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237 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
237 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
# Nushell <!-- omit in toc -->
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[](https://crates.io/crates/nu)
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[](https://github.com/nushell/nushell/actions)
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[](https://github.com/nushell/nushell/actions/workflows/nightly-build.yml)
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[](https://discord.gg/NtAbbGn)
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[](https://changelog.com/podcast/363)
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[](https://twitter.com/nu_shell)
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[](https://github.com/nushell/nushell/graphs/commit-activity)
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[](https://github.com/nushell/nushell/graphs/contributors)
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A new type of shell.
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## Table of Contents <!-- omit in toc -->
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- [Status](#status)
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- [Learning About Nu](#learning-about-nu)
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- [Installation](#installation)
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- [Configuration](#configuration)
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- [Philosophy](#philosophy)
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- [Pipelines](#pipelines)
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- [Opening files](#opening-files)
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- [Plugins](#plugins)
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- [Goals](#goals)
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- [Officially Supported By](#officially-supported-by)
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- [Contributing](#contributing)
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- [License](#license)
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## Status
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This project has reached a minimum-viable-product level of quality. Many people use it as their daily driver, but it may be unstable for some commands. Nu's design is subject to change as it matures.
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## Learning About Nu
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The [Nushell book](https://www.nushell.sh/book/) is the primary source of Nushell documentation. You can find [a full list of Nu commands in the book](https://www.nushell.sh/commands/), and we have many examples of using Nu in our [cookbook](https://www.nushell.sh/cookbook/).
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We're also active on [Discord](https://discord.gg/NtAbbGn) and [Twitter](https://twitter.com/nu_shell); come and chat with us!
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## Installation
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To quickly install Nu:
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```bash
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# Linux and macOS
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brew install nushell
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# Windows
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winget install nushell
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```
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To use `Nu` in GitHub Action, check [setup-nu](https://github.com/marketplace/actions/setup-nu) for more detail.
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Detailed installation instructions can be found in the [installation chapter of the book](https://www.nushell.sh/book/installation.html). Nu is available via many package managers:
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[](https://repology.org/project/nushell/versions)
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For details about which platforms the Nushell team actively supports, see [our platform support policy](devdocs/PLATFORM_SUPPORT.md).
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## Configuration
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The default configurations can be found at [sample_config](crates/nu-utils/src/sample_config)
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which are the configuration files one gets when they startup Nushell for the first time.
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It sets all of the default configuration to run Nushell. From here one can
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then customize this file for their specific needs.
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To see where *config.nu* is located on your system simply type this command.
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```rust
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$nu.config-path
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```
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Please see our [book](https://www.nushell.sh) for all of the Nushell documentation.
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## Philosophy
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Nu draws inspiration from projects like PowerShell, functional programming languages, and modern CLI tools.
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Rather than thinking of files and data as raw streams of text, Nu looks at each input as something with structure.
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For example, when you list the contents of a directory what you get back is a table of rows, where each row represents an item in that directory.
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These values can be piped through a series of steps, in a series of commands called a 'pipeline'.
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### Pipelines
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In Unix, it's common to pipe between commands to split up a sophisticated command over multiple steps.
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Nu takes this a step further and builds heavily on the idea of _pipelines_.
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As in the Unix philosophy, Nu allows commands to output to stdout and read from stdin.
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Additionally, commands can output structured data (you can think of this as a third kind of stream).
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Commands that work in the pipeline fit into one of three categories:
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- Commands that produce a stream (e.g., `ls`)
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- Commands that filter a stream (e.g., `where type == "dir"`)
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- Commands that consume the output of the pipeline (e.g., `table`)
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Commands are separated by the pipe symbol (`|`) to denote a pipeline flowing left to right.
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```shell
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> ls | where type == "dir" | table
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╭────┬──────────┬──────┬─────────┬───────────────╮
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│ # │ name │ type │ size │ modified │
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├────┼──────────┼──────┼─────────┼───────────────┤
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│ 0 │ .cargo │ dir │ 0 B │ 9 minutes ago │
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│ 1 │ assets │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
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│ 2 │ crates │ dir │ 4.0 KiB │ 2 weeks ago │
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│ 3 │ docker │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
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│ 4 │ docs │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
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│ 5 │ images │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
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│ 6 │ pkg_mgrs │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
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│ 7 │ samples │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
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│ 8 │ src │ dir │ 4.0 KiB │ 2 weeks ago │
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│ 9 │ target │ dir │ 0 B │ a day ago │
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│ 10 │ tests │ dir │ 4.0 KiB │ 2 weeks ago │
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│ 11 │ wix │ dir │ 0 B │ 2 weeks ago │
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╰────┴──────────┴──────┴─────────┴───────────────╯
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```
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Because most of the time you'll want to see the output of a pipeline, `table` is assumed.
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We could have also written the above:
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```shell
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> ls | where type == "dir"
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```
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Being able to use the same commands and compose them differently is an important philosophy in Nu.
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For example, we could use the built-in `ps` command to get a list of the running processes, using the same `where` as above.
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```shell
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> ps | where cpu > 0
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╭───┬───────┬───────────┬───────┬───────────┬───────────╮
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│ # │ pid │ name │ cpu │ mem │ virtual │
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├───┼───────┼───────────┼───────┼───────────┼───────────┤
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│ 0 │ 2240 │ Slack.exe │ 16.40 │ 178.3 MiB │ 232.6 MiB │
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│ 1 │ 16948 │ Slack.exe │ 16.32 │ 205.0 MiB │ 197.9 MiB │
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│ 2 │ 17700 │ nu.exe │ 3.77 │ 26.1 MiB │ 8.8 MiB │
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╰───┴───────┴───────────┴───────┴───────────┴───────────╯
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```
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### Opening files
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Nu can load file and URL contents as raw text or structured data (if it recognizes the format).
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For example, you can load a .toml file as structured data and explore it:
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```shell
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> open Cargo.toml
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╭──────────────────┬────────────────────╮
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│ bin │ [table 1 row] │
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│ dependencies │ {record 25 fields} │
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│ dev-dependencies │ {record 8 fields} │
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│ features │ {record 10 fields} │
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│ package │ {record 13 fields} │
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│ patch │ {record 1 field} │
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│ profile │ {record 3 fields} │
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│ target │ {record 3 fields} │
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│ workspace │ {record 1 field} │
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╰──────────────────┴────────────────────╯
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```
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We can pipe this into a command that gets the contents of one of the columns:
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```shell
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> open Cargo.toml | get package
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╭───────────────┬────────────────────────────────────╮
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│ authors │ [list 1 item] │
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│ default-run │ nu │
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│ description │ A new type of shell │
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│ documentation │ https://www.nushell.sh/book/ │
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│ edition │ 2018 │
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│ exclude │ [list 1 item] │
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│ homepage │ https://www.nushell.sh │
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│ license │ MIT │
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│ metadata │ {record 1 field} │
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│ name │ nu │
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│ repository │ https://github.com/nushell/nushell │
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│ rust-version │ 1.60 │
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│ version │ 0.72.0 │
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╰───────────────┴────────────────────────────────────╯
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```
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And if needed we can drill down further:
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```shell
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> open Cargo.toml | get package.version
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0.72.0
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```
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### Plugins
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Nu supports plugins that offer additional functionality to the shell and follow the same structured data model that built-in commands use. There are a few examples in the `crates/nu_plugins_*` directories.
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Plugins are binaries that are available in your path and follow a `nu_plugin_*` naming convention.
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These binaries interact with nu via a simple JSON-RPC protocol where the command identifies itself and passes along its configuration, making it available for use.
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If the plugin is a filter, data streams to it one element at a time, and it can stream data back in return via stdin/stdout.
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If the plugin is a sink, it is given the full vector of final data and is given free reign over stdin/stdout to use as it pleases.
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The [awesome-nu repo](https://github.com/nushell/awesome-nu#plugins) lists a variety of nu-plugins while the [showcase repo](https://github.com/nushell/showcase) *shows* off informative blog posts that have been written about Nushell along with videos that highlight technical
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topics that have been presented.
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## Goals
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Nu adheres closely to a set of goals that make up its design philosophy. As features are added, they are checked against these goals.
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- First and foremost, Nu is cross-platform. Commands and techniques should work across platforms and Nu has [first-class support for Windows, macOS, and Linux](devdocs/PLATFORM_SUPPORT.md).
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- Nu ensures compatibility with existing platform-specific executables.
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- Nu's workflow and tools should have the usability expected of modern software in 2022 (and beyond).
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- Nu views data as either structured or unstructured. It is a structured shell like PowerShell.
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- Finally, Nu views data functionally. Rather than using mutation, pipelines act as a means to load, change, and save data without mutable state.
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## Officially Supported By
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Please submit an issue or PR to be added to this list.
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- [zoxide](https://github.com/ajeetdsouza/zoxide)
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- [starship](https://github.com/starship/starship)
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- [oh-my-posh](https://ohmyposh.dev)
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- [Couchbase Shell](https://couchbase.sh)
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- [virtualenv](https://github.com/pypa/virtualenv)
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- [atuin](https://github.com/ellie/atuin)
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- [clap](https://github.com/clap-rs/clap/tree/master/clap_complete_nushell)
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- [Dorothy](http://github.com/bevry/dorothy)
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- [Direnv](https://github.com/direnv/direnv/blob/master/docs/hook.md#nushell)
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## Contributing
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See [Contributing](CONTRIBUTING.md) for details. Thanks to all the people who already contributed!
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<a href="https://github.com/nushell/nushell/graphs/contributors">
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<img src="https://contributors-img.web.app/image?repo=nushell/nushell&max=750" />
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</a>
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## License
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The project is made available under the MIT license. See the `LICENSE` file for more information.
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