # New style
+            plugin.raw_auth = auth['raw_auth']
+        except KeyError:
+            # Old style
+            credentials = {
+                'username': auth['username'],
+                'password': auth['password'],
+            }
+        else:
+            if plugin.auth_parse:
+                from httpie.cli.argtypes import parse_auth
+                parsed = parse_auth(plugin.raw_auth)
+                credentials = {
+                    'username': parsed.key,
+                    'password': parsed.value,
+                }
+
+        return plugin.get_auth(**credentials)
 
     @auth.setter
-    def auth(self, auth):
-        assert set(['type', 'username', 'password']) == set(auth.keys())
+    def auth(self, auth: dict):
+        assert {'type', 'raw_auth'} == auth.keys()
         self['auth'] = auth

httpie/status.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from enum import IntEnum, unique
+
+
+@unique
+class ExitStatus(IntEnum):
+    """Program exit status code constants."""
+    SUCCESS = 0
+    ERROR = 1
+    ERROR_TIMEOUT = 2
+
+    # See --check-status
+    ERROR_HTTP_3XX = 3
+    ERROR_HTTP_4XX = 4
+    ERROR_HTTP_5XX = 5
+
+    ERROR_TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS = 6
+    PLUGIN_ERROR = 7
+    # 128+2 SIGINT
+    # <http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/exitcodes.html>
+    ERROR_CTRL_C = 130
+
+
+def http_status_to_exit_status(http_status: int, follow=False) -> ExitStatus:
+    """
+    Translate HTTP status code to exit status code.
+
+    (Relevant only when invoked with --check-status or --download.)
+
+    """
+    if 300 <= http_status <= 399 and not follow:
+        # Redirect
+        return ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_3XX
+    elif 400 <= http_status <= 499:
+        # Client Error
+        return ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_4XX
+    elif 500 <= http_status <= 599:
+        # Server Error
+        return ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_5XX
+    else:
+        return ExitStatus.SUCCESS

httpie/utils.py

@@ -1,19 +1,24 @@
 from __future__ import division
 import json
+import mimetypes
+from collections import OrderedDict
+from pprint import pformat
 
-from httpie.compat import is_py26, OrderedDict
+import requests.auth
 
 
 def load_json_preserve_order(s):
-    if is_py26:
-        return json.loads(s)
     return json.loads(s, object_pairs_hook=OrderedDict)
 
 
+def repr_dict(d: dict) -> str:
+    return pformat(d)
+
+
 def humanize_bytes(n, precision=2):
     # Author: Doug Latornell
     # Licence: MIT
-    # URL: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577081/
+    # URL: https://code.activestate.com/recipes/577081/
     """Return a humanized string representation of a number of bytes.
 
     Assumes `from __future__ import division`.
@@ -55,3 +60,26 @@ def humanize_bytes(n, precision=2):
     # noinspection PyUnboundLocalVariable
     return '%.*f %s' % (precision, n / factor, suffix)
 
+
+class ExplicitNullAuth(requests.auth.AuthBase):
+    """Forces requests to ignore the ``.netrc``.
+    <https://github.com/psf/requests/issues/2773#issuecomment-174312831>
+    """
+
+    def __call__(self, r):
+        return r
+
+
+def get_content_type(filename):
+    """
+    Return the content type for ``filename`` in format appropriate
+    for Content-Type headers, or ``None`` if the file type is unknown
+    to ``mimetypes``.
+
+    """
+    mime, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(filename, strict=False)
+    if mime:
+        content_type = mime
+        if encoding:
+            content_type = '%s; charset=%s' % (mime, encoding)
+        return content_type

requirements-dev.txt

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 tox
+mock
 pytest
 pytest-cov
-pytest-httpbin
+pytest-httpbin>=0.0.6
 docutils
 wheel
+pycodestyle
+twine

setup.cfg

@@ -1,2 +1,19 @@
 [wheel]
 universal = 1
+
+
+[tool:pytest]
+# <https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/customize.html>
+norecursedirs = tests/fixtures
+
+
+[pycodestyle]
+# <http://pycodestyle.pycqa.org/en/latest/intro.html#configuration>
+
+exclude = .git,.idea,__pycache__,build,dist,.tox,.pytest_cache,*.egg-info
+
+# <http://pycodestyle.pycqa.org/en/latest/intro.html#error-codes>
+# E241 - multiple spaces after ‘,’
+# E501 - line too long
+# W503 - line break before binary operator
+ignore = E241,E501,W503

setup.py

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ class PyTest(TestCommand):
     # and runs the tests with no fancy stuff like parallel execution.
     def finalize_options(self):
         TestCommand.finalize_options(self)
-        self.test_suite = True
         self.test_args = [
             '--doctest-modules', '--verbose',
             './httpie', './tests'
@@ -31,20 +30,22 @@ tests_require = [
     # https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issue/196/
     'pytest-httpbin',
     'pytest',
+    'mock',
 ]
 
 
 install_requires = [
-    'requests>=2.3.0',
-    'Pygments>=1.5'
+    'requests>=2.22.0',
+    'Pygments>=2.5.2',
 ]
 
-### Conditional dependencies:
+
+# Conditional dependencies:
 
 # sdist
-if not 'bdist_wheel' in sys.argv:
+if 'bdist_wheel' not in sys.argv:
     try:
-        #noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
+        # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
         import argparse
     except ImportError:
         install_requires.append('argparse>=1.2.1')
@@ -56,10 +57,8 @@ if not 'bdist_wheel' in sys.argv:
 
 # bdist_wheel
 extras_require = {
-    # http://wheel.readthedocs.org/en/latest/#defining-conditional-dependencies
-    ':python_version == "2.6"'
-    ' or python_version == "3.0"'
-    ' or python_version == "3.1" ': ['argparse>=1.2.1'],
+    # https://wheel.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#defining-conditional-dependencies
+    'python_version == "3.0" or python_version == "3.1"': ['argparse>=1.2.1'],
     ':sys_platform == "win32"': ['colorama>=0.2.4'],
 }
 
@@ -68,20 +67,22 @@ def long_description():
     with codecs.open('README.rst', encoding='utf8') as f:
         return f.read()
 
+
 setup(
     name='httpie',
     version=httpie.__version__,
     description=httpie.__doc__.strip(),
     long_description=long_description(),
-    url='http://httpie.org/',
+    url='https://httpie.org/',
     download_url='https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie',
     author=httpie.__author__,
-    author_email='jakub@roztocil.name',
+    author_email='jakub@roztocil.co',
     license=httpie.__licence__,
     packages=find_packages(),
     entry_points={
         'console_scripts': [
             'http = httpie.__main__:main',
+            'https = httpie.__main__:main',
         ],
     },
     extras_require=extras_require,
@@ -91,14 +92,9 @@ setup(
     classifiers=[
         'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
         'Programming Language :: Python',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.6',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.1',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.2',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.3',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7',
         'Environment :: Console',
         'Intended Audience :: Developers',
         'Intended Audience :: System Administrators',

tests/conftest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+import pytest
+from pytest_httpbin import certs
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='function', autouse=True)
+def httpbin_add_ca_bundle(monkeypatch):
+    """
+    Make pytest-httpbin's CA trusted by default.
+
+    (Same as `httpbin_ca_bundle`, just auto-used.).
+
+    """
+    monkeypatch.setenv('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE', certs.where())
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='function')
+def httpbin_secure_untrusted(monkeypatch, httpbin_secure):
+    """
+    Like the `httpbin_secure` fixture, but without the
+    make-CA-trusted-by-default.
+
+    """
+    monkeypatch.delenv('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE')
+    return httpbin_secure

tests/fixtures/__init__.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def patharg(path):
     return path.replace('\\', '\\\\\\')
 
 
-FIXTURES_ROOT = path.join(path.abspath(path.dirname(__file__)), 'fixtures')
+FIXTURES_ROOT = path.join(path.abspath(path.dirname(__file__)))
 FILE_PATH = path.join(FIXTURES_ROOT, 'test.txt')
 JSON_FILE_PATH = path.join(FIXTURES_ROOT, 'test.json')
 BIN_FILE_PATH = path.join(FIXTURES_ROOT, 'test.bin')
@@ -38,4 +38,3 @@ with open(BIN_FILE_PATH, 'rb') as f:
     BIN_FILE_CONTENT = f.read()
 
 UNICODE = FILE_CONTENT
-

tests/test_auth.py

@@ -1,62 +1,109 @@
 """HTTP authentication-related tests."""
-import requests
+import mock
 import pytest
 
-from utils import http, add_auth, HTTP_OK, TestEnvironment
-import httpie.input
-import httpie.cli
+from httpie.plugins.builtin import HTTPBasicAuth
+from httpie.utils import ExplicitNullAuth
+from utils import http, add_auth, HTTP_OK, MockEnvironment
+import httpie.cli.constants
+import httpie.cli.definition
 
 
-class TestAuth:
-    def test_basic_auth(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--auth=user:password',
-                 'GET', httpbin.url + '/basic-auth/user/password')
+def test_basic_auth(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('--auth=user:password',
+             'GET', httpbin_both + '/basic-auth/user/password')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('argument_name', ['--auth-type', '-A'])
+def test_digest_auth(httpbin_both, argument_name):
+    r = http(argument_name + '=digest', '--auth=user:password',
+             'GET', httpbin_both.url + '/digest-auth/auth/user/password')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
+
+
+@mock.patch('httpie.cli.argtypes.AuthCredentials._getpass',
+            new=lambda self, prompt: 'password')
+def test_password_prompt(httpbin):
+    r = http('--auth', 'user',
+             'GET', httpbin.url + '/basic-auth/user/password')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
+
+
+def test_credentials_in_url(httpbin_both):
+    url = add_auth(httpbin_both.url + '/basic-auth/user/password',
+                   auth='user:password')
+    r = http('GET', url)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
+
+
+def test_credentials_in_url_auth_flag_has_priority(httpbin_both):
+    """When credentials are passed in URL and via -a at the same time,
+     then the ones from -a are used."""
+    url = add_auth(httpbin_both.url + '/basic-auth/user/password',
+                   auth='user:wrong')
+    r = http('--auth=user:password', 'GET', url)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('url', [
+    'username@example.org',
+    'username:@example.org',
+])
+def test_only_username_in_url(url):
+    """
+    https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/242
+
+    """
+    args = httpie.cli.definition.parser.parse_args(args=[url], env=MockEnvironment())
+    assert args.auth
+    assert args.auth.username == 'username'
+    assert args.auth.password == ''
+
+
+def test_missing_auth(httpbin):
+    r = http(
+        '--auth-type=basic',
+        'GET',
+        httpbin + '/basic-auth/user/password',
+        tolerate_error_exit_status=True
+    )
+    assert HTTP_OK not in r
+    assert '--auth required' in r.stderr
+
+
+def test_netrc(httpbin_both):
+    with mock.patch('requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth') as get_netrc_auth:
+        get_netrc_auth.return_value = ('httpie', 'password')
+        r = http(httpbin_both + '/basic-auth/httpie/password')
+        assert get_netrc_auth.call_count == 1
         assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
 
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(
-        requests.__version__ == '0.13.6',
-        reason='Redirects with prefetch=False are broken in Requests 0.13.6')
-    def test_digest_auth(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--auth-type=digest', '--auth=user:password',
-                 'GET', httpbin.url + '/digest-auth/auth/user/password')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
 
-    def test_password_prompt(self, httpbin):
-        httpie.input.AuthCredentials._getpass = lambda self, prompt: 'password'
-        r = http('--auth', 'user',
-                 'GET', httpbin.url + '/basic-auth/user/password')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
+def test_ignore_netrc(httpbin_both):
+    with mock.patch('requests.sessions.get_netrc_auth') as get_netrc_auth:
+        get_netrc_auth.return_value = ('httpie', 'password')
+        r = http('--ignore-netrc', httpbin_both + '/basic-auth/httpie/password')
+        assert get_netrc_auth.call_count == 0
+        assert 'HTTP/1.1 401 UNAUTHORIZED' in r
 
-    def test_credentials_in_url(self, httpbin):
-        url = add_auth(httpbin.url + '/basic-auth/user/password',
-                       auth='user:password')
-        r = http('GET', url)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
 
-    def test_credentials_in_url_auth_flag_has_priority(self, httpbin):
-        """When credentials are passed in URL and via -a at the same time,
-         then the ones from -a are used."""
-        url = add_auth(httpbin.url + '/basic-auth/user/password',
-                       auth='user:wrong')
-        r = http('--auth=user:password', 'GET', url)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
+def test_ignore_netrc_null_auth():
+    args = httpie.cli.definition.parser.parse_args(
+        args=['--ignore-netrc', 'example.org'],
+        env=MockEnvironment(),
+    )
+    assert isinstance(args.auth, ExplicitNullAuth)
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('url', [
-        'username@example.org',
-        'username:@example.org',
-    ])
-    def test_only_username_in_url(self, url):
-        """
-        https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/242
-
-        """
-        args = httpie.cli.parser.parse_args(args=[url], env=TestEnvironment())
-        assert args.auth
-        assert args.auth.key == 'username'
-        assert args.auth.value == ''
 
+def test_ignore_netrc_together_with_auth():
+    args = httpie.cli.definition.parser.parse_args(
+        args=['--ignore-netrc', '--auth=username:password', 'example.org'],
+        env=MockEnvironment(),
+    )
+    assert isinstance(args.auth, HTTPBasicAuth)

tests/test_auth_plugins.py

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+from mock import mock
+
+from httpie.cli.constants import SEPARATOR_CREDENTIALS
+from httpie.plugins import AuthPlugin, plugin_manager
+from utils import http, HTTP_OK
+
+# TODO: run all these tests in session mode as well
+
+USERNAME = 'user'
+PASSWORD = 'password'
+# Basic auth encoded `USERNAME` and `PASSWORD`
+# noinspection SpellCheckingInspection
+BASIC_AUTH_HEADER_VALUE = 'Basic dXNlcjpwYXNzd29yZA=='
+BASIC_AUTH_URL = '/basic-auth/{0}/{1}'.format(USERNAME, PASSWORD)
+AUTH_OK = {'authenticated': True, 'user': USERNAME}
+
+
+def basic_auth(header=BASIC_AUTH_HEADER_VALUE):
+
+    def inner(r):
+        r.headers['Authorization'] = header
+        return r
+
+    return inner
+
+
+def test_auth_plugin_parse_auth_false(httpbin):
+
+    class Plugin(AuthPlugin):
+        auth_type = 'test-parse-false'
+        auth_parse = False
+
+        def get_auth(self, username=None, password=None):
+            assert username is None
+            assert password is None
+            assert self.raw_auth == BASIC_AUTH_HEADER_VALUE
+            return basic_auth(self.raw_auth)
+
+    plugin_manager.register(Plugin)
+    try:
+        r = http(
+            httpbin + BASIC_AUTH_URL,
+            '--auth-type',
+            Plugin.auth_type,
+            '--auth',
+            BASIC_AUTH_HEADER_VALUE,
+        )
+        assert HTTP_OK in r
+        assert r.json == AUTH_OK
+    finally:
+        plugin_manager.unregister(Plugin)
+
+
+def test_auth_plugin_require_auth_false(httpbin):
+
+    class Plugin(AuthPlugin):
+        auth_type = 'test-require-false'
+        auth_require = False
+
+        def get_auth(self, username=None, password=None):
+            assert self.raw_auth is None
+            assert username is None
+            assert password is None
+            return basic_auth()
+
+    plugin_manager.register(Plugin)
+    try:
+        r = http(
+            httpbin + BASIC_AUTH_URL,
+            '--auth-type',
+            Plugin.auth_type,
+        )
+        assert HTTP_OK in r
+        assert r.json == AUTH_OK
+    finally:
+        plugin_manager.unregister(Plugin)
+
+
+def test_auth_plugin_require_auth_false_and_auth_provided(httpbin):
+
+    class Plugin(AuthPlugin):
+        auth_type = 'test-require-false-yet-provided'
+        auth_require = False
+
+        def get_auth(self, username=None, password=None):
+            assert self.raw_auth == USERNAME + SEPARATOR_CREDENTIALS + PASSWORD
+            assert username == USERNAME
+            assert password == PASSWORD
+            return basic_auth()
+
+    plugin_manager.register(Plugin)
+    try:
+        r = http(
+            httpbin + BASIC_AUTH_URL,
+            '--auth-type',
+            Plugin.auth_type,
+            '--auth',
+            USERNAME + SEPARATOR_CREDENTIALS + PASSWORD,
+        )
+        assert HTTP_OK in r
+        assert r.json == AUTH_OK
+    finally:
+        plugin_manager.unregister(Plugin)
+
+
+@mock.patch('httpie.cli.argtypes.AuthCredentials._getpass',
+            new=lambda self, prompt: 'UNEXPECTED_PROMPT_RESPONSE')
+def test_auth_plugin_prompt_password_false(httpbin):
+
+    class Plugin(AuthPlugin):
+        auth_type = 'test-prompt-false'
+        prompt_password = False
+
+        def get_auth(self, username=None, password=None):
+            assert self.raw_auth == USERNAME
+            assert username == USERNAME
+            assert password is None
+            return basic_auth()
+
+    plugin_manager.register(Plugin)
+
+    try:
+        r = http(
+            httpbin + BASIC_AUTH_URL,
+            '--auth-type',
+            Plugin.auth_type,
+            '--auth',
+            USERNAME,
+        )
+        assert HTTP_OK in r
+        assert r.json == AUTH_OK
+    finally:
+        plugin_manager.unregister(Plugin)

tests/test_binary.py

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 """Tests for dealing with binary request and response data."""
-from httpie.compat import urlopen
-from httpie.output.streams import BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE
-from utils import TestEnvironment, http
+import requests
+
 from fixtures import BIN_FILE_PATH, BIN_FILE_CONTENT, BIN_FILE_PATH_ARG
+from httpie.output.streams import BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE
+from utils import MockEnvironment, http
 
 
 class TestBinaryRequestData:
+
     def test_binary_stdin(self, httpbin):
         with open(BIN_FILE_PATH, 'rb') as stdin:
-            env = TestEnvironment(
+            env = MockEnvironment(
                 stdin=stdin,
                 stdin_isatty=False,
                 stdout_isatty=False
@@ -17,38 +19,32 @@ class TestBinaryRequestData:
             assert r == BIN_FILE_CONTENT
 
     def test_binary_file_path(self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
         r = http('--print=B', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post',
                  '@' + BIN_FILE_PATH_ARG, env=env, )
         assert r == BIN_FILE_CONTENT
 
     def test_binary_file_form(self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
         r = http('--print=B', '--form', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post',
                  'test@' + BIN_FILE_PATH_ARG, env=env)
         assert bytes(BIN_FILE_CONTENT) in bytes(r)
 
 
 class TestBinaryResponseData:
-    url = 'http://www.google.com/favicon.ico'
 
-    @property
-    def bindata(self):
-        if not hasattr(self, '_bindata'):
-            self._bindata = urlopen(self.url).read()
-        return self._bindata
-
-    def test_binary_suppresses_when_terminal(self):
-        r = http('GET', self.url)
+    def test_binary_suppresses_when_terminal(self, httpbin):
+        r = http('GET', httpbin + '/bytes/1024?seed=1')
         assert BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE.decode() in r
 
-    def test_binary_suppresses_when_not_terminal_but_pretty(self):
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
-        r = http('--pretty=all', 'GET', self.url,
-                 env=env)
+    def test_binary_suppresses_when_not_terminal_but_pretty(self, httpbin):
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
+        r = http('--pretty=all', 'GET', httpbin + '/bytes/1024?seed=1', env=env)
         assert BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE.decode() in r
 
-    def test_binary_included_and_correct_when_suitable(self):
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
-        r = http('GET', self.url, env=env)
-        assert r == self.bindata
+    def test_binary_included_and_correct_when_suitable(self, httpbin):
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
+        url = httpbin + '/bytes/1024?seed=1'
+        r = http('GET', url, env=env)
+        expected = requests.get(url).content
+        assert r == expected

tests/test_cli.py

@@ -1,42 +1,42 @@
 """CLI argument parsing related tests."""
-import json
-# noinspection PyCompatibility
 import argparse
+import json
 
 import pytest
 from requests.exceptions import InvalidSchema
 
-from httpie import input
-from httpie.input import KeyValue, KeyValueArgType, DataDict
-from httpie import ExitStatus
-from httpie.cli import parser
-from utils import TestEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK
+import httpie.cli.argparser
 from fixtures import (
-    FILE_PATH_ARG, JSON_FILE_PATH_ARG,
-    JSON_FILE_CONTENT, FILE_CONTENT, FILE_PATH
+    FILE_CONTENT, FILE_PATH, FILE_PATH_ARG, JSON_FILE_CONTENT,
+    JSON_FILE_PATH_ARG,
 )
+from httpie.status import ExitStatus
+from httpie.cli import constants
+from httpie.cli.definition import parser
+from httpie.cli.argtypes import KeyValueArg, KeyValueArgType
+from httpie.cli.requestitems import RequestItems
+from utils import HTTP_OK, MockEnvironment, http
 
 
 class TestItemParsing:
-
-    key_value = KeyValueArgType(*input.SEP_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS)
+    key_value_arg = KeyValueArgType(*constants.SEPARATOR_GROUP_ALL_ITEMS)
 
     def test_invalid_items(self):
         items = ['no-separator']
         for item in items:
-            pytest.raises(argparse.ArgumentTypeError, self.key_value, item)
+            pytest.raises(argparse.ArgumentTypeError, self.key_value_arg, item)
 
     def test_escape_separator(self):
-        items = input.parse_items([
+        items = RequestItems.from_args([
             # headers
-            self.key_value(r'foo\:bar:baz'),
-            self.key_value(r'jack\@jill:hill'),
+            self.key_value_arg(r'foo\:bar:baz'),
+            self.key_value_arg(r'jack\@jill:hill'),
 
             # data
-            self.key_value(r'baz\=bar=foo'),
+            self.key_value_arg(r'baz\=bar=foo'),
 
             # files
-            self.key_value(r'bar\@baz@%s' % FILE_PATH_ARG),
+            self.key_value_arg(r'bar\@baz@%s' % FILE_PATH_ARG),
         ])
         # `requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict` => `dict`
         headers = dict(items.headers._store.values())
@@ -45,45 +45,55 @@ class TestItemParsing:
             'foo:bar': 'baz',
             'jack@jill': 'hill',
         }
-        assert items.data == {'baz=bar': 'foo'}
+        assert items.data == {
+            'baz=bar': 'foo'
+        }
         assert 'bar@baz' in items.files
 
     @pytest.mark.parametrize(('string', 'key', 'sep', 'value'), [
-        ('path=c:\windows', 'path', '=', 'c:\windows'),
-        ('path=c:\windows\\', 'path', '=', 'c:\windows\\'),
-        ('path\==c:\windows', 'path=', '=', 'c:\windows'),
+        ('path=c:\\windows', 'path', '=', 'c:\\windows'),
+        ('path=c:\\windows\\', 'path', '=', 'c:\\windows\\'),
+        ('path\\==c:\\windows', 'path=', '=', 'c:\\windows'),
     ])
     def test_backslash_before_non_special_character_does_not_escape(
-            self, string, key, sep, value):
-        expected = KeyValue(orig=string, key=key, sep=sep, value=value)
-        actual = self.key_value(string)
+        self, string, key, sep, value
+    ):
+        expected = KeyValueArg(orig=string, key=key, sep=sep, value=value)
+        actual = self.key_value_arg(string)
         assert actual == expected
 
     def test_escape_longsep(self):
-        items = input.parse_items([
-            self.key_value(r'bob\:==foo'),
+        items = RequestItems.from_args([
+            self.key_value_arg(r'bob\:==foo'),
         ])
-        assert items.params == {'bob:': 'foo'}
+        assert items.params == {
+            'bob:': 'foo'
+        }
 
     def test_valid_items(self):
-        items = input.parse_items([
-            self.key_value('string=value'),
-            self.key_value('header:value'),
-            self.key_value('list:=["a", 1, {}, false]'),
-            self.key_value('obj:={"a": "b"}'),
-            self.key_value('eh:'),
-            self.key_value('ed='),
-            self.key_value('bool:=true'),
-            self.key_value('file@' + FILE_PATH_ARG),
-            self.key_value('query==value'),
-            self.key_value('string-embed=@' + FILE_PATH_ARG),
-            self.key_value('raw-json-embed:=@' + JSON_FILE_PATH_ARG),
+        items = RequestItems.from_args([
+            self.key_value_arg('string=value'),
+            self.key_value_arg('Header:value'),
+            self.key_value_arg('Unset-Header:'),
+            self.key_value_arg('Empty-Header;'),
+            self.key_value_arg('list:=["a", 1, {}, false]'),
+            self.key_value_arg('obj:={"a": "b"}'),
+            self.key_value_arg('ed='),
+            self.key_value_arg('bool:=true'),
+            self.key_value_arg('file@' + FILE_PATH_ARG),
+            self.key_value_arg('query==value'),
+            self.key_value_arg('string-embed=@' + FILE_PATH_ARG),
+            self.key_value_arg('raw-json-embed:=@' + JSON_FILE_PATH_ARG),
         ])
 
         # Parsed headers
         # `requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict` => `dict`
         headers = dict(items.headers._store.values())
-        assert headers == {'header': 'value', 'eh': ''}
+        assert headers == {
+            'Header': 'value',
+            'Unset-Header': None,
+            'Empty-Header': ''
+        }
 
         # Parsed data
         raw_json_embed = items.data.pop('raw-json-embed')
@@ -94,30 +104,36 @@ class TestItemParsing:
             "string": "value",
             "bool": True,
             "list": ["a", 1, {}, False],
-            "obj": {"a": "b"},
+            "obj": {
+                "a": "b"
+            },
             "string-embed": FILE_CONTENT,
         }
 
         # Parsed query string parameters
-        assert items.params == {'query': 'value'}
+        assert items.params == {
+            'query': 'value'
+        }
 
         # Parsed file fields
         assert 'file' in items.files
-        assert (items.files['file'][1].read().strip().decode('utf8')
-                == FILE_CONTENT)
+        assert (items.files['file'][1].read().strip().
+                decode('utf8') == FILE_CONTENT)
 
     def test_multiple_file_fields_with_same_field_name(self):
-        items = input.parse_items([
-            self.key_value('file_field@' + FILE_PATH_ARG),
-            self.key_value('file_field@' + FILE_PATH_ARG),
+        items = RequestItems.from_args([
+            self.key_value_arg('file_field@' + FILE_PATH_ARG),
+            self.key_value_arg('file_field@' + FILE_PATH_ARG),
         ])
         assert len(items.files['file_field']) == 2
 
     def test_multiple_text_fields_with_same_field_name(self):
-        items = input.parse_items(
-            [self.key_value('text_field=a'),
-             self.key_value('text_field=b')],
-            data_class=DataDict
+        items = RequestItems.from_args(
+            request_item_args=[
+                self.key_value_arg('text_field=a'),
+                self.key_value_arg('text_field=b')
+            ],
+            as_form=True,
         )
         assert items.data['text_field'] == ['a', 'b']
         assert list(items.data.items()) == [
@@ -154,46 +170,46 @@ class TestQuerystring:
         assert '"url": "%s"' % url in r
 
 
-class TestURLshorthand:
+class TestLocalhostShorthand:
     def test_expand_localhost_shorthand(self):
-        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':'], env=TestEnvironment())
+        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':'], env=MockEnvironment())
         assert args.url == 'http://localhost'
 
     def test_expand_localhost_shorthand_with_slash(self):
-        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':/'], env=TestEnvironment())
+        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':/'], env=MockEnvironment())
         assert args.url == 'http://localhost/'
 
     def test_expand_localhost_shorthand_with_port(self):
-        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':3000'], env=TestEnvironment())
+        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':3000'], env=MockEnvironment())
         assert args.url == 'http://localhost:3000'
 
     def test_expand_localhost_shorthand_with_path(self):
-        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':/path'], env=TestEnvironment())
+        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':/path'], env=MockEnvironment())
         assert args.url == 'http://localhost/path'
 
     def test_expand_localhost_shorthand_with_port_and_slash(self):
-        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':3000/'], env=TestEnvironment())
+        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':3000/'], env=MockEnvironment())
         assert args.url == 'http://localhost:3000/'
 
     def test_expand_localhost_shorthand_with_port_and_path(self):
-        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':3000/path'], env=TestEnvironment())
+        args = parser.parse_args(args=[':3000/path'], env=MockEnvironment())
         assert args.url == 'http://localhost:3000/path'
 
     def test_dont_expand_shorthand_ipv6_as_shorthand(self):
-        args = parser.parse_args(args=['::1'], env=TestEnvironment())
+        args = parser.parse_args(args=['::1'], env=MockEnvironment())
         assert args.url == 'http://::1'
 
     def test_dont_expand_longer_ipv6_as_shorthand(self):
         args = parser.parse_args(
             args=['::ffff:c000:0280'],
-            env=TestEnvironment()
+            env=MockEnvironment()
         )
         assert args.url == 'http://::ffff:c000:0280'
 
     def test_dont_expand_full_ipv6_as_shorthand(self):
         args = parser.parse_args(
             args=['0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001'],
-            env=TestEnvironment()
+            env=MockEnvironment()
         )
         assert args.url == 'http://0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001'
 
@@ -201,92 +217,80 @@ class TestURLshorthand:
 class TestArgumentParser:
 
     def setup_method(self, method):
-        self.parser = input.Parser()
+        self.parser = httpie.cli.argparser.HTTPieArgumentParser()
 
     def test_guess_when_method_set_and_valid(self):
         self.parser.args = argparse.Namespace()
         self.parser.args.method = 'GET'
         self.parser.args.url = 'http://example.com/'
-        self.parser.args.items = []
+        self.parser.args.request_items = []
         self.parser.args.ignore_stdin = False
-
-        self.parser.env = TestEnvironment()
-
+        self.parser.env = MockEnvironment()
         self.parser._guess_method()
-
         assert self.parser.args.method == 'GET'
         assert self.parser.args.url == 'http://example.com/'
-        assert self.parser.args.items == []
+        assert self.parser.args.request_items == []
 
     def test_guess_when_method_not_set(self):
         self.parser.args = argparse.Namespace()
         self.parser.args.method = None
         self.parser.args.url = 'http://example.com/'
-        self.parser.args.items = []
+        self.parser.args.request_items = []
         self.parser.args.ignore_stdin = False
-        self.parser.env = TestEnvironment()
-
+        self.parser.env = MockEnvironment()
         self.parser._guess_method()
-
         assert self.parser.args.method == 'GET'
         assert self.parser.args.url == 'http://example.com/'
-        assert self.parser.args.items == []
+        assert self.parser.args.request_items == []
 
     def test_guess_when_method_set_but_invalid_and_data_field(self):
         self.parser.args = argparse.Namespace()
         self.parser.args.method = 'http://example.com/'
         self.parser.args.url = 'data=field'
-        self.parser.args.items = []
+        self.parser.args.request_items = []
         self.parser.args.ignore_stdin = False
-        self.parser.env = TestEnvironment()
+        self.parser.env = MockEnvironment()
         self.parser._guess_method()
-
         assert self.parser.args.method == 'POST'
         assert self.parser.args.url == 'http://example.com/'
-        assert self.parser.args.items == [
-            KeyValue(key='data',
-                     value='field',
-                     sep='=',
-                     orig='data=field')
+        assert self.parser.args.request_items == [
+            KeyValueArg(key='data',
+                        value='field',
+                        sep='=',
+                        orig='data=field')
         ]
 
     def test_guess_when_method_set_but_invalid_and_header_field(self):
         self.parser.args = argparse.Namespace()
         self.parser.args.method = 'http://example.com/'
         self.parser.args.url = 'test:header'
-        self.parser.args.items = []
+        self.parser.args.request_items = []
         self.parser.args.ignore_stdin = False
-
-        self.parser.env = TestEnvironment()
-
+        self.parser.env = MockEnvironment()
         self.parser._guess_method()
-
         assert self.parser.args.method == 'GET'
         assert self.parser.args.url == 'http://example.com/'
-        assert self.parser.args.items, [
-            KeyValue(key='test',
-                     value='header',
-                     sep=':',
-                     orig='test:header')
+        assert self.parser.args.request_items, [
+            KeyValueArg(key='test',
+                        value='header',
+                        sep=':',
+                        orig='test:header')
         ]
 
     def test_guess_when_method_set_but_invalid_and_item_exists(self):
         self.parser.args = argparse.Namespace()
         self.parser.args.method = 'http://example.com/'
         self.parser.args.url = 'new_item=a'
-        self.parser.args.items = [
-            KeyValue(
+        self.parser.args.request_items = [
+            KeyValueArg(
                 key='old_item', value='b', sep='=', orig='old_item=b')
         ]
         self.parser.args.ignore_stdin = False
-
-        self.parser.env = TestEnvironment()
-
+        self.parser.env = MockEnvironment()
         self.parser._guess_method()
-
-        assert self.parser.args.items, [
-            KeyValue(key='new_item', value='a', sep='=', orig='new_item=a'),
-            KeyValue(
+        assert self.parser.args.request_items, [
+            KeyValueArg(key='new_item', value='a', sep='=', orig='new_item=a'),
+            KeyValueArg(
                 key='old_item', value='b', sep='=', orig='old_item=b'),
         ]
 
@@ -299,17 +303,17 @@ class TestNoOptions:
 
     def test_invalid_no_options(self, httpbin):
         r = http('--no-war', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
-                 error_exit_ok=True)
-        assert r.exit_status == 1
+                 tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR
         assert 'unrecognized arguments: --no-war' in r.stderr
         assert 'GET /get HTTP/1.1' not in r
 
 
-class TestIgnoreStdin:
+class TestStdin:
 
     def test_ignore_stdin(self, httpbin):
         with open(FILE_PATH) as f:
-            env = TestEnvironment(stdin=f, stdin_isatty=False)
+            env = MockEnvironment(stdin=f, stdin_isatty=False)
             r = http('--ignore-stdin', '--verbose', httpbin.url + '/get',
                      env=env)
         assert HTTP_OK in r
@@ -318,15 +322,33 @@ class TestIgnoreStdin:
 
     def test_ignore_stdin_cannot_prompt_password(self, httpbin):
         r = http('--ignore-stdin', '--auth=no-password', httpbin.url + '/get',
-                 error_exit_ok=True)
+                 tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
         assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR
         assert 'because --ignore-stdin' in r.stderr
 
+    def test_stdin_closed(self, httpbin):
+        r = http(httpbin + '/get', env=MockEnvironment(stdin=None))
+        assert HTTP_OK in r
+
 
 class TestSchemes:
 
-    def test_custom_scheme(self):
+    def test_invalid_custom_scheme(self):
         # InvalidSchema is expected because HTTPie
         # shouldn't touch a formally valid scheme.
         with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
             http('foo+bar-BAZ.123://bah')
+
+    def test_invalid_scheme_via_via_default_scheme(self):
+        # InvalidSchema is expected because HTTPie
+        # shouldn't touch a formally valid scheme.
+        with pytest.raises(InvalidSchema):
+            http('bah', '--default=scheme=foo+bar-BAZ.123')
+
+    def test_default_scheme_option(self, httpbin_secure):
+        url = '{0}:{1}'.format(httpbin_secure.host, httpbin_secure.port)
+        assert HTTP_OK in http(url, '--default-scheme=https')
+
+    def test_scheme_when_invoked_as_https(self, httpbin_secure):
+        url = '{0}:{1}'.format(httpbin_secure.host, httpbin_secure.port)
+        assert HTTP_OK in http(url, program_name='https')

tests/test_compress.py

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+"""
+We test against httpbin which doesn't return the request data in a
+consistent way:
+
+1. Non-form requests: the `data` field contains base64 encoded version of
+our zlib-encoded request data.
+
+2. Form requests: `form` contains a messed up version of the data.
+
+"""
+import base64
+import zlib
+
+from fixtures import FILE_PATH, FILE_CONTENT
+from utils import http, HTTP_OK, MockEnvironment
+
+
+def assert_decompressed_equal(base64_compressed_data, expected_str):
+    compressed_data = base64.b64decode(
+        base64_compressed_data.split(',', 1)[1])
+    data = zlib.decompress(compressed_data)
+    actual_str = data.decode()
+
+    # FIXME: contains a trailing linebreak with an uploaded file
+    actual_str = actual_str.rstrip()
+
+    assert actual_str == expected_str
+
+
+def test_compress_skip_negative_ratio(httpbin_both):
+    r = http(
+        '--compress',
+        httpbin_both + '/post',
+        'foo=bar',
+    )
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert 'Content-Encoding' not in r.json['headers']
+    assert r.json['json'] == {'foo': 'bar'}
+
+
+def test_compress_force_with_negative_ratio(httpbin_both):
+    r = http(
+        '--compress',
+        '--compress',
+        httpbin_both + '/post',
+        'foo=bar',
+    )
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['headers']['Content-Encoding'] == 'deflate'
+    assert_decompressed_equal(r.json['data'], '{"foo": "bar"}')
+
+
+def test_compress_json(httpbin_both):
+    r = http(
+        '--compress',
+        '--compress',
+        httpbin_both + '/post',
+        'foo=bar',
+    )
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['headers']['Content-Encoding'] == 'deflate'
+    assert_decompressed_equal(r.json['data'], '{"foo": "bar"}')
+    assert r.json['json'] is None
+
+
+def test_compress_form(httpbin_both):
+    r = http(
+        '--form',
+        '--compress',
+        '--compress',
+        httpbin_both + '/post',
+        'foo=bar',
+    )
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['headers']['Content-Encoding'] == 'deflate'
+    assert r.json['data'] == ""
+    assert '"foo": "bar"' not in r
+
+
+def test_compress_stdin(httpbin_both):
+    with open(FILE_PATH) as f:
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin=f, stdin_isatty=False)
+        r = http(
+            '--compress',
+            '--compress',
+            'PATCH',
+            httpbin_both + '/patch',
+            env=env,
+        )
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['headers']['Content-Encoding'] == 'deflate'
+    assert_decompressed_equal(r.json['data'], FILE_CONTENT.strip())
+    assert not r.json['json']
+
+
+def test_compress_file(httpbin_both):
+    r = http(
+        '--form',
+        '--compress',
+        '--compress',
+        'PUT',
+        httpbin_both + '/put',
+        'file@' + FILE_PATH,
+    )
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['headers']['Content-Encoding'] == 'deflate'
+    assert r.json['headers']['Content-Type'].startswith(
+        'multipart/form-data; boundary=')
+    assert r.json['files'] == {}
+    assert FILE_CONTENT not in r

tests/test_config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+import pytest
+
+from httpie.compat import is_windows
+from httpie.config import Config
+from utils import HTTP_OK, MockEnvironment, http
+
+
+def test_default_options(httpbin):
+    env = MockEnvironment()
+    env.config['default_options'] = ['--form']
+    env.config.save()
+    r = http(httpbin.url + '/post', 'foo=bar', env=env)
+    assert r.json['form'] == {
+        "foo": "bar"
+    }
+
+
+def test_config_file_not_valid(httpbin):
+    env = MockEnvironment()
+    env.create_temp_config_dir()
+    with (env.config_dir / Config.FILENAME).open('w') as f:
+        f.write('{invalid json}')
+    r = http(httpbin + '/get', env=env)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert 'http: warning' in r.stderr
+    assert 'invalid config file' in r.stderr
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(is_windows, reason='cannot chmod 000 on Windows')
+def test_config_file_inaccessible(httpbin):
+    env = MockEnvironment()
+    env.create_temp_config_dir()
+    config_path = env.config_dir / Config.FILENAME
+    assert not config_path.exists()
+    config_path.touch(0o000)
+    assert config_path.exists()
+    r = http(httpbin + '/get', env=env)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert 'http: warning' in r.stderr
+    assert 'cannot read config file' in r.stderr
+
+
+def test_default_options_overwrite(httpbin):
+    env = MockEnvironment()
+    env.config['default_options'] = ['--form']
+    env.config.save()
+    r = http('--json', httpbin.url + '/post', 'foo=bar', env=env)
+    assert r.json['json'] == {
+        "foo": "bar"
+    }

tests/test_defaults.py

@@ -2,10 +2,26 @@
 Tests for the provided defaults regarding HTTP method, and --json vs. --form.
 
 """
-from utils import TestEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK, no_content_type
+from httpie.client import JSON_ACCEPT
+from utils import MockEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK
 from fixtures import FILE_PATH
 
 
+def test_default_headers_case_insensitive(httpbin):
+    """
+    <https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/644>
+    """
+    r = http(
+        '--debug',
+        '--print=H',
+        httpbin.url + '/post',
+        'CONTENT-TYPE:application/json-patch+json',
+        'a=b',
+    )
+    assert 'CONTENT-TYPE: application/json-patch+json' in r
+    assert 'Content-Type' not in r
+
+
 class TestImplicitHTTPMethod:
     def test_implicit_GET(self, httpbin):
         r = http(httpbin.url + '/get')
@@ -28,7 +44,7 @@ class TestImplicitHTTPMethod:
 
     def test_implicit_POST_stdin(self, httpbin):
         with open(FILE_PATH) as f:
-            env = TestEnvironment(stdin_isatty=False, stdin=f)
+            env = MockEnvironment(stdin_isatty=False, stdin=f)
             r = http('--form', httpbin.url + '/post', env=env)
         assert HTTP_OK in r
 
@@ -46,7 +62,7 @@ class TestAutoContentTypeAndAcceptHeaders:
         r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/headers')
         assert HTTP_OK in r
         assert r.json['headers']['Accept'] == '*/*'
-        assert no_content_type(r.json['headers'])
+        assert 'Content-Type' not in r.json['headers']
 
     def test_POST_no_data_no_auto_headers(self, httpbin):
         # JSON headers shouldn't be automatically set for POST with no data.
@@ -58,20 +74,20 @@ class TestAutoContentTypeAndAcceptHeaders:
     def test_POST_with_data_auto_JSON_headers(self, httpbin):
         r = http('POST', httpbin.url + '/post', 'a=b')
         assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert '"Accept": "application/json"' in r
-        assert '"Content-Type": "application/json; charset=utf-8' in r
+        assert r.json['headers']['Accept'] == JSON_ACCEPT
+        assert r.json['headers']['Content-Type'] == 'application/json'
 
     def test_GET_with_data_auto_JSON_headers(self, httpbin):
         # JSON headers should automatically be set also for GET with data.
         r = http('POST', httpbin.url + '/post', 'a=b')
         assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert '"Accept": "application/json"' in r, r
-        assert '"Content-Type": "application/json; charset=utf-8' in r
+        assert r.json['headers']['Accept'] == JSON_ACCEPT
+        assert r.json['headers']['Content-Type'] == 'application/json'
 
     def test_POST_explicit_JSON_auto_JSON_accept(self, httpbin):
         r = http('--json', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post')
         assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['headers']['Accept'] == 'application/json'
+        assert r.json['headers']['Accept'] == JSON_ACCEPT
         # Make sure Content-Type gets set even with no data.
         # https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/137
         assert 'application/json' in r.json['headers']['Content-Type']
@@ -96,11 +112,11 @@ class TestAutoContentTypeAndAcceptHeaders:
         assert '"Content-Type": "application/xml"' in r
 
     def test_print_only_body_when_stdout_redirected_by_default(self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
         r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/get', env=env)
         assert 'HTTP/' not in r
 
     def test_print_overridable_when_stdout_redirected(self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
         r = http('--print=h', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get', env=env)
         assert HTTP_OK in r

tests/test_docs.py

@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
 import os
-import fnmatch
 import subprocess
+from glob import glob
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
 
 from utils import TESTS_ROOT
 
 
+SOURCE_DIRECTORIES = [
+    'extras',
+    'httpie',
+    'tests',
+]
+
+
 def has_docutils():
     try:
-        #noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
+        # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences,PyPackageRequirements
         import docutils
         return True
     except ImportError:
@@ -17,23 +25,41 @@ def has_docutils():
 
 
 def rst_filenames():
-    for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(os.path.dirname(TESTS_ROOT)):
-        if '.tox' not in root:
-            for filename in fnmatch.filter(filenames, '*.rst'):
-                yield os.path.join(root, filename)
+    cwd = os.getcwd()
+    os.chdir(TESTS_ROOT.parent)
+    try:
+        yield from glob('*.rst')
+        for directory in SOURCE_DIRECTORIES:
+            yield from glob(f'{directory}/**/*.rst', recursive=True)
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(cwd)
 
 
-filenames = list(rst_filenames())
+filenames = list(sorted(rst_filenames()))
 assert filenames
 
 
-@pytest.mark.skipif(not has_docutils(), reason='docutils not installed')
+# HACK: hardcoded paths, venv should be irrelevant, etc.
+# TODO: replaces the process with Python code
+VENV_BIN = Path(__file__).parent.parent / 'venv/bin'
+VENV_PYTHON = VENV_BIN / 'python'
+VENV_RST2PSEUDOXML = VENV_BIN / 'rst2pseudoxml.py'
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skipif(not os.path.exists(VENV_RST2PSEUDOXML), reason='docutils not installed')
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('filename', filenames)
 def test_rst_file_syntax(filename):
     p = subprocess.Popen(
-        ['rst2pseudoxml.py', '--report=1', '--exit-status=1', filename],
-         stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-         stdout=subprocess.PIPE
+        [
+            VENV_PYTHON,
+            VENV_RST2PSEUDOXML,
+            '--report=1',
+            '--exit-status=1',
+            filename,
+        ],
+        stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+        stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+        shell=True,
     )
     err = p.communicate()[1]
-    assert p.returncode == 0, err
+    assert p.returncode == 0, err.decode('utf8')

tests/test_downloads.py

@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
 import os
+import tempfile
 import time
+from urllib.request import urlopen
 
 import pytest
+import mock
 from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict
 
-from httpie.compat import urlopen
 from httpie.downloads import (
     parse_content_range, filename_from_content_disposition, filename_from_url,
-    get_unique_filename, ContentRangeError, Download,
+    get_unique_filename, ContentRangeError, Downloader,
 )
-from utils import http, TestEnvironment
+from utils import http, MockEnvironment
 
 
-class Response(object):
+class Response:
     # noinspection PyDefaultArgument
     def __init__(self, url, headers={}, status_code=200):
         self.url = url
@@ -21,6 +23,7 @@ class Response(object):
 
 
 class TestDownloadUtils:
+
     def test_Content_Range_parsing(self):
         parse = parse_content_range
 
@@ -74,7 +77,31 @@ class TestDownloadUtils:
             content_type='x-foo/bar'
         )
 
-    def test_unique_filename(self):
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        'orig_name, unique_on_attempt, expected',
+        [
+            # Simple
+            ('foo.bar', 0, 'foo.bar'),
+            ('foo.bar', 1, 'foo.bar-1'),
+            ('foo.bar', 10, 'foo.bar-10'),
+            # Trim
+            ('A' * 20, 0, 'A' * 10),
+            ('A' * 20, 1, 'A' * 8 + '-1'),
+            ('A' * 20, 10, 'A' * 7 + '-10'),
+            # Trim before ext
+            ('A' * 20 + '.txt', 0, 'A' * 6 + '.txt'),
+            ('A' * 20 + '.txt', 1, 'A' * 4 + '.txt-1'),
+            # Trim at the end
+            ('foo.' + 'A' * 20, 0, 'foo.' + 'A' * 6),
+            ('foo.' + 'A' * 20, 1, 'foo.' + 'A' * 4 + '-1'),
+            ('foo.' + 'A' * 20, 10, 'foo.' + 'A' * 3 + '-10'),
+        ]
+    )
+    @mock.patch('httpie.downloads.get_filename_max_length')
+    def test_unique_filename(self, get_filename_max_length,
+                             orig_name, unique_on_attempt,
+                             expected):
+
         def attempts(unique_on_attempt=0):
             # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences,PyUnusedLocal
             def exists(filename):
@@ -86,54 +113,79 @@ class TestDownloadUtils:
             exists.attempt = 0
             return exists
 
-        assert 'foo.bar' == get_unique_filename('foo.bar', attempts(0))
-        assert 'foo.bar-1' == get_unique_filename('foo.bar', attempts(1))
-        assert 'foo.bar-10' == get_unique_filename('foo.bar', attempts(10))
+        get_filename_max_length.return_value = 10
+
+        actual = get_unique_filename(orig_name, attempts(unique_on_attempt))
+        assert expected == actual
 
 
 class TestDownloads:
     # TODO: more tests
 
-    def test_actual_download(self, httpbin):
-        url = httpbin.url + '/robots.txt'
-        body = urlopen(url).read().decode()
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
-        r = http('--download', url, env=env)
+    def test_actual_download(self, httpbin_both, httpbin):
+        robots_txt = '/robots.txt'
+        body = urlopen(httpbin + robots_txt).read().decode()
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True, stdout_isatty=False)
+        r = http('--download', httpbin_both.url + robots_txt, env=env)
         assert 'Downloading' in r.stderr
         assert '[K' in r.stderr
         assert 'Done' in r.stderr
         assert body == r
 
-    def test_download_with_Content_Length(self, httpbin):
-        devnull = open(os.devnull, 'w')
-        download = Download(output_file=devnull, progress_file=devnull)
-        download.start(Response(
-            url=httpbin.url + '/',
-            headers={'Content-Length': 10}
-        ))
-        time.sleep(1.1)
-        download.chunk_downloaded(b'12345')
-        time.sleep(1.1)
-        download.chunk_downloaded(b'12345')
-        download.finish()
-        assert not download.interrupted
+    def test_download_with_Content_Length(self, httpbin_both):
+        with open(os.devnull, 'w') as devnull:
+            downloader = Downloader(output_file=devnull, progress_file=devnull)
+            downloader.start(
+                initial_url='/',
+                final_response=Response(
+                    url=httpbin_both.url + '/',
+                    headers={'Content-Length': 10}
+                )
+            )
+            time.sleep(1.1)
+            downloader.chunk_downloaded(b'12345')
+            time.sleep(1.1)
+            downloader.chunk_downloaded(b'12345')
+            downloader.finish()
+            assert not downloader.interrupted
+            downloader._progress_reporter.join()
 
-    def test_download_no_Content_Length(self, httpbin):
-        devnull = open(os.devnull, 'w')
-        download = Download(output_file=devnull, progress_file=devnull)
-        download.start(Response(url=httpbin.url + '/'))
-        time.sleep(1.1)
-        download.chunk_downloaded(b'12345')
-        download.finish()
-        assert not download.interrupted
+    def test_download_no_Content_Length(self, httpbin_both):
+        with open(os.devnull, 'w') as devnull:
+            downloader = Downloader(output_file=devnull, progress_file=devnull)
+            downloader.start(
+                final_response=Response(url=httpbin_both.url + '/'),
+                initial_url='/'
+            )
+            time.sleep(1.1)
+            downloader.chunk_downloaded(b'12345')
+            downloader.finish()
+            assert not downloader.interrupted
+            downloader._progress_reporter.join()
 
-    def test_download_interrupted(self, httpbin):
-        devnull = open(os.devnull, 'w')
-        download = Download(output_file=devnull, progress_file=devnull)
-        download.start(Response(
-            url=httpbin.url + '/',
-            headers={'Content-Length': 5}
-        ))
-        download.chunk_downloaded(b'1234')
-        download.finish()
-        assert download.interrupted
+    def test_download_interrupted(self, httpbin_both):
+        with open(os.devnull, 'w') as devnull:
+            downloader = Downloader(output_file=devnull, progress_file=devnull)
+            downloader.start(
+                final_response=Response(
+                    url=httpbin_both.url + '/',
+                    headers={'Content-Length': 5}
+                ),
+                initial_url='/'
+            )
+            downloader.chunk_downloaded(b'1234')
+            downloader.finish()
+            assert downloader.interrupted
+            downloader._progress_reporter.join()
+
+    def test_download_with_redirect_original_url_used_for_filename(self, httpbin):
+        # Redirect from `/redirect/1` to `/get`.
+        expected_filename = '1.json'
+        orig_cwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='httpie_download_test_'))
+        try:
+            assert os.listdir('.') == []
+            http('--download', httpbin.url + '/redirect/1')
+            assert os.listdir('.') == [expected_filename]
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(orig_cwd)

tests/test_errors.py

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import mock
+from pytest import raises
+from requests import Request
+from requests.exceptions import ConnectionError
+
+from httpie.status import ExitStatus
+from utils import HTTP_OK, http
+
+
+@mock.patch('httpie.core.program')
+def test_error(program):
+    exc = ConnectionError('Connection aborted')
+    exc.request = Request(method='GET', url='http://www.google.com')
+    program.side_effect = exc
+    r = http('www.google.com', tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR
+    error_msg = (
+        'ConnectionError: '
+        'Connection aborted while doing a GET request to URL: '
+        'http://www.google.com'
+    )
+    assert error_msg in r.stderr
+
+
+@mock.patch('httpie.core.program')
+def test_error_traceback(program):
+    exc = ConnectionError('Connection aborted')
+    exc.request = Request(method='GET', url='http://www.google.com')
+    program.side_effect = exc
+    with raises(ConnectionError):
+        http('--traceback', 'www.google.com')
+
+
+def test_max_headers_limit(httpbin_both):
+    with raises(ConnectionError) as e:
+        http('--max-headers=1', httpbin_both + '/get')
+    assert 'got more than 1 headers' in str(e.value)
+
+
+def test_max_headers_no_limit(httpbin_both):
+    assert HTTP_OK in http('--max-headers=0', httpbin_both + '/get')

tests/test_exit_status.py

@@ -1,63 +1,74 @@
-import requests
-import pytest
+import mock
 
-from httpie import ExitStatus
-from utils import TestEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK
+from httpie.status import ExitStatus
+from utils import MockEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK
 
 
-class TestExitStatus:
-    def test_ok_response_exits_0(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/status/200')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.OK
+def test_keyboard_interrupt_during_arg_parsing_exit_status(httpbin):
+    with mock.patch('httpie.cli.definition.parser.parse_args',
+                    side_effect=KeyboardInterrupt()):
+        r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/get', tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_CTRL_C
 
-    def test_error_response_exits_0_without_check_status(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/status/500')
-        assert '500 INTERNAL SERVER ERRO' in r
-        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.OK
-        assert not r.stderr
 
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(
-        tuple(map(int, requests.__version__.split('.'))) < (2, 3, 0),
-        reason='timeout broken in requests prior v2.3.0 (#185)'
-    )
-    def test_timeout_exit_status(self, httpbin):
+def test_keyboard_interrupt_in_program_exit_status(httpbin):
+    with mock.patch('httpie.core.program',
+                    side_effect=KeyboardInterrupt()):
+        r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/get', tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_CTRL_C
 
-        r = http('--timeout=0.5', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/delay/1',
-                 error_exit_ok=True)
-        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_TIMEOUT
 
-    def test_3xx_check_status_exits_3_and_stderr_when_stdout_redirected(
-            self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdout_isatty=False)
-        r = http('--check-status', '--headers',
-                 'GET', httpbin.url + '/status/301',
-                 env=env, error_exit_ok=True)
-        assert '301 MOVED PERMANENTLY' in r
-        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_3XX
-        assert '301 moved permanently' in r.stderr.lower()
+def test_ok_response_exits_0(httpbin):
+    r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/get')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.SUCCESS
 
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(
-        requests.__version__ == '0.13.6',
-        reason='Redirects with prefetch=False are broken in Requests 0.13.6')
-    def test_3xx_check_status_redirects_allowed_exits_0(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--check-status', '--follow',
-                 'GET', httpbin.url + '/status/301',
-                 error_exit_ok=True)
-        # The redirect will be followed so 200 is expected.
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.OK
 
-    def test_4xx_check_status_exits_4(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--check-status', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/status/401',
-                 error_exit_ok=True)
-        assert '401 UNAUTHORIZED' in r
-        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_4XX
-        # Also stderr should be empty since stdout isn't redirected.
-        assert not r.stderr
+def test_error_response_exits_0_without_check_status(httpbin):
+    r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/status/500')
+    assert '500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR' in r
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.SUCCESS
+    assert not r.stderr
 
-    def test_5xx_check_status_exits_5(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--check-status', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/status/500',
-                 error_exit_ok=True)
-        assert '500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR' in r
-        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_5XX
+
+def test_timeout_exit_status(httpbin):
+
+    r = http('--timeout=0.01', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/delay/0.5',
+             tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_TIMEOUT
+
+
+def test_3xx_check_status_exits_3_and_stderr_when_stdout_redirected(
+        httpbin):
+    env = MockEnvironment(stdout_isatty=False)
+    r = http('--check-status', '--headers',
+             'GET', httpbin.url + '/status/301',
+             env=env, tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+    assert '301 MOVED PERMANENTLY' in r
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_3XX
+    assert '301 moved permanently' in r.stderr.lower()
+
+
+def test_3xx_check_status_redirects_allowed_exits_0(httpbin):
+    r = http('--check-status', '--follow',
+             'GET', httpbin.url + '/status/301',
+             tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+    # The redirect will be followed so 200 is expected.
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.SUCCESS
+
+
+def test_4xx_check_status_exits_4(httpbin):
+    r = http('--check-status', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/status/401',
+             tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+    assert '401 UNAUTHORIZED' in r
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_4XX
+    # Also stderr should be empty since stdout isn't redirected.
+    assert not r.stderr
+
+
+def test_5xx_check_status_exits_5(httpbin):
+    r = http('--check-status', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/status/500',
+             tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+    assert '500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR' in r
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_HTTP_5XX

tests/test_httpie.py

@@ -1,79 +1,143 @@
 """High-level tests."""
+import io
+from unittest import mock
+
 import pytest
-from utils import TestEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK
+
+import httpie.__main__
+from httpie.context import Environment
+from httpie.status import ExitStatus
+from httpie.cli.exceptions import ParseError
+from utils import MockEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK
 from fixtures import FILE_PATH, FILE_CONTENT
 
 import httpie
-from httpie.compat import is_py26
 
 
-class TestHTTPie:
+def test_main_entry_point():
+    # Patch stdin to bypass pytest capture
+    with mock.patch.object(Environment, 'stdin', io.StringIO()):
+        with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+            httpie.__main__.main()
+        assert e.value.code == ExitStatus.ERROR
 
-    def test_debug(self):
-        r = http('--debug')
-        assert r.exit_status == httpie.ExitStatus.OK
-        assert 'HTTPie %s' % httpie.__version__ in r.stderr
-        assert 'HTTPie data:' in r.stderr
 
-    def test_help(self):
-        r = http('--help', error_exit_ok=True)
-        assert r.exit_status == httpie.ExitStatus.OK
-        assert 'https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues' in r
+@mock.patch('httpie.core.main')
+def test_main_entry_point_keyboard_interrupt(main):
+    main.side_effect = KeyboardInterrupt()
+    with mock.patch.object(Environment, 'stdin', io.StringIO()):
+        with pytest.raises(SystemExit) as e:
+            httpie.__main__.main()
+        assert e.value.code == ExitStatus.ERROR_CTRL_C
 
-    def test_version(self):
-        r = http('--version', error_exit_ok=True)
-        assert r.exit_status == httpie.ExitStatus.OK
-        # FIXME: py3 has version in stdout, py2 in stderr
-        assert httpie.__version__ == r.stderr.strip() + r.strip()
 
-    def test_GET(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/get')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
+def test_debug():
+    r = http('--debug')
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.SUCCESS
+    assert 'HTTPie %s' % httpie.__version__ in r.stderr
 
-    def test_DELETE(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('DELETE', httpbin.url + '/delete')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
 
-    def test_PUT(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('PUT', httpbin.url + '/put', 'foo=bar')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['json']['foo'] == 'bar'
+def test_help():
+    r = http('--help', tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.SUCCESS
+    assert 'https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues' in r
 
-    def test_POST_JSON_data(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('POST', httpbin.url + '/post', 'foo=bar')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['json']['foo'] == 'bar'
 
-    def test_POST_form(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--form', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', 'foo=bar')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert '"foo": "bar"' in r
+def test_version():
+    r = http('--version', tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.SUCCESS
+    # FIXME: py3 has version in stdout, py2 in stderr
+    assert httpie.__version__ == r.strip()
 
-    def test_POST_form_multiple_values(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--form', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', 'foo=bar', 'foo=baz')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['form'] == {'foo': ['bar', 'baz']}
 
-    def test_POST_stdin(self, httpbin):
-        with open(FILE_PATH) as f:
-            env = TestEnvironment(stdin=f, stdin_isatty=False)
-            r = http('--form', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', env=env)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert FILE_CONTENT in r
+def test_GET(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('GET', httpbin_both + '/get')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
 
-    def test_headers(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/headers', 'Foo:bar')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert '"User-Agent": "HTTPie' in r, r
-        assert '"Foo": "bar"' in r
 
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(
-        is_py26,
-        reason='the `object_pairs_hook` arg for `json.loads()` is Py>2.6 only'
-    )
-    def test_json_input_preserve_order(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('PATCH', httpbin.url + '/patch',
-                 'order:={"map":{"1":"first","2":"second"}}')
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['data'] == \
-            '{"order": {"map": {"1": "first", "2": "second"}}}'
+def test_DELETE(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('DELETE', httpbin_both + '/delete')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+
+
+def test_PUT(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('PUT', httpbin_both + '/put', 'foo=bar')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['json']['foo'] == 'bar'
+
+
+def test_POST_JSON_data(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('POST', httpbin_both + '/post', 'foo=bar')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['json']['foo'] == 'bar'
+
+
+def test_POST_form(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('--form', 'POST', httpbin_both + '/post', 'foo=bar')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert '"foo": "bar"' in r
+
+
+def test_POST_form_multiple_values(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('--form', 'POST', httpbin_both + '/post', 'foo=bar', 'foo=baz')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['form'] == {'foo': ['bar', 'baz']}
+
+
+def test_POST_stdin(httpbin_both):
+    with open(FILE_PATH) as f:
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin=f, stdin_isatty=False)
+        r = http('--form', 'POST', httpbin_both + '/post', env=env)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert FILE_CONTENT in r
+
+
+def test_POST_file(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('--form', 'POST', httpbin_both + '/post', 'file@' + FILE_PATH)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert FILE_CONTENT in r
+
+
+def test_headers(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('GET', httpbin_both + '/headers', 'Foo:bar')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert '"User-Agent": "HTTPie' in r, r
+    assert '"Foo": "bar"' in r
+
+
+def test_headers_unset(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('GET', httpbin_both + '/headers')
+    assert 'Accept' in r.json['headers']  # default Accept present
+
+    r = http('GET', httpbin_both + '/headers', 'Accept:')
+    assert 'Accept' not in r.json['headers']   # default Accept unset
+
+
+@pytest.mark.skip('unimplemented')
+def test_unset_host_header(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('GET', httpbin_both + '/headers')
+    assert 'Host' in r.json['headers']  # default Host present
+
+    r = http('GET', httpbin_both + '/headers', 'Host:')
+    assert 'Host' not in r.json['headers']   # default Host unset
+
+
+def test_headers_empty_value(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('GET', httpbin_both + '/headers')
+    assert r.json['headers']['Accept']  # default Accept has value
+
+    r = http('GET', httpbin_both + '/headers', 'Accept;')
+    assert r.json['headers']['Accept'] == ''   # Accept has no value
+
+
+def test_headers_empty_value_with_value_gives_error(httpbin):
+    with pytest.raises(ParseError):
+        http('GET', httpbin + '/headers', 'Accept;SYNTAX_ERROR')
+
+
+def test_json_input_preserve_order(httpbin_both):
+    r = http('PATCH', httpbin_both + '/patch',
+             'order:={"map":{"1":"first","2":"second"}}')
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['data'] == \
+        '{"order": {"map": {"1": "first", "2": "second"}}}'

tests/test_output.py

@@ -1,10 +1,30 @@
+import os
+from tempfile import gettempdir
+from urllib.request import urlopen
+
 import pytest
 
-from utils import TestEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK, COLOR, CRLF
-from httpie import ExitStatus
+from utils import MockEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK, COLOR, CRLF
+from httpie.status import ExitStatus
 from httpie.output.formatters.colors import get_lexer
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('stdout_isatty', [True, False])
+def test_output_option(httpbin, stdout_isatty):
+    output_filename = os.path.join(gettempdir(), test_output_option.__name__)
+    url = httpbin + '/robots.txt'
+
+    r = http('--output', output_filename, url,
+             env=MockEnvironment(stdout_isatty=stdout_isatty))
+    assert r == ''
+
+    expected_body = urlopen(url).read().decode()
+    with open(output_filename, 'r') as f:
+        actual_body = f.read()
+
+    assert actual_body == expected_body
+
+
 class TestVerboseFlag:
     def test_verbose(self, httpbin):
         r = http('--verbose',
@@ -25,25 +45,38 @@ class TestVerboseFlag:
         assert HTTP_OK in r
         assert '"baz": "bar"' in r
 
+    def test_verbose_implies_all(self, httpbin):
+        r = http('--verbose', '--follow', httpbin + '/redirect/1')
+        assert 'GET /redirect/1 HTTP/1.1' in r
+        assert 'HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND' in r
+        assert 'GET /get HTTP/1.1' in r
+        assert HTTP_OK in r
+
 
 class TestColors:
 
-    @pytest.mark.parametrize('mime', [
-        'application/json',
-        'application/json+foo',
-        'application/foo+json',
-        'application/json-foo',
-        'application/x-json',
-        'foo/json',
-        'foo/json+bar',
-        'foo/bar+json',
-        'foo/json-foo',
-        'foo/x-json',
-    ])
-    def test_get_lexer(self, mime):
-        lexer = get_lexer(mime)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        argnames=['mime', 'explicit_json', 'body', 'expected_lexer_name'],
+        argvalues=[
+            ('application/json',     False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('application/json+foo', False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('application/foo+json', False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('application/json-foo', False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('application/x-json',   False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('foo/json',             False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('foo/json+bar',         False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('foo/bar+json',         False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('foo/json-foo',         False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('foo/x-json',           False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('application/vnd.comverge.grid+hal+json', False, None, 'JSON'),
+            ('text/plain',           True, '{}', 'JSON'),
+            ('text/plain',           True, 'foo', 'Text only'),
+        ]
+    )
+    def test_get_lexer(self, mime, explicit_json, body, expected_lexer_name):
+        lexer = get_lexer(mime, body=body, explicit_json=explicit_json)
         assert lexer is not None
-        assert lexer.name == 'JSON'
+        assert lexer.name == expected_lexer_name
 
     def test_get_lexer_not_found(self):
         assert get_lexer('xxx/yyy') is None
@@ -53,7 +86,7 @@ class TestPrettyOptions:
     """Test the --pretty flag handling."""
 
     def test_pretty_enabled_by_default(self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(colors=256)
+        env = MockEnvironment(colors=256)
         r = http('GET', httpbin.url + '/get', env=env)
         assert COLOR in r
 
@@ -62,7 +95,7 @@ class TestPrettyOptions:
         assert COLOR not in r
 
     def test_force_pretty(self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdout_isatty=False, colors=256)
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdout_isatty=False, colors=256)
         r = http('--pretty=all', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get', env=env, )
         assert COLOR in r
 
@@ -75,13 +108,13 @@ class TestPrettyOptions:
         match any lexer.
 
         """
-        env = TestEnvironment(colors=256)
+        env = MockEnvironment(colors=256)
         r = http('--print=B', '--pretty=all', httpbin.url + '/post',
                  'Content-Type:text/foo+json', 'a=b', env=env)
         assert COLOR in r
 
     def test_colors_option(self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(colors=256)
+        env = MockEnvironment(colors=256)
         r = http('--print=B', '--pretty=colors',
                  'GET', httpbin.url + '/get', 'a=b',
                  env=env)
@@ -90,7 +123,7 @@ class TestPrettyOptions:
         assert COLOR in r
 
     def test_format_option(self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(colors=256)
+        env = MockEnvironment(colors=256)
         r = http('--print=B', '--pretty=format',
                  'GET', httpbin.url + '/get', 'a=b',
                  env=env)
@@ -128,7 +161,7 @@ class TestLineEndings:
 
     def test_CRLF_formatted_response(self, httpbin):
         r = http('--pretty=format', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get')
-        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.OK
+        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.SUCCESS
         self._validate_crlf(r)
 
     def test_CRLF_ugly_request(self, httpbin):

tests/test_redirects.py

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+"""High-level tests."""
+import pytest
+
+from httpie.status import ExitStatus
+from utils import http, HTTP_OK
+
+
+def test_follow_all_redirects_shown(httpbin):
+    r = http('--follow', '--all', httpbin.url + '/redirect/2')
+    assert r.count('HTTP/1.1') == 3
+    assert r.count('HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND', 2)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('follow_flag', ['--follow', '-F'])
+def test_follow_without_all_redirects_hidden(httpbin, follow_flag):
+    r = http(follow_flag, httpbin.url + '/redirect/2')
+    assert r.count('HTTP/1.1') == 1
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+
+
+def test_follow_all_output_options_used_for_redirects(httpbin):
+    r = http('--check-status',
+             '--follow',
+             '--all',
+             '--print=H',
+             httpbin.url + '/redirect/2')
+    assert r.count('GET /') == 3
+    assert HTTP_OK not in r
+
+#
+# def test_follow_redirect_output_options(httpbin):
+#     r = http('--check-status',
+#              '--follow',
+#              '--all',
+#              '--print=h',
+#              '--history-print=H',
+#              httpbin.url + '/redirect/2')
+#     assert r.count('GET /') == 2
+#     assert 'HTTP/1.1 302 FOUND' not in r
+#     assert HTTP_OK in r
+#
+
+
+def test_max_redirects(httpbin):
+    r = http(
+        '--max-redirects=1',
+        '--follow',
+        httpbin.url + '/redirect/3',
+        tolerate_error_exit_status=True,
+    )
+    assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR_TOO_MANY_REDIRECTS

tests/test_sessions.py

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 # coding=utf-8
 import os
 import shutil
+import sys
+from tempfile import gettempdir
+
+import pytest
 
 from httpie.plugins.builtin import HTTPBasicAuth
-from utils import TestEnvironment, mk_config_dir, http, HTTP_OK, \
-    no_content_type
+from utils import MockEnvironment, mk_config_dir, http, HTTP_OK
 from fixtures import UNICODE
 
 
-class SessionTestBase(object):
+class SessionTestBase:
 
     def start_session(self, httpbin):
         """Create and reuse a unique config dir for each test."""
@@ -21,12 +24,12 @@ class SessionTestBase(object):
         """
         Return an environment.
 
-        Each environment created withing a test method
+        Each environment created within a test method
         will share the same config_dir. It is necessary
         for session files being reused.
 
         """
-        return TestEnvironment(config_dir=self.config_dir)
+        return MockEnvironment(config_dir=self.config_dir)
 
 
 class TestSessionFlow(SessionTestBase):
@@ -41,11 +44,16 @@ class TestSessionFlow(SessionTestBase):
         authorization, and response cookies.
 
         """
-        super(TestSessionFlow, self).start_session(httpbin)
-        r1 = http('--follow', '--session=test', '--auth=username:password',
-                  'GET', httpbin.url + '/cookies/set?hello=world',
-                  'Hello:World',
-                  env=self.env())
+        super().start_session(httpbin)
+        r1 = http(
+            '--follow',
+            '--session=test',
+            '--auth=username:password',
+            'GET',
+            httpbin.url + '/cookies/set?hello=world',
+            'Hello:World',
+            env=self.env()
+        )
         assert HTTP_OK in r1
 
     def test_session_created_and_reused(self, httpbin):
@@ -61,27 +69,31 @@ class TestSessionFlow(SessionTestBase):
     def test_session_update(self, httpbin):
         self.start_session(httpbin)
         # Get a response to a request from the original session.
-        r2 = http('--session=test', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get', env=self.env())
+        r2 = http('--session=test', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
+                  env=self.env())
         assert HTTP_OK in r2
 
         # Make a request modifying the session data.
         r3 = http('--follow', '--session=test', '--auth=username:password2',
-                  'GET', httpbin.url + '/cookies/set?hello=world2', 'Hello:World2',
+                  'GET', httpbin.url + '/cookies/set?hello=world2',
+                  'Hello:World2',
                   env=self.env())
         assert HTTP_OK in r3
 
         # Get a response to a request from the updated session.
-        r4 = http('--session=test', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get', env=self.env())
+        r4 = http('--session=test', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
+                  env=self.env())
         assert HTTP_OK in r4
         assert r4.json['headers']['Hello'] == 'World2'
         assert r4.json['headers']['Cookie'] == 'hello=world2'
-        assert (r2.json['headers']['Authorization'] !=
-                r4.json['headers']['Authorization'])
+        assert (r2.json['headers']['Authorization']
+                != r4.json['headers']['Authorization'])
 
     def test_session_read_only(self, httpbin):
         self.start_session(httpbin)
         # Get a response from the original session.
-        r2 = http('--session=test', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get', env=self.env())
+        r2 = http('--session=test', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
+                  env=self.env())
         assert HTTP_OK in r2
 
         # Make a request modifying the session data but
@@ -93,7 +105,8 @@ class TestSessionFlow(SessionTestBase):
         assert HTTP_OK in r3
 
         # Get a response from the updated session.
-        r4 = http('--session=test', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get', env=self.env())
+        r4 = http('--session=test', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
+                  env=self.env())
         assert HTTP_OK in r4
 
         # Origin can differ on Travis.
@@ -114,20 +127,20 @@ class TestSession(SessionTestBase):
                   'If-Unmodified-Since: Sat, 29 Oct 1994 19:43:31 GMT',
                   env=self.env())
         assert HTTP_OK in r1
-
-        r2 = http('--session=test', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get', env=self.env())
+        r2 = http('--session=test', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
+                  env=self.env())
         assert HTTP_OK in r2
-        assert no_content_type(r2.json['headers'])
+        assert 'Content-Type' not in r2.json['headers']
         assert 'If-Unmodified-Since' not in r2.json['headers']
 
     def test_session_by_path(self, httpbin):
         self.start_session(httpbin)
-        session_path = os.path.join(self.config_dir, 'session-by-path.json')
-        r1 = http('--session=' + session_path, 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
+        session_path = self.config_dir / 'session-by-path.json'
+        r1 = http('--session', str(session_path), 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
                   'Foo:Bar', env=self.env())
         assert HTTP_OK in r1
 
-        r2 = http('--session=' + session_path, 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
+        r2 = http('--session', str(session_path), 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
                   env=self.env())
         assert HTTP_OK in r2
         assert r2.json['headers']['Foo'] == 'Bar'
@@ -162,3 +175,14 @@ class TestSession(SessionTestBase):
         r2 = http('--session=test', httpbin.url + '/headers', env=self.env())
         assert HTTP_OK in r2
         assert r2.json['headers']['User-Agent'] == 'custom'
+
+    def test_download_in_session(self, httpbin):
+        # https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/412
+        self.start_session(httpbin)
+        cwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(gettempdir())
+        try:
+            http('--session=test', '--download',
+                 httpbin.url + '/get', env=self.env())
+        finally:
+            os.chdir(cwd)

tests/test_ssl.py

@@ -2,78 +2,114 @@ import os
 
 import pytest
 import pytest_httpbin.certs
-from requests.exceptions import SSLError
+import requests.exceptions
 
-from httpie import ExitStatus
-from utils import http, HTTP_OK, TESTS_ROOT
+from httpie.status import ExitStatus
+from httpie.cli.constants import SSL_VERSION_ARG_MAPPING
+from utils import HTTP_OK, TESTS_ROOT, http
+
+
+try:
+    # Handle OpenSSL errors, if installed.
+    # See <https://github.com/jakubroztocil/httpie/issues/729>
+    # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
+    import OpenSSL.SSL
+    ssl_errors = (
+        requests.exceptions.SSLError,
+        OpenSSL.SSL.Error,
+    )
+except ImportError:
+    ssl_errors = (
+        requests.exceptions.SSLError,
+    )
 
 
 CLIENT_CERT = os.path.join(TESTS_ROOT, 'client_certs', 'client.crt')
 CLIENT_KEY = os.path.join(TESTS_ROOT, 'client_certs', 'client.key')
 CLIENT_PEM = os.path.join(TESTS_ROOT, 'client_certs', 'client.pem')
-
+# FIXME:
 # We test against a local httpbin instance which uses a self-signed cert.
 # Requests without --verify=<CA_BUNDLE> will fail with a verification error.
 # See: https://github.com/kevin1024/pytest-httpbin#https-support
 CA_BUNDLE = pytest_httpbin.certs.where()
 
 
-class TestClientSSLCertHandling(object):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('ssl_version', SSL_VERSION_ARG_MAPPING.keys())
+def test_ssl_version(httpbin_secure, ssl_version):
+    try:
+        r = http(
+            '--ssl', ssl_version,
+            httpbin_secure + '/get'
+        )
+        assert HTTP_OK in r
+    except ssl_errors as e:
+        if ssl_version == 'ssl3':
+            # pytest-httpbin doesn't support ssl3
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise
 
-    def test_cert_file_not_found(self, httpbin_secure):
-        r = http(httpbin_secure + '/get',
-                 '--verify', CA_BUNDLE,
-                 '--cert', '/__not_found__',
-                 error_exit_ok=True)
-        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR
-        assert 'No such file or directory' in r.stderr
 
-    def test_cert_file_invalid(self, httpbin_secure):
-        with pytest.raises(SSLError):
-            http(httpbin_secure + '/get',
-                 '--verify', CA_BUNDLE,
-                 '--cert', __file__)
-
-    def test_cert_ok_but_missing_key(self, httpbin_secure):
-        with pytest.raises(SSLError):
-            http(httpbin_secure + '/get',
-                 '--verify', CA_BUNDLE,
-                 '--cert', CLIENT_CERT)
+class TestClientCert:
 
     def test_cert_and_key(self, httpbin_secure):
         r = http(httpbin_secure + '/get',
-                 '--verify', CA_BUNDLE,
                  '--cert', CLIENT_CERT,
                  '--cert-key', CLIENT_KEY)
         assert HTTP_OK in r
 
     def test_cert_pem(self, httpbin_secure):
         r = http(httpbin_secure + '/get',
-                 '--verify', CA_BUNDLE,
                  '--cert', CLIENT_PEM)
         assert HTTP_OK in r
 
+    def test_cert_file_not_found(self, httpbin_secure):
+        r = http(httpbin_secure + '/get',
+                 '--cert', '/__not_found__',
+                 tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
+        assert r.exit_status == ExitStatus.ERROR
+        assert 'No such file or directory' in r.stderr
 
-class TestServerSSLCertHandling(object):
+    def test_cert_file_invalid(self, httpbin_secure):
+        with pytest.raises(ssl_errors):
+            http(httpbin_secure + '/get',
+                 '--cert', __file__)
 
-    def test_self_signed_server_cert_by_default_raises_ssl_error(
-            self, httpbin_secure):
-        with pytest.raises(SSLError):
-            http(httpbin_secure.url + '/get')
+    def test_cert_ok_but_missing_key(self, httpbin_secure):
+        with pytest.raises(ssl_errors):
+            http(httpbin_secure + '/get',
+                 '--cert', CLIENT_CERT)
+
+
+class TestServerCert:
 
     def test_verify_no_OK(self, httpbin_secure):
         r = http(httpbin_secure.url + '/get', '--verify=no')
         assert HTTP_OK in r
 
-    def test_verify_custom_ca_bundle_path(
-            self, httpbin_secure):
-        r = http(httpbin_secure.url + '/get', '--verify', CA_BUNDLE)
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize('verify_value', ['false', 'fALse'])
+    def test_verify_false_OK(self, httpbin_secure, verify_value):
+        r = http(httpbin_secure.url + '/get', '--verify', verify_value)
         assert HTTP_OK in r
 
+    def test_verify_custom_ca_bundle_path(
+        self, httpbin_secure_untrusted
+    ):
+        r = http(httpbin_secure_untrusted + '/get', '--verify', CA_BUNDLE)
+        assert HTTP_OK in r
+
+    def test_self_signed_server_cert_by_default_raises_ssl_error(
+        self,
+        httpbin_secure_untrusted
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(ssl_errors):
+            http(httpbin_secure_untrusted.url + '/get')
+
     def test_verify_custom_ca_bundle_invalid_path(self, httpbin_secure):
-        with pytest.raises(SSLError):
+        # since 2.14.0 requests raises IOError
+        with pytest.raises(ssl_errors + (IOError,)):
             http(httpbin_secure.url + '/get', '--verify', '/__not_found__')
 
     def test_verify_custom_ca_bundle_invalid_bundle(self, httpbin_secure):
-        with pytest.raises(SSLError):
+        with pytest.raises(ssl_errors):
             http(httpbin_secure.url + '/get', '--verify', __file__)

tests/test_stream.py

@@ -2,41 +2,43 @@ import pytest
 
 from httpie.compat import is_windows
 from httpie.output.streams import BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE
-from utils import http, TestEnvironment
+from utils import http, MockEnvironment
 from fixtures import BIN_FILE_CONTENT, BIN_FILE_PATH
 
 
-class TestStream:
-    # GET because httpbin 500s with binary POST body.
+# GET because httpbin 500s with binary POST body.
 
-    @pytest.mark.skipif(is_windows,
-                        reason='Pretty redirect not supported under Windows')
-    def test_pretty_redirected_stream(self, httpbin):
-        """Test that --stream works with prettified redirected output."""
-        with open(BIN_FILE_PATH, 'rb') as f:
-            env = TestEnvironment(colors=256, stdin=f,
-                                  stdin_isatty=False,
-                                  stdout_isatty=False)
-            r = http('--verbose', '--pretty=all', '--stream', 'GET',
-                     httpbin.url + '/get', env=env)
-        assert BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE.decode() in r
 
-    def test_encoded_stream(self, httpbin):
-        """Test that --stream works with non-prettified
-        redirected terminal output."""
-        with open(BIN_FILE_PATH, 'rb') as f:
-            env = TestEnvironment(stdin=f, stdin_isatty=False)
-            r = http('--pretty=none', '--stream', '--verbose', 'GET',
-                     httpbin.url + '/get', env=env)
-        assert BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE.decode() in r
+@pytest.mark.skipif(is_windows,
+                    reason='Pretty redirect not supported under Windows')
+def test_pretty_redirected_stream(httpbin):
+    """Test that --stream works with prettified redirected output."""
+    with open(BIN_FILE_PATH, 'rb') as f:
+        env = MockEnvironment(colors=256, stdin=f,
+                              stdin_isatty=False,
+                              stdout_isatty=False)
+        r = http('--verbose', '--pretty=all', '--stream', 'GET',
+                 httpbin.url + '/get', env=env)
+    assert BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE.decode() in r
 
-    def test_redirected_stream(self, httpbin):
-        """Test that --stream works with non-prettified
-        redirected terminal output."""
-        with open(BIN_FILE_PATH, 'rb') as f:
-            env = TestEnvironment(stdout_isatty=False,
-                                  stdin_isatty=False,
-                                  stdin=f)
-            r = http('--pretty=none', '--stream', '--verbose', 'GET',
-                     httpbin.url + '/get', env=env)
-        assert BIN_FILE_CONTENT in r
+
+def test_encoded_stream(httpbin):
+    """Test that --stream works with non-prettified
+    redirected terminal output."""
+    with open(BIN_FILE_PATH, 'rb') as f:
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin=f, stdin_isatty=False)
+        r = http('--pretty=none', '--stream', '--verbose', 'GET',
+                 httpbin.url + '/get', env=env)
+    assert BINARY_SUPPRESSED_NOTICE.decode() in r
+
+
+def test_redirected_stream(httpbin):
+    """Test that --stream works with non-prettified
+    redirected terminal output."""
+    with open(BIN_FILE_PATH, 'rb') as f:
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdout_isatty=False,
+                              stdin_isatty=False,
+                              stdin=f)
+        r = http('--pretty=none', '--stream', '--verbose', 'GET',
+                 httpbin.url + '/get', env=env)
+    assert BIN_FILE_CONTENT in r

tests/test_unicode.py

@@ -7,81 +7,91 @@ from utils import http, HTTP_OK
 from fixtures import UNICODE
 
 
-class TestUnicode:
+def test_unicode_headers(httpbin):
+    # httpbin doesn't interpret utf8 headers
+    r = http(httpbin.url + '/headers', u'Test:%s' % UNICODE)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
 
-    def test_unicode_headers(self, httpbin):
-        # httpbin doesn't interpret utf8 headers
-        r = http(httpbin.url + '/headers', u'Test:%s' % UNICODE)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
 
-    def test_unicode_headers_verbose(self, httpbin):
-        # httpbin doesn't interpret utf8 headers
-        r = http('--verbose', httpbin.url + '/headers', u'Test:%s' % UNICODE)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert UNICODE in r
+def test_unicode_headers_verbose(httpbin):
+    # httpbin doesn't interpret utf8 headers
+    r = http('--verbose', httpbin.url + '/headers', u'Test:%s' % UNICODE)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert UNICODE in r
 
-    def test_unicode_form_item(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--form', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', u'test=%s' % UNICODE)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['form'] == {'test': UNICODE}
 
-    def test_unicode_form_item_verbose(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--verbose', '--form',
-                 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', u'test=%s' % UNICODE)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert UNICODE in r
+def test_unicode_form_item(httpbin):
+    r = http('--form', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', u'test=%s' % UNICODE)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['form'] == {'test': UNICODE}
 
-    def test_unicode_json_item(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--json', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', u'test=%s' % UNICODE)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['json'] == {'test': UNICODE}
 
-    def test_unicode_json_item_verbose(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--verbose', '--json',
-                 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', u'test=%s' % UNICODE)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert UNICODE in r
+def test_unicode_form_item_verbose(httpbin):
+    r = http('--verbose', '--form',
+             'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', u'test=%s' % UNICODE)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert UNICODE in r
 
-    def test_unicode_raw_json_item(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--json', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post',
-                 u'test:={ "%s" : [ "%s" ] }' % (UNICODE, UNICODE))
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['json'] == {'test': {UNICODE: [UNICODE]}}
 
-    def test_unicode_raw_json_item_verbose(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--json', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post',
-                 u'test:={ "%s" : [ "%s" ] }' % (UNICODE, UNICODE))
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['json'] == {'test': {UNICODE: [UNICODE]}}
+def test_unicode_json_item(httpbin):
+    r = http('--json', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', u'test=%s' % UNICODE)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['json'] == {'test': UNICODE}
 
-    def test_unicode_url_query_arg_item(self, httpbin):
-        r = http(httpbin.url + '/get', u'test==%s' % UNICODE)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['args'] == {'test': UNICODE}, r
 
-    def test_unicode_url_query_arg_item_verbose(self, httpbin):
-        r = http('--verbose', httpbin.url + '/get', u'test==%s' % UNICODE)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert UNICODE in r
+def test_unicode_json_item_verbose(httpbin):
+    r = http('--verbose', '--json',
+             'POST', httpbin.url + '/post', u'test=%s' % UNICODE)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert UNICODE in r
 
-    def test_unicode_url(self, httpbin):
-        r = http(httpbin.url + u'/get?test=' + UNICODE)
-        assert HTTP_OK in r
-        assert r.json['args'] == {'test': UNICODE}
 
-    # def test_unicode_url_verbose(self):
-    #     r = http(httpbin.url + '--verbose', u'/get?test=' + UNICODE)
-    #     assert HTTP_OK in r
+def test_unicode_raw_json_item(httpbin):
+    r = http('--json', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post',
+             u'test:={ "%s" : [ "%s" ] }' % (UNICODE, UNICODE))
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['json'] == {'test': {UNICODE: [UNICODE]}}
 
-    def test_unicode_basic_auth(self, httpbin):
-        # it doesn't really authenticate us because httpbin
-        # doesn't interpret the utf8-encoded auth
-        http('--verbose', '--auth', u'test:%s' % UNICODE,
-             httpbin.url + u'/basic-auth/test/' + UNICODE)
 
-    def test_unicode_digest_auth(self, httpbin):
-        # it doesn't really authenticate us because httpbin
-        # doesn't interpret the utf8-encoded auth
-        http('--auth-type=digest',
-             '--auth', u'test:%s' % UNICODE,
-             httpbin.url + u'/digest-auth/auth/test/' + UNICODE)
+def test_unicode_raw_json_item_verbose(httpbin):
+    r = http('--json', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post',
+             u'test:={ "%s" : [ "%s" ] }' % (UNICODE, UNICODE))
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['json'] == {'test': {UNICODE: [UNICODE]}}
+
+
+def test_unicode_url_query_arg_item(httpbin):
+    r = http(httpbin.url + '/get', u'test==%s' % UNICODE)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['args'] == {'test': UNICODE}, r
+
+
+def test_unicode_url_query_arg_item_verbose(httpbin):
+    r = http('--verbose', httpbin.url + '/get', u'test==%s' % UNICODE)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert UNICODE in r
+
+
+def test_unicode_url(httpbin):
+    r = http(httpbin.url + u'/get?test=' + UNICODE)
+    assert HTTP_OK in r
+    assert r.json['args'] == {'test': UNICODE}
+
+# def test_unicode_url_verbose(self):
+#     r = http(httpbin.url + '--verbose', u'/get?test=' + UNICODE)
+#     assert HTTP_OK in r
+
+
+def test_unicode_basic_auth(httpbin):
+    # it doesn't really authenticate us because httpbin
+    # doesn't interpret the utf8-encoded auth
+    http('--verbose', '--auth', u'test:%s' % UNICODE,
+         httpbin.url + u'/basic-auth/test/' + UNICODE)
+
+
+def test_unicode_digest_auth(httpbin):
+    # it doesn't really authenticate us because httpbin
+    # doesn't interpret the utf8-encoded auth
+    http('--auth-type=digest',
+         '--auth', u'test:%s' % UNICODE,
+         httpbin.url + u'/digest-auth/auth/test/' + UNICODE)

tests/test_uploads.py

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ import os
 
 import pytest
 
-from httpie.input import ParseError
-from utils import TestEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK
+from httpie.cli.exceptions import ParseError
+from utils import MockEnvironment, http, HTTP_OK
 from fixtures import FILE_PATH_ARG, FILE_PATH, FILE_CONTENT
 
 
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ class TestMultipartFormDataFileUpload:
                ' filename="%s"' % os.path.basename(FILE_PATH) in r
         assert FILE_CONTENT in r
         assert '"foo": "bar"' in r
+        assert 'Content-Type: text/plain' in r
 
     def test_upload_multiple_fields_with_the_same_name(self, httpbin):
         r = http('--form', '--verbose', 'POST', httpbin.url + '/post',
@@ -30,10 +31,11 @@ class TestMultipartFormDataFileUpload:
                  'test-file@%s' % FILE_PATH_ARG)
         assert HTTP_OK in r
         assert r.count('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="test-file";'
-               ' filename="%s"' % os.path.basename(FILE_PATH)) == 2
+                       ' filename="%s"' % os.path.basename(FILE_PATH)) == 2
         # Should be 4, but is 3 because httpbin
         # doesn't seem to support filed field lists
         assert r.count(FILE_CONTENT) in [3, 4]
+        assert r.count('Content-Type: text/plain') == 2
 
 
 class TestRequestBodyFromFilePath:
@@ -60,14 +62,19 @@ class TestRequestBodyFromFilePath:
 
     def test_request_body_from_file_by_path_no_field_name_allowed(
             self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True)
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin_isatty=True)
         r = http('POST', httpbin.url + '/post', 'field-name@' + FILE_PATH_ARG,
-                 env=env, error_exit_ok=True)
+                 env=env, tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
         assert 'perhaps you meant --form?' in r.stderr
 
     def test_request_body_from_file_by_path_no_data_items_allowed(
             self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(stdin_isatty=False)
-        r = http('POST', httpbin.url + '/post', '@' + FILE_PATH_ARG, 'foo=bar',
-                 env=env, error_exit_ok=True)
+        env = MockEnvironment(stdin_isatty=False)
+        r = http(
+            'POST',
+            httpbin.url + '/post',
+            '@' + FILE_PATH_ARG, 'foo=bar',
+            env=env,
+            tolerate_error_exit_status=True,
+        )
         assert 'cannot be mixed' in r.stderr

tests/test_windows.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import tempfile
 import pytest
 from httpie.context import Environment
 
-from utils import TestEnvironment, http
+from utils import MockEnvironment, http
 from httpie.compat import is_windows
 
 
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ class TestWindowsOnly:
 
 class TestFakeWindows:
     def test_output_file_pretty_not_allowed_on_windows(self, httpbin):
-        env = TestEnvironment(is_windows=True)
+        env = MockEnvironment(is_windows=True)
         output_file = os.path.join(
-            tempfile.gettempdir(), '__httpie_test_output__')
+            tempfile.gettempdir(),
+            self.test_output_file_pretty_not_allowed_on_windows.__name__
+        )
         r = http('--output', output_file,
                  '--pretty=all', 'GET', httpbin.url + '/get',
-                 env=env, error_exit_ok=True)
+                 env=env, tolerate_error_exit_status=True)
         assert 'Only terminal output can be colorized on Windows' in r.stderr

tests/utils.py

@@ -1,26 +1,24 @@
 # coding=utf-8
-"""Utilities used by HTTPie tests.
-
-"""
+"""Utilities for HTTPie test suite."""
 import os
 import sys
 import time
 import json
-import shutil
 import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional, Union
 
-import httpie
+from httpie.status import ExitStatus
+from httpie.config import Config
 from httpie.context import Environment
 from httpie.core import main
-from httpie.compat import bytes, str
-
-
-TESTS_ROOT = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 
 
+TESTS_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent
 CRLF = '\r\n'
 COLOR = '\x1b['
 HTTP_OK = '200 OK'
+# noinspection GrazieInspection
 HTTP_OK_COLOR = (
     'HTTP\x1b[39m\x1b[38;5;245m/\x1b[39m\x1b'
     '[38;5;37m1.1\x1b[39m\x1b[38;5;245m \x1b[39m\x1b[38;5;37m200'
@@ -28,14 +26,9 @@ HTTP_OK_COLOR = (
 )
 
 
-def no_content_type(headers):
-    return (
-        'Content-Type' not in headers
-        # We need to do also this because of this issue:
-        # <https://github.com/kevin1024/pytest-httpbin/issues/5>
-        # TODO: remove this function once the issue is if fixed
-        or headers['Content-Type'] == 'text/plain'
-    )
+def mk_config_dir() -> Path:
+    dirname = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='httpie_config_')
+    return Path(dirname)
 
 
 def add_auth(url, auth):
@@ -43,142 +36,59 @@ def add_auth(url, auth):
     return proto + '://' + auth + '@' + rest
 
 
-class TestEnvironment(Environment):
-    """
-    Environment subclass with reasonable defaults suitable for testing.
-
-    """
+class MockEnvironment(Environment):
+    """Environment subclass with reasonable defaults for testing."""
     colors = 0
     stdin_isatty = True,
     stdout_isatty = True
     is_windows = False
 
-    _shutil = shutil  # needed by __del__ (would get gc'd)
-
-    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-
+    def __init__(self, create_temp_config_dir=True, **kwargs):
         if 'stdout' not in kwargs:
-            kwargs['stdout'] = tempfile.TemporaryFile('w+b')
-
+            kwargs['stdout'] = tempfile.TemporaryFile(
+                mode='w+b',
+                prefix='httpie_stdout'
+            )
         if 'stderr' not in kwargs:
-            kwargs['stderr'] = tempfile.TemporaryFile('w+t')
+            kwargs['stderr'] = tempfile.TemporaryFile(
+                mode='w+t',
+                prefix='httpie_stderr'
+            )
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+        self._create_temp_config_dir = create_temp_config_dir
+        self._delete_config_dir = False
+        self._temp_dir = Path(tempfile.gettempdir())
 
-        self.delete_config_dir = False
-        if 'config_dir' not in kwargs:
-            kwargs['config_dir'] = mk_config_dir()
-            self.delete_config_dir = True
+    @property
+    def config(self) -> Config:
+        if (self._create_temp_config_dir
+                and self._temp_dir not in self.config_dir.parents):
+            self.create_temp_config_dir()
+        return super().config
 
-        super(TestEnvironment, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+    def create_temp_config_dir(self):
+        self.config_dir = mk_config_dir()
+        self._delete_config_dir = True
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        self.stdout.close()
+        self.stderr.close()
+        if self._delete_config_dir:
+            assert self._temp_dir in self.config_dir.parents
+            from shutil import rmtree
+            rmtree(self.config_dir, ignore_errors=True)
 
     def __del__(self):
-        if self.delete_config_dir:
-            self._shutil.rmtree(self.config_dir)
-
-
-def http(*args, **kwargs):
-    """
-    Run HTTPie and capture stderr/out and exit status.
-
-    Invoke `httpie.core.main()` with `args` and `kwargs`,
-    and return a `CLIResponse` subclass instance.
-
-    The return value is either a `StrCLIResponse`, or `BytesCLIResponse`
-    if unable to decode the output.
-
-    The response has the following attributes:
-
-        `stdout` is represented by the instance itself (print r)
-        `stderr`: text written to stderr
-        `exit_status`: the exit status
-        `json`: decoded JSON (if possible) or `None`
-
-    Exceptions are propagated.
-
-    If you pass ``error_exit_ok=True``, then error exit statuses
-    won't result into an exception.
-
-    Example:
-
-    $ http --auth=user:password GET httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/password
-
-        >>> r = http('-a', 'user:pw', 'httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/pw')
-        >>> type(r) == StrCLIResponse
-        True
-        >>> r.exit_status
-        0
-        >>> r.stderr
-        ''
-        >>> 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK' in r
-        True
-        >>> r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
-        True
-
-
-    """
-    error_exit_ok = kwargs.pop('error_exit_ok', False)
-    env = kwargs.get('env')
-    if not env:
-        env = kwargs['env'] = TestEnvironment()
-
-    stdout = env.stdout
-    stderr = env.stderr
-
-    args = list(args)
-    if '--debug' not in args and '--traceback' not in args:
-        args = ['--traceback'] + args
-
-    def dump_stderr():
-        stderr.seek(0)
-        sys.stderr.write(stderr.read())
-
-    try:
+        # noinspection PyBroadException
         try:
-            exit_status = main(args=args, **kwargs)
-            if '--download' in args:
-                # Let the progress reporter thread finish.
-                time.sleep(.5)
-        except SystemExit:
-            if error_exit_ok:
-                exit_status = httpie.ExitStatus.ERROR
-            else:
-                dump_stderr()
-                raise
+            self.cleanup()
         except Exception:
-            stderr.seek(0)
-            sys.stderr.write(stderr.read())
-            raise
-        else:
-            if exit_status != httpie.ExitStatus.OK and not error_exit_ok:
-                dump_stderr()
-                raise Exception('Unexpected exit status: %s', exit_status)
-
-        stdout.seek(0)
-        stderr.seek(0)
-        output = stdout.read()
-        try:
-            output = output.decode('utf8')
-        except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            # noinspection PyArgumentList
-            r = BytesCLIResponse(output)
-        else:
-            # noinspection PyArgumentList
-            r = StrCLIResponse(output)
-        r.stderr = stderr.read()
-        r.exit_status = exit_status
-
-        if r.exit_status != httpie.ExitStatus.OK:
-            sys.stderr.write(r.stderr)
-
-        return r
-
-    finally:
-        stdout.close()
-        stderr.close()
+            pass
 
 
-class BaseCLIResponse(object):
+class BaseCLIResponse:
     """
-    Represents the result of simulated `$ http' invocation  via `http()`.
+    Represents the result of simulated `$ http' invocation via `http()`.
 
     Holds and provides access to:
 
@@ -187,9 +97,9 @@ class BaseCLIResponse(object):
         - exit_status output: print(self.exit_status)
 
     """
-    stderr = None
-    json = None
-    exit_status = None
+    stderr: str = None
+    json: dict = None
+    exit_status: ExitStatus = None
 
 
 class BytesCLIResponse(bytes, BaseCLIResponse):
@@ -206,10 +116,10 @@ class BytesCLIResponse(bytes, BaseCLIResponse):
 class StrCLIResponse(str, BaseCLIResponse):
 
     @property
-    def json(self):
+    def json(self) -> Optional[dict]:
         """
-        Return deserialized JSON body, if one included in the output
-        and is parseable.
+        Return deserialized the request or response JSON body,
+        if one (and only one) included in the output and is parsable.
 
         """
         if not hasattr(self, '_json'):
@@ -231,11 +141,129 @@ class StrCLIResponse(str, BaseCLIResponse):
                     pass
                 else:
                     try:
+                        # noinspection PyAttributeOutsideInit
                         self._json = json.loads(j)
                     except ValueError:
                         pass
         return self._json
 
 
-def mk_config_dir():
-    return tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='httpie_test_config_dir_')
+class ExitStatusError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def http(
+    *args,
+    program_name='http',
+    tolerate_error_exit_status=False,
+    **kwargs,
+) -> Union[StrCLIResponse, BytesCLIResponse]:
+    # noinspection PyUnresolvedReferences
+    """
+    Run HTTPie and capture stderr/out and exit status.
+
+    Invoke `httpie.core.main()` with `args` and `kwargs`,
+    and return a `CLIResponse` subclass instance.
+
+    The return value is either a `StrCLIResponse`, or `BytesCLIResponse`
+    if unable to decode the output.
+
+    The response has the following attributes:
+
+        `stdout` is represented by the instance itself (print r)
+        `stderr`: text written to stderr
+        `exit_status`: the exit status
+        `json`: decoded JSON (if possible) or `None`
+
+    Exceptions are propagated.
+
+    If you pass ``tolerate_error_exit_status=True``, then error exit statuses
+    won't result into an exception.
+
+    Example:
+
+    $ http --auth=user:password GET httpbin.org/basic-auth/user/password
+
+        >>> httpbin = getfixture('httpbin')
+        >>> r = http('-a', 'user:pw', httpbin.url + '/basic-auth/user/pw')
+        >>> type(r) == StrCLIResponse
+        True
+        >>> r.exit_status
+        <ExitStatus.SUCCESS: 0>
+        >>> r.stderr
+        ''
+        >>> 'HTTP/1.1 200 OK' in r
+        True
+        >>> r.json == {'authenticated': True, 'user': 'user'}
+        True
+
+    """
+    env = kwargs.get('env')
+    if not env:
+        env = kwargs['env'] = MockEnvironment()
+
+    stdout = env.stdout
+    stderr = env.stderr
+
+    args = list(args)
+    args_with_config_defaults = args + env.config.default_options
+    add_to_args = []
+    if '--debug' not in args_with_config_defaults:
+        if (not tolerate_error_exit_status
+                and '--traceback' not in args_with_config_defaults):
+            add_to_args.append('--traceback')
+        if not any('--timeout' in arg for arg in args_with_config_defaults):
+            add_to_args.append('--timeout=3')
+
+    complete_args = [program_name, *add_to_args, *args]
+
+    def dump_stderr():
+        stderr.seek(0)
+        sys.stderr.write(stderr.read())
+
+    try:
+        try:
+            exit_status = main(args=complete_args, **kwargs)
+            if '--download' in args:
+                # Let the progress reporter thread finish.
+                time.sleep(.5)
+        except SystemExit:
+            if tolerate_error_exit_status:
+                exit_status = ExitStatus.ERROR
+            else:
+                dump_stderr()
+                raise
+        except Exception:
+            stderr.seek(0)
+            sys.stderr.write(stderr.read())
+            raise
+        else:
+            if (not tolerate_error_exit_status
+                    and exit_status != ExitStatus.SUCCESS):
+                dump_stderr()
+                raise ExitStatusError(
+                    'httpie.core.main() unexpectedly returned'
+                    f' a non-zero exit status: {exit_status}'
+                )
+
+        stdout.seek(0)
+        stderr.seek(0)
+        output = stdout.read()
+        try:
+            output = output.decode('utf8')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            r = BytesCLIResponse(output)
+        else:
+            r = StrCLIResponse(output)
+        r.stderr = stderr.read()
+        r.exit_status = exit_status
+
+        if r.exit_status != ExitStatus.SUCCESS:
+            sys.stderr.write(r.stderr)
+
+        return r
+
+    finally:
+        stdout.close()
+        stderr.close()
+        env.cleanup()

tox.ini

@@ -1,21 +1,23 @@
 # Tox (http://tox.testrun.org/) is a tool for running tests
-# in multiple virtualenvs.
-# Run:
-# $ pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
-# $ tox
+# in multiple virtualenvs. See ./CONTRIBUTING.rst
 
 
 [tox]
-envlist = py26, py27, py34, pypy
+# pypy3 currently fails because of a Flask issue
+envlist = py37
 
 
 [testenv]
 deps =
+    mock
     pytest
-    pytest-httpbin
+    pytest-httpbin>=0.0.6
+
 
 commands =
-    py.test --verbose --doctest-modules --basetemp={envtmpdir} {posargs:./tests ./httpie}
-
-[pytest]
-addopts = --tb=native
+    # NOTE: the order of the directories in posargs seems to matter.
+    # When changed, then many ImportMismatchError exceptions occurrs.
+    py.test \
+        --verbose \
+        --doctest-modules \
+        {posargs:./httpie ./tests}