Immediately return error if detected as pipeline input or positional argument (#14874)

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# Description
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This PR returns error values while checking pipeline input types and
positional argument types. This should help return non-nested errors
earlier and prevent confusing errors.

The positional argument change is directly related to an example given
on Discord. Before this PR, this is the error shown:

```
Error: nu:🐚:cant_convert

  × Can't convert to record.
    ╭─[/home/rose/tmp/script.nu:23:5]
 22 │         let entry = $in
 23 │ ╭─▶     {
 24 │ │         name: $entry,
 25 │ │         details: {
 26 │ │           context: $context
 27 │ │         }
 28 │ ├─▶     }
    · ╰──── can't convert error to record
 29 │       }
    ╰────
```

After this PR, this is the error shown:

```
Error: nu:🐚:eval_block_with_input

  × Eval block failed with pipeline input
    ╭─[/home/rose/tmp/script.nu:23:5]
 22 │         let entry = $in
 23 │ ╭─▶     {
 24 │ │         name: $entry,
 25 │ │         details: {
 26 │ │           context: $context
 27 │ │         }
 28 │ ├─▶     }
    · ╰──── source value
 29 │       }
    ╰────

Error: nu:🐚:type_mismatch

  × Type mismatch.
   ╭─[/home/rose/tmp/much.nu:3:38]
 2 │   $in | each { |elem|
 3 │     print $elem.details.context.yaml.0
   ·                                      ┬
   ·                                      ╰── Can't access record values with a row index. Try specifying a column name instead
 4 │   } | each { |elem|
   ╰────
```

I'm not certain if the pipeline input error check actually can ever be
triggered, but it seems to be a good defensive error handling strategy
regardless. My addition of the `Value::Error` case in the first place
would suggest it can be, but after looking at it more closely the error
that caused me to add the case in the first place was actually unrelated
to input typechecking.

Additionally, this PR does not affect the handling of nested errors, so
something like:

```nushell
try { ... } catch {|e| $e | reject raw | to nuon }
```

works the same before and after this PR.

# User-Facing Changes
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helps us keep track of breaking changes. -->

Errors values detected as arguments to commands or as pipeline input to
commands are immediately thrown, rather than passed to the command.

# Tests + Formatting
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- 🟢 `toolkit test stdlib`

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N/A

crates/nu-engine/src/eval_ir.rs

@@ -1251,15 +1251,15 @@ fn gather_arguments(
 
 /// Type check helper. Produces `CantConvert` error if `val` is not compatible with `ty`.
 fn check_type(val: &Value, ty: &Type) -> Result<(), ShellError> {
-    if val.is_subtype_of(ty) {
-        Ok(())
-    } else {
-        Err(ShellError::CantConvert {
+    match val {
+        Value::Error { error, .. } => Err(*error.clone()),
+        _ if val.is_subtype_of(ty) => Ok(()),
+        _ => Err(ShellError::CantConvert {
             to_type: ty.to_string(),
             from_type: val.get_type().to_string(),
             span: val.span(),
             help: None,
-        })
+        }),
     }
 }
 
@@ -1284,12 +1284,12 @@ fn check_input_types(
         _ => (),
     }
 
-    // Errors and custom values bypass input type checking
-    if matches!(
-        input,
-        PipelineData::Value(Value::Error { .. } | Value::Custom { .. }, ..)
-    ) {
-        return Ok(());
+    match input {
+        // early return error directly if detected
+        PipelineData::Value(Value::Error { error, .. }, ..) => return Err(*error.clone()),
+        // bypass run-time typechecking for custom types
+        PipelineData::Value(Value::Custom { .. }, ..) => return Ok(()),
+        _ => (),
     }
 
     // Check if the input type is compatible with *any* of the command's possible input types